E6

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E_6 (mathematics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation <#mw-head> Jump to search <#searchInput>
78-dimensional exceptional simple Lie group
This article *may be too technical for most readers to understand*.

Please help improve it
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E6_(mathematics)&action=edit> to
make it understandable to non-experts
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable>,
without removing the technical details. /(May 2013)//(Learn how and when
to remove this template message
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal>)/
Algebraic structure <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure>

→ *Group theory*
Group theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory>
Cyclic group.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclic_group.svg>
Basic notions[show] <#>
* Subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup>
* Normal subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_subgroup>
* Quotient group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group>

* (Semi-) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product>direct
product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups>
/Group homomorphisms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism>/
* kernel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)#Group_homomorphisms>
* image <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)>
* direct sum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_sum_of_groups>
* wreath product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product>

* simple <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group>
* finite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>
* infinite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_group>
* continuous <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_group>
* multiplicative <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group>
* additive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_group>
* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* abelian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group>
* dihedral <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group>
* nilpotent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent_group>
* solvable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvable_group>
* Glossary of group theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_group_theory>
* List of group theory topics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group_theory_topics>
Finite groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>[show] <#>

Classification of finite simple groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups>
* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* alternating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_group>
* Lie type <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type>
* sporadic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_group>
* Cauchy's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>
* Lagrange's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>
* Sylow theorems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_theorems>

* Hall's theorem <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_subgroup>
* p-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-group>
* Elementary abelian group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group>
* Frobenius group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group>
* Schur multiplier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>
* Symmetric group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group> S_/n/
* Klein four-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group> V

* Dihedral group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group> D_/n/
* Quaternion group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_group> Q
* Dicyclic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyclic_group> Dic_/n/
* Discrete groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_group>

* Lattices <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(discrete_subgroup)>
[show] <#>
* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (*Z*)

* Free group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_group>
Modular groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_group>
* PSL(2,*Z*)
* SL(2,*Z*)
* Arithmetic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_group>

* Lattice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)>
* Hyperbolic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_group>
Topological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group> and Lie

groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>[hide] <#>
* Solenoid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_(mathematics)>
* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>
* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)
* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>

SL(/n/)
* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)
* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group> E(/n/)
* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)
* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)
* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)
* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)
* G_2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>
* F_4 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)>
* E_6
* E_7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>
* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>
* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>
Infinite dimensional Lie group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_dimensional_Lie_group>
* O(∞)
* SU(∞)
* Sp(∞)
Algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>[show] <#>
* Linear algebraic group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebraic_group>
* Reductive group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_group>
* Abelian variety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_variety>
* Elliptic curve <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Group_theory_sidebar>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Group_theory_sidebar>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Group_theory_sidebar&action=edit>
Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>

E8Petrie.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E8Petrie.svg>
Classical groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_group>[show] <#>
* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)
* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>
SL(/n/)
* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)
* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)
* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)
* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)
* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)
Simple Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>[hide] <#>
* List of simple Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_simple_Lie_groups>
Classical
* A_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#A_series>
* B_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#B_series>
* C_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#C_series>
* D_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#D_series>
Exceptional
* E_6
Other Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>[show] <#>
* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>
* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>
* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>
* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group>
Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra>[show] <#>
* Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group%E2%80%93Lie_algebra_correspondence>
* Exponential map
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)>
* Adjoint representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation>
*
o Killing form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_form>
o Index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_Lie_algebra>
* Lie point symmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_point_symmetry>
* Simple Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra>
Semisimple Lie algebra

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra>[show] <#>
* Dynkin diagrams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>

* Cartan subalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra>
*
o Root system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system>
o Weyl group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group>
*
o Real form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_form_(Lie_theory)>
o Complexification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexification_(Lie_group)>
* Split Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Lie_algebra>
* Compact Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Lie_algebra>
Representation theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory>[show] <#>
* Lie group representation

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_a_Lie_group>
* Lie algebra representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra_representation>
* Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_semisimple_Lie_algebras>
* Theorem of the highest weight
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_the_highest_weight>
* Borel–Weil–Bott theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Weil%E2%80%93Bott_theorem>
Lie groups in physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics>[show] <#>
* Particle physics and representation theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics_and_representation_theory>
* Lorentz group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Poincar
%C3%A9_group>
* Galilean group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Galilean_group>
Scientists[show] <#>
* Sophus Lie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Lie>

* Henri Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9>
* Wilhelm Killing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing>
* Élie Cartan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan>
* Hermann Weyl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl>
* Claude Chevalley <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chevalley>
* Harish-Chandra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra>
* Armand Borel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Borel>
* Glossary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Lie_groups_and_Lie_algebras>
* Table of Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lie_groups>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lie_groups&action=edit>
In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, *E_6 * is

the name of some closely related Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>, linear algebraic groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group> or their Lie algebras
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra> e 6 {\displaystyle
{\mathfrak {e}}_{6}} {\mathfrak {e}}_{6}, all of which have dimension
78; the same notation E_6 is used for the corresponding root lattice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_lattice>, which has rank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_of_a_Lie_group> 6. The designation
E_6 comes from the Cartan–Killing classification of the complex simple
Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra> (see
Élie Cartan § Work
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan#Work>). This classifies
Lie algebras into four infinite series labeled A_/n/ , B_/n/ , C_/n/ ,
D_/n/ , and five exceptional cases
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_simple_Lie_group> labeled E_6
, E_7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>, E_8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>, F_4
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)>, and G_2
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>. The E_6 algebra is
thus one of the five exceptional cases.
The fundamental group of the complex form, compact real form, or any
algebraic version of E_6 is the cyclic group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group> *Z*/3*Z*, and its outer
automorphism group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism_group> is the cyclic
group *Z*/2*Z*. Its fundamental representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation> is
27-dimensional (complex), and a basis is given by the 27 lines on a
cubic surface
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_lines_on_a_cubic_surface>. The dual
representation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_representation>,
which is inequivalent, is also 27-dimensional.
In particle physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics>,

