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Glaucoma 2 PDF
Glaucoma 2 PDF
Glaucoma 2 PDF
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signals as vision. Glaucoma is characterized by a with treatment are our best hopes to reduce vision
particular pattern of progressive damage to the loss from glaucoma. It is important to realize that
optic nerve that generally begins with a subtle there is no cure for glaucoma. Once nerve fibers
loss of side vision (peripheral vision). If die and visual function is lost, it cannot be
glaucoma is not diagnosed and treated, it can recovered. Treatment can only help preserve
progress to loss of central vision and blindness. remaining vision; hence it is imperative to detect
Glaucoma is usually, but not always, associated the disease in its earliest stage. The management
with elevated pressure in the eye (intraocular of glaucoma must be an individualized effort.
pressure). Generally, it is this elevated eye Simplistically speaking, in angle closure
pressure that leads to damage of the eye (optic) glaucoma doctors use a laser to create an
nerve. In some cases, glaucoma may occur in the alternative path for the fluid to drain out.
presence of normal eye pressure. This form of However, this approach works for early cases;
glaucoma is believed to be caused by poor advanced cases require medication and surgery as
regulation of blood flow to the optic nerve. New for open angle glaucoma. An attack of closed
eye drops will continue to become available for angle glaucoma is an emergency and the IOP
the treatment of glaucoma. Some drops will be must be lowered as soon as possible to prevent
new classes of agents. Other drops will combine damage to the optic nerve. For open angle
some already existing agents into one bottle to glaucoma, initially eye drops are used to lower
achieve an additive effect and to make it easier IOP; your doctor will select the one most suited
and more economical for patients to take their for your condition. If the disease is advanced,
medication. Many researchers are investigating and/or medical treatment fails, surgery may be
the therapeutic role of neuroprotection of the necessary. Medical therapy is expensive, and
optic nerve, especially in patients who seem to be likely to be life-long. As with any treatment, there
having progressive nerve damage and visual field is a risk of side effects. Sometimes the side
loss despite relatively normal intraocular effects may be more uncomfortable for the
pressures. Animal models have shown that patient, and less acceptable, than living with the
certain chemical mediators can reduce injury or disease. Therefore doctors consider the risk-
death of nerve cells. Proving such a benefit for benefit ratio of the treatment options for
the human optic nerve, however, is more difficult glaucoma. The main criterion is how much
because, for one thing, biopsy or tissue specimens functional capacity is affected rather than the
are not readily available. Nevertheless, if any of actual degree of vision loss. Your doctor will
these mediators in eye drops can be shown to select the treatment most suited for your
protect the human optic nerve from glaucomatous condition, please follow the advice meticulously.
damage, this would be a wonderful advance in In some patients glaucoma may be controlled by
preventing blindness. In other studies, new medicine alone, while others may need laser
surgical methods are being evaluated to lower the treatment or surgery. Surgery usually involves
intraocular pressure more safely without cutting a piece of tissue from the angle of the eye
significant risk of damage to the eye or loss of and allowing the fluid to accumulate under the
vision. Finally, increased efforts to enhance transparent skin that surrounds the eyeball.
public awareness of glaucoma, national free However, glaucoma surgery is not as predictable
screenings for those individuals at risk, earlier as cataract surgery and carries more risks,
diagnosis and treatment and better compliance including loss of the eye from devastating
bleeding or infection. It is usually used if drugs the eye, and then drains out through the
fail to control eye pressure, or for socioeconomic trabecular meshwork, which is the eye's filtration
considerations. Non-penetrating surgery can also system. This is a series of tiny channels near the
help decrease eye pressure and has fewer angle formed by the cornea (the clear portion of
complications than the standard approach. But its the eye), the iris (the colored portion of the eye),
results are not as good. Hence it is not a first line and the sclera (the white of the eye). If there is
of treatment for glaucoma. In cases with poor any sort of blockage in these channels, pressure
potential for visual recovery or function, a builds up inside the eyeball.
different kind of laser may be used to reduce eye
pressure. This is usually reserved for advanced .
cases.
CAUSES OF GLAUCOMA
The eye is filled with aqueous humour and
vitreous humour.
previously, since the resulting loss of vision starts (The retina is the layer that lines the inside of the
on the side (peripherally), people are usually not back of the eye.) The treatments for the
aware of the problem until the loss encroaches on secondary open-angle glaucomas vary, depending
their central visual area. on the cause.
