Agma 2015 1 A01 PDF

ANSI/AGMA 2015- 1- A01
(Replaces
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88)
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Accuracy Classification System -

Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical
Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2015- 1- A01
Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical
American Gears
National ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01
Standard [Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88]
Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01, Accuracy Classification System --
Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears, with the permission of the publisher, the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.]
Approved August 1, 2002

ABSTRACT
This standard, for spur and helical gearing, correlates gear accuracy grades with gear tooth tolerances. It pro-
vides information on minimum requirements for accuracy groups as well as gear measuring practices. Annex
material provides guidance on filtering and information on comparison of gear inspection methods.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association

1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright  2002 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1--55589--797--5
ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Symbols, terminology and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Application of the AGMA classification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Measuring methods and practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7 Tolerance values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8 Master gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Annexes
A Tolerance tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B Tolerance system development and comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C Example of statistical process control (SPC) application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
D Involute and helix data filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
E Sector pitch deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figures
1 Helix deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Profile deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Functional profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Pitch deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Illustration of AGMA classification number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tables
1 Alphabetical table of terms with symbols, by terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Alphabetical table of symbols with terms, by symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Reference for methods and tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Gear types and measurement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Minimum number of measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
iii
ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard
2015--1--A01, Accuracy Classification System -- Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical
Gears.]
This standard provides tolerances for different gear accuracy grades from A2 to A11 for
unassembled spur and helical gears. Applicable definitions are provided.
The purpose is to provide a common basis for specifying accuracy, and for the procurement
of unassembled gears. It is not a design manual for determining the specific quality levels for
a given application.
AGMA 390.03 of 1973 was a consolidation of several AGMA publications, including:
AGMA 235.02 (Feb. 1966), Information Sheet for Master Gears
AGMA 239.01 (Oct. 1965), Measuring Methods and Practices Manual for Control of
Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gears
AGMA 239.01A (Sept. 1966), Measuring Methods and Practices Manual for Control of
Bevel and Hypoid Gears, and parts of
AGMA 236.05 (ASA B6.11, June 1956), Inspection of Fine--Pitch Gears
AGMA 390.02 (Sept. 1964), Gear Classification Manual originally published as AGMA
390.01 (1961)
Data was added for Gear Rack and Fine--Pitch Worms and Wormgears. The former AGMA
390.02 for Coarse--Pitch and Fine--Pitch Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gearing was
enhanced to offer a single, compatible classification system. The tolerance identifier “Q”
was added to indicate that the tolerances in 390.03 apply. If Q is not used as a prefix in the
quality number, tolerances in AGMA 390.01 and 390.02 applied.
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88 was an update of those sections from AGMA 390.03 for parallel
axis gears only. Additionally, the formulas stated the tolerances in metric terms. The
content was revised, but basic tolerance levels were unchanged from AGMA 390.03. The
other material in AGMA 390.03 on Bevels and Worms was replaced by ANSI/AGMA
2009--A99 and ANSI/AGMA 2011--A98, respectively. ANSI/AGMA 2000 was approved by
AGMA membership in January 1988, and as a American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
standard on March 31, 1988.
The user of this American National Standard is alerted that differences exist between it and
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88. Differences include, but are not limited to:
-- Accuracy grade numbering system is reversed, such that the smallest number
represents the smallest tolerance;
-- Relative magnitudes of elemental tolerances for a single grade are in a different
proportion;
-- The “helix evaluation range”, where the tolerances are applied, are defined for less
flank area than in ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88;
-- The “K Chart” is not used for the permissible tolerance values;
-- Runout is not included as one of the elements with a tolerance;
-- Concepts of “mean measurement trace”, “design profile”, “slope deviation” and
“form deviation” are added, similar to ISO 1328--1.
Therefore, the user of ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 must be very careful when comparing
tolerance values formerly specified using ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88.
iv
ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 is a replacement for ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88 and ANSI/AGMA

ISO 1328--1. It is a complete revision, including accuracy grades, in order to be more
compatible with ISO. It combines the grading system of ISO 1328--1 with the methods of
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88, and adds concepts of accuracy grade grouping for minimum
measurement requirements, filtering, data density, and roughness limits to form deviations.
This revision was started by the AGMA Inspection and Handbook Committee in 1997. It
was approved by the AGMA membership in June, 2001. It was approved as an American
National Standard on August 1, 2002.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
v
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Inspection and Handbook Committee
Chairman: Edward Lawson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M&M Precision Systems Corp.
ACTIVE MEMBERS
W.A. Bradley . . . . Consultant S. Lindley . . . . . . The Falk Corporation

D.R. Choiniere . . Profile Engineering, Inc. M. May . . . . . . . . . The Gleason Works
J. Clatworthy . . . . Gear Metrology, Inc. D.A. McCarroll . . ZF Industries
B.L. Cox . . . . . . . BWXT Y--12, LLC D.R. McVittie . . . . Gear Engineers, Inc.
T.C. Glasener . . . Xtek, Incorporated S. Moore . . . . . . . Martin Sprocket & Gear, Inc.
G.G. Grana . . . . . The Gleason Works L.J. Smith . . . . . . Consultant
B. Hofrichter . . . . Arrow Gear Company R.E. Smith . . . . . . R.E. Smith & Company, Inc.
I. Laskin . . . . . . . . Consultant
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
M. Antosiewicz . . The Falk Corporation W.E. Lake . . . . . . Mitsubishi Gear Tech. Center (AG)
M.J. Barron . . . . . Gear Motions, Inc. A.J. Lemanski . . . Penn State University
D. Behling . . . . . . Hamilton Sundstrand Aero. G.A. Luetkemeier Rockwell Automation/Dodge
M.K. Considine . . Considine Associates D. Matzo . . . . . . . Northwest Gears, Inc.
R. Considine . . . . Considine Associates P.A. McNamara . Caterpillar, Inc.
J.S. Cowan . . . . . Eaton Corporation W.J. Michaels . . . Sundstrand Corporation
M.E. Cowan . . . . Process Equipment Co. M. Milam . . . . . . . Amarillo Gear Company
B. Cowley . . . . . . Mahr Corporation T. Miller . . . . . . . . The Cincinnati Gear Company
C. Dick . . . . . . . . . The Horsburgh & Scott Co. M. Nanlawala . . . IIT Research Institute/INFAC
H.D. Dodd . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc. M. Octrue . . . . . . Centre Technique Des Ind. Mec.
R. Green . . . . . . . R--7 Group, Gear Consultants T. Okamoto . . . . . Nippon Gear Company, Ltd.
D. Gregory . . . . . Gear Products, Inc. J.A. Pennell . . . . . Univ. of Newcastle--Upon--Tyne
B. Gudates . . . . . Fairfield Manufacturing Co., Inc. K.R. Price . . . . . . Eastman Kodak Company
J.S. Hamilton . . . Regal--Beloit Corporation R.S. Ramberg . . . The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.
H. Harary . . . . . . . NIST V.Z. Rychlinski . . Brad Foote Gear Works, Inc.
D. Heinrich . . . . . Xtek, Incorporated D.H. Senkfor . . . . Precision Gear Company
G. Henriot . . . . . . Consultant S. Shariff . . . . . . . PMI Food Equipment Group
J. Horwell . . . . . . Brown & Sharpe E. Storm . . . . . . . Consultant
S. Johnson . . . . . The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc. T. Waldie . . . . . . . Philadelphia Gear Corporation
T. Klemm . . . . . . . Liebherr R.F. Wasilewski . Arrow Gear Company
D.E. Kosal . . . . . . National Broach & Machine Co. F.M. Young . . . . . Forest City Gear Company
J. Koshiol . . . . . . Columbia Gear Corporation P. Zwart . . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
vi
American National Standard -- where

D is pitch diameter;
Accuracy Classification mn
b
is normal module;
is facewidth (axial);
System -- Tangential z is number of teeth;
β is helix angle.
Measurements for See clause 4 for required and optional measuring
Cylindrical Gears methods.

