A SURVEY O F

P AINT I N D U S T R Y IN I N D I A
 CHAPTER - I

A SURVEY OF PAINT INDUSTRY IN INDIA

I-a Nature of the product;

Paint can be defined as a coating applied to a

surface, or substrate, to decorate it, protect it, or

perforin some other specialised function. (Ref: l)

Paint can be defined as a fluid material which, when

spread over a surface in the form of a thin layer, will

form a solid, adherent and cohesive film, (Ref: 2)

Paint: Colouring matter, especially in liquid form,

for applying to a surface. (Ref: 3)

Ref: 1 Paint Handbook Edited by Guy E, Weismantel

McGraw-Hill Book Company

Pg. 1-2
Refs 2 Outlines of Paint Technology by W.M. Morgans

Charles Griffin & Company Ltd,

Pg. 1

Ref: 3 The Oxford Reference Dictionary

Pg. 603
 10

Paint is a loosely used word covering a wide variety

of materials: enamels, lacquers, varnishes, undercoata#

surfacers, primers, sealers, fillers, stoppers and many

others. (Ref: 4)

Paint: A mixture of a pigment and a suitable liquid

to form a closely adherent coating when spread on a

surface in a thin coat. (Ref: 5)

Paint: A mixture of a Pigment and a vehicle, such as

oil or water, that together form a liquid or paste that

can be applied to a surface to provide an adherent coating

that imparts colour to and often protects the surface.

(Ref: 6)

The surfaces on which paint can be applied are

multifarious-metal, wood, cement/plaster, plastic etc.

Ref: 4 Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of

Paint Technology by G.P.A. Turner

Chapman and Hall

Pg. 85

Ref: 5 Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary

Pg. 847

Ref: 6 McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms

Pg. 1151
 11

It is for this reason that paints are also referred to as

surface coatings. In this respect there is some

corranonality between paints and printing inks.

Paint is chemically a heterogeneous product -

heterogeneous in the sense of being a composite of several

ingredients which are solids and liquids. While the

components of paint are generally made by chemical

reactions, the actual paint manufacture starting with these

raw materials is essentially a physical - mechanical process,

The manufacture of paints requires relatively simple

machinery, and the typical batch time is a few hours. Only

in some products the batch time extends over a day or

thereabout. Most of the operations in the paint manufacture

take place at or around ambient temperature only.

Classification of paints:

Paints can be classified by many methods. The method

chosen depends on what the classifier is seeking to achieve-

to identify the mechanism of drying, to highlight the

uses or to describe the surface appearance etc. For many

purposes it is convenient to classify the paints under the

following two major heads:

1. Decorative Paints (also called "trade sale paints")

2. Industrial Paints (also sometimes termed as

"production paints")
 12

The Paint sales in India are predominantly of

decorative paints. It is estimated that about 70% of

paints consumption in India is of decorative paints while

30% share goes to the industrial paints sector, (Ref: 7)

This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the developed

countries where industrial paints account for the bulk

share, (Ref: 7) It, however, needs to be noted that even

the present share of 30% by the industrial paints

represents a significant improvement over the situation

in the past. The demand for industrial paints is picking

up - thanks mainly to the growth of engineering and

automobile industry - as the protective value of paints is

being increasingly realised and as the production of

automobiles and consumer durables such as refrigerators

and washing machines is on the increase.

The growth in demand for industrial paints is both

quantitative and qualitative. With many technical

collaborations with developed countries in respect of

engineering goods and automobiles, the expectations from

paints in terms of aesthetic features and durability/

performance requirements also increased. The important

Ref: 7 PAINTINDIA Vol XXXVIII No, 6 June 1988

Pg, 36
 13

role paints play in improving the product life and

appearance characteristics is now better understood.

Paint specifications for these applications have become

much more demanding. It will be no exaggeration to say

that the advent of Maruti passenger car on the Indian

scene has brought about a significant change in the Indian

paint industry. It has set-in a chain reaction with

discernible effects on the quality of paints.