E_6 plays a role in some grand unified theories
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unified_theory>.
Contents
* 1 Real and complex forms <#Real_and_complex_forms>

* 2 E_6 as an algebraic group <#E6_as_an_algebraic_group>
o 2.1 Automorphisms of an Albert Algebra
<#Automorphisms_of_an_Albert_Algebra>
* 3 Algebra <#Algebra>
o 3.1 Dynkin diagram <#Dynkin_diagram>
o 3.2 Roots of E_6 <#Roots_of_E6>
+ 3.2.1 E6 roots derived from the roots of E8
<#E6_roots_derived_from_the_roots_of_E8>
+ 3.2.2 An alternative description <#An_alternative_description>
o 3.3 Weyl group <#Weyl_group>
o 3.4 Cartan matrix <#Cartan_matrix>
* 4 Important subalgebras and representations
<#Important_subalgebras_and_representations>
* 5 E6 polytope <#E6_polytope>
* 6 Chevalley and Steinberg groups of type E_6 and ^2 E_6
<#Chevalley_and_Steinberg_groups_of_type_E6_and_2E6>
* 7 Importance in physics <#Importance_in_physics>
* 8 See also <#See_also>
* 9 References <#References>
Real and complex forms[edit

title=E6_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=1>]
There is a unique complex Lie algebra of type E_6 , corresponding to a

complex group of complex dimension 78. The complex adjoint Lie group E_6
of complex dimension <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_dimension>
78 can be considered as a simple real Lie group of real dimension 156.
This has fundamental group *Z*/3*Z*, has maximal compact
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space> subgroup the compact form
(see below) of E_6 , and has an outer automorphism group non-cyclic of
order 4 generated by complex conjugation and by the outer automorphism
which already exists as a complex automorphism.
As well as the complex Lie group of type E_6 , there are five real forms
of the Lie algebra, and correspondingly five real forms of the group
with trivial center (all of which have an algebraic double cover, and
three of which have further non-algebraic covers, giving further real
forms), all of real dimension 78, as follows:
* The compact form (which is usually the one meant if no other

information is given), which has fundamental group *Z*/3*Z* and
outer automorphism group *Z*/2*Z*.
* The split form, EI (or E_6(6) ), which has maximal compact subgroup
Sp(4)/(±1), fundamental group of order 2 and outer automorphism
group of order 2.
* The quasi-split form EII (or E_6(2) ), which has maximal compact
subgroup SU(2) × SU(6)/(center), fundamental group cyclic of order 6
and outer automorphism group of order 2.
* EIII (or E_6(-14) ), which has maximal compact subgroup SO(2) ×
Spin(10)/(center), fundamental group *Z* and trivial outer
automorphism group.
* EIV (or E_6(-26) ), which has maximal compact subgroup F_4 , trivial
fundamental group cyclic and outer automorphism group of order 2.
The EIV form of E_6 is the group of collineations (line-preserving

transformations) of the octonionic projective plane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonionic_projective_plane> *OP*^2 .^[1]
<#cite_note-1> It is also the group of determinant-preserving linear
transformations of the exceptional Jordan algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_algebra>. The exceptional Jordan
algebra is 27-dimensional, which explains why the compact real form of
E_6 has a 27-dimensional complex representation. The compact real form
of E_6 is the isometry group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry_group> of a 32-dimensional
Riemannian manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold>
known as the 'bioctonionic projective plane'; similar constructions for
E_7 and E_8 are known as the Rosenfeld projective planes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld_projective_plane>, and are part
of the Freudenthal magic square
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenthal_magic_square>.
E_6 as an algebraic group[edit

By means of a Chevalley basis

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley_basis> for the Lie algebra, one
can define E_6 as a linear algebraic group over the integers and,
consequently, over any commutative ring and in particular over any
field: this defines the so-called split (sometimes also known as
“untwisted”) adjoint form of E_6 . Over an algebraically closed field,
this and its triple cover are the only forms; however, over other
fields, there are often many other forms, or “twists” of E_6 , which are
classified in the general framework of Galois cohomology
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_cohomology> (over a perfect field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_field> /k/) by the set /H/^1
(/k/, Aut(E_6 )) which, because the Dynkin diagram of E_6 (see below
<#Dynkin_diagram>) has automorphism group *Z*/2*Z*, maps to /H/^1 (/k/,
*Z*/2*Z*) = Hom (Gal(/k/), *Z*/2*Z*) with kernel /H/^1 (/k/, E_6,ad
).^[2] <#cite_note-2>
Over the field of real numbers, the real component of the identity of
these algebraically twisted forms of E_6 coincide with the three real
Lie groups mentioned above <#Real_and_complex_forms>, but with a
subtlety concerning the fundamental group: all adjoint forms of E_6 have
fundamental group *Z*/3*Z* in the sense of algebraic geometry, with
Galois action as on the third roots of unity; this means that they admit
exactly one triple cover (which may be trivial on the real points); the
further non-compact real Lie group forms of E_6 are therefore not
algebraic and admit no faithful finite-dimensional representations. The
compact real form of E_6 as well as the noncompact forms EI=E_6(6) and
EIV=E_6(-26) are said to be /inner/ or of type ^1 E_6 meaning that their
class lies in /H/^1 (/k/, E_6,ad ) or that complex conjugation induces
the trivial automorphism on the Dynkin diagram, whereas the other two
real forms are said to be /outer/ or of type ^2 E_6 .
Over finite fields, the Lang–Steinberg theorem