1.2 Exceptions
This standard does not apply to enclosed gear unit
assemblies, including speed reducers or increasers,
gear motors, shaft mounted reducers, high speed
1 Scope units, or other enclosed gear units which are
manufactured for a given power, speed, ratio or
This part of ANSI/AGMA 2015 establishes an application.
accuracy grade system relevant to tangential mea-
Gear design is beyond the scope of this standard.
surements on flanks of individual cylindrical involute
The use of the accuracy grades for the determination
gears.
of gear performance requires extensive experience
It specifies definitions for gear tooth accuracy terms, with specific applications. Therefore, the users of
the structure of the gear accuracy grade system, and this standard are cautioned against the direct
allowable values. application of tolerance values to a projected perfor-
mance of unassembled (loose) gears when they are
It is strongly recommended that any user of this part
of ANSI/AGMA 2015 be very familiar with the assembled. Refer to the latest AGMA Publications
methods and procedures outlined in AGMA Index for applicable standards.
915--1--A02. Use of techniques other than those of NOTE: Tolerance values for gears outside the limits
AGMA 915--1--A02 combined with the limits de- stated in this standard should be established by deter-
mining the specific application requirements. This may
scribed in this part of ANSI/AGMA 2015 may not be require setting a tolerance smaller than calculated by
suitable. the formulas in this standard.
This standard provides the gear manufacturer and
the gear buyer with a mutually advantageous 2 Normative references
reference for uniform tolerances. Ten accuracy
grades are defined in this standard, numbered A2 The following standards contain provisions which,
through A11, in order of decreasing precision. through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
1.1 Equations for tolerances this American National Standard. At the time of
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
Equations for tolerances and their ranges of validity standards are subject to revision, and parties to
are provided in 7.2 for the defined accuracy of agreements based on this American National
gearing. In general, these tolerances cover the Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibil-
following ranges: ity of applying the most recent editions of the
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less standards indicated below.
5 mm ≤ D ≤ 10 000 mm AGMA 915--1--A02, Inspection Practices -- Part 1:
0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50 Cylindrical Gears -- Tangential Measurements
4 mm ≤ b ≤ 1000 mm AGMA 915--3--A99, Inspection Practices -- Gear
β ≤ 45° Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
1
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear Nomenclature, NOTE: Some of the symbols and terminology con-
Definitions of Terms with Symbols tained in this document may differ from those used in
other documents and AGMA standards. Users of this
ANSI/AGMA 2110--A94, Measuring Instrument standard should assure themselves that they are using
Calibration -- Part I, Involute Measurement (Metric) the symbols, terminology and definitions in the manner
indicated herein.
ANSI/AGMA 2113--A97, Measuring Instrument
Calibration, Gear Tooth Alignment Measurement 3.1 Fundamental terms and symbols
ANSI/AGMA 2114--A98, Measuring Instrument The terminology and symbols used in this standard
Calibration, Gear Pitch and Runout Measurements are listed alphabetically by term in table 1, and
alphabetically by symbol in table 2.
ISO 701:1998, International gear notation --
Symbols for geometrical data 3.2 Definitions
cumulative pitch deviation, total, Fp The largest
algebraic difference between the index deviation
values for a specified flank.
3 Symbols, terminology and definitions
Distinction is not made as to the direction or
The symbols, terminology and definitions pertaining algebraic sign of this reading. Such a distinction
to the tolerances and inspection of spur and helical would require a purely arbitrary specification of a
gear teeth are listed here for use in this standard. For direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) traveled
other definitions of geometric terms related to between the two teeth comprising the total cumula-
gearing, see ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90. tive pitch deviation.
Table 1 -- Alphabetical table of terms with symbols, by terms

Terms Symbol Units Where used
Accuracy grade A -- -- 7.1.2
Accuracy grade identifier prefix A -- -- 1
Contact pattern measurement cp -- -- Table 3
Cumulative pitch deviation, total Fp mm 3.2
Cumulative pitch deviation tolerance, total FpT mm 7.2.2
Design outside diameter Do mm Eq 2
Diameter, pitch D mm 1.1
Facewidth (axial) b mm 1.1
Functional profile length Lαc mm 3.2
Gear form filter cutoff λg mm Eq 1
Helix angle β deg 1.1
Helix deviation, total Fβ mm 3.2
Helix evaluation range Lβ mm 3.2
Helix form deviation ffβ mm 3.2
Helix form tolerance ffβT mm 7.2.6.3
Helix slope deviation fHβ mm 3.2
Helix slope tolerance fHβT mm 7.2.6.2
Helix tolerance, total FβT mm 7.2.6.1
Normal module mn mm 1.1
Number of teeth z -- -- 1.1
Number of pitches in a sector k -- -- Figure 4
Pitch, transverse circular pt mm Figure 4
Profile deviation, total Fα mm 3.2
Profile form deviation ffα mm 3.2
Profile form tolerance ffαT mm 7.2.5.3
Profile slope deviation fHα mm 3.2
Profile slope tolerance fHαT mm 7.2.5.2
(continued)
2
Table 1 (concluded)
Terms Symbol Units Where used
Profile tolerance, total FαT mm 7.2.5.1
Single flank composite deviation, tooth--to--tooth (filtered) fis mm 3.2
Single flank composite deviation, total Fis mm 3.2
Single flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth fisT mm 7.2.3
Single flank composite tolerance, total FisT mm 7.2.4
Single pitch deviation fpt mm 3.2
Single pitch deviation tolerance fptT mm 7.2.1
Tolerance diameter dT mm 3.2
Tooth thickness measurement s -- -- Table 3
Table 2 -- Alphabetical table of symbols with terms, by symbols

Symbol Terms Units Where used
A Accuracy grade identifier prefix -- -- 1
A Accuracy grade -- -- 7.1.2
b Facewidth (axial) mm 1.1
cp Contact pattern measurement -- -- Table 3
D Diameter, pitch mm 1.1
Do Design outside diameter mm Eq 2
dT Tolerance diameter mm 3.2
Fis Single flank composite deviation, total mm 3.2
FisT Single flank composite tolerance, total mm 7.2.4
Fp Cumulative pitch deviation, total mm 3.2
FpT Cumulative pitch deviation tolerance, total mm 7.2.2
Fα Profile deviation, total mm 3.2
FαT Profile tolerance, total mm 7.2.5.1
Fβ Helix deviation, total mm 3.2
FβT Helix tolerance, total mm 7.2.6.1
ffα Profile form deviation mm 3.2
ffαT Profile form tolerance mm 7.2.5.3
ffβ Helix form deviation mm 3.2
ffβT Helix form tolerance mm 7.2.6.3
fHα Profile slope deviation mm 3.2
fHαT Profile slope tolerance mm 7.2.5.2
fHβ Helix slope deviation mm 3.2
fHβT Helix slope tolerance mm 7.2.6.2
fis Single flank composite deviation, tooth--to--tooth (filtered) mm 3.2
fisT Single flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth mm 7.2.3
fpt Single pitch deviation mm 3.2
fptT Single pitch deviation tolerance mm 7.2.1
k Number of pitches in a sector -- -- Figure 4
Lαc Functional profile length mm 3.2
Lβ Helix evaluation range mm 3.2
mn Normal module mm 1.1
pt Pitch, transverse circular mm Figure 4
s Tooth thickness measurement -- -- Table 3
z Number of teeth -- -- 1.1
β Helix angle deg 1.1
λg Gear form filter cutoff mm Eq 1
3
This standard specifies direction of tolerancing for the datum surfaces. It is the axis to which the gear
total cumulative pitch deviation to be along the arc of details, and in particular the pitch, profile, and helix
the tolerance diameter, dT, circle within the trans- tolerances are defined. See AGMA 915--3--A99.
verse plane. Tolerances for total cumulative pitch
deviation are provided by the formula in 7.2.2 of this
design helix The helix specified by the designer as
standard.
shown on the design specification. When not
datum axis The datum axis of the gear is defined by specified, it is an unmodified helix. See figure 1.
Key
: Design helix : Measured helix : Mean helix line
i) Design helix: unmodified helix

Measured helix: with minus material outside the evaluation range
ii) Design helix: modified helix (example)

Measured helix: with minus material outside the evaluation range
iii) Design helix: modified helix (example)

Measured helix: with excess of material outside the evaluation range
+
+
+
Fβ
ffβ
fHβ
-- -- --
Lβ Lβ Lβ
i) b b b
+
+
+
Fβ
fHβ
-- --
ffβ
--
Lβ Lβ Lβ
b b b
ii)
+ +
+
Fβ
fHβ
-- -- --
ffβ
Lβ Lβ Lβ
iii) b b b
a) Total helix deviation b) Helix form deviation c) Helix slope deviation
Figure 1 -- Helix deviations
4
design profile The profile specified by the designer functional profile That portion of the tooth flank
as shown on the design specification. When not between the profile control diameter and the start of
specified, it is an unmodified involute. See figure 2. tip break, see figure 3.
Key
: Design profile : Measured profile : Mean profile line
TB Start of tip break

CD Profile control diameter
i) Design profile: unmodified involute

Measured profile: with minus material outside the evaluation range
ii) Design profile: modified involute (example with tip relief only)
Measured profile: with minus material outside the evaluation range
iii) Design profile: modified involute (example with full contour)

Measured profile: with excess of material near the tip
Fα ffα fHα
TB TB TB
Lαc
Lαc
Lαc
-- --
+
+
--
+
i) CD CD
CD
Fα ffα fHα
TB TB TB
Lαc
Lαc
Lαc
-- -- --
+
+
ii) CD CD CD
Fα ffα fHα
TB TB TB
Lαc
Lαc
Lαc
-- --
+
--
+
+
CD CD CD
iii)
a) Total profile deviation b) Profile form deviation c) Profile slope deviation
Figure 2 -- Profile deviations
5
Outside diameter helix evaluation range, Lβ Unless otherwise