I-b Raw material intensivity :

Paint industry is raw material intensive. It is

estimated that approximately 60 to 70% of the paint cost

is on account of raw materials and packaging. Considering

the wide variety of products made, a large number of raw

materials are required. About 300 - 400 different raw

materials are involved. (Ref: 8) It is a happy

circumstance that a fairly large number of these raw

materials are available indigenously. Only in respect of

one critical raw material viz.. Titanium dioxide pigment,

the Indian paint industry is heavily dependent on overseas

supplies. Table-I summarises the raw materials and also

Ref: 8 PAINTINDIA Vol XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988

 14

gives the component of dependence on overseas sources.

(Ref: 9) Overall, the raw iraterial dependence is of the

order of 10% or less.

Packing materials constitute about 21-25% of the

total material requirement of the paint industry. This is

rather unavoidable considering the fluid (liquid) nature

of the product. Primary packings are usually metal tins

(sometimes, plastic containers) while secondary packings

are usually corrugated boxes. As paint is supplied both

to individuals and industries, the packing size varies all

the way from 50 ml tins to 20 litre drums and 200 litre

barrels.

I-c Formulation governance :

The main operations involved in paint production are

mechanical, viz., grinding, dispersing, emulsifying,

blending etc. These operations are relatively simple to

carry out; there is but little chemical change in the

ingredients that go into the paint manufacturing stage, and

they more-or-less retain their initial chemical character.

The quality of pigments, solvents, driers and other

additives (added in minute quantities) remains practically

Ref: 9 PAINTINDIA Vol XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988

Pg. 44
 15

the same for different paint manufacturers. In respect

of one critical raw material, viz., resins, differences

exist. Most of the large scale manufacturers of paints

have their own resin manufacturing facilities and these

resins are used for captive consumption. Hence the

products made by different manufacturers will vary from

each other mainly on account of difference in formulation

techniques apart from, of course, the quality of resins

used. Control over the technology of resins - rightly

considered the backbone of any paint - gives to the

manufacturer that much exclusivity for his products. On

account of their percentage contribution in paint

formulation, resins also have a great bearing on the

costing of the product, and thus on the profitability of

the overall paint manufacturing process. There are

several small-scale manufacturers (especially in the non-

urban areas) who depend on outside sources for supply of

this raw material but inevitably this puts strain on

their profitability.

The basic simplicity of manufacturing operations

and the formulation dependence confer on paints the

advantage of "amenability to post-production manipulation",

(The word "manipulation" is used here in its positive,

constructive sense). What this means in practical terms

 16

is that the characteristics of the product are correctible-

modifiable even after the main manufacturing process is

over. In this respect, paints are clearly distinguishable

from the raw materials that go in its manufacture. This

“amenability to post-production manipulation" has a

bearing on paint marketing strategies. This aspect has

been covered later in this work.

This formulation governance has led to an appreciable

degree of "product equalisation" in so far as decorative

paints made by larger paint manufacturers are concerned.

Barring some special or unique characteristics of a select

group of resins, it is technically not very difficult to

develop a product that is similar to another offered by a

competitor. This "evening out" of quality characteristics

makes it quite difficult for a paint manufacturer to offer

a "USP" (Unique Sales Proposition) to the customer of

decorative paints. The user, on his side, does not readily

perceive any significant differential characteristics

among the various product offerings. This special feature

of paints has no doubt an implication for a company in

formulating its marketing strategies.

I-d Limited shelf stability :

Paint, being a heterogeneous substance, consisting

usually of a solid dispresed in a liquid, has intrinsic

limitations of life. In an unopened, air-tight condition

 17

it remains reasonably stable without much adverse change.

Even in this case if the atmospheric changes are extreme,

such as wide temperature variations, some adverse change

might take place. After the paint container is opened

changes take place and sometimes paint may go waste if not

consumed within a specified period of time. Even when the

paint container Is kept tightly closed after using a part

of it, the change may be difficult to arrest totally.

The customers, especially the smaller ones, thus tend to

buy only as much quantity as they would expect to consume

over a relatively short period of time. This limited

stability of paint makes it imperative for a paint

manufacturer to spread out his production and supply

schedule. Coupled with the wide variety of products that

a paint manufacturer must offer, this stability aspect

places a constraint on paint manufacturer and supplier.

Consumption of decorative paints also has a seasonal

pattern. This seasonal consumption pertains to festival

times and the climatic changes,

I-e Amenability to manufacture on a small scale :

Paints can easily be produced on a small scale.

Quantities as small as 1 litre can be processed easily.

