CANDIDATES NUMBER…………………………………….

MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

INSTITUTE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION AUGAST 2019.

SEMISTER 2 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY

(DDR1)

RADIATION SCIENCES (RS 100)

INSTRUCTIONS

Attempt all questions in each section

Write your examination number on each paper/page you use

There are four sections in this paper

Calculators may be used

 SECTION A

Multiple choice questions (Marks 25)

1. The results of the Rutherford experiment provide evidence for the presence of the nucleus
within the atom.

What were scattered in this experiment?

A. Alpha-particles
B. Beta-particles
C. Gamma rays
D. Gold nuclei
E. Proton

2. Which statement is true for all three types of radioactive emission (alpha-particles, beta-
particles and gamma-rays)?

A. They emit light.

B. They are deflected by electric fields.
C. They are completely absorbed by a thin aluminium sheet.
D. They ionize gases.
E. The nucleus absorbs another nucleus

3. A nucleus consists of 90 protons and 144 neutrons.

After emitting two beta-particles followed by an alpha-particle, this nucleus has:

A. 90 protons and 142 neutrons.

B. 90 protons and 140 neutrons.
C. 86 protons and 140 neutrons.
D. 86 protons and 142 neutrons.
E. Proton number: 43
4. Which conclusion can be drawn from the Geiger-Marsden alpha-particle scattering
experiment?

A. There is a dense nucleus in the atom.

B. Electrons are negatively charged.
C. A positive charge is spread throughout the atom.
D. Electrons are arranged in orbits.
E. The nucleus emits at least one form of radiation.

5. The half-life of a radioisotope is 2400 years. The activity of a sample is 720 counts/s.

How long will it take for the activity to fall to 90 counts/s?

A. 2400 years
B. 300 years
C. 19 200 years
D. 7200 years
E. 11200 years

6. The nucleus of a nitrogen atom can be represented as ^{14}_{7} \text{N}.

The nucleus of this atom consists of

A. 7 protons and 7 neutrons.

B. 14 protons and 7 electrons.
C. 7 protons and 7 electrons.
D. 14 protons and 7 neutrons.
E. 14 protons and 7 neutrons.

7. The ionization in air caused by three different radiations X, Y and Z are as follows:

RADIATION IONS PRODUCED PER MM OF PATH

X 4000
Y 50

Z 200

Which of the following correctly identifies the radiation X, Y and Z?

A. X: Alpha particles, Y: Gamma rays, Z: Beta particles

B. X: Alpha particles, Y: Beta particles, Z: Gamma rays
C. X: Gamma rays, Y: Beta particles, Z: Alpha particles
D. X: Beta particles, Y: Alpha particles, Z: Gamma rays
E. X: Beta particles, Y: beta particles, Z: Gamma rays

8. Between 1909 and 1911, Geiger and Marsden carried out experiments in which alpha particles
were fired at metal foil. Most of the alpha particles passed through the foil with small
deflections, but some were deflected through a large angle.

These results suggest that:

A. Atoms contain clouds of electrons through which some alpha particles cannot pass.
B. Atoms have positive charges concentrated in a small volume.
C. Atoms contain neutrons that alpha particles bounce off.
D. Atoms have positive and negative charges spread through their volume.
E. Atoms have negative charges spread through their volume.

9. The main advantage of real-time radiography over film is:

A. Higher image contrast sensitivity

B. Inspection can be performed more rapidly

C. Higher image definition

D. Lower equipment costs

E. Both A and C
10. X-rays and Gamma rays:

A. Always travel in a straight line

B. Can be influenced by an electrical field

C. Can be influenced by a magnetic field

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

11. Which two types of radiation-matter interactions account for the majority of attenuation in
typical industrial radiography?

A. Compton Scattering and photoelectric absorption

B. Compton Scattering and pair production

C. Pair production and photoelectric absorption

D. None of the above

E. Photoelectric absorption

12. The amount of geometric unsharpness in a radiograph is affected by:

A. The source to film distance

B. The source to object distance

C. The size of the source

D. All of the above

E. The shape and size of the source

13. X-rays and Gamma rays present a health risk because they are a form of ionizing radiation,
which means that the radiation has enough energy to:

A. Vibrate water molecules and generate heat

B. Break chemical bonds

C. Break physical bonds

D. None of the above

E. Cause cancer

14. In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs, high voltage radiographic images have:

A. Less contrast sensitivity

B. Greater contrast sensitivity

C. Greater amounts of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity

D. Less latitude

E. High latitude

15. Film contrast is determined by:

A. The type of film used

B. The process by which the film was developed

C. The radiation energy used

D. Both A and B

E. All the above

16. The thickness of any given material where 50% of the incident energy has been attenuated
is known as the:

A. Half-value layer

B. Linear attenuation coefficient

C. Decay rate

E. Decay constant
D. Mass attenuation coefficient

17. X-rays and Gamma rays:

A. Are both affected by radioactive decay

B. Are both produced by a radioactive atom

C. Have completely different properties

D. Differ only in their source

E. Have completely the same properties

18. X-rays and Gamma rays are often referred to as photons because:

A. They possess a charge

B. They have mass

C. They occur as small packets of energy

D. None of the above

E. They do not have mass

19. What is the source of X-ray photon in the tube

A. Cathode

B. Filament

C. Rotor

D. Anode

E. Electron

20. Which type of x-rays photon produced when the incident electron passes close to the
nucleus of target material?

A. Braking x-rays
B. K-rays

C. Characteristic x-rays

D. Free radical

E. Braking x-rays and Characteristic x-rays

21. The half-life of radioactive carbon is 5600 years. What will be the time after which the
activity has reduced to one-quarter?

A. 11200 years

B. 2800 years

C. 8400 years

D. 1400 years

E. 5678 years

22. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 2 minutes.What can be deduced from this statement?

A. After 4 minutes, \frac{1}{4} of the isotope remains.

B. After 1 minute, \frac{1}{2} of the isotope remains.

C. After 4 minutes, none of the isotope remains.

D. After \frac{1}{2} minute, \frac {1}{2} of the isotope remain

E. After 2 minutes, none of the isotope remains.

23. What is the difference between X-rays and gamma rays?

A. X-rays are produced extranuclearly whereas gamma rays are produced in nuclear decays.

B. X-rays have higher energies than gamma rays.

C. gamma rays are produced by bremsstrahlung.

D. X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter differently

E. X-rays have the same energies as gamma rays.

24. Which statement defines isotopes?

A. Two (or more) nuclides which have the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons
B. Two (or more) nuclides which have the same number of neutrons but different numbers
of protons
C. Two (or more) nuclides which have the same number of neutrons but different numbers
of electrons
D. Two (or more) nuclides which have the same number of protons but different numbers of
electrons
E. Two (or more) nuclides which have the same number of atom but different numbers of
neutrons

25. What is the source of X-ray photon in the tube

A. Cathode

B. Filament

C. Rotor

D. Target

E. Filter

SECTION B

MATCHING ITERMS (MARKS 10)

GROUP A GROUP B
A Photoelectric Effect
A Fraction of photons removed from a
mono energetic beam of x-ray or gamma
ray per unit thickness of material
B Pair Production
C Excitation
D Ionization
E Half value layer (HVL)
SECTION C
SHORT NOTICE QUESTIONS (MARKS 35)
1. Calculate the K.E of a photoelectron which is ejected from the K shell of lead (Eb =
90KeV) by photoelectric absorption of a 250 keV photon
2. Label the diagram of an x-ray tube below
I When the photon with energy in excess of
1.02 M e V
Ii Thickness of material required to reduce
intensity of an x-ray or gamma-ray beam
to one-half of its initial value.
Iii All of the incident photon energy is
transferred to an electron, which is
ejected from the atom
Iv
linear attenuation coefficient
V Energy is transferred to an orbital
electron to displace it further away from
the nucleus.
vi The electron is removed, resulting in an
ion pair.
3. List major types of interactions that cause Attenuation of a photon beam by an
absorbing material

4. The linear attenuation coefficient for 200 keV x rays in lead is 1.0 × 103 m-1. What is the
fraction of such photons remaining after penetrating a lead sheet of thickness 2.0 mm?

5. If the intensity of a Iridium -192 source was found to be 62 mSv/hour at 10m, what is
the exposure at a distance of 1 m.

SECTION D
ESSAY QUESTIONS (MARKS 30)

1. The absorption of x-rays in a patient occurs via the photoelectric effect, which
produces an electron and a photon. Describe this absorption process with a diagram.
What is the fate of the products?

2. Explain and describe the following types of radiation interaction with matter
I. Photoelectric effect
II. Compton scattering
III. Pair production