Start of tip break specified, the helix length of trace shortened at each
Functional
end by the smaller of the following two values: 5% of
profile Pitch diameter
the helix length of trace, or the length equal to one
Profile control module.
diameter
Base circle
Root diameter NOTE: It is the responsibility of the gear designer to as-
External sure that the helix evaluation range is adequate for the
tooth application.
Root diameter
Profile control helix form deviation, ffβ Distance between two
diameter
Pitch diameter
facsimiles of the mean helix line, which are each
Functional
profile placed with constant separation from the mean helix
Start of tip break
line, so as to enclose the actual helix trace over the
evaluation range, Lβ, see figure 1b.
Inside diameter
Base circle
Internal helix length of trace Unless otherwise specified,
tooth
full facewidth is limited toward the ends of the teeth
by the end faces or, if present, the start of end
chamfers, rounds, or other modification intended to
Figure 3 -- Functional profile exclude that portion of the tooth from engagement.
The helix length of trace should be stated as the axial
functional profile length, Lαc The difference component of the helix.
between the roll path lengths at the points that define
the limits of the functional profile. helix slope deviation, fHβ Distance between two
design helix lines which intersect the mean helix line
gear form filter cutoff, λg The wavelength at which at the end points of the evaluation range, Lβ, see
either involute profile or helix measurement data are figure 1c.
segregated by the low--pass filter, thereby including
only longer wavelength deviations. Deviations are deemed to be positive when helix
angles are larger and negative when helix angles are
This filter cutoff should be stated in terms of roll path
smaller, than the designed helix angle. The helix
length. It shall be calculated as follows:
deviations of spur gears if other than zero are
L indicated by the subscripts “R” and “L”, instead of an
λ g = αc but not less than 0.25 mm (1) algebraic sign, implying deviations in the sense of
30
right or left helices respectively.
where
index deviation The displacement of any tooth
λg is the gear form filter cutoff, mm.
flank from its theoretical position, relative to a datum
helix deviation Amount by which a measured helix tooth flank, see figure 4.
deviates from the design helix. Deviations caused
by plus material outside the helix evaluation range Distinction is made as to the direction and algebraic
must be included in the calculation of helix form sign of this reading. A condition wherein the actual
deviation, ffβ, and total helix deviation, Fβ. Minus tooth flank position was nearer to the datum tooth
material outside the helix evaluation range may be flank, in the specified measuring path direction
ignored. This standard specifies the direction of (clockwise or counterclockwise), than the theoretical
tolerancing for helix deviation to be in a transverse position would be considered a minus (--) deviation.
plane, on a line tangent to the base circle. A condition wherein the actual tooth flank position
was farther from the datum tooth flank, in the
helix deviation, total, Fβ Distance between two specified measuring path direction, than the theoret-
design helix lines which enclose the actual helix ical position would be considered a plus (+) devi-
trace over the evaluation range, Lβ, see figure 1a. ation.
6
+fpt
pt k ⋅ pt
Index
deviation
theoretical
actual
Figure 4 -- Pitch deviations
This standard specifies direction of tolerancing for be included in the calculation of the profile form
index deviation to be along the arc of the tolerance deviation, ffα, and total profile deviation, Fα. Minus
diameter, dT, circle within the transverse plane. material beyond the tip break may be ignored. This
standard specifies the direction of tolerancing for
mean helix line A line (or curve) that has the same
profile deviation to be in a transverse plane, on a line
shape as the design helix, but aligned with the
tangent to the base circle.
measured trace. It is developed by subtracting the
ordinates of a straight--line gradient from the ordi- profile deviation, total, Fα Distance between two
nates of the design helix. Within the evaluation design profile lines which enclose the actual profile
range, Lβ, the straight--line gradient is found by trace over the functional profile length, Lαc, see
applying the least squares method to the deviation of figure 2a.
the measured helix trace from the specified design profile evaluation range The profile is evaluated
helix. over the specified functional profile length.
NOTE: This helix is an aid in the determination of the profile form deviation, ffα α Distance between two
deviations ffβ (figure 1b) and fHβ (figure 1c). facsimiles of the mean profile line, which are each
mean profile line A line (or curve) that has the same placed with constant separation from the mean
shape as the design profile, but aligned with the profile line, so as to enclose the actual profile trace
measured trace. It is developed by subtracting the over the functional profile length, Lαc, see figure 2b.
ordinates of a straight--line gradient from the ordi- profile slope deviation, fHα α Distance between two
nates of the design profile. Within the functional design profile lines which intersect the mean profile
profile length, Lαc, the straight--line gradient is found line at the endpoints of the functional profile length,
by applying the least squares method to the devi- Lαc, see figure 2c.
ation of the measured profile trace from the specified
The profile slope deviation is deemed to be positive
design profile. and the corresponding pressure angle deviation is
NOTE: This profile is an aid in the determination of ffα deemed to be negative when the mean profile line
(figure 2b) and fHα (figure 2c). shows an increase in material toward the tooth tip,
relative to the design profile.
profile control diameter A specified diameter of
the circle beyond which the tooth profile must roll path length The linear distance along a base
conform to the specified involute curve. See tangent line from its intersection with the base circle
functional profile. to the given point on the involute curve in the
transverse plane.
profile deviation Amount by which a measured NOTE: Roll path length is an alternative to roll angle for
profile deviates from the design profile. Deviations specification of selected diameter positions on an invo-
caused by plus material beyond the tip break must lute profile.
7
single flank composite test A test of transmission The location of pitch and helix measurements shall
error, performed where mating gears are rolled be at the tolerance diameter. See 4.3.3.
together, at their proper center distance, with
transmission error The deviation of the position of
backlash, and with only the driving and driven flanks
the driven gear, for a given angular position of the
in contact. Deviations are measured in terms of
driving gear, from the position that the driven gear
angular displacement and converted to linear dis-
would occupy if the gears were geometrically
placement at the pitch radius.
perfect.
single flank composite deviation, tooth--to--
tooth (filtered), fis The value of the greatest single
flank composite deviation over any one pitch (360/z), 4 Manufacturing and purchasing
after removal of the long term component (sinusoidal considerations
effect of eccentricity), during a single flank compos-
ite test, when the gear is moved through one
This standard provides classification tolerances and
revolution.
measuring methods for unassembled gears. This
single flank composite deviation, total, Fis The clause presents considerations for control of the
maximum measured transmission error range, dur- various phases of manufacturing, including the
ing a single flank composite test, when the gear is recommended methods of measurement control.
moved through one revolution.
These methods provide the manufacturer and
single pitch deviation, fpt The displacement of any purchaser with recommendations for verifying the
tooth flank from its theoretical position relative to the accuracy of a manufactured product, as well as
corresponding flank of an adjacent tooth, see information relative to the interpretation of measure-
figure 4. ment data.
Distinction is made as to the algebraic sign of this Some design and application considerations may
reading. Thus, a condition wherein the actual tooth warrant measuring or documentation not normally
flank position was nearer to the adjacent tooth flank available in standard manufacturing processes.
than the theoretical position would be considered a Specific requirements are to be stated in the
minus (--) deviation. A condition wherein the actual contractual documents.
tooth flank position was farther from the adjacent
In the previous (AGMA 2000--A88) classification
tooth flank than the theoretical position would be
system, higher AGMA accuracy numbers desig-
considered a plus (+) deviation.
nated higher precision. In this standard, lower
This standard specifies tolerancing direction of AGMA accuracy grades designate higher precision
measurement for single pitch deviation to be along in order to be consistent with international standards.
the arc of the tolerance diameter, dT, circle within the To avoid confusion, the designator “A” shall be used
transverse plane. Tolerances for single pitch devi- when specifying accuracy grades from this
ation are provided by the formula in 7.2.1 of this standard.
standard.
4.1 Manufacturing certification
start of tip break Minimum specified diameter at
which the tip break can occur. See ANSI/AGMA Certification of variations in accordance with the
1012--F90. gear’s specific AGMA accuracy grade and inspec-
tion charts or data can be requested as part of the
tolerance diameter, dT The diameter located one purchase contract.
normal module below the design outside diameter,
thereby being approximately at mid--height. The manufacturing of gearing to a specified accura-
cy may or may not include specific measurements.
d T = D o − 2m n (2)
When applications warrant, detailed specific
where: measurements, data analysis, and additional
considerations may be necessary to establish
dT is tolerance diameter, mm;
acceptance criteria for a gear. The specific methods
Do is design outside diameter, mm; of measurement, documentation of accuracy grade,
mn is normal module, mm. and other geometric tolerances of a gear are
8
normally considered items which are to be mutually ance of the necessary accuracy having been built--in
agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. through careful manufacturing control at each step.
For information on the use of statistical process NOTE: Documentation may be deemed unnecessary
for products manufactured under process control when
control (SPC), see annex C. inspection records are not specified in the purchase
contract.
NOTE: Specifying an AGMA accuracy grade or mea-
surement criteria that requires closer tolerances than With proper application of process control, relatively
required by the application may increase the cost few measurements may be made on any one gear.
unnecessarily.
For example, tooth size may be evaluated by a
4.2 Process control measurement on only two or three sections of a
given gear. It is assumed that these measurements
Process control is defined as the method by which are representative of all the teeth on the gear. Gears
gear accuracy is maintained through control of each made in quantity may be inspected at various steps
individual step of the manufacturing process. Upon in their manufacturing process on a sampling basis.
completion of all manufacturing operations, a spe- It is possible that a specific gear can pass through
cific gear has been given an inherent level of the entire production process without ever having
accuracy; this level of accuracy was established been measured. Based on appropriate confidence
during the manufacturing process, and it is totally in the applied process control, the manufacturer of
independent of any final inspection. that gear must be able to certify that its accuracy is
equal to those gears that were measured.
Process control includes elements such as
manufacturing planning, maintenance of machine 4.3 Measurement methods
tools, cutting tool selection and maintenance, heat Gear geometry may be measured by a number of
treatment control, and accuracy assurance pro- alternate methods as shown in table 3. The selection
grams, as needed, to achieve and maintain the of the particul
necessary gear accuracy. When properly applied,
gears manufactured by specific control techniques ar method depends on the magnitude of the
will be found to be of uniform accuracy. Therefore, tolerance, the size of the gear, the production
little or no final inspection may be necessary for a quantities, equipment available, accuracy of gear
gear, particularly in some classification levels; assur- blanks, and measurement costs.
Table 3 -- Reference for methods and tolerances
Parameter Location of
Measurement description
symbol tolerance (clause)
Elemental:
Fp Cumulative pitch, total 7.2.2
fpt Single pitch 7.2.1
Fα Profile, total 7.2.5.1
ffα Profile form 7.2.5.3
fHα Profile slope 7.2.5.2
Fβ Helix, total 7.2.6.1
ffβ Helix form 7.2.6.3
fHβ Helix slope 7.2.6.2
Composite:
Fis Single flank composite, total 7.2.4
fis Single flank composite, tooth--to--tooth 7.2.3
cp Contact pattern -- --
Size:
s Tooth thickness -- --
9
The manufacturer or the purchaser may wish to tolerance diameter, dT, as specified in 3.2.
measure one or more of the geometric features of a
Normally the tolerances apply to both sides of the
gear to verify its accuracy grade. A gear which is teeth unless only one side is specified as the loaded
specified to an AGMA accuracy grade must meet all side. In some cases, the loaded side may specify
the individual tolerance requirements applicable to higher accuracy than the nonloaded or minimum--
the particular accuracy grade and size as noted in loaded side; if applicable, this information is to be
tables 4 and 5. Unless otherwise specified, all specified on the gear engineering drawing (see
measurements are taken and evaluated at the 4.4.6).
Table 4 -- Gear types and measurement methods