The machinery used can be installed in a small area, raw

material storage does not require much space and

 18

supervision of process operation can be carried out by-

just a few persons. In some cases the process can also

be left unattended for a few hours. Technology at low

levels is relatively simple. All this has made it possible

to start small paint manufacturing units. Relatively low

capital requirements, fairly ready availability of raw

materials, well-documented technology and only moderate

running expenses have all contributed favourably to the

establishment of a large number of small scale units across

the country. The small scale units also have the benefits

of tax reliefs and available local business,

I-f Geographical distribution of paint manufacturing units

The earliest paint manufacturing unit dates back to

the year 1902 when Shalimar Paints, Colour and Varnish

Company was started at Goabaria, Howrah, Engineering

companies located in and around Calcutta were the major

paint consumers then. However, in this initial period

there was no real expansion in paint business. The First

World War (1914) brought about many changes - with the

stoppage of imports the demand for the locally manufactured

paint grew suddenly. The p^^riod between the two World

Wars witnessed the establishment of a good number of paint

manufacturing units. These were : Goodlass Wall (1918),

Jenson & Nicholson (1920), Hadfields (1923), Elephant Oil

 19

Mills (1937) and a few others. These were o£ British

origin and ownership. However, Indian entrepreneurs did

not much lag behind, and a few manufacturing units came

to be set up mainly in Calcutta, Kanpur and Bombay. While

the small scale manufacturing units are spread all over the

country, there is seen to be a concentrated growth of the

larger (i.e. the units registered with the Directorate

General of Technical Development) units in and around the

two largest metropolitan cities of Calcutta and Bombay.

The "Handbook of Indigenous Manufacturers (Chemicals end

Miscellaneous Stores)" published by the Indian Investment

Centre, New Delhi in November 1986 lists 18 .companies

registered with Directorate General of Technical Development,

Ministry of Industry. This list is given in Table-II,

(Ref: 10)

The recent years have witnessed a trend of Indian

paint manufacturing companies entering into collaborations

with the leading paint companies in the world for the

purpose of upgrading their technologies and increasing the

scale of business. Table-Ill gives a listing of such

collaborations. (Ref: 11)

Ref: 10 "Handbook of Indigenous Manufacturers (Chemicals

& Miscellaneous Stores)".

- Indian Investment Centre, New Delhi November 1986
Ref: 11 PAINTINDIA Vol XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988
Pg. 36
 20

Over and above the companies listed in T a b l e - H and

Table-III there are several paint manufacturing companies

which are technically advanced. (Ref: 12)

The recent review (Ref: 13) summarises data on imported

technologies. As per this review, technology has been

imported from 32 companies across the world. The leading

countries from which technologies have been imported are:

USA 9 Collaborations 28%

UK 7 Collaborations 22%
JAPAN 5 Collaborations 16%

(Source; PAINTINDIA Vol. XL No.2 February 1990 Pg.19-21)

Out of the top ten companies of the world, six have

given their technical collaboration to India. The Indian

paint companies receiving these technologies are well-

spread across the country. The percentage break-up reveals

the following geographic distribution:

Zone North West East South

No.of collaborations 3 16 6 7

The West Zone leads the remaining zones, accounting

for 50% of all the technical collaborations entered into

by Indian companies.

Ref: 12 PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988

Pg. 36

Ref: 13 PAINTINDIA Vol. XL No. 2 February 1990

Pg. 91-92
 21

I-g Decorative Paint Market and Industrial Paint Market:

Paint is sold to individual paint consumers as well

as to industries. The individual paint consumers usually

include painting contractors, signboard painters, persons

undertaking job-work for painting furniture items,

scooters, motor cars etc. As the average life of a typical

paint (dried film) runs into several years, it can be

considered to be a " consumer durable However, in

several respects paint differs from a "normal" consumer

durable:

i) Consumer involvement in the usage of paint

is very low. Usually professional painters

are involved in the application of paints,

ii) Once the paint is applied, there is no

"brand identification",

ill) Working demonstration with paints is difficult.