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang%E2%80%93Steinberg_theorem> implies
that /H/^1 (/k/, E_6 ) = 0, meaning that E_6 has exactly one twisted
form, known as ^2 E_6 : see below
<#Chevalley_and_Steinberg_groups_of_type_E6_and_2E6>.
Automorphisms of an Albert Algebra[edit

Similar to how the algebraic group G_2 is the automorphism group of the
octonions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion> and the algebraic
group F_2 is the automorphism group of an Albert algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_algebra>, an exceptional Jordan
algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_algebra>, the algebraic
group E_6 is the group of linear automorphisms of an Albert algebra that
preserve a certain cubic form, called the "determinant".^[3] <#cite_note-3>
Algebra[edit
Dynkin diagram[edit
The Dynkin diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram> for

E_6 is given by Dyn2-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node.png>Dyn2-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-3.png>Dyn2-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-3.png>Dyn2-branch.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-branch.png>Dyn2-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node.png>, which may also be
drawn as Dyn-nodes.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-nodes.png>Dyn-3s.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-3s.png>Dyn-nodes.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-nodes.png>Dyn-loop2.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-loop2.png>Dyn-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-3.png>Dyn-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-node.png>.
Roots of E_6 [edit

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_1_22_t0_E6.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_1_22_t0_E6.svg>
The 72 vertices of the 1_22
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_22_polytope> polytope represent the
root vectors of the E_6 , as shown in this Coxeter plane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane> projection. Orange
vertices are doubled in this projection.
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter-Dynkin_diagram>: CDel node
1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.pngCDel
3ab.pngCDel nodes.png
Although they span <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span> a

six-dimensional space, it is much more symmetrical to consider them as
vectors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space> in a
six-dimensional subspace of a nine-dimensional space. Then one can take
the roots to be
(1,−1,0;0,0,0;0,0,0), (−1,1,0;0,0,0;0,0,0),
(−1,0,1;0,0,0;0,0,0), (1,0,−1;0,0,0;0,0,0),
(0,1,−1;0,0,0;0,0,0), (0,−1,1;0,0,0;0,0,0),
(0,0,0;1,−1,0;0,0,0), (0,0,0;−1,1,0;0,0,0),
(0,0,0;−1,0,1;0,0,0), (0,0,0;1,0,−1;0,0,0),
(0,0,0;0,1,−1;0,0,0), (0,0,0;0,−1,1;0,0,0),
(0,0,0;0,0,0;1,−1,0), (0,0,0;0,0,0;−1,1,0),
(0,0,0;0,0,0;−1,0,1), (0,0,0;0,0,0;1,0,−1),
(0,0,0;0,0,0;0,1,−1), (0,0,0;0,0,0;0,−1,1),
plus all 27 combinations of ( 3 ; 3 ; 3 ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {3}

;\mathbf {3} ;\mathbf {3} )} {\displaystyle (\mathbf {3} ;\mathbf {3}
;\mathbf {3} )} where 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {3} } {\displaystyle
\mathbf {3} } is one of ( 2 3 , − 1 3 , − 1 3 ) , ( − 1 3 , 2 3 , − 1
3 ) , ( − 1 3 , − 1 3 , 2 3 ) , {\displaystyle \left({\frac
{2}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\ \left(-{\frac
{1}{3}},{\frac {2}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\ \left(-{\frac
{1}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {2}{3}}\right),} {\displaystyle
\left({\frac {2}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\
\left(-{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {2}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\
\left(-{\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {2}{3}}\right),} plus all
27 combinations of ( 3 ¯ ; 3 ¯ ; 3 ¯ ) {\displaystyle ({\bar {\mathbf
{3} }};{\bar {\mathbf {3} }};{\bar {\mathbf {3} }})} {\displaystyle
({\bar {\mathbf {3} }};{\bar {\mathbf {3} }};{\bar {\mathbf {3} }})}
where 3 ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathbf {3} }}} {\displaystyle {\bar
{\mathbf {3} }}} is one of ( − 2 3 , 1 3 , 1 3 ) , ( 1 3 , − 2 3 , 1 3
) , ( 1 3 , 1 3 , − 2 3 ) . {\displaystyle \left(-{\frac
{2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\ \left({\frac
{1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\ \left({\frac
{1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}}\right).} {\displaystyle
\left(-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\
\left({\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}}\right),\
\left({\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}}\right).}
*Simple roots*
One possible selection for the simple roots of E6 is:
(0,0,0;0,0,0;0,1,−1)
(0,0,0;0,0,0;1,−1,0)
(0,0,0;0,1,−1;0,0,0)
(0,0,0;1,−1,0;0,0,0)
(0,1,−1;0,0,0;0,0,0)
( 1 3 , − 2 3 , 1 3 ; − 2 3 , 1 3 , 1 3 ; − 2 3 , 1 3 , 1 3 )
{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac
{1}{3}};-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}};-{\frac
{2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}}\right)} \left({\frac
{1}{3}},-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}};-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac
{1}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}};-{\frac {2}{3}},{\frac {1}{3}},{\frac
{1}{3}}\right)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6Coxeter.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6Coxeter.svg>
Graph of E6 as a subgroup of E8 projected into the Coxeter plane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6HassePoset.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6HassePoset.svg>
Hasse diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_diagram> of E6 root
poset <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system#The_root_poset> with
edge labels identifying added simple root position
E6 roots derived from the roots of E8[edit

E_6 is the subset of E_8 where a consistent set of three coordinates are
equal (e.g. first or last). This facilitates explicit definitions of E_7
and E_6 as:
E_/7/ = {*α* ∈ *Z*^7 ∪ (*Z*+½)^7 * : * ∑*α*_i ^2 + *α*_1 ^2 = 2,