Minimum acceptable
Accuracy group Grade designator Alternative method
parameters
Group M
Low (L)
( ) A10--A11 Fp, fpt, s Group H
s, radial method1)
Medium (M) A6--A9 Fp, fpt, s, Fα, Fβ Group H
Fp, fpt, s
High (H) A2--A5 Fα, ffα, fHα cp, Fis, fis, s
Fβ, ffβ, fHβ
NOTE:
1) See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2.
Table 5 -- Minimum number of measurements

Typical
yp measuring
g Minimum number of requirements for1)
Method designator
method Group L Group M Group H
Elemental:
Two probe All teeth All teeth All teeth
Fp: Cumulative pitch, total
Single probe All teeth All teeth All teeth
Two probe All teeth All teeth All teeth
fpt: Single pitch
Single probe All teeth All teeth All teeth
Fα: Profile, total
ffα: Profile form Profile test -- -- 3 teeth 4 teeth
fHα: Profile slope
Fβ: Helix, total
ffβ: Helix form Helix test -- -- 3 teeth 4 teeth
fHβ: Helix slope
Composite:
Fis: Single flank composite, total All teeth All teeth All teeth
fis: Single flank composite,
All teeth All teeth All teeth
tooth--to--tooth
cp: Contact pattern 3 places 3 places 3 places
Sizes:
s: Tooth thickness Tooth caliper 2 teeth 3 teeth 4 teeth
Measurement over or 1 place 1 place 2 places
between pins
Span measurement 1 place 2 places 3 places
Composite action test All teeth All teeth All teeth
NOTE:
1) See 4.3 for location of measurements.
10
If prior agreement between the manufacturer and -- data density.

