1.

The most favorable condition for storing orthodox seeds is:

a. Dry and cool condition
b. Moist and cool condition
c. Dry and hot condition
d. Moist and hot condition

2. The removal of excess water from the soil is:

a. Drainage
b. Internal drainage
c. Surface drainage
d. Seepage
Surface drainage refers to the removal of surface water by development of the slope of the
land utilizing systems of drains to carry away the surplus water. In subsurface
drainage open ditches and tile fields intercept groundwater and carry it off. The water
enters the tiling through the joints, and drainage is achieved by gravity feed through the
tiles.
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is
normally accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches
discharge into larger and deeper collector drains. In order to facilitate the flow of excess
water toward the drains, the field is given an artificial slope by means of land grading.

3. The father of Genetics

a. Mendel
b. Bateson
c. Darwin
d. Weismann
Gregor Mendel, known as the "father of modern genetics," was born in Austria in 1822. A
monk, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his
monastery's garden.
Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of
inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one
from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance
in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He recognized the mathematical patterns of
inheritance from one generation to the next. Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually stated
as:
1) The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are
randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair.
Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in
fertilization.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately
from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of
another.
3) The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the
form that is dominant.
The genetic experiments Mendel did with pea plants took him eight years (1856-1863) and
he published his results in 1865. During this time, Mendel grew over 10,000 pea plants,
keeping track of progeny number and type. Mendel's work and his Laws of Inheritance
were not appreciated in his time. It wasn't until 1900, after the rediscovery of his Laws,
that his experimental results were understood.

William Bateson (8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English biologist who was the
first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief
populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de
Vries and Carl Correns
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist, geologist and
biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that
all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely
accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.
August Weismann, in full August Friedrich Leopold Weismann, (born January 17, 1834,
Frankfurt am Main—died November 5, 1914, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany), German
biologist and one of the founders of the science of genetics, who is best known for his
opposition to the doctrine of the inheritance of acquired traits and for his “germ plasm”
theory, the forerunner of DNA theory.

4. The genetic compound of the phenotypic value is composed of the following, except:
a. Additive gene effects
b. Dominance gene effect
c. Epistasis gene effect
d. Environment gene effect
 5. The following are the nonsense codons, expect:
a. UAG
b. AUG
c. UAA
d. UGA
An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON,
TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination
of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins.
A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.
A mutation that converts a sense codon (CODON) into a stop codon (CODON,
TERMINATOR) or an unassigned codon and leads to the formation of truncated proteins.
A codon that is not assigned to an amino acid and is not a stop codon (CODON,
TERMINATOR). Although they may lead to premature termination of
translation, unassigned codons do not bind translation release factors (PEPTIDE
TERMINATION FACTORS), as do stop codons.

6. When a plant experiences water stress, it conserves water by closing the stomata.
This is return effected by this plant hormone:
a. Ethylene
b. Abscissic acid
c. Cytokinin
d. Auxin
7. The common planting material for abaca
a. Tubers
b. Bulbs
c. Suckers
d. Rhizomes
8. These are field crops that belong to a special purpose classification:
a. Pulses
b. Tuber crops
c. Cover crops
d. None of the above
9. A method of irrigation that provides good wetting and applicable for leveled land:
a. Flooding
b. Drip irrigation
c. Spray nozzles
d. Capillary mat
A spray nozzle is a precision device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into a spray.
Nozzles are used for three purposes: to distribute a liquid over an area, to increase
liquid surface area, and create impact force on a solid surface. [1] A wide variety of
 spray nozzle applications use a number of spray characteristics to describe the
spray.[2]
Spray nozzles can be categorized based on the energy input used to
cause atomization, the breakup of the fluid into drops.[3][4] Spray nozzles can have
one or more outlets; a multiple outlet nozzle is known as a compound nozzle. Spray
nozzles range from heavy duty industrial uses to light duty spray cans or
spray bottles. [5]
Capillary watering fabric allows even distribution of water in a greenhouse from pot to pot,
prevents surface evaporation and and requires considerably less water than conventional
overhead irrigation systems.
The Capillary Mat is a lightweight, mildew-resistant fabric designed to first absorb, then
deliver water to the plants placed on the mat. Water is wicked quickly to plant roots,
providing a more efficient and effective means of watering. The non-woven, polyester
fabric is also reversible, allowing for a longer lifespan, and its light gray color allows for
excellent light reflection.