Normal tension (pressure) glaucoma or low Pigmentary glaucoma is a type of secondary
tension glaucoma are variants of primary chronic glaucoma that is more common in younger men.
open-angle glaucoma that are being recognized In this condition, for reasons not yet understood,
more frequently than in the past. This type of granules of pigment detach from the iris, which is
glaucoma is thought to be due to decreased blood the colored part of the eye. These granules then
flow to the optic nerve. This condition is may block the trabecular meshwork, which, as
characterized by progressive optic-nerve damage noted above, is a key element in the drainage
and loss of peripheral vision (visual field) despite system of the eye. Finally, the blocked drainage
intraocular pressures in the normal range or even system leads to elevated intraocular pressure,
below normal. This type of glaucoma can be which results in damage to the optic nerve.
diagnosed by repeated examinations by the eye
Exfoliative glaucoma (pseudoexfoliation) is
doctor to detect the nerve damage or the visual
another type of glaucoma that can occur with
field loss.
either open or closed angles. This type of
Congenital (infantile) glaucoma is a relatively glaucoma is characterized by deposits of flaky
rare, inherited type of open-angle glaucoma. In material on the front surface of the lens (anterior
this condition, the drainage area is not properly capsule) and in the angle of the eye. The
developed before birth. This results in increased accumulation of this material in the angle is
pressure in the eye that can lead to the loss of believed to block the drainage system of the eye
vision from optic-nerve damage and also to an and raise the eye pressure. While this type of
enlarged eye. The eye of a young child enlarges glaucoma can occur in any population, it is more
in response to increased intraocular pressure prevalent in older people and people of
because it is more pliable than the eye of an adult. Scandinavian descent. It is recently been shown
Early diagnosis and treatment with medicine to often be associated with hearing loss in older
and/or surgery are critical in these infants and people.
children to preserve their sight.
Angle-closure glaucoma
Secondary open-angle glaucoma is another type
Angle-closure glaucoma is a less common form
of open-angle glaucoma. It can result from an eye
of glaucoma in the Western world but is
(ocular) injury, even one that occurred many
extremely common in Asia. Angle-closure
years ago. Other causes of secondary glaucoma
glaucoma may be acute or chronic. The common
are inflammation in the iris of the eye
element in both is that a portion or all of the
(iritis), diabetes, cataracts, or in steroid-
drainage angle becomes anatomically closed, so
susceptible individuals, the use of topical (drops)
that the aqueous fluid within the eye cannot even
or systemic (oral or injected) steroids (cortisone).
reach all or part of the trabecular meshwork. In
It can also be associated with a retinal
acute angle-closure glaucoma, the patient's
detachment or retinal vein occlusion or blockage.
intraocular pressure, which ordinarily is normal, An attack of acute angle-closure glaucoma may
can go up very suddenly (acutely). This sudden be associated with severe eye pain and headache,
pressure increase occurs because the drainage a red (inflamed) eye, nausea, vomiting, and blurry
angle becomes closed and blocks off all the vision. In addition, the high intraocular pressure
drainage channels. This type of glaucoma can leads to corneal swelling (edema), which causes
occur when the pupil dilates (widens or enlarges). the patient to see haloes around lights.
As a result, the peripheral edge of the iris can Sometimes, acute glaucoma is treated with oral
become bunched up against its corneal carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. (See the section
attachment, thereby causing the drainage angle to below on these medications.) An attack of acute
close. Thus, the problem in angle-closure glaucoma, however, is usually relieved by eye
glaucoma is the difficulty with access of the eye surgery. In this operation, the doctor makes a
fluid to the drainage system (trabecular small hole in the iris with a laser (laser iridotomy)
meshwork). In contrast, remember that the to allow the fluid to resume draining into its
problem in open-angle glaucoma is clogging normal outflow channels.
within the drainage system itself. In chronic
open-angle glaucoma, portions of the drainage
angle become closed over a long period of time. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
As more and more areas become closed, the
Patients with open-angle glaucoma and chronic
pressure within the eye rises, often over a period
angle-closure glaucoma in general have no
of months or years.
symptoms early in the course of the disease.