purchaser specifies measurement of gears, unless In some cases, measurement instruments follow the
otherwise specified, the manufacturer may select: minimum requirements by default. When other
-- the measurement method to be used from conditions exist, it is required that causes of the
among the applicable methods described in resulting measurement differences are known and
AGMA 915--1--A02 and summarized in table 4; compensated.
-- the piece of measurement equipment to be It is important to distinguish between measurement
used by the selected measurement method, pro- location (the tolerance diameter), measurement
vided it is in proper calibration; direction, and tolerancing direction. In this standard,
-- the individual teeth to be measured, as long the tolerancing direction for pitch measurements is
as they are approximately equally spaced and along the arc of the tolerance diameter, dT, circle
meet the minimum number required by the within the transverse plane, while the tolerancing
method as summarized in table 5. direction for helix is tangent to the base circle within
the transverse plane.
NOTE: This standard provides tolerances for unas-
sembled gears. The measurement of gearing mated in 4.3.3.1 Datum axis
an assembly for a specific application is beyond the
scope of this document. Specification of the design profile, design helix, and
design pitch requires definition of an appropriate
4.3.1 Equipment verification
reference axis of rotation, called the datum axis. It is
Equipment used for the elemental measurement of defined by specification of datum surfaces. See
product gears should be verified periodically accord- AGMA 915--3--A99.
ing to standard calibration procedures such as those The datum axis determines tooth geometry, thereby
in ANSI/AGMA 2110--A94, ANSI/AGMA 2113--A97 being the reference for measurements and associat-
and ANSI/AGMA 2114--A98. This should also ed tolerances. The location and orientation of the
include a determination of the uncertainty of the tolerance diameter circle are determined by the
measuring process. datum axis.
4.3.2 Recommended measurement control 4.3.3.2 Direction of measurement
methods
Measurements of the shape or the position of any
The recommended methods of measurement con- surface can be made in a direction normal to that
trol for each AGMA accuracy grade and type of surface, inclined at some angle, or along the arc of a
measurement are listed in tables 4 and 5. specified circle.
NOTE: No particular method of measurement or docu- Common metrology practice is to measure in a
mentation is considered mandatory unless specifically direction normal to the surface being tested. At any
agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. point on a gear tooth surface, the normal vector is
When applications require measurements beyond
oriented 1) tangent to the base cylinder of the gear,
those recommended in this standard, special measure-
ment methods must be negotiated prior to manufactur- and 2) inclined relative to the transverse plane at the
ing the gear. base helix angle. Measurements taken in this
4.3.3 Considerations for elemental direction have the following characteristics:
measurements -- Measurements will always be the smallest
when the direction of measurement is normal to
Before elemental measurement values can be the surface. Measurements at any other
compared with tolerance values, certain operational inclination will be larger.
parameters of the measurement instrument must be
-- Measurements made in the normal direction
known. This includes:
are not affected by the tolerancing diameter
-- datum axis; selected by the test operator.
-- direction of measurement; -- Measurements taken in other directions may
be affected by force vectors acting upon the probe
-- direction of tolerancing;
mechanism.
-- tolerancing diameter; -- As gear teeth move through mesh, the lines
-- data filtering; (or points) of contact between mating tooth
11
surfaces proceed along lines of action within the 4.3.3.4 Tolerance diameter
plane of action. Measurements made in the
This standard specifies the tolerance diameter, dT,
normal direction coincide with this direction of
as defined in 3.2 as the location for measurement of
tooth meshing motion. When converted to angu-
helix and pitch parameters. Also see 4.3.3.2 and
lar units of measure, they correlate well with
transmission errors. 4.3.3.3.
4.3.3.5 Measurement data filtering
It is important to understand that various gear
measuring instruments use different testing proce- Any tooth surface will exhibit a wide spectrum of
dures, some measuring in the normal direction, deviations from the specified tooth flank form. This
some measuring in other directions. includes, at one extreme, those of long duration,
such as a general concavity. At the other end of the
4.3.3.3 Direction of tolerancing spectrum are short duration irregularities, such as
surface roughness. Measurement and control of
Tolerances on the shape or the position of gear tooth short duration roughness is beyond the scope of this
surfaces must specify the direction in which given standard. See ISO/TR 10064--4.
measurements are to be considered. This specified This standard requires modification of original mea-
direction, called the tolerancing direction, may be surement values for involute profile and helix param-
normal to that surface, inclined at some angle, or eters so as to include only long duration irregularities
along the arc of a specified circle. When the before analysis and comparison to tolerances. This
tolerancing direction is inclined at some angle to the modification is called low--pass filtering. It will
normal direction, it is specified by two parameters: minimize or exclude all irregularities with wave-
-- the diameter to which the measurements lengths shorter than the specified filter cutoff wave-
shall be tangent; length. The filter cutoff specified by this standard is
the gear form filter cutoff, λg, as defined in 3.2.
-- the angle of inclination, relative to the The actual filter type and attenuation should be
transverse plane. indicated on the data sheet. A Gaussian type filter
In this standard the tolerancing direction varies with with 50% attenuation of cut--off is recommended.
the given toleranced elemental parameter. Toler- See Annex D for additional information.
ancing direction requirements are listed in 3.2. 4.3.3.6 Measurement data density
Original measurement values must be compensated
if the actual measurement direction and the toleranc- Measurement data density is closely related to
ing direction specified for the given parameter are measurement data filtering in that the data sampling
different. rate limits the wavelength of surface irregularities
that can be observed. The number of data points
When the measurement instrument’s direction of included in the evaluation length should be shown on
measurement is normal and the tolerancing direc- the inspection record. This standard therefore
tion is other than normal, measurement values must requires that involute profile measurement data sets
be increased before analysis and comparison to include a minimum of 200 samples. Helix measure-
tolerances. Typically, the factor for this adjustment is ment data sets include a minimum of 200 samples or
the cosine of the angle between the normal direction 5 Lβ / λg, whichever is greater, in order to ensure that
and the specified tolerancing direction. For exam- the filter is effective.
ple, when testing helix with a normal direction of
4.3.4 Tooth contact pattern inspections
measurement (within the base tangent plane) the
measurement values must be divided by the cosine Checking tooth contact patterns with a mate or
of the base helix angle to compensate those values master gear is a method of inspection of either
to the transverse plane as required by clauses 3 and assembled gears, or gears mounted on a gear
7. testing machine. It provides an indication of compat-
ible tooth shape, both up and down the tooth profile,
Measurement values from elemental test instru- and lengthwise on the tooth. It evaluates that portion
ments that measure in a direction other than normal of the gear tooth surface which actually makes
and not in the specified tolerancing direction, require contact with its mate. With this technique, the areas
more complex adjustments before comparison to that contact can be observed by coating the teeth
tolerances. with a very thin layer of marking compound and
12
meshing the gears, see AGMA 915--1--A02. A The methods of determining the backlash required
judgement of compatibility may be made by the for individual applications are beyond the scope of
position and size of the contact area. It does not this standard (for additional information see ANSI/
necessarily indicate compatible tooth shape for AGMA 2002--B88).
loaded conditions. Axial runout may also be
4.4.2 Material furnished by the purchaser
indicated by a shifting of the tooth contact from side
to side, progressively around the gear. This test can When heat treating operations are required, the gear
include the effect of tooth element variations, such manufacturer shall assume the responsibility for the
as a variation in helix. This standard does not final accuracy only when the material furnished is in
provide tolerances relating these tests to gear accordance with the agreed upon material specifica-
accuracy. tions.
4.3.5 Inspection by sound test 4.4.3 Matching gears as sets
The accuracy of a pair of gears may also be Matched sets can be provided, usually at extra cost,
evaluated by running them in a suitable sound and are required in many applications. In such a
testing machine. The acceptability is characterized case, the purchaser must agree on the details of the
by periodic variation in sound during each revolution, additional specifications concerning how the match-
or high levels of noise. This standard does not ing is to be performed and verified. Applications
provide specific limits for this test, which is normally requiring high accuracy gearing may necessitate the
based on experience. matching, or modifying, of pinion and gear profiles
and helix such that the matched set is satisfactory for
4.4 Additional considerations the application.
When specifying the accuracy of a gear, there are NOTE: This standard provides tolerances for unas-
sembled gears only. The inspection of gearing mated in
additional or special considerations that must be
an assembly for a specific application is beyond the
reviewed. These considerations may include items scope of this standard. The matching process for such
such as: gears sold as pairs assumes greater importance than
the individual absolute measurements.
-- backlash allowances in tooth thickness;
4.4.4 Master gears for composite action tests
-- materials furnished by the purchaser;
A master gear may be used for single flank
-- matching gears as sets; composite tests. A master gear is a gear of known
-- master gears for composite measurement; accuracy, designed specifically to mesh with the
gear to be inspected for composite variation. The
-- replacement gearing;
design, accuracy, and cost of a master gear must be
-- modified AGMA accuracy grade; negotiated between the manufacturer and purchas-
-- center distance and backlash markings on er. Usually, a specific master is required for each
gear and pinion; different production gear design. Providing or
manufacturing a special master gear must be
-- record of tooth contact patterns by scheduled to be available when the manufactured
photographs, transfer tapes, etc. gear is to be inspected by composite measurements.
The listed items and other special considerations are 4.4.5 Replacement gearing
to be reviewed and agreed upon by the manufacturer
For replacement gearing, the performance obtained
and purchaser.
from the previous gearing should be evaluated. If
4.4.1 Backlash satisfactory, replace with similar material and accu-
racy. If improved performance is desired, modifica-
An individual gear does not have backlash. Back- tions of material, heat treatment, and accuracy level
lash is only present when one gear mates with should be considered. Consult with the manufactur-
another. The backlash of a gear set is based on the er for appropriate recommendations.
tooth thickness of each member in mesh, as well as
4.4.6 Modified AGMA accuracy grade
the center distance at which the gears are
assembled. The functional backlash is dependent Conditions may require that one or more of the
upon the tolerances of tooth thickness, runout, tooth individual elements or composite tolerances be of a
geometry, and center distance. lower or higher accuracy grade than the other
13
tolerances. In such cases, it is possible to modify the Ten accuracy grades are provided in this standard,
accuracy grade to include an accuracy grade for numbered A2 through A11 in order of decreasing
each gear element or composite tolerance. precision.
4.4.7 Additional criteria 5.2 Additional characteristics
Gear blank dimensions supplied by the purchaser In certain applications there may be additional
must be mutually agreed upon to permit the gear characteristics that may require tolerances in order
manufacturer to hold the tolerances for the specified to assure satisfactory performance. For example, if
accuracy grade. See AGMA 915--3--A99. dimensions for tooth thickness or surface finish
tolerances are desirable in order to assure satisfac-
4.5 Acceptance criteria tory performance in special applications, such
The tolerances, methods, and definitions contained dimensions and tolerances should appear on draw-
in this standard prevail unless contractual agree- ings or purchase specifications. Methods of measur-
ments between the manufacturer and purchaser ing some of these characteristics are discussed in
contain specific exceptions. AGMA 915--1--A02, and in the annexes.
4.5.1 Evaluation of accuracy grade 5.3 Accuracy tolerances

The tolerances for each item that govern the
The overall accuracy grade of a gear is determined
accuracy of gears are calculated by the equations
by the largest accuracy grade number measured for
given in clause 7.
any toleranced parameter specified for the gear by
this standard.
6 Measuring methods and practices
5 Application of the AGMA classification The measuring methods and practices for spur and
system helical gears can be found in AGMA 915--1--A02.
5.1 Basis of classification system

7 Tolerance values
The AGMA classification system is an alpha numeric
code which contains two items, accuracy grade and The tolerance values for each item that govern the
prefix. The AGMA classification number shall accuracy are calculated by the equations given in
consist of a prefix letter “A” identifying the tolerance 7.2. For convenience, some tolerance tables are
source, and an accuracy grade identifying the provided in annex A, and additional tables covering
specific tolerances. An example of how to establish all tolerances, grades, and sizes in both metric and
an AGMA classification number for a given set of U.S. customary units are available in the Supple-
conditions is presented in figure 5. mental Tables for AGMA 2015/915--1--A02.
Accuracy
grade
Typical AGMA grade number A 5

Tolerance source identifier
Indicates the tolerances in ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01. The letter Q was used to
designate tolerances from AGMA 2000--A88 and 390.03. If no letter is shown,
tolerances in AGMA 390.01 or 390.02 apply. (See clauses 1 and 4.)
Accuracy grade
This integer (ranging from 2 through 11) identifies the accuracy level of the tolerances.
(See clauses 6 and 7.)
Figure 5 -- Illustration of AGMA classification number
14
Values outside the limits of the equations are beyond The equations for the single flank composite toler-
the scope of this standard and are not to be ances are different from the corresponding tangen-
extrapolated. The specific tolerances for such gears tial composite equations in ISO 1328--1. Calculated
are to be agreed upon by the buyer and the seller. values for tooth--to--tooth single flank composite
tolerance have been reduced to account for the
7.1 Use of equations filtered analysis used within this standard.
7.1.1 Range of application 7.2.1 Single pitch deviation tolerance, fptT

