100 Solved Problems in Algebra,

Trigonometry, and Statisti s

By: Te hie Math Tea her

August 6, 2014

Prefa e:

This proje t is espe ially made for tea hers, students, trainers, and parents that are

preparing for Math Challenge. Any omments, suggestions, violent rea tions,

orre tions an be done by onta ting me through email at

te hiemathtea hergmail. om.

Thanks to Geogebra software for making the gures available and Lyx for

do umentations.

Dis laimer:

Te hie Math Tea her is not aliated with MTAP. Use this material as a supple-

ment in preparation of the up oming nationwide MMC. This le is arefully made

to its a ura y but I am just a human and an also make a mistake.

Term of Use:

It took months for me to omplete this book. This PDF le is prote ted by

a opyright. It is unlawful to redistribute this book without permission from the

owner. Pro eeds of the book is for domain renewal of its main website.

Main Sour e: te hiemathtea her. om

1
1. What is the greatest integer fun tion of 3.5?
Solution:

Greatest integer fun tion (GIF) of 2.1 is 2. GIF of 4.2 is 4. The GIF of 3.5 is 3.
2. Find the equation of the line passing through (3, 4) and parallel to the line

2x − 3y = 12.
Solution 1: Long Method

2
The slope of parallel lines are the same, the slope of 2x − 3y = 12 is .
3

1
Solving for the equation of parallel line

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

2
y − 4 = (x − 3)
3

3y − 12 = 2x − 6

2x − 3y + 6 = 0

Solution 2: Using short ut as stated in the footer

ax + by = ax1 + by1

(2)x + (−3)y = (2)(3) + (−3)(4)

2x − 3y = 6 − 12

2x − 3y + 6 = 0
1 Given an equation ax + by + c = 0, the equation of parallel line passing through (x1 , y1 ) is
ax + by = ax1 + by1

2
3. Find the equation of the line passing (−3, 4) and has a y-inter ept of 10.
Solution:

The equation of the line in slope-inter ept form is y = mx + b. Where m is the

slope and b is the y-inter ept.

We an just easily solve for the slope of the line by substitution using the latter

equation.

y = mx + b

4 = m(−3) + 10

−3m = −6

m=2

Solving for equation of the line,

y = mx + b

y = 2x + 10

4. Find the angle made by the line 2x − 2y − 5 = 0 with the x-axis?

Solution:

The angle θ made by the line 2x − 2y − 5 = 0 is dened by the equation tanθ = m.

Where m is the slope of the given line.

Solving for the slope we have,

2x − 2y − 5 = 0

2y = 2x − 5

3
 5
y =x−
2

In the equation of the line y = mx + b, m is the slope of the line. Thus m = 1.

Solving for the angle,

tanθ = m

tanθ = 1

θ = tan−1 1

θ = 45º

2
5. Find the equation of the line through (2, 1) and perpendi ular to the line x−
2y − 4 = 0.

Solution 1: Long method

The produ t of the slope of two perpendi ular lines is −1.

1
The slope of the given line is . Multiplying it by its negative re ipro al will give
2
us −2. This will be the slope of the line we are looking for.

Using the slope-inter ept form we have,

y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

y − 1 = −2(x − 2)

y − 1 = −2x + 4

2x + y − 5 = 0
2 The equation of the line through (x1 , y1 ) and perpendi ular to given line ax + by + c = 0 is
bx − ay = bx1 − ay1

4
Solution 2: Short ut method

bx − ay = bx1 − ay1

(−2)x − (1)y = (−2)(2) − (1)(1)

−2x − y = −5

2x + y − 5 = 0

6. Find the equation of the line with −2 and 3 as its x and y-inter epts respe tively.

Solution:

Given the x and y inter epts of a line, the equation an be obtained using the

following formula, Where a and b are the x and y -inter epts of the line respe tively.

x y
+ =1
a b
x y
+ =1
−2 3

3x − 2y = −6

or

3x − 2y + 6 = 0.

7. Whi h of the following is/are fun tion/s?

a.) x2 − y = 2 b.) x2 − y 2 = 16 .) xy = 9 d.) x2 − 2x = y 2

Solution:

The method used to determine if the equation is a fun tion is by doing a Verti al

line test. A test made by interse ting a verti al line to the graph of given equation.

5
If the verti al line drawn interse ts the graph at only one point. Then that is a

fun tion.

The best way to answer this question though is being familiar of the graph of an

equation.

a.x2 − y = 2 is a parabola, learly that is a fun tion.

b.x2 − y 2 = 16 is a hyperbola, that is not a fun tion.

c.xy = 9 is like a graph of logarithmi equation, that's a fun tion.

d.x2 − 2x = y 2 is a graph of hyperbola, that isn't a fun tion.

So the answer must be a and c.

√
8. What is the domain of y= x − 2?
Solution:

On e there is a square root symbol involved. The radi and must be non-negative,

in this ase x − 2 ≥ 0.
Thus, the domain is x ≥ 2. In interval form, [2, +∞).
9. What is the domain of x2 + y 2 = 36?
Solution 1: By onstru tion

Graphi ally, this is a ir le with enter at (0, 0) and has a radius of 6 units.

You an draw the a ir le with that information and it is easy to see that the

domain is −6 ≤ x ≤ 6 or the interval [−6, 6].

Solution2: Algebrai manipulation

Solve for y in terms of x

x2 + y 2 = 36

√
y = ± 36 − x2

6
 36 − x2 ≥ 0 X

x2 − 36 ≤ 0

(x − 6)(x + 6) ≤ 0

Thus, the domain is −6 ≤ x ≤ 6 or [−6, 6] in interval form.

10. What is the range of y = x2 − 3x + 1?

The range of quadrati equation y = ax2 + bx + c an be solved using the formula,

4ac − b2
y≥ if a>0
4a
4ac − b2
y≤ if a<0
4a

Sin e a>0 we have

4(1)(1) − (−32 )
y≥
4(1)
4−9
y≥
4
5
y≥−
4
5 5
Thus, the range is y≥− , or in interval form [− , +∞)
4 4
11. Find the vertex and the equation of axis of symmetry of the fun tion f (x) =
3x2 − 2x + 4.

