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Paints Pigments and Industrial Coatings
Paints Pigments and Industrial Coatings
Classification of Paints
Paints can be classified under various factors:
Based on their Functions
• Primers or Undercoats- A preparatory coating applied before painting for better adhesion
• Finishing Coats- Polish to create a smooth and shiny surface
• Sanding Sealer- Sanding sealer fills small pits and pores. It is usually applied on wooden
surfaces to achieve smother surface
• Floor Paint- Long lasting paints used to provide good and hard surface finish for concrete
or other rough floors, e.g. Urethane Oil-Based Paint
• Galvanized Iron Primer- It is a water-based anti-corrosive quick drying coat applied on
metal surfaces
• Spray Paint- Applied with spray gun for even and smooth surface finish
Based on Pigment Used
• Zinc Rich or Zinc Dust Primer- Zinc rich paints are used to withstand continuous
temperature up to 550 C°. It is also used to protect the surface against weathering and
corrosion as well as prevention of underfilm corrosion attack
• White Lead Paints- It is the cheapest and decolorizes on exposure and is therefore
commonly used for ordinary buildings. It is not suitable for exterior works. It cannot be
used as a protection against corrosion
• Graphite Paint- It consists of powdered graphite and oil and is used to coat metallic
structures
• Red Lead Paints- In combination with linseed oil it may be used as a thick, long-lasting
anti-corrosive layer
• Micaceous Iron Oxide- Used for the protection of steel against corrosion
• Calcium Plumbate Primer- Can be applied both on timber and metal, and is therefore
ideal where the two are combined. e.g. A metal window frame with a wooden outer
frame.
• Zinc Chromate- Used as a corrosion resistant agent and increase the durability of the
surface several times
Based on Sheen of a Paint
The sheen of paint is the amount of light reflected by the painted surface. Depending on level of
sheen paints may be of four types:
• Flat paint- has no shine. A friend to walls that have something to hide, flat/matte soaks
up, rather than reflects, light. It has the most pigment and will provide the most coverage,
which translates to time and money savings. However, it’s tough to clean without taking
paint off with the grime.
• Paints with Satin Finish- available as oil-based or latex/acrylic paint for interior or
exterior applications. It reflects light producing a medium-gloss that shines noticeably
more than matte, flat or eggshell finishes; but less than high-gloss paints.
• Semi-Gloss Paints- Good for rooms where moisture, drips, and grease stains challenge
walls. Also great for trim work that takes a lot of abuse.
• Gloss Paints- shiny and reflect most light in the specular (mirror-like) direction. The
most durable and easiest to clean of all paint sheens, high-gloss paint is hard, ultra-shiny,
and light-reflecting. Think appliance-paint tough. High gloss is a good choice for area
that sticky fingers touch cabinets, trim, and doors. High-gloss, however, is too much
shine for interior walls. And like a Spandex dress, high gloss shows every bump and roll,
so don’t skimp on prep work.
Based on Appearance
• Eggshell
• Multicolored
• Matt
• Iridescent Texture
• Satin Finish
• Wrinkle Finish
• Semi-Gloss
• Luminous
• Fluorescent
• Gloss
• Crackle Finish
• Flat
Based on Binder/Medium
• Acrylic
• Latex Paint
• Latex Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
• Shellac Based Paint
• Spirit Based Paint
• Epoxy Paint
• Polyurethane
• Alkyd Resin
• Tung Oil Paint
• Linseed Oil Paint
• Distemper
• Emulsion
• Chlorinated Rubber
Application
Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid. Techniques
vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired.
As a solid, the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This
melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the
chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the
object being painted). This is called "powder coating" an object.
• automotive application
As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid form in a gas
that is sprayed on an object. The paint sticks to the object. This is called "spray painting" an
object. A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together
both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted. Some
chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint molecules.
In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application using brushes, paint
rollers, blades, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.
Applicable for
Protection
Paint is used to protect objects from adverse effects of weather e.g.
- A coat of paint protects buildings and structures from the effects of water and the sun by
preventing water seepage and the effects of U.V. radiation which would otherwise make
the building and the structures rot and degrade.
- Metal structures are painted to prevent them from rusting.
Decoration
Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Paint decoration is an important industry. Painted
objects are more attractive and valuable.
Art
Paintings are pictures done in paint. Paintings are usually done on board, canvas or paper. Old
beautiful and famous paintings are very valuable.
Information
Paint is used to give information by means of painted signs. This include road lane marking,
street signs, warning signs, advertising signs to mention but a few.
The Manufacturing Process
Making the paste
- Pigment manufacturers send bags of fine grain pigments to paint plants. There, the
pigment is premixed with resin (a wetting agent that assists in moistening the pigment),
one or more solvents, and additives to form a paste.
Dispersing the pigment
- The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer paints is now routed into a sand
mill, a large cylinder that agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to grind the pigment
particles, making them smaller and dispersing them throughout the mixture. The mixture
is then filtered to remove the sand particles.
- Instead of being processed in sand mills, up to 90 percent of the water-based latex paints
designed for use by individual homeowners are instead processed in a high-speed
dispersion tank. There, the premixed paste is subjected to high-speed agitation by a
circular, toothed blade attached to a rotating shaft. This process blends the pigment into
the solvent.