Single pitch deviation, fptT, is to be calculated
Unless otherwise stated, the range of the application
according to equation 3 or 4.
is as per 1.1.
For gears with 5 ≤ dT ≤ 400 mm
7.1.2 Step factor
 A−5 
The step factor between two consecutive grades is

 
f ptT = 0.3m n + 0.003d T + 5.2 × 2
(3)
2. Values of the next higher (or lower) grade are
For gears with 400 < dT ≤ 10 000 mm
determined by multiplying (or dividing) by 2. The  A−5 
required value for any accuracy grade may be    
f ptT = 0.3m n + 0.12 d T + 4 × 2
determined by multiplying the unrounded calculated (4)
 A−5 
where the range of application is restricted as
value for grade 5 by 2 where A is the number
follows:
of the required accuracy grade.
Accuracy grades A2 through A11
7.1.3 Rounding rules 0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less
Values calculated from the equations in 7.2 are to be
5 ≤ dT ≤ 10 000 mm
rounded as follows:
7.2.2 Cumulative pitch deviation tolerance,
-- If greater than 10 micrometers, round to the total, FpT
nearest integer micrometer;
Total cumulative pitch deviation tolerance, FpT, is to
-- If 5.0 micrometers or greater but less than or be calculated according to equation 5 or 6.
equal to 10 micrometers, round to the nearest 0.5
micrometer; For gears with 5 ≤ dT ≤ 400 mm
 A−5 
-- If less than 5.0 micrometers, round to the F pT = 0.3m n + 0.03d T + 20 × 2 
nearest 0.1 micrometer. (5)
NOTE: If the measuring instrument reads in inches, For gears with 400 < dT ≤ 10 000 mm
values calculated from the equations in 7.2 are to be
 A−5 
converted to ten thousandths of an inch and then
rounded according to the rules for micrometers (i.e.,
   
F pT = 0.3m n + 1.25 d T + 7 × 2
(6)
substitute the word tenths for micrometers in the rules
above). where the range of application is restricted as
follows:
7.2 Tolerance equations
Accuracy grades A2 through A11
The single pitch deviation tolerance and total cumu- 0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50
lative pitch deviation tolerance equations for diame- 5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less
ters greater than 400 mm are identical to the 5 ≤ dT ≤ 10 000 mm
corresponding equations in ISO 1328--1, except in 7.2.3 Single flank composite tolerance,
all cases, the actual values for module, diameter and tooth--to--tooth, fisT
face width shall be used (in all equations) rather than
the geometrical mean values which are used to Single flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth,
generate the tolerance tables in ISO 1328--1. For fisT, is to be calculated according to equation 7.
smaller gears the change in tolerance as diameter  A−5 
decreases is less than ISO 1328--1, with the f isT = 0.03m n + 0.003d T + 2 × 2 
resulting value slightly higher for a given diameter. (7)
15
where the range of application is restricted as follows 7.2.6 Helix tolerances

if fisT is specified:
The range of helix tolerance application is restricted
Accuracy grades A2 through A11 as follows:
0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50 Accuracy grades A2 through A11
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less 0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50
5 ≤ dT ≤ 2500 mm 5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less
7.2.4 Single flank composite tolerance, 5 ≤ dT ≤ 4000 mm
total, FisT 4 ≤ b ≤ 1000 mm
7.2.6.1 Helix tolerance, total, FβT
Single flank composite tolerance, total, FisT, is to be
calculated according to equation 8. Total helix tolerance, FβT, is to be calculated
 A−5 
according to equation 12.
F isT = 0.33m n + 0.033d T + 22 × 2    A−5 
(8)    
F βT = 0.1 d T + 0.63 b + 4.2 × 2
(12)
where the range of application is restricted as follows
if FisT is specified: 7.2.6.2 Helix slope tolerance, fHβT
Accuracy grades A2 through A11 Helix slope tolerance, fHβT, is to be calculated

0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50 according to equation 13.
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less  A−5 
5 ≤ dT ≤ 2500 mm    
f HβT = 0.07 d T + 0.45 b + 3 × 2
(13)
7.2.5 Profile tolerances
7.2.6.3 Helix form tolerance, ffβT
The range of profile tolerance application is
Helix form tolerance, ffβT, is to be calculated
restricted as follows:
according to equation 14.
Accuracy grades A2 through A11  A−5 
0.5 ≤ mn ≤ 50    
f fβT = 0.07 d T + 0.45 b + 3 × 2
5 ≤ z ≤ 1000 or 10 000/mn whichever is less (14)
5 ≤ dT ≤ 10 000 mm
7.2.5.1 Profile tolerance, total, FαT
8 Master gears
Total profile tolerance, FαT, is to be calculated
according to equation 9. Master gears are used mainly for composite error
testing. The determining of individual deviations in
 A−5 
 
F αT = 3.2 m n + 0.22 d T + 0.7 × 2 cylindrical gears calls for special equipment. In
(9) addition, the master gears can also be used for
verifying gear testers.
7.2.5.2 Profile slope tolerance, fHα
αT
The calibration certificates of master gears shall
Profile slope tolerance, fHαT, is to be calculated contain detailed results of all the required measured
according to equation 10. values, uncertainty for each measured value, and
 A−5 
the measurement conditions. Master gears shall
   
f HαT = 2 m n + 0.14 d T + 0.5 × 2 conform to clause 7 tolerances, for accuracy grade
(10) 2, 3 or 4.
7.2.5.3 Profile form tolerance, ffα

αT
Master gears of accuracy grade 2 are recommended
for verifying gear testers and checking production
Profile form tolerance, ffαT, is to be calculated gears primarily of grades 4 and 5. Master gears of
according to equation 11. grade 3 are recommended for checking gears
 A−5  primarily of grade 6 and 7. Master gears of grade 4
   
f fαT = 2.5 m n + 0.17 d T + 0.5 × 2 are recommended for checking gears of grade 8 and
(11) higher.
16
Annex A
(informative)
Tolerance tables
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01, Accuracy Classification System -- Tangential Measurements for
Cylindrical Gears.]
A.1 Purpose should not be interpolated or extrapolated. For more

This annex provides a graphical presentation of the detailed tables of diameter, number of teeth and
values for tolerances of accuracy grade 5. These module, see Supplemental Tables for AGMA
tables are calculated from the equations in 7.2, but 2015/915--1--A02.
Table A.1 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single pitch deviation tolerance, fptT, grade 5
Table values in micrometers
Tooth size Tolerance diameter, mm
Diametral Module 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
pitch
50.8 0.5 5.5 6.0 -- -- -- -- --
25.4 1 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 -- -- --
12.7 2 6.0 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 --
8.5 3 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.5
6.4 4 6.5 7.0 7.5 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
5.1 5 7.0 7.5 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
4.2 6 7.5 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
3.6 7 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
3.2 8 8.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10 10
2.8 9 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.5 10 10
2.5 10 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.5 10 10 11
1.7 15 10 11 11 11 11 12 12
1.3 20 12 12 12 12 13 13 14
1.0 25 -- 14 14 14 14 15 15
0.5 50 -- -- 21 21 22 22 23
35
30
25
fptT, micrometers
20
15
10
1 module
5 20 module
50 module
0
0 100 200
400 300
500 600 700 800 900 1000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure A.1 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single pitch deviation tolerance, grade 5
17
Table A.2 -- Spur and helical gear classification, cumulative pitch deviation tolerance, total, FpT,
grade 5
Diametral Module 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
pitch
50.8 0.5 23 26 -- -- -- -- --
25.4 1 23 26 29 32 -- -- --
12.7 2 24 27 30 33 38 43 --
8.5 3 24 27 30 33 39 43 47
6.4 4 24 27 30 33 39 44 48
5.1 5 25 28 31 34 39 44 48
4.2 6 25 28 31 34 39 44 48
3.6 7 25 28 31 34 40 44 49
3.2 8 25 28 31 34 40 45 49
2.8 9 26 29 32 35 40 45 49
2.5 10 26 29 32 35 41 45 50
1.7 15 28 31 34 37 42 47 51
1.3 20 29 32 35 38 44 48 53
1.0 25 -- 34 37 40 45 50 54
0.5 50 -- -- 44 47 53 57 62
80
70
60
50
FpT, micrometers
40
30
20
1 module
10 20 module
50 module
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Figure A.2 -- Spur and helical gear classification, cumulative pitch deviation tolerance, total, grade 5
18
Table A.3 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single flank composite tolerance, tooth to tooth,
fisT, grade 5