∑*α*_i + *α*_1 ∈ 2*Z*},
E_/6/ = {*α* ∈ *Z*^6 ∪ (*Z*+½)^6 * : * ∑*α*_i ^2 + 2*α*_1 ^2 = 2,
∑*α*_i + 2*α*_1 ∈ 2*Z*}
The following 72 E6 roots are derived in this manner from the split real
even E8 roots
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)#Construction>. Notice
the last 3 dimensions being the same as required:
E6-roots-of-E8.svg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6-roots-of-E8.svg>
An alternative description[edit
An alternative (6-dimensional) description of the root system, which is
useful in considering E_6 × SU(3) as a subgroup of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)#Subgroups> E_8 , is the
following:
All 4 × ( 5 2 ) {\displaystyle 4\times

{\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\end{pmatrix}}} 4\times
{\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\end{pmatrix}} permutations of
( ± 1 , ± 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (\pm 1,\pm 1,0,0,0,0)}

(\pm 1,\pm 1,0,0,0,0) preserving the zero at the last entry,
and all of the following roots with an odd number of plus signs
( ± 1 2 , ± 1 2 , ± 1 2 , ± 1 2 , ± 1 2 , ± 3 2 ) . {\displaystyle
\left(\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1 \over
2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\right).} \left(\pm {1
\over 2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1 \over 2},\pm {1
\over 2},\pm {{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\right).
Thus the 78 generators consist of the following subalgebras:
A 45-dimensional SO(10) subalgebra, including the above 4 × ( 5 2 )

{\displaystyle 4\times {\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\end{pmatrix}}} 4\times
{\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\end{pmatrix}} generators plus the five Cartan
generators <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra>
corresponding to the first five entries.
Two 16-dimensional subalgebras that transform as a Weyl spinor
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_spinor> of spin ⁡( 10 )
{\displaystyle \operatorname {spin} (10)} \operatorname {spin}(10)
and its complex conjugate. These have a non-zero last entry.
1 generator which is their chirality generator, and is the sixth
Cartan generator <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra>.
One choice of simple roots

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_root_(root_system)> for E_6 is
given by the rows of the following matrix, indexed in the order
DynkinE6.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DynkinE6.svg>:
[ 1 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 − 1 2 − 1 2
− 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 − 1 0 ] {\displaystyle
\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&-1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&-1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&-
1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&1&0\\-{\frac
{1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac
{1}{2}}&{\frac {\sqrt
{3}}{2}}\\0&0&0&1&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]}
\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&-1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&-1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&-
1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&1&0\\-{\frac
{1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac
{1}{2}}&{\frac {{\sqrt
{3}}}{2}}\\0&0&0&1&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]
Weyl group[edit
The Weyl group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group> of E_6 is of

order 51840: it is the automorphism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism> group of the unique simple
group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group> of order 25920 (which
can be described as any of: PSU_4 (2), PSΩ_6 ^− (2), PSp_4 (3) or PSΩ_5
(3)).^[4] <#cite_note-4>
Cartan matrix[edit
[ 2 − 1 0 0 0 0 − 1 2 − 1 0 0 0 0 − 1 2 − 1 0 − 1 0 0 − 1 2 − 1 0 0
0 0 − 1 2 0 0 0 − 1 0 0 2 ] {\displaystyle
\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}2&-1&0&0&0&0\\-1&2&-1&0&0&0\\0&-1&2&-1&0&-1\\0&0&-
1&2&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1&2&0\\0&0&-1&0&0&2\end{smallmatrix}}\right]}
\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}2&-1&0&0&0&0\\-1&2&-1&0&0&0\\0&-1&2&-1&0&-1\\0&0&-
1&2&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1&2&0\\0&0&-1&0&0&2\end{smallmatrix}}\right]
Important subalgebras and representations[edit

The Lie algebra E_6 has an F_4 subalgebra, which is the fixed subalgebra
of an outer automorphism, and an SU(3) × SU(3) × SU(3) subalgebra. Other
maximal subalgebras which have an importance in physics (see below) and
can be read off the Dynkin diagram, are the algebras of SO(10) × U(1)
and SU(6) × SU(2).
In addition to the 78-dimensional adjoint representation, there are two

dual 27-dimensional "vector" representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)#Subgroups>.
The characters of finite dimensional representations of the real and

complex Lie algebras and Lie groups are all given by the Weyl character
formula <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_character_formula>. The
dimensions of the smallest irreducible representations are (sequence
A121737 <https://oeis.org/A121737> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>):
_1_, 27 (twice), _78_, 351 (four times), _650_, 1728 (twice),

_2430_, _2925_, _3003 (twice)_, _5824 (twice)_, 7371 (twice), 7722
(twice), 17550 (twice), 19305 (four times), 34398 (twice), _34749_,
_43758_, 46332 (twice), 51975 (twice), 54054 (twice), 61425 (twice),
_70070_, _78975 (twice)_, _85293_, 100386 (twice), _105600_, 112320
(twice), _146432 (twice)_, _252252 (twice)_, 314496 (twice), 359424
(four times), _371800 (twice)_, 386100 (twice), 393822 (twice),
412776 (twice), _442442 (twice)_…
The underlined terms in the sequence above are the dimensions of those
irreducible representations possessed by the adjoint form of E_6
(equivalently, those whose weights belong to the root lattice of E_6 ),
whereas the full sequence gives the dimensions of the irreducible
representations of the simply connected form of E_6 .
The symmetry of the Dynkin diagram of E_6 explains why many dimensions
occur twice, the corresponding representations being related by the
non-trivial outer automorphism; however, there are sometimes even more
representations than this, such as four of dimension 351, two of which
are fundamental and two of which are not.
The fundamental representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation> have
dimensions 27, 351, 2925, 351, 27 and 78 (corresponding to the six nodes
in the Dynkin diagram <#Dynkin_diagram> in the order chosen for the
Cartan matrix <#Cartan_matrix> above, i.e., the nodes are read in the
five-node chain first, with the last node being connected to the middle
one).
E6 polytope[edit
The *E_6 polytope <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_polytope>* is the

convex hull <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull> of the roots of
E_6 . It therefore exists in 6 dimensions; its symmetry group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_group> contains the Coxeter
group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group> for E_6 as an index
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_subgroup> 2 subgroup.
Chevalley and Steinberg groups of type E_6 and ^2 E_6 [edit