Solution:

The vertex (h, k) of quadrati fun tion f (x) = ax2 +bx+c is given by the following
formula,

−b 4ac − b2
h= ,k=
2a 4a

Solving for the oordinate of h

−b
h=
2a
7
 −(−2)
h=
2(3)

1
h=
3

Solving for oordinate of k

4ac − b2
k=
4a
4(3)(4) − (−22 )
k=
4(3)

11
k=
3

The equation of the axis of symmetry an be al ulated using the formula below,

2ax + b = 0

2(3)x + (−2) = 0

6x − 2 = 0 or 3x − 1 = 0

1 11
Therefore the vertex is at ( , ) and the equation of the axis of symmetry is
3 3
3x − 1 = 0.
12. What is the range of fun tion f (x) = 2x − 1 in the interval {x| − 5 ≤ x ≤ 6}?
Solution:

The interval {x| − 5 ≤ x ≤ 6} means that the graph of the given fun tion will be

graph this interval. Meaning, we an graph the given fun tion in the shaded plane

below.

8
If x = −5,

f (x) = 2x − 1

f (x) = 2(−5) − 1

f (x) = −11

If x = 6,

f (x) = 2x − 1

f (x) = 2(6) − 1

f (x) = 11

9
 Therefore, the range of the fun tion f (x) = 2x − 1 in −5 ≤ x ≤ 6 is {y| − 11 ≤
y ≤ 11} or the interval [−11, 11].
13. For what values of k does the fun tion f (x) = 2x2 −kx+ 8 has a real and distin t
roots?

Solution:

For a fun tion to have a real and distin t root, the dis riminant (D) of the

fun tion must be greater than 0.

D>0

b2 − 4ac > 0

k 2 − 4(2)(8) > 0

k 2 − 64 > 0

(k − 8)(k + 8) > 0

k>8 or k < −8

In interval form, (−∞, −8) ∪ (8, +∞)

14. Find the solution set of x2 − 5x + 4 > 0?

Solution:

x2 − 5x + 4 > 0

(x − 4)(x − 1) > 0

x>4 or x<1

in interval form,
r (−∞, 1) ∪ (4, +∞)
√
q p
15. Simplify 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
Solution: r
√
q p
Let x= 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 + ...

10
 r
√
q p
x= 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...

Squaring both sides we have,

r !2
√
q p
x2 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...

√
q p
x2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
r
√
q p
2
x −2= 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...
r
√
q p
But x= 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 + ...

x2 − 2 = x

x2 − x − 2 = 0

(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0

x = 2,x = −1

−1 is an extraneous root, hen e 2 is the only solution.

√
16. Find a quadrati equation with integral oe ients if one of the roots is 2− 3.
Solution:

The other root of the equation must be the onjugate of the given root, hen e
√
the other root is 2+ 3. I know you have your own solution, but here is the fastest

solution for me.

√
x=2± 3

√
x−2= ± 3

√
(x − 2)2 = (± 3)2

11
 x2 − 4x + 4 = 3

x2 − 4x + 1 = 0

17. Find an equation with integral oe ients whose roots are twi e the roots of

f (x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1.
Solution:

Let y be the roots of the new equation. Sin e x is the root of given equation, the
y
roots of the new equation must be y = 2x whi h an also be written as x=
2

Substitute this to the given equation.

3x2 − 2x + 1 = 0

y y
3( )2 − 2( ) + 1 = 0
2 2
3y 2
−y+1= 0
4

3y 2 − 4y + 1 = 0

Drop y and hange it to x

3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 or f (x) = 3x2 − 4x + 1

 2  
8 8
18. Solve for x in x− −9 x− + 14 = 0.
x x
Solution:

This is another type of quadrati equation in a whole new level.

8
let y =x− , this will redu e the equation to
x

y 2 − 9y + 14 = 0

(y − 2)(y − 7) = 0

12
 y = 2,y = 7

If y = 2,

8
y = x−
x
8
2= x−
x
8
2x = x(x − )
x

2x = x2 − 8

x2 − 2x − 8 = 0

(x − 4)(x + 2) = 0

x = 4, x = −2

If y = 7,

8
y = x−
x
8
7= x−
x
8
7x = x(x − )
x

7x = x2 − 8

x2 − 7x − 8 = 0

(x − 8)(x + 1) = 0

x = 8, x = −1

Thus x = −1, −2, 4, 8

19. If x−2 is a fa tor of P (x) = 3x3 − 2x2 − kx − 2.What is the value of k?
Solution:

13
By fa tor theorem, if P (r) = 0, r is a root of P (x).

Sin e x−2 is a fa tor of P (x).P (2) = 0.

P (2) = 3(2)3 − 2(2)2 − 2k − 2

0 = 3(2)3 − 2(2)2 − 2k − 2

2k − 14 = 0

k=7

20. What is the remainder when x2014 − 2 is divided by x2 − 1?

Solution:

Sin e the divisor is in se ond degree, the remainder must be linear in the form of

ax + b. Let P (x) be the polynomial, D(x) be the divisor, in this ase, x2 − 1 or

(x − 1)(x + 1).

P (x) = Q(x) · D(x) + R(x)

x2014 − 2 = Q(x) · (x − 1)(x + 1) + ax + b

Let x = 1,

(1)2014 − 2 = D(1) · (1 − 1)(1 + 1) + a(1) + b

1−2 =0+a+b

a + b = −1 (1)

Let x = −1

14
 x2014 − 2 = D(x) · (x − 1)(x + 1) + ax + b

(−1)2014 − 2 = D(−1) · (−1 − 1)(−1 + 1) + a(−1) + b

−1 = 0 − a + b

b − a = −1 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,

a + b = −1

+b −a=−

2b = −2

b = −1

Solving for a,

From (1),

a + (b) = −1

a + (−1) = −1

a=0

Sin e ax + b is the remainder and a = 0 and b = −2, The remainder is (0)x − 2 =

−2.
x2 + 4x + 1 3 7x + 3
21. If
2
= , what is the value ?
x − 3x − 2 4 x2 − 3x − 2
Solution:
a c a−b c−d
From the property of ratio and proportion, if = , then = ,
b d b d
2 2
Noti e that 7x + 3 = x + 4x + 1 − (x − 3x − 2)

15
 x2 + 4x + 1 x2 + 4x + 1 − (x2 − 3x − 2)
=
x2 − 3x − 2 x2 − 3x − 2

3−4 −1
=
4 4
x 2 x−y
22. If = , nd the value of ?
y 3 x+y
Solution:

a c a−b c−d
From the property of proportion, if = , then =
b d a+b c+d
x−y 2−3 −1
= =
x+y 2+3 5