Flood irrigation is an ancient method of irrigating crops.  It was likely the first form of
irrigation used by humans as they began cultivating crops and is still one of the most
commonly used methods of irrigation used today.

Very simply, water is delivered to the field by ditch, pipe, or or some other means and
simply flows over the ground through the crop.  Although flood irrigation is an
effective method of irrigation it is certainly not efficient compared with other options. 
With flood irrigation it is generally assumed that only half of the water applied actually
ends up irrigating the crop[1].  The other half is lost to evaporation, runoff, infiltration of
uncultivated areas, and transpiration through the leaves of weeds.

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the
soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted
with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part
of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted (Figure 60), unlike surface and sprinkler
irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water,
applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this
provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.

10. Plants that require short darkness to flower are:

a. Long day plants
b. Day neutral plants
c. Short day plants
d. Dry season plants
11. Crops that could be propagated by crown suckers and slips.
a. Abaca
b. Pineapple
 c. Banana
d. Gabi
12. A rice floret has how many anthers?
a. 5
b. 11
c. 6
d. 15

     Stamen

 There are 6 stamens in each rice flower.

 Each stamen is composed of an anther and a filament.
 An anther includes 4 elongated sacs where pollen grains are stored.
 The filament is a long, thin stem that holds the anther.  The vascular bundles in the
filament transport nutrients and water to the anther.

                      
    

This is an anther after the pollen grains inside are released.

 

Here are some pictures of pollen grains.

 13. The point of view of a seed technology, a seed has germinated:
a. When the radicle has emerged
b. When the plumule has emerged
c. When both the radicle and the plumule have emerged
d. None of the above
14. This technology aims to conserve water through establishment of catchments:
a. Water harvesting
b. Chemigation
c. Trickle irrigation
d. Fertigation
Chemigation is the injection any chemical such as nitrogen, phosphorus or a pesticide into
irrigation water and applied to the land using the irrigation system. 
Watering harvesting means capturing rain water, where it falls and capture the runoff
from, catchment and streams etc. Generally, water harvesting is direct rainwater collection.
This collected water could be stored for later use and recharged into the ground water
again. Rain is primary water source lakes, ground water and rivers are the secondary water
source.
Fertigation is the injection of fertilizers, used for soil amendments, water amendments
and other water-soluble products into an irrigationsystem.

Fertigation is a method of fertilizer application in which fertilizer is incorporated within

the irrigation water by the drip system. In this system fertilizer solution is distributed
evenly in irrigation. The availability of nutrients is very high therefore the efficiency is
more. In this method liquid fertilizer as well as water soluble fertilizers are used. By this
method, fertilizer use efficiency is increased from 80 to 90 per cent.

15. A seed is considered alive in the tetrazolium test when the:

a. Whole seed is stained
b. Radicle portion is not stained but the rest of the seed is
c. Plumule portion is not stained but the rest of the seed is
d. Half the seed is stained
16. Plants that require support or that creep along the ground
a. Herbs
b. Vines
c. Shrubs
d. Trees
Herbs are plants with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and
garnishing food, medicinal purposes, or for fragrances; excluding vegetables and other
plants consumed for macronutrients. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from
spices.
Vine. plant. Alternative Titles: climber, climbing plant. Vine, Plant whose stem requires
support and that climbs by tendrils or twining or creeps along the ground, or the stem of
such a plant. 
A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs
have persistent woody stems above the ground. They are distinguished from trees by their
multiple stems and shorter height, and are usually under 6 m tall.
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches
and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower,
including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or
plants above a specified height
17. In cleft grafting the wedge is located at the:
a. Scion
b. Top of the scion
c. Root stock
d. Above the scion
18. Technology or process that ensures adequate protection and safe delivery of a
produce form the producers to the consumers:
a. Trucking
b. Packaging
c. Bundling
d. Handling