Main article: ²E₆ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%B2E%E2%82%86>
The groups of type /E/_6 over arbitrary fields (in particular finite
fields) were introduced by Dickson (1901 <#CITEREFDickson1901>, 1908
<#CITEREFDickson1908>).
The points over a finite field

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field> with /q/ elements of the
(split) algebraic group E_6 (see above <#E6_as_an_algebraic_group>),
whether of the adjoint (centerless) or simply connected form (its
algebraic universal cover), give a finite Chevalley group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type>. This is closely
connected to the group written E_6 (/q/), however there is ambiguity in
this notation, which can stand for several things:
* the finite group consisting of the points over *F*_/q/ of the simply
connected form of E_6 (for clarity, this can be written E_6,sc (/q/)
or more rarely E ~ 6 ( q ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}_{6}(q)}
{\tilde E}_{6}(q) and is known as the "universal" Chevalley group of
type E_6 over *F*_/q/ ),
* (rarely) the finite group consisting of the points over *F*_/q/ of
the adjoint form of E_6 (for clarity, this can be written E_6,ad
(/q/), and is known as the "adjoint" Chevalley group of type E_6
over *F*_/q/ ), or
* the finite group which is the image of the natural map from the
former to the latter: this is what will be denoted by E_6 (/q/) in
the following, as is most common in texts dealing with finite groups.
From the finite group perspective, the relation between these three
groups, which is quite analogous to that between SL(/n,q/), PGL(/n,q/)
and PSL(/n,q/), can be summarized as follows: E_6 (/q/) is simple for
any /q/, E_6,sc (/q/) is its Schur cover
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>, and E_6,ad (/q/) lies
in its automorphism group; furthermore, when /q/−1 is not divisible by
3, all three coincide, and otherwise (when /q/ is congruent to 1 mod 3),
the Schur multiplier of E_6 (/q/) is 3 and E_6 (/q/) is of index 3 in
E_6,ad (/q/), which explains why E_6,sc (/q/) and E_6,ad (/q/) are often
written as 3·E_6 (/q/) and E_6 (/q/)·3. From the algebraic group
perspective, it is less common for E_6 (/q/) to refer to the finite
simple group, because the latter is not in a natural way the set of
points of an algebraic group over *F*_/q/ unlike E_6,sc (/q/) and E_6,ad
(/q/).
Beyond this “split” (or “untwisted”) form of E_6 , there is also one
other form of E_6 over the finite field *F*_/q/ , known as ^2 E_6 ,
which is obtained by twisting by the non-trivial automorphism of the
Dynkin diagram of E_6 . Concretely, ^2 E_6 (/q/), which is known as a
Steinberg group, can be seen as the subgroup of E_6 (/q/^2 ) fixed by
the composition of the non-trivial diagram automorphism and the
non-trivial field automorphism of *F*_/q/^2 . Twisting does not change
the fact that the algebraic fundamental group of ^2 E_6,ad is *Z*/3*Z*,
but it does change those /q/ for which the covering of ^2 E_6,ad by ^2
E_6,sc is non-trivial on the *F*_/q/ -points. Precisely: ^2 E_6,sc (/q/)
is a covering of ^2 E_6 (/q/), and ^2 E_6,ad (/q/) lies in its
automorphism group; when /q/+1 is not divisible by 3, all three
coincide, and otherwise (when /q/ is congruent to 2 mod 3), the degree
of ^2 E_6,sc (/q/) over ^2 E_6 (/q/) is 3 and ^2 E_6 (/q/) is of index 3
in ^2 E_6,ad (/q/), which explains why ^2 E_6,sc (/q/) and ^2 E_6,ad
(/q/) are often written as 3·^2 E_6 (/q/) and ^2 E_6 (/q/)·3.
Two notational issues should be raised concerning the groups ^2 E_6