23. Fa tor ompletely: x4 + 4y 4

Solution:

Using the te hnique alled Simon's Favorite Fa toring Te hnique (SFFT), add

and subtra t 4x2 y 2 to the expression

= x4 + 4y 4 + 4x2 y 2 − 4x2 y 2 adding

4x2 y 2and
4 4 2 2 2 2
= x + 4y + 4x y − 4x y
sub-

= x4 + 4x2 y 2 + 4x4 − 4x2 y 2 tra ting

4x2 y 2is
2 2 2 2
= (x + 2y ) − (2xy)
just like

= (x2 + 2y 2 − 2xy)(x2 + 2y 2 + 2xy) adding

0, it
24. Fa tor ompletely, 6x2 + 12xy + 6y 2 + 5x + 5y − 4.
annot
Solution:
hange

We an rewrite the expression in the following manner, the

equa-
6(x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) + 5(x + y) − 4
tion.

= 6(x + y)2 + 5(x + y) − 4

16
 this is a quadrati equation in x+y
For you not to be onfused, let m = x + y. That redu es the above expression to

6m2 + 5m − 4. By fa toring,

6m2 + 5m − 4 = (3m + 4)(2m − 1)

Putting ba k x+y in m to the expression we have

(3(x + y) + 4)(2(x + y) − 1)

= (3x + 3y + 4)(2x + 2y − 1)

25. Find the range of the fun tion f (x) = 3x + 8

Solution:

By assigning values to x and observing the value of y, we an determine the range

of fun tion.

x y

2 17

1 11

0 9

−1 8 31

−2 8 91

If we ontinue assigning the value of x to negative innity, the value of y will just

go lower and lower but will never approa h 8.

Thus the range of the given exponential fun tion is {y|y > 8}or in interval symbol

(8, +∞).

17
 3x + 3x+1
26. Simplify:
3x
Solution:

By fa toring out 3x in the numerator,

3x (1 + 3)
3x

Can el out 3x ,we only have 4 left.

−2
2x−2 y 4 z −3

27. Simplify and express to its positive exponent
3−4 x4 y −3 z −4
Solution:

Just a tip, all terms with negative exponent will hange its position. The numer-

ator with negative exponent will go to the denominator and the denominator with

negative exponent will go to the numerator.

−2
2x−2 y 4z −3


3−4 x4 y −3 z −4
−2
2 · 34 · y 4 · y 3 · z 4

=
x4 · x2 · z 3

−2
162y 7z 4

=
x6 z 3
−2
162y 7z

=
x6
2
x6

=
162y 7z

x12
=
26224y 14z 2
1
28. Solve for x in the equation, 2x + 2x + 2x + 2x = .
16
Solution:

There are 4 2x so we an ombine them and our equation will redu e to

1
4 · 2x =
16

18
 22 · 2x = 2−4

2x+2 = 2−4

x + 2 = −4

x = −6

1
29. Solve for x: 3·( ) = 32x+1
3x
Solution:

3
= 32x+1
3x

31−x = 32x+1

1 − x = 2x + 1

x=0

30. What is the inverse of y = e3x − 1?

Solution:

The prin iple of inverse fun tion is to inter hange x and y and solve for y.

y = e3x − 1

Inter hanging x and y we have,

x = e3y − 1

e3y = x + 1

Applying ln both sides of equation we have,

ln(e3y ) = ln(x + 1)

3ylne = ln(x + 1)

19
 but lne = 1,

3y = ln(x + 1)

ln(x + 1)
y=
3

30. Find the domain of the fun tion f (x) = log2 (x − 4).
Solution:

We know that logb a only exist if a>0 and b > 1. Sin e b = 2, there is no problem

with that. So x−4> 0 is the only ondition that we need to satisfy.

Thus the domain is x−4 >0 or x > 4. In interval form, (4, ∞)

31. Find the domain of log3 (9 − x2 ).

Solution:

As explained previously, 9 − x2 > 0 for the logarithm to exist.

9 − x2 > 0 → x2 − 9 < 0.

(x − 3)(x + 3) < 0

−3 < x < 3

In interval form, (−3, 3).

32. Between what two integers does the value of x will satisfy the equation xx = 5?
Solution:

The best solution here is by trial and error.

Let x = 2, 22 = 4.

Let x = 3, 33 = 9

20
Therefore, the value of x is between 2 and 3.

33. For what values of x is the graph of fun tion f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2 is below x-axis?

Solution:

The graph of fun tion is below x-axis if f (x) < 0.

f (x) < 0

x2 − 3x + 2 < 0

(x − 2)(x − 1) < 0

1<x<2

or the interval (1, 2)

34. Find the solution set of the inequality x2 − 2x − 8 > 0.
Solution:

By fa toring,

x2 − 2x − 8 > 0

(x − 4)(x + 2) > 0

to make the senten e real, the solution set must be x>4 or x < −2. In interval

form, (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, +∞)

(x3 )(y 2 )
35. Given log2 x = p, log2 y = q, log2 z = r . What is the value of log2 √
3
in
z2
terms of p, q,and r?
Solution:

We an expand the logarithmi expression as follows,

(x3 )(y 2 )
log2 √
3
z2

21
 √
= log2 x3 + log2 y 2 − log2
3
z2

2
= 3 log2 x + 2 log2 y − log2 z 3

2
= 3 log2 x + 2 log2 y − log2 z
3
2r
= 3p + 2q −
3
9p + 6q − 2r
=
3

36. Given log 4 = p, log 5 = q, log 7 = r , what is the value of log 1600 + log7 20?

Solution:

Using the laws of logarithm, we an rewrite the log 1600 + log7 20 in the following

manner,

log 1600 + log7 20

= log(43 · 52 ) + log7 (4 · 5)

= log 43 + log 52 + log7 4 + log7 5

log 4 log 5
= 3 log 4 + 2 log 5 + +
log 7 log 7
p q
= 3p + 2q + +
r r
p+q
= 3p + 2q +
r

or

3pr + 2qr + p + q
=
r

37. Solve for x : log2 (2x + 1) + log2 (2x − 1) = 1

Solution:

