Hydraulic Structures II (Design of

Diversion and Canal Structures)

Course code: CENG 6606/CENG 6031
Course Instructors: Haddush Goitom (PhD)
Email: haddushgoitom@yahoo.com
Course Contents:
Learning Objective: To understand design concepts,
principles, method and procedures of hydraulic structures
for irrigation.

It deals specifically with;

 Hydraulic structure for irrigation
 Low diversion headworks
 Weirs, intake and outlets
 Canal regulation structures
 Cross drainage structures
 Pressure and outlet works
 Irrigation network and distribution
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 Modern distribution equipment
Course Contents
 Chapter 1 – Introduction

 Types and Functions of Irrigation Hydraulic Structures – General

 Study components for design of Irrigation Hydraulic Structures
 Basic Design Principles of Irrigation Hydraulic Structures

 Chapter 2 – Diversion Head Works

 Types and Purposes of a Diversion Headwork

 Location and Site Selection for a Diversion Head Work
 Components and Layout of Diversion Head Work
 Design of Weir and Barrage
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 Design of canal head regulator
Course Contents
Course Contents:

 Chapter 3 – Canal Irrigation Networks

 Layout of Canal Network Structures

 Design of Alluvial and Non-alluvial Canals
 Canal Lining and Economics of Lining

 Chapter 4 – Irrigation Control Structures

 Design of Drop Structures/Canal Falls

 Design of Head and Cross Regulators/Division Boxes
 Design of Cross Drainage Works

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Course Contents:
REFERENCES
1. Design of Diversion Weirs by Baban R.

2. Irrigation engineering and hydraulics structures by S. K. Garg

3. Irrigation, water power and water resources engineering by K.K Arora

4. Hydraulic structures by Novak

Assessments:
 Quiz ___________________________________15%.

 Assignment #1 __________________________15%

 Assignment #2 (mini project ______________20%

 Final Exam _____________________________50%.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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 Chapter 1. Introduction
Hydraulic structures
Definition
Hydraulic structures are anything that can be used to
divert, restrict, stop or otherwise manage the normal
flow of water.
Hydraulic structures
• Impound water and flood protection (dams)
• River training and protection (dykes, levees)
• Conveyance structures (chutes, drops, flumes)
• Stream diversion structures (weirs or barrages)
• Structures built to provide special purposes 7
Hydraulic structures…

Dams 8
Conveyance Ship locks
 Hydraulic structures…
Hydraulic structures

A coffer dam during

construction 9

Groynes
 Three Gorges Dam
Type: Concrete Gravity Dam
Cost: Official cost $25bn - actual
cost believed to be much higher
Work began: 1993
Power generation: 26 turbines on
left and right sides of dam.
Power capacity: 18,000
megawatts
Reservoir: 660km long,
submerging 632 sq km of land.
When fully flooded, water will be
175m above sea level
Navigation: Two-way lock
system became operational in
2004. One-step ship elevator
opened in 2009.

Sluice Gates
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Hydraulic structures…

Diversion Weir

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Chapter 1. Introduction

 Application areas of hydraulic structures:

 production of power

 Water supply and sewerage system

 Irrigation scheme

 Flood protection works

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 Koga Dam

Type: Earth dam

Location: Amhara Region
Purpose: Irrigation Ca. 7000
Basin: Blue Nile
Dam height :21 m

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 Haiba Type: Earth dam
Tekeze Dam
Location: Tigray Region 14
Purpose: Irrigation
Chapter 1. Introduction

Types of Irrigation Hydraulic Structures

 Hydraulic structures in irrigation include:

1. Heading up structures/Headwork structures

2. Water Distribution structures/Canal Networks

3. Irrigation Control Structures

 Canal Regulatory structures (Canal Falls/drop structures,

head and cross regulators, check structures, division boxes,
etc.)

 Cross-drainage Structures
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Chapter 1. Introduction

WATER SOURCE COMMAND AREA

Hydraulic Structures

Head works
Network of canals
Control Structures
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Cross-Drainage Works
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Introduction – HeadWork Structures
 Heading up structures - constructed across water courses/channels
to keep the water on one side (u/s side).

 Typically two types:

Storage Head Work – to store
surplus water when the river
discharge is in excess of
demand and use it when river
water decreases.
Water supplied from the
reservoir to a canal through the
canal head regulator.
E.g. Dam
Diversion Head Work –
constructed across a perennial
river to raise the water level and
divert the water to the canal.
Again, the diverted water is
controlled by a canal head
regulator.
E.g. Weir/ barrage are common
regulatory structures in irrigation

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Storage Head– Work
Introduction Head Work Structures
RESERVOIR

DAM

Spillway

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 Diversion Head Work
Weir and Barrage:
pond
Crest Level = pond level level Shutter
P2=0 P2 Crest Level

P=P1 P
P1

P1 >> P2
a) Without shutter b) With shutter
Weir
pond pond
level level Shutter
Shutter
P =P2 P2
P Crest Level
P1
P1=0
P1 << P2
a) Without crest b) With crest

Barrage
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Key: P = total ponding ; P1= Ponding by crest; P2= Ponding by shutter

Definition:
Small weir

Small barrage

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 Introduction – Canal Networks
 Canal Networks – the network of irrigation canals used to convey water
from the source to the command areas.

 Main components of canal networks include:

 Main canal – large canal which takes off from a diversion headwork or
outlet of storage reservoir and delivers water to the branch canals
(secondary canals).

 Branch canals/Secondaries- take water from the main canal and

delivers it to the distributaries or tertiary canals.