Diametral Module 80 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
pitch
50.8 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
25.4 1 2.3 2.6 3.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
12.7 2 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
8.5 3 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.5 -- -- -- --
6.4 4 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 -- --
5.1 5 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
4.2 6 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
3.6 7 2.5 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
3.2 8 2.5 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
2.8 9 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.5
2.5 10 2.5 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.5
1.7 15 2.7 3.1 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.5 8.0 8.5
1.3 20 2.8 3.2 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
1.0 25 -- 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0
0.5 50 -- -- 4.7 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.5
10
6
fisT, micrometers
1 module
2
20 module
50 module
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Figure A.3 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single flank composite tolerance, tooth to tooth,
grade 5
19
Table A.4 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single flank composite tolerance, total, FisT,
grade 5
Diametral Module 80 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
pitch
50.8 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
25.4 1 25 29 36 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
12.7 2 25 29 36 42 49 -- -- -- -- -- --
8.5 3 26 30 36 43 49 56 63 -- -- -- --
6.4 4 26 30 37 43 50 56 63 70 76 -- --
5.1 5 26 30 37 43 50 57 63 70 76 83 90
4.2 6 27 31 37 44 50 57 64 70 77 83 90
3.6 7 27 31 38 44 51 57 64 71 77 84 90
3.2 8 27 31 38 44 51 58 64 71 77 84 91
2.8 9 28 32 38 45 51 58 65 71 78 84 91
2.5 10 28 32 39 45 52 58 65 72 78 85 91
1.7 15 30 34 40 47 53 60 67 73 80 86 93
1.3 20 31 35 42 48 55 62 68 75 81 88 95
1.0 25 -- 37 43 50 57 63 70 76 83 90 96
0.5 50 -- -- 52 58 65 72 78 85 91 98 105
120
100
80
FisT, micrometers
60
40
1 module
20 20 module
50 module
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Figure A.4 -- Spur and helical gear classification, single flank composite tolerance, total, grade 5
20
Annex B
(informative)
Tolerance system development and comparison
Cylindrical Gears.]
B.1 Purpose  A−5 

 
F pT = 0.03 d T + 0.3 m n + 19 × 2
This annex gives the reasoning leading to the spur (B.2)
and helical gear classification system of this stan-
dard, and comparisons of pitch tolerances and The committee then elected to adopt the tolerance
cumulative pitch tolerances with other systems. formulas from ISO 1328--1 and ISO 1328--2, with
modifications for the smaller diameters. This
B.2 Development assured some harmony with existing international
standards and eliminated the difficulties associated
The gear classification system was changed from
with interpolating some non--linear values from
the previous AGMA 2000--A88 for several reasons:
AGMA 2000--A88.
-- The nonlinear formulas and tables made
interpolation of values within the applied ranges The limits were established to set the tolerances at
difficult; points the committee thought were valid. The single
flank tolerances are different than those given in
-- The tolerance trends did not relate well to
annex A of ISO 1328--1:1995. Based on committee
typical manufacturing capabilities for very small
experience, the single flank tolerances shown in this
gears;
standard are more appropriate for functional consid-
-- The old system was outdated for gear erations.
manufacturer’s and customer’s applications.
After much study and discussion, the classification
The committee agreed that a new gear classification system in this standard was agreed upon. The
system was needed: one that used more linear system of classifying very accurate gears with a low
formulas, was easier to understand by users, and number, instead of retaining the method of AGMA
allowed for an expanded range of application (but 390.03, was done for two reasons:
only with agreement between manufacturer and
user). -- The system is established internationally by
ISO and other standards;
In addition to AGMA 2000--A88, the committee
studied the other cylindrical gear classification -- A new labeling system was necessary to
system, ISO 1328--1:1995. It was noted that for distinguish the difference of the new tolerance
many typical gears (100 mm to 800 mm diameter grades and those of AGMA 2000--A88.
and 2 to 20 module), relatively small differences
occurred between the classification systems. In both A general comparison between the new system and
systems, the classes or grades are separated by a AGMA 2000--A88 systems may be made by sub-
square root of 2 stepping factor.
tracting the class or grade number of one system
Initial investigations by the committee for ANSI/ from 17 to find an approximate class or grade
AGMA 2009--A99 (bevel gears) indicated that a number for the other system.
tolerance system in which the tolerance curves were
linear with changes in diameter may have been B.3 Comparison
appropriate. The following formulas were then
developed: See figures B.1 through B.18 for a comparison of the
 A−5  new system with AGMA 2000--A88 and ISO 1328--1.
 
f ptT = 0.003 d T + 0.3 m n + 5 × 2 Tolerance values from ISO 1328--1 are plotted as
(B.1) step functions as per the standard’s tables.
21
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01, A6 ISO 1328--1, 6 AGMA 2000--A88,
runout, Q12
Figure B.1 -- Tolerance comparison, cumulative pitch deviation, total,
class Q12 and grade A6 for module 12.7
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q12
Figure B.2 -- Tolerance comparison, cumulative pitch deviation, total
22
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q12
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q12
23
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q10
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q10
24
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q10
160
140
120
100
FpT, micrometers
80
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q9
25
140
120
100
80
FpT, micrometers
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
runout, Q9
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q12
Figure B.10 -- Tolerance comparison, allowable single pitch deviation,
26
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q12
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q12
27
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01, A7 ISO 1328--1, 7 AGMA 2000--A88
pitch, Q10
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q10
28
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q10

35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q9

29
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q9
35
30
25
20
fptT, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
pitch, Q9
class Q9and grade A8 for module 1.6
30
Annex C
(informative)
Example of statistical process control (SPC) application
Cylindrical Gears.]
C.1 Purpose Determination steps:

When gears are to be manufactured to a statistical 1. F pT = 0.050 mm
requirement, the gears will have to be made more
accurately than the tolerance listed. This annex 2. 1 + C pk = 1 + 1.33 = 2.33
provides a rule of thumb to determine the accuracy
F pT
levels needed to meet the statistical requirements. 3. = 0.050 = 0.021 mm
1 + C pk 2.33
C.2 Statistical process control (SPC)
4. Therefore the new tolerance required is
Statistical process control may not be achievable for
accuracy grade A4.
very accurate gears due to the uncertainty in the
measurement values. The variability of the measur- All manufacturing parameters must consider the
ing process contributes to the variability of the need to produce the equivalent of accuracy grade A4
manufacturing process. For more information, see gears to meet the SPC requirements. This includes
ANSI/AGMA 2114--A98, annex E. the gear blank tolerances (see AGMA 915--3--A99)
To achieve statistical compliance, the manufacturing and other gear tooth tolerances listed in this
tolerance must be smaller than the specified standard.
tolerance. NOTE 1: For unilateral (one sided) tolerances:
To determine the manufacturing tolerance
C pk = USL − X
requirement, the following starting point is 3 σ n−1
recommended: where
1. Add 1 to the required Cpk value. See note. USL = upper specification limit;
2. Divide the total cumulative pitch deviation X = average;
tolerance, FpT, by this value.
σn--1 = σ of a sample.
3. The results indicate the tolerance that the
parts will have to meet to pass the SPC require- NOTE 2: For bidirectional tolerances:
ments.
C pk = Lesser of USL − X or X − LSL
Example: 3 σ n−1 3 σ n−1
Given: 0.5
 n X − X2
m m = σ n−1 = 
i=1 n − 1 
mn = 12 mm
dT = 150 mm 
Accuracy grade = A7 where
Cpk = 1.33 LSL = lower specification limit.
31
(This page is intentionally left blank.)
32
Annex D
(informative)
Involute and helix data filtering
Cylindrical Gears.]
D.1 Purpose D.4 Electrical filtering
Involute and helix test data are usually conditioned Electrical filtering limits the test data gathered to
by low--pass filtering prior to analysis procedures. longer wavelength (lower frequency) values and is
The choice of filtering method and cutoff wavelength thus a low--pass type filter. During electrical filtering,
will influence analysis results. This annex provides the test data signal passes from the probe head
descriptions of filtering practices. through an electrical filtering (RC) circuit and finally
on to the data analysis and output devices.
D.2 Filtering
Electrical filtering circuits are designed to accom-
Measurements include variations of many different plish the elimination of high frequency test data at a
wavelengths or frequencies. The exclusion of specified wavelength called the cutoff. All data at
certain portions of the test data frequency spectrum frequencies significantly higher than the cutoff are
is called filtering. A filter that excludes short eliminated. High frequency test data that is near but
wavelength (high frequency) data is called a low-- not exactly at the cutoff is filtered proportionally
pass filter. A filter that excludes long wavelength according to its proximity to the cutoff wavelength.
(low frequency) data is called a high--pass filter. A
filter that excludes the shortest and longest wave- An unfortunate effect of RC electrical filtering is a
lengths (highest and lowest frequencies) of varia- phase shifting of data that can influence analysis of
tions, thereby leaving only medium wavelength test results.
(medium frequency) data, is called a bandpass filter. Electrical filtering is most commonly encountered on
For gear metrology purposes, a low--pass filter is older instruments; newer instruments employ math-
usually applied to remove the influences of high ematical filtering. All RC electrical filters produce
frequency surface finish conditions from the ob- phase shifting of test data. Electrical filtering is an
servations of total, form, and slope deviations of acceptable practice, provided that its limitations are
involute and helix. Several types of filtering may be understood.
implemented in the gear measuring system.
D.5 Mathematical filtering
D.3 Mechanical filtering
Mathematical filtering requires that test data first be
Mechanical filtering limits the involute and helix test converted from analog to digital to permit processing
data gathered to longer wavelength (lower frequen- by a digital computer. Two general types of
cy) values and is thus a low--pass type filter. mathematical filter are commonly available. One
Mechanical filtering occurs as the geometry of the type emulates the characteristics of electrical filters
probe (i.e., tip radius) bridges and thereby sup- (with or without the phase shifting characteristic of
presses the shorter wavelength (higher frequency) RC circuits). The other type employs Gaussian
variations. mathematics.
In applications that require inclusion of this very high The transmission characteristics of a phase correct
frequency data, smaller probe tip radii can be Gaussian filter are such that 50% of the amplitude of
specified. Since gear involute and helix data is a sinusoidal waveform with a wavelength equal to
normally subjected to intentional low--pass filtering, the long--wavelength cutoff will be transmitted.
this is rarely required. Evaluation of gear surface Other frequencies are passed proportionally, ac-
finish is best accomplished with specialized surface cording to their proximity to the cutoff. When a phase
finish instruments, rather than involute or helix test correct Gaussian filter is used, vertical distortions
instruments. are reduced and phase shift is eliminated. Based
33
upon sine wave amplitude transmission characteris- data with different (or no) mathematical filtering
tics and compliance with ISO standards, use of the applied.
digital Gaussian filter is recommended. D.6 Cutoff selection
Standard involute and helix data cutoff values for use
It is also advantageous to be able to view the test in this document are specified in clause 3.
34
Annex E
(informative)
Sector pitch deviation
Cylindrical Gears.]
E.1 Purpose negative index value within every group of k pitches