22
Using laws of logarithm, we an rewrite the equation as follows,

log2 (2x + 1) + log2 (2x − 1) = 1

= log2 (2x + 1)(2x − 1) = 1

3
Convert the logarithm to its exponential form ,

(2x + 1)(2x − 1) = 21

4x2 − 1 = 2

4x2 = 3

3
x2 =
4
r
3
x=
4
√
3
x=±
2
√
3
By qui k he k, the only solution is , the other root is extraneous.
2
x x
38. Find the value of x : 3 = 2

Solution:

We onsider this equation as trivial. Using logarithm we an solve the equation

as follows,

3x = 2x

By applying logarithm to both sides we have,

log 3x = log 2x

4
x log 3 = x log 2
3 log = z ↔ xz = y
xy
4 log xn = n log x

23
 x log 3 − x log 2 = 0

x(log 3 − log 2) = 0

x=0

39. Find the value of x : log x4 = (log x)2 + 4

Solution:

Using the power rule of logarithm, we an rewrite the equation as follows,

5
(log x)2 − 4 log x + 4 = 0

Let a = log x

a2 − 4a + 4 = 0

(a − 2)2 = 0

a=2

a = log x

2 = log x

102 = x

x = 100

40. Find the sum of all possible values of x in the equation P (x) = 9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4
Solution :

Let a, b, c be the roots of this equation. Then the following relation is true.

(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) = 9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4

5 (log x)2 6= 2 log x

24
 6
LHS :

(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) = x3 − (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + ac + bc)x − abc

7
RHS :

5 2 4
9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4 = x3 − x2 + x +
9 9 9

By omparison we have,

x3 − (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + ac + bc)x − abc = 9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4

5 2 4
= x3 − x2 + x +
9 9 9

Sin e a, b, c are the roots, it is lear that the sum of the roots is the oe ient of

x2 in the LHS, thus the sum of the roots is

5
−(a + b + c) = −
9
5
a+b+c=
9

8 3
41. Rationalize √ √
3+ 2
Solution:

Multiply the denominator and numerator by the the onjugate of denominator

√ √
3 3− 2
=√ √ ·√ √
3+ 2 3− 2
√ √
3( 3 − 2)
= √ √ √ √
( 3 + 2)( 3 − 2)

Observe that the denominator is in the form of sum and dieren e of two squares

(a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2
6 LHS means Left Hand Side
7 RHS means Right Hand Side
8 rationalize means make the denominator a rational number

25
 √ √
3( 3 − 2)
= √ √
( 3)2 − ( 2)2
√ √
3( 3 − 2)
=
3−2
√ √
=3 3−3 2

1
42. Rationalize the denominator: p√ √
2+ 3
Solution:

To rationalize the denominator, we need rst to eliminate the outer radi al.

p√ √
1 2+ 3
= p√ √ · p√ √
2+ 3 2+ 3
p√ √
2+ 3
= p√ √
( 2 + 3)2
p√ √
2+ 3
= √ √
2+ 3

Now, it is time to multiply it by the denominator's onjugate,

p√ √ √ √
2+ 3 3− 2
= √ √ ·√ √
2+ 3 3− 2
p√ √ √ √
2+ 3· 3− 2
= √ √
( 3)2 − ( 2)2
p√ √ √ √
2+ 3· 3− 2
=
3−2
p√ √ √ √
= 2 + 3 · ( 3 − 2)

1
43. Find the value of x4 + , if x2 − 4x − 1 = 0.
x4
Solution:

Rearrange x2 − 4x − 1 = 0 as follows,

x2 − 4x − 1 = 0

26
 x2 − 1 = 4x

Divide both sides of equation by x,

x2 − 1 4x
=
x x
1
x− =4
x

Squaring both sides we have,

1
(x − )2 = 42
x
1 1
x2 − 2(x)( ) + 2 = 16
x x
1
x2 − 2 + = 16
x2
1
x2 + = 18
x2

Square both sides again,

1 2
(x2 + 2
) = 182
x
1 1
x4 + 2 · x2 · 2
+ 4 = 324
x x
1
x4 + 2 + = 324
x4
1
x4 + = 322
x4

44. Find the sum of the squares of two numbers if the square of their sum is 24 and

their produ t is 6.
Solution:

Let x, y are the numbers. From the given above we have the following quantities,

(x + y)2 = 24 and xy = 6

27
We are ask to nd x2 + y 2

We know that

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y 2

x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 − 2xy

But (x + y)2 = 24 and xy = 6

x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 − 2xy

x2 + y 2 = 24 − 2(6)

x2 + y 2 = 12

45. The remainder when a polynomial P (x) is divided by x − 1 is 3, when divided by

x + 2 the remainder is 2. What is the remainder when P (x) is divided by x2 + x − 2?

Solution:

Let D(x) be the divisor, Q(x) be the quotient, and R(x) be the remainder.

We an write the given expression with the following relation,

P (x) = Q(x) · D(x) + R(x)

The degree of remainder is 1 less than the degree of the divisor. Sin e the divisor

is quadrati , the remainder must be linear.

Let remainder R(x) = Ax + B

P (x) = Q(x) · D(x) + Ax + B

P (x) = Q(x) · (x2 + x − 2) + Ax + B

28
 P (x) = Q(x) · (x + 2)(x − 1) + Ax + B

From remainder theorem, if a polynomial P (x) is divided by x − r , P (r) is a

remainder.

It is stated that P (x) when divided by x − 1 the remainder P (1) = 3. Also, from

the same argument P (−2) = 2.

P (x) = Q(x) · (x + 2)(x − 1) + Ax + B

Let x=1

P (1) = Q(1)(1 + 2)(1 − 1) + A(1) + B

P (1) = Q(1)(1 + 2)(0) + A(1) + B

But P (1) = 3 and 1−1=0

3=A+B (3)

Let x = −2

P (x) = Q(x) · (x + 2)(x − 1) + Ax + B

P (−2) = Q(−2) · (−2 + 2)(−2 − 1) + A(−2) + B

P (−2) = Q(−2) · (0)(−2 − 1) + A(−2) + B

But P (−2) = 2 and −2 + 2 = 0

2 = −2A + B (4)

Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously we have,

29
 3=A+B

-2 = −2A + B

1 = 3A

1
A=
3

From (3)

A+B =3

B =3−A

1
B = 3−
3
8
B=
3
1 8
Substitute this A and B to Ax + B we have x+
3 3
2
46. If (3, k) is on the graph of fun tion f (x) = x − 6x + 9. What is k?
Solution:

f (3) = k

x2 − 6x + 9 = k

32 − 6(3) + 9 = k

k=0

47. Find the domain of |x − 16| < 12.

Solution:

In this form of absolute value, if we remove the absolute value symbol we have,

−12 < x − 16 < 12

30
 −12 + 16 < x < 12 + 16

4 < x < 28

In interval form, (4, 28)

48. The line 2x + 3y = 4 and ir le x2 + y 2 = 64 interse ts at points A and B . What

is the slope of the line AB?