 Distributaries/tertiaries - take off from a branch canal and supplies

water to field channels.

 Field channels – taken from the outlets of the distributary channels by

the cultivators to supply water to their own fields. 22
Introduction – Canal Networks

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A complete canal system
Introduction – Irrigation Control Structures
 Canal regulatory structures ---- to control & regulate discharges,
depth, velocity, direction etc. in the canal.

 The important types of these structures include:

 Canal Fall/drop structures … a vertical drop structure or chute used
to modify the slope of the ground on steep lands so that it keeps the
velocity of flow in the non-erosive range.
 Canal Regulators/Division boxes… constructed at the off-taking
channel so as to properly regulate/ distribute water to different
direction.
 Canal Escape … a side channel constructed to remove surplus water
from irrigation channel (main, distribution & branch channel)
 Metering Flumes/weirs … structures constructed, usually along with
the canal regulators or division boxes, for measuring its discharge
accurately.
 Check Structures … permanent or temporary structures built in the
field channel to raise the level of water by obstructing the flow in case24
of insufficient flow.
Introduction – Drop Structures

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Introduction – Division boxes

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Introduction – Flumes

Parshall flume

Cut-throat flume
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Introduction – Check Structures and weir

A permanent concrete check

Rectangular Weir

Triangular Weir
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Chapter 1. Introduction – Cross Drainage works
 Cross Drainage Works ---- constructed at the crossing of a canal and a
natural drain/depression/gullies for safe disposal of drainage
water/runoff without interrupting the continuous canal supplies.

 Types of cross drainage works:

a) By passing the canal over the natural drainage

Aqueduct
Syphon- aqueduct
b) By passing the canal below the natural drainage
Super passage
Canal syphon
C) By passing the drain through the canal
Level crossing 29
Inlet and outlet
Chapter 1. Introduction – Investigation/Study
Components
 The major study components for Hydraulic Structures are:

 Hydrological study –

 to determine the maximum flood level, the minimum, mean

and maximum discharges of the river.

 Geological study –

 to know the soil type under the canal head regulator and
along the canal route.

 helps to decide the length of cutoff piles, length of

impervious aprons and their thickness, etc.

 helps to decide whether to line a canal or not.

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 helps to select proper type of local construction materials.
Chapter 1. Introduction – Study Components
 Topographic study –
 Contributes to decide the maximum level of the command

area to be reached.
 To know the x-sectional and longitudinal profile of the head
work site.
 Helps to decide on the top of the river training works by

considering the MFL.

 Helps for canal alignment and design.

 Location of crossing structures, canal falls, escapes, etc. will

be decided based on this data.

 Agronomical study –
 To know water requirement of the agricultural land whereby
the capacity of canals will be determined.
 To develop a land suitability map and it helps a lot in canal 31

alignment.
Chapter 1. Introduction – Study Components

 Environmental study –

 to know the –ve impacts that could be brought as a result of

having the project.

E.g. the u/s and d/s effects on users.

 Socio-Economic study –

 The project should answer questions like:

 Any coherence of the farming society

 Will the proposed structure create any conflict?

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 Need for miscellaneous structure fulfilled?
Chapter 1. Introduction – Weir Design Procedures

1. Maximum flood discharge "Q“

2. Stage discharge curve of the river at barrage.
3. Minimum water level.
4. Cross section of the river at barrage site
5. Level and length of horizontal part of downstream
impervious floor in coordination with hydraulic
jump.
6. Thickness of downstream impervious floor.
 with reference to uplift pressure.
 with reference to hydraulic jump or standing wave.
7. Length and thickness of protection works beyond
pucca floor upstream and downstream.
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Chapter 1. Introduction – Basic Design Principle
 In case of hydraulic structures, there are normally two aspects of
design:

 Hydraulic Aspect – determination of the water way requirements,

the shape of approaches, protection against seepage and scour.

 Structural Aspect – the design of various members to resist the

acting forces by standard structural analysis.

The acting forces principally include hydraulic forces (hydrostatic

pressures, seepage pressures and dynamic pressures), dead load,
earth pressures and live loads such as earthquakes.
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Chapter 1. Introduction – Basic Design Principle
 Therefore, design of irrigation hydraulic structures shall include:
 Analysis of hydraulic failure
 Analysis of structural failure

Analysis of hydraulic failure include:

 Subsurface flow analysis
 Surface flow analysis

Analysis of structural failure include:

 Safety against sliding
 Safety against overturning
 Safety against tension

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Chapter 1. Introduction – Basic Design Principle
Analysis of hydraulic failure:
o Subsurface flow analysis…determination of the uplift pressures
exerted by seeping water and the safety of the structure against
piping.

Design Criteria:
 Thickness of the floor should be sufficient to resist uplift
 Suitable filter should be provided at the d/s end of the
impervious floor to prevent piping.
 Downstream pile should be provided to prevent piping

Method of Analysis: Bligh’s, Lane’s or Khosla’s creep theory

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Chapter 1. Introduction – Basic Design Principle
Analysis of hydraulic failure:
o Surface flow analysis … determination of the flow condition u/s
and d/s at different flow rates and to size the different parts of
the structure accordingly. E.g. In the case of weir design, crest
elevation, length and shape of weir.

Design Criteria:
 Large drop is required at d/s to dissipate energy.
 Launching apron should also be provided to keep the structure
against scouring
 Additional thickness is required at the point jump occurs to
resist suction pressure.

Method of Analysis: Hydraulic jump

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THANK YOU

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