Therefore, the choice exercised by the consumer of

decorative paints is influenced by painting contractors,

dealers and those others who may have used the paint

earlier. Most of the paints sold to individual consumers

are of the decorative type. The DO IT YOURSELF (DlY)

pattern, quite common in the western countries, has not

become popular in India. The main uses to which decorative

 22

paints are put are household painting, architectural

painting (both exterior and interior), signboard painting,

furniture polishing etc. The decorative market is

spread more-or-less evenly across the country. On the

other hand, industrial paints are used in the production

of goods including consumer durables (two wheelers,

passenger cars, commercial vehicles, refrigerators, washing

machines), electrical goods, machinery etc. Railways, Road

Transport, Defence Forces, Shipping are some of the bulk

consumers of paints. Chemical plants, off-shore

installations, power generation plants and other industrial

establishments use large quantities of paints mostly for

protective purposes.

In India, paint is traditionally looked at as a

decorative product only. Its functional role of protection

has not yet been fully appreciated. In 197 3, the paint

industry was included in the list of "priority industries*',

under the Import Trade Control Policy, However, in 1977

the industry was removed from the list of "Priority

Industries" and was clubbed with manufacture of low

priority items. This status of paint industry continues

to this day. This is mainly on account of inappropriate

awareness of the role of paints in preservation of assets.

Estimates of losses due to corrosion vary but on an average.

 23

assets worth about Rs. 2000 crores (representing 1% of

Gross National Product) are estimated to be lost every

year on account of corrosion. (Ref: 14) In spite of the

obviously important role paints can play, they are still

generally regarded as items of luxury rather than of

necessity. The paint manufacturers must take a strong

initiative in this regard,

I-h Contribution of the Small Scale Sector :

The Indian paint industry comprises three sectors;

tiny, small scale and organised. There are innumerable

tiny units scattered all over the country and no meaningful

data is available regarding their production. Even for

small scale units accurate data is not available. According

to 1972 census of Small Scale Units, there were 987 small

scale paint manufacturing units with fixed assets of

Rs, 8,98,000 and employing 8, 267 persons. It is estimated

that the present small scale paint units number around

1500 with an estimated installed capacity of over

200,000 tonnes, (Ref: 15)

Ref: 14 PAINTINDIA Vol, XXXIX No, 1 January 1989

Pg, 36

Ref: 15 PAINTINDIA Vol, XXVIII No, 6 June 1988

Pg, 35
 24

Of the total paint production in the countiry, about

50% is estimated to be contributed by the small scale

industries. This is a remarkable improvement over the

share of only 25% about 30 years back. Production increased

from 10000 tonnes in 1950 to 84000 tonnes in 1979 and to

164000 tonnes in 1987, However, the small scale paint

industry in India is generally handicapped in terms of

technology, working capital, marketing network and service

back-up facilities. The last named is a crucial component

in the marketing of paints to industries since a large

percentage of industrial paints are made to individual

specifications.

An interesting example can be cited here as to how

the small scale sector of the Indian paint industry has

worked in close co-operation with the organised sector.

The Union Government had reserved alkyd resin for exclusive

development in the small scale sector. However, the small

scale sector manufacturers of their own volition pleaded

with success the de-reservation of this important resin

for captive use by the organised sector. On the other hand,

the organised sector units have felt that mere statutory

reservation of certain items for the small scale sector

would not serve the intended purpose. They arrived at

certain norms which were applied to various products to

 25

assess their viability for production by the small scale

sector. These were -

High volume, low value products

Low volume# speciality products

Low technology products

Stand alone products.

On the basis of these norms, the organised sector

has, voluntarily, agreed that the following products be

set aside for production by the small scale sector -

Cement Paints

Cement Colours

Dry Distempers

Bituminous Solvents

Limed Rosin Solution

Zinc Stiff Paints

Mastic Putty.

The small scale sector units are, however, very

vulnerable to raw material situation, pricing policies,

working capital management and market forces. However,

the present work does not cover these aspects.

