MOSHI CO-OPERATIVE UNIVERSITY

(MoCU)

FACULTY OF BUSINNES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE (FBIS)

PROGRAM: BACHELLOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (BSc-BICT)

COURSE NAME : SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

COURSE ANTE : CIT 307

COURSE INSTRUCTOR : Mr. SIZYA

TASK : GROUP ASSIGNMENT

SUBMISSION DATE : 3RD JULY, 2020

GROUP NUMBER 1 MEMBERS

S/ NAMES REG. NO
N
1. MEMUTYE KORINGO MoCU/BSc.BICT/170/17
2. KWITEGA MATHIAS MoCU/BSc.BICT/183/17
3. FRANK KIVUYO MoCU/BSc.BICT/164/17
4. ELITUMAIN RAJABU MoCU/BSc.BICT/172/17
5. GLORY MALAMSHA MoCU/BSc.BICT/153/17
6. KENETH A. RODGERS MoCU/BSc.BICT/140/17

QUESTION: Explain the IPO model

 Discuss about input and sources of input
 Discuss about output and sources of output
 Discuss any sample code as an example of IPO model

THE IPO MODEL

The input–process–output (IPO) model is a widely used approach in systems analysis and
software engineering for describing the structure of information processing program or another
process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most
basic structure for describing a process (Braunschweig, 2018).
A computer program or any other sort of process using the input-process-output model receives
inputs from a user or other source, does some computations on the inputs, and returns the results
of the computations. The system divides the work into three categories;
i. A requirement from the environment (input)
ii. A computation based on the requirement (process)
iii. A provision for the environment (output) (Thieme et al, 2020)
INPUT AND SOURCES OF INPUT
Input is to deliver or give something to the computer, or is a command or signal from outer
sources given to computer or device (Norman, 2017). Computers only work with digital
information. Input is just getting Data from the User to the Computer. Any input that a computer
receives must be digitized. Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and
processes data in terms of two states: positive and non-positive. Positive is expressed or
represented by the number 1 and non-positive by the number 0.
SOURCES OF INPUT
User typing on the keyboard - A computer keyboard is one of the primary input devices used
with a computer (Hotelling, 2013). A keyboard is usually part of a personal computer or part of a
terminal that is connected to a computer somewhere else. When user types the keys on the
keyboard he or she inputs data into the computer.
User moving and clicking the mouse - A mouse is an input device with a ball on its underside
that is rolled on a flat surface, usually the desk on which the computer sits (Varesano & Vernero,
2012). The rolling movement causes a corresponding movement on the screen. Moving the
mouse allows you to reposition the pointer, or cursor, an indicator on the screen that shows
where the next interaction with the computer can take place
Trackball - A variation on the mouse is the trackball (Quemelo & Vieira, 2013). Trackball used
to play a video game. The trackball is like an upside-down mouse-you roll the ball directly with
your hand. The popularity of the trackball surged with the advent of laptop computers, when
traveling users found them- selves without a flat surface on which to roll the traditional mouse.

Scanner - An inexpensive way to get entire documents, pictures, and anything on a flat Surface
into a computer is by using a scanner (Varesano & Vernero, 2012). Scanners use optical
recognition systems that have a light beam to scan input data to convert it into electrical signals,
which are sent to the computer for processing. Optical recognition is by far the most common
type of source input, appearing in a variety of ways: optical marks, optical characters, bar codes,
handwritten characters, and images.
Voice Input - Speaking to a computer, known as voice input or speech recognition is another
form of source input (Ramesh, 2008). Speech recognition devices accept the spoken word
through a microphone and convert it into binary code (0s and 1s) that can be understood by the
computer.
Data Collection Devices - Another source of direct data entry is a data collection device, which
may be located in a warehouse or factory or wherever the activity that is generating the data is
located (Varesano & Vernero, 2012). Example of data collection devices includes camera and
bar code readers.
Touch Screens - One way of getting input directly from the source is to have a human simply
point to a selection. The edges of the monitor of a touch screen emit horizontal and vertical
beams of light that criss-cross the screen (Ramesh, 2008). When a finger touches the screen, the
interrupted light beams can pinpoint the location selected on the screen (Hotelling, 2013)..