Solution:

By drafting the diagram, it is easy to see that the slope of the original line and the

line AB is the same sin e the line 2x + 3y = 4 ontains AB .

2
mAB = −
3
The same result is obtain if we solve for the point of interse tions and solving for

the slope using two points.

49.What is the maximum value of the fun tion f (x) = x − 3x2 + 1?

Solution:

The maximum value of the quadrati fun tion is the ordinate of the vertex whi h

is also known as k.

31
 4ac − b2
k=
4a
4(−3)(1) − 12
k=
4(−3)
13
k=
12

50. Solve for x : x + x2 + x3 + ... = 4 in the interval (0, 1)

Solution:

The interval means that 0 < x < 1.

Using the formula of the sum of innite geometri progression,

a1
Sn =
1−r

Where a1 is the rst term and r is the ommon ratio between 0 and 1

The given expression x + x2 + x3 + ... forms a geometri sum of innite series with

a1 = x and a ommon ratio of r = x. It is also stated that 0 < x < 1. Thus, it

satises the ondition of progression.

a1
x + x2 + x3 + ... =
1−r
x
x + x2 + x3 + ... = =4
1−x
x
=4
1−x

x = 4(1 − x)

x = 4 − 4x

5x = 4

4
x=
5
32
51. A point P is hosen inside the square ABCD su h that AP = 4,BP = 8,P C = 7.
How long is P D?
Solution:

Using British Flag Theorem we have,

P A2 + P C 2 = P D 2 + P B 2

42 + 72 = P D 2 + 82

P D 2 = 42 + 72 − 82

P D2 = 1

PD = 1

52. How many pairs of non-negative integral solutions are there in the equation

3x + y = 39?

Solution:

y = 39 − 3x

Sin e y ≥ 0,

39 − 3x ≥ 0

39 ≥ 3x

x ≤ 13

Sin e we are asked for non-negative solution,

0 ≤ x ≤ 13

At the extreme points of x we will he k the values of y.

If x=0

33
 y = 39 − 3x

y = 39

If x = 13

y = 39 − 3x

y = 39 − 3 · 13

y=0

On extremity, the values of y is still true. Thus the number of solutions is

dependent on the values of x. Sin e 0 ≤ x ≤ 13.

There are 14 pairs of non-negative integral solutions.

53. The point (−1, x) is 5 units from the point (2, 5). What is the sum of all possible

values of x?
Solution:

Using the distan e formula we have,

d2 = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2

52 = (−1 − 2)2 + (x − 5)2

25 = 9 + x2 − 10x + 25

x2 − 10x + 9 = 0

Using the sum of the roots of quadrati equation, the sum is 10.
Or by fa toring,

x2 − 10x + 9 = (x − 1)(x − 9) = 0

x1 = 9, x2 = 1

34
 Sin e we are ask for the sum, that is 9 + 1 = 10.
54. Find the shortest distan e between the lines 3x + 4y = 25 and 6x + 8y = 11.
Solution:

It is important that you will be able to re ognize that these lines are parallel.

We an hoose any point from either of the two equations and solve the distan e

9
using the distan e from a point to a line formula.

That solution is ool but there is a qui ker way to do this problem.

The distan e (d ) between parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 an

solved using the following formula.

|c2 − c1 |
d= √
a2 + b2

Remember that parallel lines has the same slope. Therefore, we an make their a′ s
and b′ s the same. Before using the formula, make sure that the equations has the

same a′ s and b′ s.

11
We an express 6x − 8y = 11 to 3x + 4y − = 0.
2
11
Given: a = 3, b = 4, c2 = − , c1 = −25
2
|c2 − c1 |
d= √
a2 + b2
11
|− − (−25)|
d= √2
32 + 42
39
d= 2
5
9 Distan e from a point to a line formula states that the shortest or perpendi ular distan e (d )
ax1 + by1 + c
from point (x1 , y1 ) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by the formula d= √
± a2 + b 2

35
 39
d= units
10

Curious with the other formula? Let's try and see if we an ome up with the

same result.

Let's hoose a point on 3x + 4y = 25. By qui k inspe tion, (3, 4) is on that line.

Meaning (3, 4) satises the equation of that line.

We will al ulate the distan e from this point to the line 6x + 8y = 11.

Using the formula we have,

ax1 + by1 + c
d= √
± a2 + b2

6(3) + 8(4) + (−11)

d= √
± 62 + 82
39 39
d= = units
+10 10
√
55. Given f (x) = 2x − 1 and g(x) = x2 − 1,what is the value of f (g(2))?
Solution:

Solve for g(2)

√
g(x) = x2 − 1

√
g(2) = 22 − 1

√
g(2) = 3

Solving for f (g(2))

f (x) = 2x − 1

f (g(2)) = 2 · g(2) − 1

36
 √ √
f (g(2)) = 2 · 3−1= 2 3−1

56. What is the domain of (g · f )(x)?

Solution:

(g · f )(x) = g(f (x))

√
g(x) = x2 − 1

p
g(f (x)) = (f (x))2 − 1

p
g(f (x)) = (2x − 1)2 − 1

√
g(f (x)) = 4x2 − 4x + 1 − 1

√
g(f (x)) = 4x2 − 4x

p
g(f (x)) = 4x(x − 1)

For the equation to be true 4x(x − 1) ≥ 0. Why? Any number less than 0 is a

negative number. What will happen if the number is negative.

That will make a number imaginary. Therefore we restri t all numbers inside the

radi and be nonnegative.

4x(x − 1) ≥ 0

x = 0, x = 1

x≥1 or x≤0

In interval form, (−∞, 0] ∪ [1, +∞)

57. What is the domain and range of g(x)′?

Solution:

37
g(x)′ means the inverse of g(x)

We sti k to the rule of getting the inverse fun tion.  interchange x and y and
solve f or y 

Let g(x) = y ,

√
g(x) = x2 − 1

√
y= x2 − 1

Inter hanging x and y we have,

p
x= y2 − 1

Squaring both sides,

p
x2 = ( y 2 − 1)2

x2 = y 2 − 1

y 2 = x2 + 1

√
y= x2 + 1

With the same argument in problem 56, x2 + 1 ≥ 0.