(/q/). One is that this is sometimes written ^2 E_6 (/q/^2 ), a notation
which has the advantage of transposing more easily to the Suzuki and Ree
groups, but the disadvantage of deviating from the notation for the
*F*_/q/ -points of an algebraic group. Another is that whereas ^2 E_6,sc
(/q/) and ^2 E_6,ad (/q/) are the *F*_/q/ -points of an algebraic group,
the group in question also depends on /q/ (e.g., the points over
*F*_/q/^2 of the same group are the untwisted E_6,sc (/q/^2 ) and E_6,ad
(/q/^2 )).
The groups E_6 (/q/) and ^2 E_6 (/q/) are simple for any /q/,^[5]
<#cite_note-5> ^[6] <#cite_note-6> and constitute two of the infinite
families in the classification of finite simple groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups>.
Their order is given by the following formula (sequence A008872
<https://oeis.org/A008872> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>):
| E 6 ( q ) | = 1 g c d ( 3 , q − 1 ) q 36 ( q 12 − 1 ) ( q 9 − 1 )
( q 8 − 1 ) ( q 6 − 1 ) ( q 5 − 1 ) ( q 2 − 1 ) {\displaystyle
|E_{6}(q)|={\frac {1}{\mathrm {gcd}
(3,q-1)}}q^{36}(q^{12}-1)(q^{9}-1)(q^{8}-1)(q^{6}-1)(q^{5}-1)(q^{2}-1)}
|E_{6}(q)|={\frac {1}{{\mathrm
{gcd}}(3,q-1)}}q^{{36}}(q^{{12}}-1)(q^{9}-1)(q^{8}-1)(q^{6}-1)(q^{5}-1)(q^{2}-
1)
| 2 E 6 ( q ) | = 1 g c d ( 3 , q + 1 ) q 36 ( q 12 − 1 ) ( q 9 + 1
) ( q 8 − 1 ) ( q 6 − 1 ) ( q 5 + 1 ) ( q 2 − 1 ) {\displaystyle
|{}^{2}\!E_{6}(q)|={\frac {1}{\mathrm {gcd}
(3,q+1)}}q^{36}(q^{12}-1)(q^{9}+1)(q^{8}-1)(q^{6}-1)(q^{5}+1)(q^{2}-1)}
|{}^{2}\!E_{6}(q)|={\frac {1}{{\mathrm
{gcd}}(3,q+1)}}q^{{36}}(q^{{12}}-1)(q^{9}+1)(q^{8}-1)(q^{6}-1)(q^{5}+1)(q^{2}-
1)
(sequence A008916 <https://oeis.org/A008916> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>).
The order of E_6,sc (/q/) or E_6,ad (/q/) (both are equal) can be
obtained by removing the dividing factor gcd(3,/q/−1) from the first
formula (sequence A008871 <https://oeis.org/A008871> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>),
and the order of ^2 E_6,sc (/q/) or ^2 E_6,ad (/q/) (both are equal) can
be obtained by removing the dividing factor gcd(3,/q/+1) from the second
(sequence A008915 <https://oeis.org/A008915> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>).
The Schur multiplier of E_6 (/q/) is always gcd(3,/q/−1) (i.e., E_6,sc

(/q/) is its Schur cover). The Schur multiplier of ^2 E_6 (/q/) is
gcd(3,/q/+1) (i.e., ^2 E_6,sc (/q/) is its Schur cover) outside of the
exceptional case /q/=2 where it is 2^2 ·3 (i.e., there is an additional
2^2 -fold cover). The outer automorphism group of E_6 (/q/) is the
product of the diagonal automorphism group *Z*/gcd(3,/q/−1)*Z* (given by
the action of E_6,ad (/q/)), the group *Z*/2*Z* of diagram
automorphisms, and the group of field automorphisms (i.e., cyclic of
order /f/ if /q/=/p^f / where /p/ is prime). The outer automorphism
group of ^2 E_6 (/q/) is the product of the diagonal automorphism group
*Z*/gcd(3,/q/+1)*Z* (given by the action of ^2 E_6,ad (/q/)) and the
group of field automorphisms (i.e., cyclic of order /f/ if /q/=/p/^/f/
where /p/ is prime).
Importance in physics[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6GUT.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E6GUT.svg>
The pattern of weak isospin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin>, /W/, weaker isospin, /W/′,
strong /g/3 and /g/8, and baryon minus lepton, /B/, charges for
particles in the SO(10) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(10)> Grand
Unified Theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory>,
rotated to show the embedding in E_6 .
/N/ = 8 supergravity <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity> in

five dimensions, which is a dimensional reduction
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_reduction> from 11
dimensional supergravity, admits an E_6 bosonic global symmetry and an
Sp(8) bosonic local symmetry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_symmetry>. The fermions are in
representations of Sp(8), the gauge fields are in a representation of
E_6 , and the scalars are in a representation of both (Gravitons are
singlets <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlet_state> with respect to
both). Physical states are in representations of the coset E_6 /Sp(8).
In grand unification theories

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unification_theory>, E_6 appears as
a possible gauge group which, after its breaking
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_breaking>, gives rise to the
SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_group> of the standard model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model>. One way of achieving
this is through breaking to SO(10) × U(1). The adjoint *78*
representation breaks, as explained above, into an adjoint *45*, spinor
*16* and *16* as well as a singlet of the SO(10) subalgebra. Including
the U(1) charge we have
78 → 45 0 ⊕ 16 − 3 ⊕ 16 ¯ 3 + 1 0 . {\displaystyle 78\rightarrow
45_{0}\oplus 16_{-3}\oplus {\overline {16}}_{3}+1_{0}.}
{\displaystyle 78\rightarrow 45_{0}\oplus 16_{-3}\oplus {\overline
{16}}_{3}+1_{0}.}
Where the subscript denotes the U(1) charge.
Likewise, the fundamental representation *27* and its conjugate *27*

break into a scalar *1*, a vector *10* and a spinor, either *16* or *16*:
27 → 1 4 ⊕ 10 − 2 ⊕ 16 1 , {\displaystyle 27\rightarrow 1_{4}\oplus

10_{-2}\oplus 16_{1},} {\displaystyle 27\rightarrow 1_{4}\oplus
10_{-2}\oplus 16_{1},}
27 ¯ → 1 − 4 ⊕ 10 2 ⊕ 16 ¯ − 1 . {\displaystyle {\bar
{27}}\rightarrow 1_{-4}\oplus 10_{2}\oplus {\overline {16}}_{-1}.}
{\displaystyle {\bar {27}}\rightarrow 1_{-4}\oplus 10_{2}\oplus
{\overline {16}}_{-1}.}
Thus, one can get the Standard Model's elementary fermions and Higgs boson.
See also[edit
* En (Lie algebra) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_(Lie_algebra)>

* ADE classification <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification>
* Freudenthal magic square
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenthal_magic_square>
References[edit
* Adams, J. Frank (1996), /Lectures on exceptional Lie groups/