OUTPUT AND SOURCES OF OUTPUT

An output refers to the data generated by a computer or any other electronic device. This
includes data produced at a software level, such as the result of a calculation, or at a physical
level, such as a printed document. (Marjani et al, 2017).
An output can also be defined as any information that is processed by and sent out from a
computer or other electronic. An example of output is anything viewed on your computer
monitor screen example the words you type on your keyboard. Output can be meaningful
information, and it can appear in a variety of forms such as binary numbers, as characters, as
pictures, and as printed pages.

SOURCES OF OUTPUT
Monitor – This is the most common computer output device. It creates a visual display by the
use of which users can view processed data (Wakefield, 2016). Monitors come in various sizes
and resolutions. All monitors depend on a video card, which is positioned either on the computer
motherboard or in a special expansion slot. The video card sorts out the computer data into
image details that the monitors can then show.
Printer – this device generates a hard copy version of processed data, like documents and
photographs (Durbeck, 2012). . The computer transmits the image data to the printer, which then
physically recreates the image, typically on paper. Examples of printers are; Laser Jet, Ink Jet
and Dotmatrix
Speakers – speakers are attached to computers to facilitate the output of sound; sound cards are
required in the computer for speakers to function (Braithwaite, 2012). The different kinds of
speakers range from simple, two-speaker output devices right the way up to surround-sound
multi-channel units.
Headset – this is a combination of speakers and microphone. It is mostly used by gamers, and is
also a great tool for communicating with family and friends over the internet using some VOIP
program or other (Braithwaite, 2012). 
Projector – this is a display device that projects a computer-created image onto another surface:
usually some sort of whiteboard or wall (Walker, 2015). The computer transmits the image data
to its video card, which then sends the video image to the projector. It is most often used for
presentations, or for viewing videos.

DISCUSS ANY SAMPLE CODE AS AN EXAMPLE OF IPO MODEL

SAMPLE CODE
Fahrenheit=100
celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9
Print (celsius)
37.7777777777778
Example code of converting Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius
INPUT
It involves declaring Fahrenheit as an input. The Fahrenheit temperature is entered in the
program through the keyboard. Just as input is to deliver or give something to the computer, or is
a command or signal from outer sources given to computer or device
Fahrenheit temperature = 100
PROCESS
The processing here is assign celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9 and the programming language s
such as python calculate the output

OUTPUT
Is any information that is processed by and sent out from a computer or other electronic.
Output of Fahrenheit temperature: 37.7777777777778
REFERENCES
Braunschweig, D. (2018). Input-Process-Output Model. Programming Fundamentals.
Thieme, C. A., Mosleh, A., Utne, I. B., & Hegde, J. (2020). Incorporating software failure in risk
analysis–Part 1: Software functional failure mode classification. Reliability Engineering &
System Safety, 197, 106803.
Norman, K. L. (2017). Cyberpsychology: An introduction to human-computer interaction.
Cambridge university press.
Marjani, M., Nasaruddin, F., Gani, A., Karim, A., Hashem, I. A. T., Siddiqa, A., & Yaqoob, I.
(2017). Big IoT data analytics: architecture, opportunities, and open research challenges. IEEE
Access, 5, 5247-5261.
Wakefield, F. A. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,292,158. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
Durbeck, R. (Ed.). (2012). Output Hardcopy Devices. Elsevier.
Braithwaite, M., & Cardenas, H. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,131,390. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
Walker, G. (2015). Touch sensing. Interactive Displays, Chichester, UK: Wiley, 27-106.
Ramesh, B.,(2008), Computer Fundamentals and Information Technology, Firewall media, New
Delhi.
Hotelling, S., Strickon, J. A., Huppi, B. Q., Chaudhri, I., Christie, G., Ording, B., ... & Ive, J. P.
(2013). Gestures for touch sensitive input devices. U.S. Patent No. 8,479,122. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Varesano, F., & Vernero, F. (2012). Introducing PALLA, a novel input device for leisure
activities: a case study on a tangible video game for seniors. In Proceedings of the 4th
International Conference on Fun and Games (pp. 35-44).
Quemelo, P. R., & Vieira, E. R. (2013). Biomechanics and performance when using a standard
and a vertical computer mouse. Ergonomics, 56(8), 1336-1344.