Thinning the paste
- Whether created by a sand mill or a dispersion tank, the paste must now be thinned to
produce the final product. Transferred to large kettles, it is agitated with the proper
amount of solvent for the type of paint desired.
Canning the paint
- The finished paint product is then pumped into the canning room. For the standard 8 pint
(3.78 liter) paint can available to consumers, empty cans are first rolled horizontally onto
labels, then set upright so that the paint can be pumped into them. A machine places lids
onto the filled cans, and a second machine presses on the lids to seal them. From wire
that is fed into it from coils, a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before hooking
them into holes precut in the cans. A certain number of cans (usually four) are then boxed
and stacked before being sent to the warehouse.
Paint Innovations
Self-Cleaning Paint:
Dealing first with types of paint, the technology now available to scientists is helping them to
develop types of paint with new and highly useful properties.
Tech Times shows how a new ‘nanocoating’ — a paint made from coated titanium dioxide
nanoparticles — can actually help to create ‘self-cleaning’ waterproof surfaces.
The article quotes chemist Yao Liu, who explained: “Being waterproof allows materials to self-
clean as water forms marble-shaped droplets that roll over the surface, acting like miniature
vacuum cleaners picking up dirt, viruses and bacteria along the way.”
Developments such as this can clearly have a big impact on surfaces exposed to extremes, be
they indoor or outdoors.
PIGMENTS
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result
of wavelength-selective absorption.
Pigments are insoluble and are applied not as solutions but as finely ground solid particles mixed
with a liquid. In general, the same pigments are employed in oil- and water-based paints, printing
inks, and plastics.
Classification of pigments
Pigments may be organic or inorganic. The majority of inorganic pigments are brighter and
last longer than organic ones.
Organic pigments
Chlorophyll - is any of several closely related green pigments found
in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants .
Melanin - The pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color.
Rhodopsin - a biological pigment found in the rods of the retina and is a G-
protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Extremely sensitive to light, and thus enables
vision in low-light conditions.
Lycopene - a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical
found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.
Betanin - from red table beet root gives pink to red color.
Inorganic pigments
Earth pigments:
o Ochre - is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which
ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown.
o Umbers - is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that
contains iron oxide and manganese oxide. It's darker than the other similar
earth pigments.
o Green Earth - a mixture of hydrosilicate of Fe, Mg, Al, K, (mainly
minerals as celadonite and glauconite). Used since antiquity for
underpainting middle and shadow flesh tones.
o Caput Mortuum - also known as cardinal purple, is the name given to a
purple variety of haematite iron oxide pigment, used in oil paints and
paper dyes.
o Venetian Red - a reddish-brown pigment consisting of ferric oxide.
Mineral pigments:
o Malachite - bright green color made of mineral Malachite
o Vermillion - brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the
powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name of the resulting color.
o Lapis Lazuli - deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious
stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color
Some of the widely used colours in pharma are white, blue, red, yellow, green and brown.
Pharmaceutical colors manufacturers use colours made of natural or synthetic substances to
achieve the right formulation.
Printing Inks
Inorganic pigments used in ink are mainly the luminescent and pearlescent (nacreous)
types.
Luminescent pigments may either be the fluorescent type or the phosphorescent
type. The processes of fluorescence and phosphorescence differ in the time delays
involved between the absorption and emission of light. Semiconducting sulfides of
zinc and cadmium are examples of these pigments.
Pearlescent pigments are used in ink to obtain a pearl-like appearance. They mimic
the reflection mechanism in natural pearl. Pearl has multiple layers of calcium
carbonate and protein. Incident light undergoes multiple reflection between these
layers, resulting in the special appearance.
Cosmetics
It is the inorganic pigments that are popular with cosmetics but are subject to purity levels of
heavy metals.
RAW MATERIALS
Organic pigments are presently synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons. These are compounds
containing structures of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached that are formed in closed
rings.
INNOVATIONS
Leaf processing technology
In a process developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, leaves gathered in
gardens and parks are dried and ground, and compounds are extracted. The processing stages
were developed by VTT in laboratory experiments.
INDUSTRIAL COATINGS
Industrial coatings are products engineered specifically for their protective and functional
properties. But while protection is their underlying goal, they also can be aesthetic. Most
industrial coatings are used for corrosion control of concrete and steel, but they lie under a
complex market umbrella and work in numerous areas.
This is a type of coating that is designed to meet the highest industrial standards in
chemical and corrosion resistance. It is made from polymer substances, which provide the
toughest coatings. They are designed to offer corrosion protection in fasteners and steel pipes,
which hold gases, oils, water, wastewater, petrochemicals and for food processing equipment
that requires non-stick coating. It is also used in agricultural, automotive and construction
equipment.
RAW MATERIALS
• Curing agent-is sprayed on to a freshly poured concrete slab. This slows down
the curing process which can help prevent the concrete slab cracking. It is widely used in
the summer months.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
INNOVATION
Powder coating
Powder coating is a dry finishing process that has become extremely popular since its
introduction in North America over in the 1960s. Representing over 15% of the total industrial
finishing market, powder is used on a wide array of products. More and more companies specify
powder coatings for a high-quality, durable finish, allowing for maximized production, improved
efficiencies, and simplified environmental compliance.