However x2 + 1 is not fa torable, but we observe the following fa ts about this

fun tion by examining the value of y in a sele ted value of x.

x −5 −2 −1 0 2 3
√ √ √ √ √ √
x2 + 1 26 5 2 1 5 10

The value of y is always real for any real values of x, by this observation, the

domain of g(x)′ is the set of all real numbers. In interval form, (−∞, +∞)

38
Solving for the range of the fun tion,

Observing the table above, the minimum value of y is attained if x = 0. From here,

we an say that the range of g(x)′ is {y|y ≥ 1}. In interval form, [1, ∞).

2x − 1
58. What is the inverse of f (x) = ?
3x + 5

Solution:

Let y = f (x)

2x − 1
f (x) =
3x + 5
2x − 1
y=
3x + 5

Inter hanging x and y we have,

2y − 1
x=
3y + 5

x(3y + 5) = 2y − 1

3xy + 5x = 2y − 1

5x + 1 = 2y − 3xy

5x + 1 = y(2 − 3x)

5x + 1
y=
2 − 3x

59. Using the same given in the problem 58,What is f (x)′′′2014times ?

Solution:

We already al ulated f (x)′

Solving for f (x)′′ ,

39
 5x + 1
f (x)′ =
2 − 3x

let y = f (x)′

5x + 1
y=
2 − 3x

Inter hanging x and y again,

5y + 1
x=
2 − 3y

x(2 − 3y) = 5y + 1

2x − 3xy = 5y + 1

2x − 1 = 5y + 3xy

2x − 1 = y(5 + 3x)

2x − 1
y=
3x + 5
2x − 1
f (x)′′ = . Looking ba k to the original f (x).What do you observe? Yes!
3x + 5
f (x) = f (x)′′ .

Whi h means that to all odd inverse less than 2014 that is just equivalent to the

fun tion f (x)′ .

2x − 1
Sin e 2014 is even, f (x)′′′(2014) = f (x) =
3x + 5

60. Given (f ◦ g)(x) = 3x2 − 1 and f (x) = 2x − 1,what is g(x)?

Solution:

We know that (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))

f (x) = 2x − 1

40
 f (g(x)) = 2 · g(x) − 1

But (f ◦ g)(x) = 3x2 − 1 = f (g(x))

3x2 − 1 = 2 · g(x) − 1

3x2
g(x) =
2

61. Given (f ◦ g)(x) = 3x2 − 1 , and g(x) = 2x − 1,what is f (x)?

Solution:

Solution 1: by Joselito's Clay Molding Te hnique We have

We know that (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))

f (g(x)) = 3x2 − 1

Sin e g(x) = 2x − 1, by substitution,

f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1

Now, we are looking for a single x, we need to bring 2x − 1 down to single x.

1
Let x=x+ 2

f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1

f (2(x + 21 ) − 1) = 3(x + 21 )2 − 1

f (2x + 1 − 1) = 3(x + 12 )2 − 1

f (2x) = 3(x + 21 )2 − 1

x
Let x=
2

f (2 · x2 ) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1

41
 f (x) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1

We nally have f (x). Simplifying the right side equation we have,

f (x) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1

3(x + 1)2
f (x) = −1
4
3x2 + 6x + 3 − 4
f (x) =
4
3x2 + 6x − 1
f (x) =
4

The latter method was rst presented by Engr. Joselito T orculas in Elite Math

Cir le. He alled this method Clay Molding be ause it is like shaping a lay in its

desired form.

Solution 2: By Inverse Fun tion

We know that (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x))

f (g(x)) = 3x2 − 1

Sin e g(x) = 2x − 1, by substitution,

f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1

Now, we are looking for a single x, we need to bring 2x − 1 down to single x. We

an let x = 2x − 1 but x will an el out.

So we let y = 2x − 1. But think that y here is a tually x.

y = 2x − 1

Solving for x:

y+1
x=
2

42
 By substitution,

y+1 y+1 2
f (2( ) − 1) = 3( ) −1
2 2
y+1 2
f (y + 1 − 1) = 3( ) −1
2
(y + 1)2
f (y) = 3 · −1
4
3(y 2 + 2y + 1) − 4
f (y) =
4
3y 2 + 6y + 3 − 4
f (y) =
4
3y 2 + 6y − 1
f (y) =
4

We stated earlier that y is a tually x,so we drop all y′s and hange it ba k to x.

3x2 + 6x − 1
f (x) =
4

62. 12 has 6 divisors namely {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}.How many divisors 2016 has?

Solution:

The nd the number of divisors is ommonly known as the tau f unction. The

number of divisors of N su h that N = ax · by · cz . . . an be al ulated as follows

tau N = (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1) . . .

Let's try 12.

12 = 22 · 3

tau 12 = (2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 6.

Whi h was demonstrated above.

Going ba k to the question, 2016 = 25 · 32 · 7

43
 # of Divisors = (5 + 1)(2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 36

63. What are the periods of the following:

a. y = 3tan4x

2 3x
b. y = sin( )
3 2

. y = 3cos9x

Solution:

a. y = 3tan4x

The period(T ) of y = a · tan(bx) an be solved using the formula

π
T =
b
π
T =
4
π
T =
4
2 3x
b. y = sin( )
3 2

The period(T ) of y = asin(bx) and y = acos(bx) an be solved using the following

formula,

2π
T =
b
2 3x
Solving for the period of y = sin( ) we have,
3 2
2π
T =
b
2π
T = 3
2

44
 4π
T =
3

. y = 3cos9x

2π
T =
b
2π
T =
9

64. Convert 135º to radians.

Solution:
π
To onvert degree to radians simply multiply the degree value by
180º
π 3π
135º × =
180º 4

65. Cir le O has diameter of 14 m. Points A B are

and on the ir le su h that

22
∠AOB = 120º. How long is minor ar AB? (Use π= )
7
Solution:

Using the relationship of the length of the ar (s), in luded angle(θ) and the

radius(r) .

s = rθ

2π
θ here must be in radians. 120º =
3

Sin e the diameter is 10 m, the radius is 5 m.

s = rθ

2π
s=7·
3
2 · 22
7
s=7·
3
44
s= m
3

45
 1
66. Point P is on the unit ir le O. The oordinate of P is (x, ). What is/are the
2
value of x?
Solution:

1
Unit ir le has a radius of 1. is the verti al distan e of point P from the origin.
2

By Pythagorean Theorem, we an solve the value of x.

x2 + y 2 = r 2

x2 + ( 12 )2 = 12

1
x2 = 1 − 4

3
x2 =
4
r
3
x=
4
√
3
x=±
2

46
67. What is the range of y = 3cos(2x + 1)?
Solution:

The range of the osine fun tion y = acos(bx) is {y| − a ≤ y ≤ a}

Thus the range of y = 3cos(2x + 1) is {y| − 3 ≤ y ≤ 3} or in interval form, [−3, 3].