(k + 1 adjacent teeth), as defined in clause E.2. The
This annex provides the definition, measurement
sector pitch deviation, Fps/8, is the largest of these
practices, recommended tolerances, and guidance
summation values.
for application of sector pitch deviation, Fps/8.
E.4 Comparison to similar parameters
E.2 Definition
It is important to understand that this parameter is
sector pitch deviation, Fps/8 Sector pitch deviation not equivalent to certain other similar parameters
is equal to the largest algebraic difference between such as cumulative pitch deviation, Fpk, as included
the index deviation values for a specified flank within in ISO 1328--1. That parameter observes only the
any sector of k pitches such that: deviation in position of the first and last teeth of each
k≈z (E.1) sector of k pitches. Observation of sector pitch
8 deviation, Fps/8, described in this clause, includes
where: the positions of all teeth within each sector of k
pitches.
k is the number of pitches in the sector;
An example of the differences between these
z is the number of teeth in the gear. analysis methods is provided by figure E.1. That
NOTE: When equation E.1 produces a non--integer re- figure shows the index data for a gear with 35 teeth,
sult for k, round to the nearest whole number of pitches. thus having a value of k equal to 4. In this example
The smallest useful value of k is 2. Therefore this the value of cumulative pitch deviation, Fps/8, is 3.8,
parameter is only applicable to gears with 12 or more occurring between teeth 18 and 22 which are 4
teeth. pitches apart. The value of sector pitch deviation,
Fps/8, is 4.7, occurring between teeth 18 and 20
Distinction is made as to the algebraic sign of this which are contained within a sector of 4 pitches.
reading. Thus, a condition wherein the distance
between the two teeth comprising the sector pitch E.5 Tolerance, sector pitch deviation, FpsT
deviation was shorter than the theoretical distance A recommended tolerance for sector pitch deviation,
would be considered a minus (--) deviation. A FsT, could be calculated according to equation E.2.
condition wherein the distance between the two
F psT = 0.5 × F pT (E.2)
teeth comprising the sector pitch deviation was
longer than the theoretical distance would be where:
considered a plus (+) deviation.
FpsT is the tolerance, sector pitch deviation;
The tolerancing direction for sector pitch deviation is
along the arc of the tolerance diameter circle, dT, FpT is the tolerance, total cumulative pitch.
within the transverse plane. A recommended range of application for sector pitch
E.3 Measurement practice deviation follows the same restrictions as those
specified for total cumulative pitch tolerance, FpT.
Gear tooth position data gathered by either a pitch
E.6 Guidance to application
comparator (two--probe) device or an indexing
(single--probe) device can be used to determine Unless otherwise specified in procurement docu-
sector pitch deviation. In either case, index values ments, the measurement of sector pitch deviation is
must first be found. Determination of the sector pitch not mandatory. Information pertaining to this param-
deviation, Fps/8, requires the algebraic summation of eter is therefore not included in the main body of the
the maximum positive index value and the maximum standard.
35
However, when agreed between supplier and pur- generated. This is especially true for high speed
chaser, the method may be valuable. If index gears, where dynamic loads can be considerable.
deviations over relatively small numbers of pitches Hence the value of measuring and tolerancing sector
are too large, substantial acceleration forces can be pitch deviation.
10
8 Sector
with Cumulative pitch
largest
6 deviation, Fpk (Fpz/8)
deviation per ISO 1328--1
4
2
Deviation
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
--2
--4
Sector pitch deviation, Fps/8
--6
--8
Tooth number
Figure E.1 -- Index data
36
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01, Accuracy Classification
System -- Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears or indicated for additional information.
AGMA 2000--A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances And Measuring Methods For
Unassembled Spur And Helical Gears (Including Metric Equivalents)
AGMA ISO 10064--1, Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection Practice -- Part 1: Inspection of Corresponding
Flanks of Gear Teeth, 2001
ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and Allowable
Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth, 2000
ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2, Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions and Allowable
Values of Deviations Relevant to Radial Composite Deviations and Runout Information, 2000
ANSI/AGMA 2002--B88, Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods
ISO/TR 10064--4:1998, Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 4: Recommendations relative to
surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking
37
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314

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ANSI/AGMA 2015- 1- A01

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Accuracy Classification System -

Approved August 1, 2002

American Gear Manufacturers Association

ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 is a replacement for ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88 and ANSI/AGMA

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Inspection and Handbook Committee

Chairman: Edward Lawson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M&M Precision Systems Corp.

W.A. Bradley . . . . Consultant S. Lindley . . . . . . The Falk Corporation

American National Standard -- where

Cylindrical Gears methods.

Table 1 -- Alphabetical table of terms with symbols, by terms

Table 2 -- Alphabetical table of symbols with terms, by symbols

: Design helix : Measured helix : Mean helix line

i) Design helix: unmodified helix

ii) Design helix: modified helix (example)

iii) Design helix: modified helix (example)

a) Total helix deviation b) Helix form deviation c) Helix slope deviation

Figure 1 -- Helix deviations

TB Start of tip break

i) Design profile: unmodified involute

iii) Design profile: modified involute (example with full contour)

a) Total profile deviation b) Profile form deviation c) Profile slope deviation

Figure 2 -- Profile deviations

Outside diameter helix evaluation range, Lβ Unless otherwise

Table 3 -- Reference for methods and tolerances

Table 4 -- Gear types and measurement methods

Table 5 -- Minimum number of measurements

If prior agreement between the manufacturer and -- data density.

4.5.1 Evaluation of accuracy grade 5.3 Accuracy tolerances

6 Measuring methods and practices

5.1 Basis of classification system

Typical AGMA grade number A 5

7.1.1 Range of application 7.2.1 Single pitch deviation tolerance, fptT

The step factor between two consecutive grades is

where the range of application is restricted as follows 7.2.6 Helix tolerances

Accuracy grades A2 through A11 Helix slope tolerance, fHβT, is to be calculated

7.2.5.3 Profile form tolerance, ffα

A.1 Purpose should not be interpolated or extrapolated. For more

Tooth size Tolerance diameter, mm

B.1 Purpose  A−5 

Figure B.15 -- Tolerance comparison, allowable single pitch deviation,

Figure B.16 -- Tolerance comparison, allowable single pitch deviation,

C.1 Purpose Determination steps:

(This page is intentionally left blank.)

D.1 Purpose D.4 Electrical filtering

E.1 Purpose negative index value within every group of k pitches

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