<https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226005275>, Chicago Lectures
in Mathematics, University of Chicago Press
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press>, ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-226-00526-3
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00526-3>,
MR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)> 1428422
<https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1428422>.
* Baez, John <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baez> (2002). "The
Octonions, Section 4.4: E_6 "
<http://www.ams.org/bull/2002-39-02/S0273-0979-01-00934-X/home.html>. /Bull.
Amer. Math. Soc/. *39* (2): 145–205. arXiv
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:math/0105155
<https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0105155>. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X
<https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-01-00934-X>. ISSN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> 0273-0979
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0273-0979>.Online HTML version at [1]
<http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node17.html>.
* Cremmer, E.; J. Scherk; J. H. Schwarz (1979). "Spontaneously Broken
N=8 Supergravity". /Phys. Lett. B/. *84* (1): 83–86. Bibcode
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)>:1979PhLB...84...83C
<https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PhLB...84...83C>. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1016/0370-2693(79)90654-3
<https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990654-3>.Online scanned
version at [2]
<http://ccdb4fs.kek.jp/cgi-bin/img_index?7904075>^[/permanent dead
link <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot>/] .
* Dickson, Leonard Eugene
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson> (1901), "A
class of groups in an arbitrary realm connected with the
configuration of the 27 lines on a cubic surface"
<https://books.google.com/books?id=I_SWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145>, /The
quarterly journal of pure and applied mathematics/, *33*: 145–173,
reprinted in volume V of his collected works
* Dickson, Leonard Eugene
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson> (1908), "A
class of groups in an arbitrary realm connected with the
configuration of the 27 lines on a cubic surface (second paper)"
<https://books.google.com/books?id=16J7bgQU65oC&pg=PA145>, /The
quarterly journal of pure and applied mathematics/, *39*: 205–209,
ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 9780828403061
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828403061>,
reprinted in volume VI of his collected works
* Ichiro, Yokota (2009). "Exceptional Lie groups". arXiv
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:0902.0431
<https://arxiv.org/abs/0902.0431> [math.DG
<https://arxiv.org/archive/math.DG>].
1. *^ <#cite_ref-1>* Rosenfeld, Boris (1997), /Geometry of Lie

Groups/(theorem 7.4 on page 335, and following paragraph).
2. *^ <#cite_ref-2>* Платонов, Владимир П.; Рапинчук, Андрей С. (1991).
/Алгебраические группы и теория чисел/. Наука. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 5-02-014191-7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-014191-7>.(English
translation: Platonov, Vladimir P.; Rapinchuk, Andrei S. (1994).
/Algebraic groups and number theory/. Academic Press. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-558180-7>.),
§2.2.4
3. *^ <#cite_ref-3>* Springer, Tonny A.; Veldkamp, Ferdinand D. (2000).
/Octonions, Jordan Algebras, and Exceptional Groups/. Springer. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1007/978-3-662-12622-6
<https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-12622-6>. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-3-642-08563-5
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08563-5>.
MR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)> 1763974
<https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1763974>., §7.3
4. *^ <#cite_ref-4>* Conway, John Horton
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway>; Curtis, Robert
Turner; Norton, Simon Phillips
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_P._Norton>; Parker, Richard A
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Parker>; Wilson, Robert
Arnott <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Arnott_Wilson> (1985).
/Atlas of Finite Groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLAS_of_Finite_Groups>: Maximal
Subgroups and Ordinary Characters for Simple Groups/. Oxford
University Press. p. 26. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853199-0>.
5. *^ <#cite_ref-5>* Carter, Roger W.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Carter_(mathematician)> (1989).
/Simple Groups of Lie Type/. Wiley Classics Library. John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN
6. *^ <#cite_ref-6>* Wilson, Robert A.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Arnott_Wilson> (2009). /The
Finite Simple Groups/. Graduate Texts in Mathematics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics>.
*251*. Springer-Verlag
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag>. ISBN
show
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* e
title=Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups&action=edit>
Exceptional Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#Exceptional_cases>
* E_6
show
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:String_theory_topics>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory_topics>
* e
title=Template:String_theory_topics&action=edit>
String theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory>

Background
* Strings <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(physics)>
* History of string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_string_theory>
o First superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_superstring_revolution>
o Second superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution>
* String theory landscape
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory_landscape>
Calabi-Yau-alternate.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calabi-Yau-alternate.png>
Theory
* Nambu–Goto action
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action>
* Polyakov action <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyakov_action>
* Bosonic string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory>
* Superstring theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory>
o Type I string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_string_theory>
o Type II string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_string_theory>
+ Type IIA string
+ Type IIB string
o Heterotic string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory>
* N=2 superstring <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%3D2_superstring>
* F-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-theory>
* String field theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_field_theory>
* Matrix string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_string_theory>
* Non-critical string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-critical_string_theory>
* Non-linear sigma model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_sigma_model>
* Tachyon condensation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon_condensation>
* RNS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNS_formalism>
* GS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_formalism>
String duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_duality>
* T-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-duality>
* S-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-duality>
* U-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-duality>
* Montonen–Olive duality
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality>
Particles and fields
* Graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton>
* Dilaton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaton>
* Tachyon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon>
* Ramond–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Kalb–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Magnetic monopole <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole>
* Dual graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graviton>
* Dual photon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_photon>
Branes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane>
* D-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-brane>
* NS5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS5-brane>
* M2-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2-brane>
* M5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5-brane>
* S-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-brane>
* Black brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_brane>
* Black holes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole>
* Black string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_string>
* Brane cosmology <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_cosmology>
* Quiver diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_diagram>
* Hanany–Witten transition
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition>
Conformal field theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory>
* Virasoro algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasoro_algebra>

