Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in
familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.
Related Literature
Entrepreneurship Education
address the needs to effectively and efficiently run the business, and achieve
Forum, 2009). The process can be a formal course offered by colleges and universities,
entrepreneurship education. The formal process, through the granting of degrees, was
brought about by the need of the market to understand entrepreneurship, and hopefully
which is not supported by the traditional business degree programs that aims to make
entrepreneur; namely, a creative attitude that calculates risk, is adept with their
environment, sees values of business propositions for themselves and the society at
The Philippine education system has seen radical changes as the Commission
the Filipino students with the needed business skills and competencies, curricular
program intended to teach and train the students technical-vocational skills which will
make them readily employable after they finish their 12th grade (Cruz, 2014).
factor. Studies suggest that the motives and decisions that drive female
entrepreneurship are because of obligation, since the limited supply and market access
opportunities for paid employment, than by vocation. Even if females tend to have high
scores on knowledge about entrepreneurship, their willingness to start their own tend to
be lower than that of their male counterpart, (Suárez-Ortega & Gálvez-García, 2017;
Velasco, et al., 2016). Further, even if role-based theories emphasize that gender
differences in behavior should be expected to change along with other social changes
(Bula, 2012) and despite the rapid increase in women's business ownership with a
growth rate greater than that of private firms as a whole (IFC, 2006), still
constitute the majority (about two-thirds) of business owners worldwide (Bird and Sapp,
2002).
Entrepreneurial Inclinations
Wickham (2004) stated that entrepreneurs require two sorts of skills to run a
planning skills, marketing skills, financial skills, project management skills, and time
delegation, communication, and negotiation. Hisrich et al. (2005) divided the skills
needed by entrepreneurs into three main areas, technical skills, business management
skills, and personal entrepreneurial skills. Technical skills are “know-hows” such as oral
and coaching. Business management skills involve planning, goal setting, decision
making, control, negotiation, and skills in the basic functional areas such as marketing
and finance.
Those are the skills needed to start, develop, and manage a business venture.
Personal entrepreneurial skills refer to those skills that differentiate entrepreneurs from
leadership and change orientation. Galloway, Anderson, Brown, and Wilson (2005)
examined students’ perceptions of the skills required for entrepreneurship. The skills
Entrepreneurial Intentions
conviction by a person that they intend to set up a new business venture and
consciously plan to do so at some point in the future”. Choo and Wong (2009) described
determines the starting point of a new business creation. A personal commitment which
intentions (Choo and Wong, 2009). The literature on entrepreneurial intentions specifies
Pihie (2009) indicated that the students had moderate score on all constructs
significantly different from those who do not have positive aspiration. The students also
behavioral control. The findings also indicate that those who perceived entrepreneurship
need to be learnt at university have significantly higher mean score on attitudes towards
Saravanakumar, et. al. (2012), suggests that the students had lower performance
Similar to this line of research, Wang, et. al. (2011) proposes that there is
entrepreneurial intention among international students, and that a large portion of these
students have rather strong entrepreneurial intention. This study may bring more
awareness for educators so they can help nurture the valuable spirit among this special
group and thus possibly bring out more entrepreneurs. In addition, this study has shown
Indonesia. While low level was found among Norwegian students, possibly due to high
difference was due to already established entrepreneurial culture and the positive