19. Legumes crops plowed under the soil at flowering stage to increase soil
productivity.
a. Soiling crops
b. Green manure crops
c. Cover crops
d. Silage crops
20. Inarching is also known as
a. Grafting by approach
b. Marcotting
c. Layering
d. Serpentine
21. In the wet bed method of raising rice seedlings, how many square meters of seedbed
is needed to sow a bag of palay to plant one hectare?
a. 200 sq. m
b. 400 sq. m
 c. 300 sq. m
d. 500 sq. m
22. In rice, the best time of the day to conduct emasculation is:
a. In the morning
b. In the afternoon
c. At noon time
d. Anytime of the day
23. The breeding method which may involve bringing a species or variety into an area
and using it without change or additional breeding methods is called:
a. Hybridization
b. Introduction
c. Pedigree selection
d. Pureline selection
24. The loss of water from the plant’s leaves in the form of water vapor:
a. Evaporation
b. Drainage
c. Transpiration
d. Seepage
25. The general critical period water, needs by legumes is during:
a. Head development
b. Silking and tasseling
c. Pod development and enlargement
d. Root and tuber setting and enlargement
26. An aggregate fruit is derived from one flower with several ovaries. An example of an
aggregate fruit is:
a. Atis
b. Orange
c. Jackfruit
d. Lanzones
27. A natural source of water for plant’s use:
a. Flood
b. Typhoon
c. Rain
d. Sea water
28. Is the phenomena that after a number of subcultures, cells can grow without the
addition of hormones, although this was originally necessary:
a. Habituation
b. Acclimatization
c. Adaption
d. Maturation
29. An undesirable phenomenon that sometimes develops in culture appearing as
overly succulent, crisp water-logged or glassy tissue:
 a. Vitification
b. Degradation
c. Oxidation
d. Retardation
Vitrification in plant tissue cultures means that the tissue being cultured
develops a sort of ‘glassy’ appearance. Instead of the usual green colour of plant
tissue, it may appear discoloured. Its growth seems to be slowed down too. It is
observed that plant tissues show signs of vitrification when they are kept within
the same container (bottles or test tubes or flasks) over long time periods
(several weeks to few months) without doing the ‘sub-culturing’ which is usually
done typically over a 3–4 weeks cycle.

The reasons include low calcium content in culture medium, gas builtup within
the container, High concentrations of salts in culture medium, low light intensity
among others.

Each reason has to be traced back and has to be tackled separately. Subculturing
onto a fresh medium would take care of many of these. In case you do not want
to subculture immediately you can simply ‘change the air’ within the container
by opening it up inside the laminar air flow and let it get filled with fresh air. But
this is a temporary solution till the next subculture.

30. Decarboxylation of malate in the leaves in the leaves of corn takes place in the:
a. Cytosol of mesophyll cells
b. Cytosol of the bundle sheath cells
c. Mitochondrion of the bundle sheath cells
d. Peroxisome
31. A large-scale type of vegetable production:
a. Market gardening
b. Truck gardening
c. Home gardening
d. Backyard gardening
A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers
as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants
It is the method of growing special vegetable crops in relatively large quantities for distant
markets by the employment of intensive methods in this method of gardening there is.
Comparatively less intensive cultivation and land values are also lower than market
gardening. The development of national highways in India and efficient motor truck
facilities is recent years has helped his considerably. Truck farming becomes prosperous in
those regions where climate, soil and other factors of production assure better yields than
the average, and where labour is cheap. Through truck fanning vegetable surplus in one
region can be better disposed of in those areas where there is a shortage of vegetables.
Onion from Nasik and green chills from UP. are available in Gwalior during early summer
season due to this .Better storage facilities are not available, everywhere in India and this
affects considerably the truck gardening.
 
In gardens, ornamental plants are often grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall
appearance; useful plants, such as root vegetables, leaf vegetables, fruits, and herbs, are
grown for consumption, for use as dyes, or for medicinal or cosmetic use. Gardening is
considered by many people to be a relaxing activity.
A back garden is a residential garden located at the rear of a property, on the other side of
the house from the front garden. Such gardens have a special place in English suburban and
gardening culture. A back garden arises when the main building divides the surrounding
gardens into two.
32. The study of the interactions and relationships between the organisms and their
environment:
a. Biology
b. Ecology
c. Botany
d. Zoology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical
structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms,
development and evolution.
Ecology is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their
environment. Objects of study include interactions of organisms that include biotic and
abiotic components of their environment.
Botany, also called plant science, plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and
a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in
this field.
Zoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure,
embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and
extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems
33. Net assimilation rate is sometimes referred to as:
a. Photosynthesis
b. Crop growth rate
c. Unit leaf rate
d. Specific growth rate
34. Cells containing nucleus of one specie but cytoplasm from both the parental species:
a. Cybrids
 b. Transgenic
c. Hybrids
d. Symmetric hybrids
A cytoplasmic hybrid is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a
cytoplast. 
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a
number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction
of a transgene has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism.
 a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of
different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not
always intermediates between their parents (such as in blending inheritance), but can
show hybrid vigour, sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent
Symmetric hybrids are defined as consisting of complete sets of chromosomes from both
the parents