* Mirror symmetry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)>
* Conformal anomaly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly>
* Conformal algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_symmetry>
* Superconformal algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconformal_algebra>
* Vertex operator algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra>
* Loop algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_algebra>
* Kac–Moody algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kac%E2%80%93Moody_algebra>
* Wess–Zumino–Witten model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model>
Gauge theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory>
* Anomalies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)>
* Instantons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instanton>
* Chern–Simons form
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form>
* Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogomol%27nyi%E2%80%93Prasad
%E2%80%93Sommerfield_bound>
* Exceptional Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_Lie_group> (G_2
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>, F_4
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)>, E_6 , E_7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>, E_8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>)
* ADE classification <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification>
* Dirac string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_string>
* /p/-form electrodynamics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics>
Geometry
* Kaluza–Klein theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory>
* Compactification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)>
* Why 10 dimensions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_10_dimensions>?
* Kähler manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold>
* Ricci-flat manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci-flat_manifold>
o Calabi–Yau manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold>
o Hyperkähler manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler_manifold>
+ K3 surface <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_surface>
o G_2 manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_manifold>
o Spin(7)-manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin(7)-manifold>
* Generalized complex manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure>
* Orbifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold>
* Conifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifold>
* Orientifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientifold>
* Moduli space <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli_space>
* Hořava–Witten domain wall
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_domain_wall>
* K-theory (physics) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory_(physics)>
* Twisted K-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_K-theory>
Supersymmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry>
* Supergravity <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity>
* Superspace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspace>
* Lie superalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_superalgebra>
* Lie supergroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_supergroup>
Holography <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography>
* Holographic principle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle>
* AdS/CFT correspondence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence>
M-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory>
* Matrix theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)>

* Introduction to M-theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory>
String theorists
* Aganagić <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87>
* Arkani-Hamed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed>
* Atiyah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah>
* Banks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)>
* Berenstein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berenstein>
* Bousso <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Bousso>
* Cleaver <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_B._Cleaver>
* Curtright <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Curtright>
* Dijkgraaf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf>
* Distler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Distler>
* Douglas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas>
* Duff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)>
* Ferrara <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara>
* Fischler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Fischler>
* Friedan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Friedan>
* Gates <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates>
* Gliozzi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi>
* Gopakumar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar>
* Green <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)>
* Greene <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greene>
* Gross <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross>
* Gubser <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gubser>
* Gukov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gukov>
* Guth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Guth>
* Hanson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson>
* Harvey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey>
* Hořava <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)>
* Gibbons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gibbons>
* Kachru <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamit_Kachru>
* Kaku <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku>
* Kallosh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Kallosh>
* Kaluza <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza>
* Kapustin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kapustin>
* Klebanov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Klebanov>
* Knizhnik <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik>
* Kontsevich <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich>
* Klein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Klein>
* Linde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Linde>
* Maldacena <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena>
* Mandelstam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam>
* Marolf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Marolf>
* Martinec <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Martinec>
* Minwalla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla>
* Moore <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)>
* Motl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl>
* Mukhi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi>
* Myers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)>
* Nanopoulos <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos>
* Năstase <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase>
* Nekrasov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov>
* Neveu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu>
* Nielsen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen>
* van Nieuwenhuizen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen>
* Novikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)>
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* Ovrut <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Ovrut>
* Polchinski <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski>
* Polyakov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov>
* Rajaraman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman>
* Ramond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ramond>
* Randall <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall>
* Randjbar-Daemi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi>
* Roček <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek>
* Rohm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Rohm>
* Scherk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk>
* Schwarz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz>
* Seiberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg>
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* Shenker <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Shenker>
* Siegel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Siegel>
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* Steinhardt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt>
* Strominger <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strominger>
* Sundrum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Sundrum>
* Susskind <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Susskind>
* 't Hooft <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft>
* Townsend <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Townsend>
* Trivedi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi>
* Turok <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Turok>
* Vafa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa>
* Veneziano <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano>
* Verlinde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Verlinde>
* Verlinde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Verlinde>
* Wess <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wess>
* Witten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten>
* Yau <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau>
* Yoneya <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiaki_Yoneya>
* Zamolodchikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov>
* Zamolodchikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov>
* Zaslow <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Zaslow>
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* Zwiebach <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Zwiebach>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article *may be too technical for most readers to understand*.

Algebraic structure <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure>

* Quotient group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group>

/Group homomorphisms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism>/

* wreath product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product>

* Glossary of group theory

Finite groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>[show] <#>

* Sylow theorems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_theorems>

* Frobenius group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group>

* Schur multiplier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>

* Symmetric group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group> S_/n/

* Klein four-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group> V

* Discrete groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_group>

* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (*Z*)

Modular groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_group>

* Arithmetic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_group>

Topological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group> and Lie

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>

* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)

* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group> E(/n/)

* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)

* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)

Infinite dimensional Lie group

Algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>[show] <#>

* Linear algebraic group

* Reductive group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_group>

* Abelian variety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_variety>

* Elliptic curve <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve>

Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

Simple Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>[hide] <#>

* List of simple Lie groups

Other Lie groups

Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra>[show] <#>

* Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

Semisimple Lie algebra

* Dynkin diagrams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>

* Lie group representation

Lie groups in physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics>[show] <#>

* Particle physics and representation theory

This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.

* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (Z)

In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, E_6 is

E_/7/ = {α ∈ Z^7 ∪ (Z+½)^7 * : * ∑α_i ^2 + α_1 ^2 = 2,

The E_6 polytope <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_polytope> is the

Likewise, the fundamental representation 27 and its conjugate 27

1. ^ <#cite_ref-1> Rosenfeld, Boris (1997), /Geometry of Lie