8
68. Find the value of cosθ if tanθ = and θ is in quadrant 3.
15
Solution:

Draw and label the triangle a ordingly

47
 Using Pythagorean Theorem, we an solve for the value of H.

H 2 = 82 + 152

H 2 = 289

√
H= 289

H = 17

Solve for cosθ,

O
cosθ =
H
8
cosθ =
17
8
Sin e θ is in quadrant 3, osine in third quadrant is negative. Thus, cosθ = −
17
.

69. What is the exa t value of cos20ºsin40º + cos40ºsin20º?

Solution:

The easiest way to ra k this is to re ognize that this is the sum of sine of an

angle.

sin(x + y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny

cos20ºsin40º + cos40ºsin20º = sin40ºcos20º + cos40ºsin20º

= sin(40 + 20)

= sin60º

48
 √
3
=
2

70. A triangle is ins ribe in a ir le with radius 10 m, one angle of the triangle

measures 60º.How long is the side opposite this angle?

Solution:

Let x be the side opposite the 60º angle.

By extended sine law we have, ( R is the radius of ir ums ribing ir le )

x
2R =
sin60

x = 2Rsin60
√
3
x = 2(10cm)( )
2
√
x = 10 3cm

71. Find the sum of sin2 1º + sin2 2º + sin2 3º + . . . + sin2 88º + sin2 89º
Solution:

Re all that sinθ = cos(90 − θ),

49
 sin1 = cos(90 − 1) = cos89

sin1 = cos89

sin2 1 = cos2 89

Also,

sin2 2 = cos2 88

sin2 3 = cos2 87

sin2 43 = cos2 47

sin2 44 = cos2 46

We substitute this from sin2 1 to sin2 44.

sin2 1º + sin2 2º + sin2 3º + . . . + sin2 88º + sin2 89º

cos2 89º + cos2 88º + cos2 87º + . . . + sin2 87º + sin2 88º + sin2 89º

Also re all that cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1. Therefore,

cos2 89 + sin2 89 = 1

cos2 88 + sin2 88 = 1

50
 .

cos2 46 + sin2 46 = 1

By rearranging and pairing the expression, we have

(cos2 89º+sin2 89º) + (cos2 88º+sin2 88º) + (cos2 87º+sin2 87º)+. . .+sin2 45º

1
(1) + (1) + (1) + . . . +
2

There are 44 pairs not in luding sin2 45º so there are 44 1′ s.

1 89
44 + =
2 2
89
sin2 1º + sin2 2º + sin2 3º + . . . + sin2 88º + sin2 89º=
2

72. Solve for x : 4cos2 x − 3 = 0 in the interval [0, π].

Solution:

The interval [0, π] means that the values of x must be taken only from this interval.

4cos2 x − 3 = 0

4cos2 x = 3

3
cos2 x =
4
√
r
3
cos2 x =
4
√
3
cosx = ±
2
√ √
1 3 3
We know that cos60 = 2
, So cos30 = 2
. Also cos150 = − 2

51
But the interval given is in radians, so the answer must be in radians form. Hen e
π 5π
x= ,
6 6

73. Solve for x : 5 − 4sinx − 4cos2 x = 0 in the interval (0, 360º).

Solution:

As we an see sin and cos is present in the equation.Before we an evaluate there

must be only one unknown.

We know that cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 or cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x

5 − 4sinx − 4cos2 x = 0

By substitution,

5 − 4sinx − 4(1 − sin2 x) = 0

5 − 4sinx − 4 + 4sin2 x = 0

Rearranging the equation we have,

4sin2 x − 4sinx + 1 = 0

(2sinx − 1)2 = 0

2sinx − 1 = 0

2sinx = 1

1
sinx =
2
1
is a oordinate of a spe ial angle, the sine of angles made by 30º from the x-axis
2
1
is .
2

52
 1 1
sin30 = also sin150 =
2 2

Thus x = 30º, 150º

74. ∆ABC is a triangle with right angle at B.D is a midpoint of AC . If AB = 3

and BC = 4.How long is BD?
Solution:

By onstru ting a draft of the gure it is easy to see that this is a famous 3-4-5

triangle. Sin e D is the midpoint of AC , AD = DC = 2.5

Solution 1: By Cosine Law

4
cosC =
5

Using Cosine Law in ∆CBD we have,

BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 − 2 · BC · CD · cosC

We already have BC , CD , and cosC.By substitution,

4
BD 2 = 42 + 2.52 − 2(4)(2.5)( )
5

BD 2 = 16 + 2.52 − 16

BD 2 = 2.52

53
 BD = 2.5

Solution 2: Using geometri fa ts

Re all that any angle ins ribed in a semi ir le is a right angle. By ins ribing the

triangle in a ir le, we an use latter fa t.

AC be omes the diameter of the ir le. Sin e D is the midpoint of AC , D is the

enter of the ir le.

Hen e AD,DC , and BD are radii of the ir le. We also know that radii of the same

ir le is ongruent.

We know that DC = AD = 2.5. Therefore BD = 2.5.

75. The angle of elevation of the top of the tree 10 meters from the observer is

30º. How high is the tree?

Solution:

Draft the gure as follows, make sure to label the diagram orre tly.

54
Sin e this is a right triangle, we an use the right triangle formula. The

SOH − CAH − T OA

We use tangent sin e we have angle, adja ent and opposite is missing.