35. During drought conditions, monocot leaves roll their leaves in order to prevent
excessive loss of water. This rolling phenomenon occurs as a result of specialized
large epidermal cells that become flaccid during drought are called:
a. Bulliform cells
b. Subsidiary cells
c. Guards cells
d. Trichomes
36. Production of various organs such as root, shoot, etc. from cells and tissue cultures
is known as
a. Organogenesis
b. Megagametogenesis
c. Adventiseous
d. Gametogenesis
37. The deadly disease of unborn infants caused by high nitrate levels in drinking water
is:
a. Methemoglobinema
b. Diarrhea
c. Cancer
d. Nitrate toxicity
38. Kangkong, ampalaya, and camote tops are easily chewed because of the absence of
absence of supporting and strengthening tissue called:
a. Parenchyma
b. Sclerenchyma
c. Collenchyma
 d. Chlorenchyma
39. A critical phase in the production of sugarcane because improper and untimely
application of this activity will result in substantial losses in sugar:
a. Transplanting
b. Irrigation
c. Harvesting
d. Storage

40. The ratio of genotypic variance to the total variance is termed as:
a. Genetic advance
b. Repeatability
c. Heritability
d. Combining
41. The phenomenon of a single major gene affecting more than one character is known
as:
a. Pleiotropy
b. Expressivity
c. Penetrance
d. Isogenic
42. The commercial species processed for bast fiber are:
a. Manguey and pineapple
b. Kenaf and jute
c. Silk worm
d. Hemp and abaca
Natural Bast Fibers are strong, cellulosic fibers obtained from the phloem or outer
bark of jute, kenaf, flax and hemp plants.
They are annually renewable crops, growing in 90 to 100 days. The fiber is around the
outside of the plant and comprises one-third of the weight. The center (core) resembles
balsa wood and has many uses, including animal bedding and oil absorbants. In India and
Bangladesh, it is mostly used as firewood.
Unlike synthetic fibers, bast fibers are made up of bundles of fibers. These bundles are
broken down mechanically or chemically to achieve the fineness required. The degree of
this breakdown, in turn, dictates their end use.
43. This is the mucilage or waxy materials surrounding some seeds and which causes
physical dormancy
a. Exodermis
b. Sarco-testa
c. Seed coat
d. Sap
44. Rapid cooling to produce soon after harvest within 48 hours or less to a desired
transit temperature:
a. Cold storage
b. Pre-cooling
c. Processing
d. Top icing
45. A machine that completes harvesting operations by culling, conveying that cut
materials into the threshing unit, threshing, cleaning of threshold material and
conveying the grain container or into sacks in one pass:
a. Reaper-windrowers
b. Combine
c. Reaper-binder
d. Stripper-harvesters
46. In the xylem tissue of flowering plants, the major water-conducting cells are the
_________.
a. Vessels
b. Sieve tubes
c. Tracheids
d. Sieve cells
47. Peanut is ready for harvest when the leaves remain green, pods are full and rim, and
at __ days after planting.
a. 90-100
b. 60-70
c. 75-90
d. 110-120
48. The bending or cuvature (or an organ) cuased by a differential growth when the
adaxial or morphological upper side of an organ grows more rapidly than the
abaxial or morphological lower side of the organ and is always associated with high
ethylene concentration:
a. Hyponasty
b. Thigmonasty
c. Ephinasty
d. Thermonasty
49. The grand phase of growth is known as _.
a. Logarithmic phase
b. Exponential phase
c. Linear phase
d. Declining phase
50. The basic unit of plant classification:
a. Species
b. Order
c. Family
d. Genus