Assignment 2: assignment on power system protection

Introduction

This assignment focuses on power system apparatus protection. Especially, voltage stability and
transient stability cases are considered.

Voltage stability is one of the power system stability problems which needs intensive analysis and
mitigation and hence needs critical protective devices designing and selections. Voltage stability
is highly depends on the variation of load, especially change in reactive power load that severely
affects the voltage stability. Thus, the effect of load on voltage stability is checked using gradual
change of reactive power load (motor) load as given below.

NB: For question number 1, the IEEE bus data are attached with this question. Since it is
individual project you are allowed to select one IEEE standard bus data as per the direction
given below;
(Fithanegest (IEEE-14), Dawit(IEEE-6), Selomon(13 BUS-ILL), Meron(IEEE-14),
Lichiya(IEEE-6),Abdilaziz(11 BUS-ILL), Seid(IEEE-5), makida(IEEE-6),
Abadi(IEEE-14),ashenafi(IEEE-30),Semere(IEEE-5),ASHENAFI(13 BUS-ILL)
1. The inductive load is increasing in daily basis due to the over industrialization of the recent
world that includes the developing countries which mainly affects the bus voltage stability
and needs insight knowledge of protective devices to mitigate this scenarios. To observe
this, consider the IEEE-6, 14, 30 and 50 buses system data attached with this question.
a. Model the network using PSAT simulation software and perform the Newton Raphson
power flow analysis then observe the bus voltage stability. Thus, identify the voltage
unstable buses then give your engineering opinion. In addition, try to observe the bus
voltage graph using PSAT software and give you engineering opinion.
b. Perform the continuation power flow analysis and compare the bus voltage stability of
this case with case a. Besides this, draw PV and QV curves using the PSAT software
and give its description
c. Increase the penetration level of inductive load, namely by 30%, 40%, 50%, and
60% of the base case load and observe the effect of increasing the penetration
level of the induction motor /reactive loads. Then observe the network voltage
 stability, compare it with case a (base case result) and give your engineering
opinion. NB: only reactive/inductive load is increased. Here, you are also
required to plot bus voltage versus reactive power load (QV curve) using the
PSAT and clearly present the result.
d. Finally, consider the three phase faults at different buses of the system. These
faults last for two cycles (0.04 seconds) followed by a transmission line outage
acting as the fault clearing procedure, thus determining the cases that
encountered voltage instability and would require a placement of compensators
to avoid the instability. Based on this scenario, you are required to identify the
most critical bus fault.

The assumptions are:

 The generator step-up transformer buses are excluded from the probable fault
locations. This is because these fault locations would result in rotor-angle instability
which is not the phenomenon under study.
 The fault duration is chosen to be 0.04 seconds (two cycles) which is a typical fault-
clearing duration of the circuit breakers used at this transmission level.
 The fault clearing is done by opening a transmission line connected to the faulted
bus. This transmission line remains opened till the end of the time domain
simulation period.
2. a. Determine the value of Zn for mho relay with torque angle 650, which has to give 100%
protection to 80km long 132kV transmission line with impedance of 0.4Ω and angle 700.
Where RC, CT and RV, VT ratio are 250 and 1250, respectively.(5pts)
b. If the maximum load in this line is 500A at 450 lagging, is there any probability of the
transmission line relay to be loaded? CT ratio 500:5. (5pts)
3. a. Mention and briefly explains the factors that are considered while using differential
protection for transformers. In addition, mention the drawback of differential protection
application in transformer. (5pts)
b. discus the operation principle of differential protection of transformer using the
schematic diagram if needed.(5pts)
c. For the transformer primary and secondary winding of 1200 and 400, respectively find
the CT ratio required in the secondary side to establish circulatory current scheme.
Note that the primary CT ratio is 120:6. In line with this, discuss the problem that
engineers encounters while designing to match the primary and secondary CTs ratio
 4. Discuss the protection of alternator against unbalanced loading of stator winding,
overloading and under voltage of alternators, and failure of prime mover of alternator
5. The power swing can be classified as either stable or unstable. In line with this, discuss the
principle operation of load shedding based on the following figure. (10pts.)

Fig. islanding with generation-load shedding

Submission deadline: Jun, 15, 2020