Ref: 16 PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXIX No. 1 January 1989

Pg. 41
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 27

That India has a long way to go is evident from the

decorative paints: industrial paints ratio which is in

stark contrast to the situation existing in the developed

countries, Table-VI gives the production figures for the

top ten companies in the world; the comparison with the

total Indian paint production can immediately be noticed,

(Ref: 19)

The paint industry in India, while being relatively

well-placed in regard to a large number of raw materials,

is still critically dependent on overseas supplies for the

most important pigment, viz.. Titanium dioxide (Table-I),

Shortages, leading to irrational price hikes, have at

times played havoc in the Indian paint industry. While

the shortages of this crucial raw material have affected

all the paint manufacturers, the small-scale sector has

suffered most on this account. As a large number of paints

are based on this product, any sudden fluctuation in its

availability throws out of gear the production planning

and marketing activities of any paint company. With the

indigenous manufacturers of this material meeting the

country's demand, the situation is likely to ease up,

■ '
(Ref: 20)

Ref: 19 PAINTINDIA Vol. XL No. 2 February 1990

Pg. 13

Ref: 20 Paint Industry: New Perspectives

Proceedings of the XIV All India Paint Conference 1989,
 28

Petroleum hydrocarbon solvents is another area of major

concern for the Indian paint industry. In this respect

the year 1988 could well be one of the most difficult for

the paint industry as it was marked by shortages of all

kinds of raw materials, sharp hikes in the prices of key

raw materials and an increase in the excise duty on

finished goods. Things started moving rather well since

then but the recent gulf crisis (1990) has again given a

jolt to the paint manufacturers.

There exists tremendous potential for growth of the

Indian paint industry. This is evident from a comparison

of the per capita consumption of paint: in India it is a

measly 0,32 kg. as compared to 15 kg. in France, 19 kg,

in Sweden, 21 kg, in West Germany and 25 kg. in USA.

(Ref: 21) Discussions with several paint dealers and

sales-persons reveal that paint is usually the last item

on the priority list of an average Indian, While potential

exists for growth, in 1987 and 1988 the Indian paint

industry is estimated to have grown by just 2 % as compared

with the average industrial growth of 8 %, However due to

accelerated pace of growth in engineering industry, the

demand for industrial paints is expected to grow by 1 0 % in

the next few years, (Ref: 2l)

Ref: 21 PAINTINDIA Vol, XXXVIII No, 6 June 1988

Pg, 37
 29

Exports :

The perfonnance of the Indian Paint Industry in

regard to exports is rather erratic, Table-VII gives the

export figures for the last two decades. The exports have

been mainly to USSR and to some of our neighbouring

countries. (Ref: 22)

The Indian paint industry has thus a great scope to

expand in volume. In decorative paints, the indigenous

technology is quite comparable to that anywhere in the world.

In the industrial paints, the technology gaps presently

existing are likely to be bridged up with the various

technical collaborations recently entered into and those

which are in process. Some of the frontier technologies in

paints can be identified as follows -

Waterborne Coatings

Powder Coatings

High Solids and Solventless Coatings

Electrocoating,

These technologies will find meaningful applications

in the areas of automotive coatings, marine coatings, heavy

duty coatings, coatings for freight containers and related

applications.

There is thus expected to be significant qualitative

and quantitative change in the Indian Paint Industry.

Ref: 22 PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXVIII No, 6 June 1988

Pg, 37
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 31

Table-II

List of Units registered with Directorate General of Technical

Development, Ministry of Industry, New Delhi.

Sr.No. Name of the Company and Address

1. Indian Explosives Ltd. 34 Chouringhee Road

Calcutta

2. Asian Paints(India)Ltd, "Nirmal" 5th Floor

Nariman Point, Bombay 400 021

3. Garware Paints Ltd. 401 Merrine Chambers

43 Sir V.Thackersey Marg
P.Bag 11498, Bombay 400 020

4. Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ganpatrao Kadam Marg

Limited. Lower Parel, Bombay 400 013

5. Hardcastle & Waud Brabourne Stadium

Manufacturing Cp.Ltd. 86 Veer Nariman Road
Bombay 400 020

6. Jenson & Nicholson 225 Acharya Jagdish Bose Road

(India) Ltd. Calcutta 700 020

7. Noble Paints & Varnishes Fergusson Road

Co. (P) Ltd. Lower Parel, Bombay 400 013

8. Addison Paints and Huzur Gardens, P.B. No, 851

Chemicals Ltd. Sembiam, Madras 600 Oil

9. Modi Paints and Varnish Modi Nagar (N.Rly)- 201 204

Works (Paint Section)