People with small eyes are predisposed to Visual field loss (side vision loss) is not a
developing angle-closure glaucoma because they symptom until late in the course of the disease.
tend to have narrow drainage angles. Small eyes Rarely patients with fluctuating levels of intra-
are not obvious from their appearance, but they ocular pressure may have haziness of vision and
can be measured by an eye doctor. Thus, see haloes around lights, especially in the
individuals who are farsighted or of Asian morning. On the other hand, the symptoms of
descent may have small eyes, narrow drainage acute angle-closure are often extremely dramatic
angles, and an increased risk of developing angle- with the rapid onset of severe eye pain,
closure glaucoma. Furthermore, this condition headache, nausea and vomiting, and visual
may be acutely triggered by medications that can blurring. Occasionally, the nausea and vomiting
dilate the pupils. These agents can be found in exceed the ocular symptoms to the extent that an
certain eyedrops, cold ocular cause is not contemplated. The eyes of
remedies, citalopram (Celexa), topiramate(Topam patients with open-angle glaucoma or chronic
ax), or patches used to prevent seasickness. This angle-closure glaucoma may appear normal in the
condition can also occur spontaneously in a mirror or to family or friends. Some patients get
darkened room or a movie theater, when the pupil slightly red eyes from the chronic use of eye
automatically dilates to let in more light. drops. The ophthalmologist, on examining the
Sometimes, therefore, people with narrow angles patient, may find elevated intraocular pressure,
are given eyedrops to keep their pupils small. optic-nerve abnormalities, or visual field loss in
(See the section below on parasympathomimetic addition to other less common signs. The eyes of
agents.) patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma will
appear red, and the pupil of the eye may be large and destroy sight without causing obvious
and nonreactive to light. The cornea may appear symptoms. Thus, awareness and early detection
cloudy to the naked eye. The ophthalmologist of glaucoma are extremely important because this
will typically find decreased visual acuity, disease can be successfully treated when
corneal swelling, highly elevated intraocular diagnosed early. While everyone is at risk for
pressure, and a closed drainage angle. glaucoma, certain people are at a much higher
risk and need to be checked more frequently by
their eye doctor. The major risk factors for
OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA glaucoma include the following:
Most people have NO symptoms until High Intraocular (Eye) Pressure
they begin to lose vision Age 50 or older
Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision Family history of glaucoma
(also called tunnel vision) African Americans
Suspicious optic nerve appearance
(cupping > 50% or assymetry)
ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA Thin cornea
Symptoms may come and go at first, or High Myopia (nearsightedness)
steadily become worse Diabetes
Sudden, severe pain in one eye Hypertension
Decreased or cloudy vision Eye Injury or Surgery
Nausea and vomiting History of steroid use
Rainbow-like halos around lights Migraine, headaches
Red eye Sleep apnea
Eye feels swollen
DIAGNOSIS OF GLAUCOMA
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Since the treatment methods for open angle and
Symptoms are usually noticed when the angle closure glaucoma are different, it is
child is a few months old important to identify the mechanism involved.
Cloudiness of the front of the eye The diagnosis (or exclusion) of glaucoma
Enlargement of one eye or both eyes requires a detailed and comprehensive eye
Red eye examination. Your doctor will do the following
Sensitivity to light examinations:
Tearing To detect glaucoma your doctor will conduct the
following examinations:
RISK FACTOR a routine vision test that requires reading
Glaucoma is often called "the sneak thief of letters from a chart,
sight." This is because, as already mentioned, in Slit lamp (microscope) examination: This
most cases, the intraocular pressure can build up special microscope is the
the treatment of glaucoma by reducing the reactions. Other members of this class of drops
production of the aqueous humor. For years, they include epinephrine, dipivefrin (Propine)
have been the gold standard (to which other and apraclonidine (Iopidine).
agents are compared) for treating glaucoma.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work in glaucoma
These medications include timolol (Timoptic),
by reducing the production of fluid in the eye.
levobunolol (Betagan), carteolol (Ocupress),
Eye drop forms of this type of medication
and metipranolol (Optipranolol).
include dorzolamide (Trusopt)
Used once or twice daily, these drops are very and brinzolamide (Azopt). They are used two or
effective. However, side effects, such as the three times daily. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
worsening of asthma or emphysema, may also be used as pills (systemically) to
bradycardia (slow heart rate), low blood remove fluid from the body, including the eye.
pressure, fatigue, and impotence prohibit their use Oral forms of these medications used for
in some patients. Betaxolol (Betoptic) is a beta- glaucoma include acetazolamide (Diamox) and
adrenergic antagonist that is more selective in methazolamide (Neptazane). Their use in this
working just on the eye and, therefore, carries condition, however, is limited due to their
less risk of heart (cardiac) or lung (pulmonary) systemic (throughout the body) side effects,
side effects than other drops of this type. including reduction of body potassium, kidney
Prostaglandin analogs are similar in chemical stones, numbness or tingling sensations in the
structure to the body's prostaglandins. arms and legs, fatigue, and nausea.
Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that
Parasympathomimetic agents, which are also
are involved in a wide range of functions
called miotics because they narrow (constrict) the
throughout the body. These drops work in
pupils, act by opposing adrenalin-like substances.
glaucoma by increasing the outflow (drainage) of
They work in glaucoma by increasing the
fluid from the eye. The prostaglandin analogs
aqueous outflow from the eye. These drops
have replaced timolol as the most commonly
include pilocarpine (Salagen), demecarium
prescribed drops for glaucoma. They can be used
(Humorsol), echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide),
just once a day. This class of medications has
and isoflurophate (Floropryl).
fewer systemic (involving the rest of the body)
side effects than timolol, but can change the color The parasympathomimetics had been used for
of the iris as well as thicken and darken the many years to treat glaucoma, but they are
eyelashes. These drops are also more likely to currently out of favor because they need to be
cause redness of the eyes than some other classes used three to four times a day and produce side
of eyedrops. In some patients, they may also effects in the eye. These side effects include a
cause inflammation inside the eye. small pupil, blurred vision, an aching brow, and
an increased risk of retinal detachment. Currently,
Adrenergic agonists are a type of drops that act
pilocarpine is the only one of these medications
like adrenalin. They work in glaucoma by both
being used for glaucoma. It is used primarily to
reducing the production of fluid by the eye and
keep the pupil small in patients with a particular
increasing its outflow (drainage). The most
iris configuration (plateau iris) or in patients with
popular adrenergic agonist
a narrow angle prior to laser iridotomy. (See the
isbrimonidine (Alphagan). However, there is at
section above on angle-closure glaucoma.)
least a 12% risk of significant local (eye) allergic
Osmotic agents are an additional class of despite the use of multiple eyedrops (maximal
medications used to treat sudden (acute) forms of medical therapy). In some cases, it is used as the
glaucoma where the eye pressure remains initial or primary therapy for open-angle
extremely high despite other treatments. These glaucoma. This procedure is a quick, painless,
medications include isosorbide (Ismotic, given by and relatively safe method of lowering the
mouth) and mannitol (Osmitrol, given through intraocular pressure. With the eye numbed by
the veins). These medications must be used anesthetic drops, the laser treatment is applied
cautiously as they have significant side effects, through a mirrored contact lens to the angle of the
including nausea, fluid accumulation in the heart eye. Microscopic laser burns to the angle allow
and/or lungs (congestive heart fluid to better exit the drainage channels.
failure and/or pulmonary edema), bleeding in the Laser trabeculoplasty is often done in two
brain, and kidney problems. Their use is sessions, weeks or months apart. Unfortunately,
prohibited in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, the improved drainage as a result of the treatment
heart, kidney, or liver problems. may last only about two years, by which time the
drainage channels tend to clog again. There are
Ophthalmologists often prescribe an eyedrop
two types of laser trabeculoplasty: argon laser
containing more than one class of drug to patients
trabeculoplasty (ALT) and selective laser
who require more than one type of drug for
trabeculoplasty (SLT). ALT is generally not
control of their glaucoma. This simplifies the
repeated after the second session due to the
taking of drops by the patient. The most common
formation of scar tissue in the angle. SLT is less
example of this is the combination of timolol and
likely to produce scarring in the angle, so,
dorzolamidein the same drop (Cosopt).
theoretically, it can be repeated multiple times.
Several new classes of glaucoma drops are However, the likelihood of success with
currently under development or awaiting FDA additional treatments when prior attempts have
approval. Although marijuana use has been failed is low. Thus, the options for the patient at
shown to reduce intraocular pressure, eyedrops that time are to increase the use of eyedrops or
are available which accomplish the same purpose proceed to surgery.
with greater efficacy and less systemic risk.
Laser cyclo-ablation (also known ciliary body
destruction, cyclophotocoagulation or
cyclocryopexy) is another form of laser treatment
Glaucoma surgery or laser
generally reserved for patients with severe forms
There are several forms of laser therapy for
of glaucoma with poor visual potential. This
glaucoma. Laser iridotomy (see the section above
procedure involves applying laser burns or
on angle-closure glaucoma) involves making a
freezing to the part of the eye that makes the
hole in the colored part of the eye (iris) to allow
aqueous fluid (ciliary body). This therapy
fluid to drain normally in eyes with narrow or
destroys the cells that make the fluid, thereby
closed angles. Laser trabeculoplasty is a laser
reducing the eye pressure. This type of laser is
procedure performed only in eyes with open
typically performed after other more traditional
angles. Laser trabeculoplasty does not cure
therapies have failed.
glaucoma but is often done instead of increasing
the number of different eyedrops or when a
patient's intraocular pressure is felt to be too high
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