10. Berger Paints 32 Chouringhee Road

Calcutta 700 071
 32

Sr.No. Name of the Company and Address

11. Macfarlane & Co,(P) Ltd, 18 Radha Nath Qhowdhury Road

Calcutta 700 015

12. Murarka Paints & Varnish 4-E, B.B.D. Bagh

Works Ltd. 29 Stephen House
Calcutta 700 001

13. Shalimar Paints Ltd. P.O.Danesh Shalk Lane

Howrah 711 009

14. India Linoleum Ltd. 9/1 B.M. Mukherjee Road

Calcutta 700 001

15. Hpyles Paints Ltd. 1, Council House Street

Calcutta 700 001

16. Sigma Paints Ltd, Old Nagardas Road

Mogra, Andheri (East)
Bombay 400 069

17. Asian Paints (I) Ltd. 2602 GIDC Industrial Estate

Ankleshwar, Bharuch.

18. Indian Explosives Ltd. P.B, No, 1 Balanagar

(Chemicals Divn.) Hyderabad

SOURCE : "Handbook of Indigenous Manufacturers (chemicals and

Miscellaaneous Stores) ’’

Published by Indian Investment Centre,

New Delhi
November 1986.
 33

T able- Ill

Collaboration Details of Leading Paint Companies

Companies Current Collaborators

Asian Paints (India) Ltd. Nippon Paints of Japan

Devoe Marine Coatings, USA

Berger Paints William Holding of UK

Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd. Kansai Paints - Japan

N.T.T. - Japan

Garware Paints Ltd. Sherwin Williams - USA

Jotungruppan - Norway.

Jenson & Nicholson(India) Ltd. S.F. Duco of France.

Shalimar Paints Ltd. International Paints - UK.

Addison Paints and Chemicals Nippon Oil and Fat - Japan

Ltd,

Bombay Paints Hempel's Marine Paints.

Goa Paints Chugoku - Japan

Hardcastle & Want Libert Paints - Belgium

Manufacturing Co. Ltd,

I.E.L, (I.e.I.) I.e.I.

Sigma Paints Ltd. Sigma - Holland

Macfarlane Paints & Camrex U.K.

Varnish Works Ltd.

Modi Paints and Varnish Schaepman's Lakafabrieken

Works
B.V. - Holland.

SOURCE; PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988

Pg. 36
 34

Table-IV

Production and capacity utilisation of paints In India -

organised sector

______________ _______________ (thousand tonnes) _________

Year Capacity Production Capacity
Utilisation %

1951 64.8 33.5 51.7

1960 72.2 51.8 71.7

1961 86.4 59.1 68.4

1970 77.5 66.0 85.2

1971 98.9 68.0 68.8

1980 117.5 89.2 75.9

1981 117.5 94.0 77.4

1982 123.3 107.0 86,7

1983 160.0 117.0 73.1

1984 165.0 125.7 76.2

1985-86 166.0 138.7 83.6

1986-87 224.9 164.8 73.3

Annual Compound Growth Ratesi 1951-60

1961-70 1.2%
1971-80

1981-87

SOURCE; PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXVIII No.6 June 1988

Pg. 37
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 36

Table-VI

Top ten paint companies In the world

Sr.No. Company Country Production (1988)

Million Litres

1. I.e.I. U.K. 780

2. P.P.G. U.S. 460

3. B.A.S.F. W.Germany 460

4. Sherwln Williams U.S. 360

5. Akzo Netherlands 350

6. Nippon Paints Japan 257

7. International U.K. 235

8. Kansai Japan 231

9. Du Pont U.S. 228

10. Valspar U.S. 200

SOURCE: PAINTINDIA Vol. XL No.2 February 1990

Pg. 13
 37

Table-VII

Exports of paints, varnishes and allied products

^
Year Quantity (Tonnes) Value Crores)

1970-71 7090 3.57

1971-72 4480 3.42

1972-73 6810 5.15

1973-74 4010 4.27

1974-75 7630 12.45

1975-76 7430 6.14

1976-77 8340 10.74

1977-78 9040 9.67

1978-79 7660 12.36

1979-90 9550 9.07

1980-81 7470 22.80

1981-82 11820 30.30

1982-83 11550 28.99

1983-84 12100 28.00

1984-85 NA 40.00

1985-86 NA 44.80

1986-87 NA 53.00

SOURCE: PAINTINDIA Vol. XXXVIII No. 6 June 1988

Pg. 37