O
tanθ =
A
Height
tan30 =
10

Height = 10tan30
√
3
Height = 10 ·
3
√
10 3
Height = m
3

76. Jim and Carrie wanted to measure the height of the mountain but they are both

a rophobi . Chin, a beautiful geek told them that they an measure the height of the

mountain without a tually limbing it. Using a transit, they measure the angle of

55
elevation of the highest point of the mountain and found it to be 30º. They walked 5
kilometers to the opposite side and measure the angle of elevation of the same point

on the mountain and found it to be 45º. How high is the mountain?

Solution:

Draw the diagram as shown below.

Solution 1: By spe ial triangle

Noti e that ∆ABC is an isos eles right triangle. Thus, AC = AB .

Let x = AC = AB = H

5000 − x = AD

In ∆ABD , using the property of 30-60-90 triangle,

√
AD = AB · 3

But AD = 5000 − x and AB = x

√
5000 − x = x 3

56
 √
x + x 3 = 5000

√
x(1 + 3) = 5000

5000
x= √
1+ 3

Rationalizing the denominator we have,

√
5000 1 − 3
x= √ · √
1+ 3 1− 3
√
5000(1 − 3)
x= √
12 − ( 3)2
√
5000(1 − 3)
x=
1−3
√
x = 2500( 3 − 1)m

Solution 2: By spe ial formula

There is a formula spe i ally for this kind of triangle.

b
H=
cotD + cotC

Where b is the distan e between point C and D. H is the height of the triangle.

By dire t substitution we have,

5000
H=
cot45 + cot30
5000
H= √
1+ 3

whi h is the same as above.

77. In how many ways 5 people an sit around a round table if 2 of them will always
be sitting with ea h others side?

Solution:

The formula of ir ular permutations of n obje t an be arrange in (n − 1)! ways.

Treat the two persons sitting beside ea h other as one.

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 (4 − 1)! = 24 ways.

But the two people sitting ea h other an also sit is 2!. Therefore, the total

number of arrangements is 24 · 2! = 48 ways.

78. In how many ways a 5 ouples sit around a round table if ea h ouple is always

together?

Solution:

We assume that ea h ouple is just 1 person. The number of ways they an sit is

(5 − 1)! = 4!.

Ea h ouple an permute in 2! ways. Sin e there are 5 of them. The total number

of arrangements is 4! · (2!)5 = 768.

79. Jim, Jam, Jon, and Jun are playing a standard de k of ards. Ea h of them will

re eive 13 ards. In how many ways these ards will be distributed to 4 of them?

Solution:

52! 52!
or
13!13!13!13! (13!)4

Use the table below to answer numbers 80-83.

In Elimination round of International Math Tournament of 30-item written tests.

The results of ontestants are grouped as follows.

s ore 28 24 20 16 12

frequen y 5 25 10 15 30

80. What is the range of the s ores?

Solution:

Range is the dieren e of the highest value from the lowest value.

Range = HV − LV

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 Range = 28 − 12 = 16

81. What is the median s ore?

Solution:

Median is the middle number if the numbers are arrange from least to greatest.

There are 5 + 25 + 10 + 15 + 30 = 85 s ores. So the median must be somewhere

between that 85.

85 − 1
Median = +1
2

Median = 43

43 here is not the median s ore but the 43rd student's s ore. The s ore of the rst

30 is 12. From 31st to 45th, their s ores are all 16. The 43rd student is one of

them. Thus the median s ore is 16.

82. What is the mode of the s ores?

Solution:

Mode is the number that o ur most frequent. Thus, the mode is 12.
83. What is the mean of the s ore?

Solution:

˜ is the same as the average.

Mean(x)

ScoreSummation
x̃ =
totaltakers
28 · 5 + 24 · 25 + 20 · 10 + 16 · 15 + 12 · 30
x̃ =
85
1540
x̃ = = 18.12
85

84. In how many ways an you rearrange the word BOOK with or without meaning?

Solution:

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 4!
= 12ways
2!1!1!

85. Madonna is taking a 10-item true or false test. In how many ways an she answer

the test?

Solution:

From question 1 to 10 there are two ways to answer the question. By fundamental

prin iple of ounting, she an ount it in 2 × 2 × 2 . . . 2 = 210 = 1024 ways.

86. Mary is taking a 10 item test. In how many ways that she will get a s ore of 8?
Solution:

Let Y be her orre t answer and N be the numbers she answered in orre tly.

One way that she an get a s ore of 8 is N −N −Y −Y −Y −Y −Y −Y −Y −Y

. That is if she only mistaken to answer the rst two.

There are other ways that she will get a s ore of 8, example if she was wrong on the

last 2 numbers or any of the two numbers.

The number of ways we an arrange 2 N ′s is the same as the number of ways we

10!
an rearrange NNY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y whi h is =45
2!8!

87. Sam ipped 2 fair di e. What is the probability that the sum of the dots if the

di e landed is 6?

Solution:

Number of ways that the sum is 6 if the following dots will show up on the fa e

of the die

(1, 5) - 2 ways. The other one is (5, 1)

(2, 4) - 2 ways

(3, 3) - 1 way

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That is a total of 5ways. The total possible out ome is 6 × 6 = 36 ways.

5
Thus the probability is
36

88. Find the number positive integral solution in x + y = 9?

Solution 1:

By onstru tive ounting or the stars and bars method,

Treating stars as the sum (9)

⋆| ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ - is one way to represent being x=1 and y = 8.

We an move the bar in 8 ways. So there are 8 positive integral solutions in

x + y = 9.

Solution 2: Using a formula

The positive integral solution in equation x1 + x2 + · · · + xr = n an be solved

using the formula n−1 Cr−1

n−1 Cr−1

9−1 C2−1

8 C1 =8

89. 5 non- ollinear points s attered on the plane. If we are going to onne t all the

points, nd the maximum number of triangles we an reate.

Solution:

The maximum number triangles(T ) an be reated with n points an be al u-

lated as follows,

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 T =n C 3

5!
T =5 C 3 = = 10triangles
3!2!

90. In a room with n people inside, the number of handshakes made is 45. If ea h

one of them made a handshake with ea h other. How many people inside the room?

Solution:

The number of handshakes an be reated out of n people is n C2 .

n C2 = 45

n!
= 45
(n − 2)!2!

But n! = n × n − 1 × (n − 2)!

n × (n − 1) × (n − 2)!
= 45
(n − 2)!2!
n × (n − 1)
= 45
2

n(n − 1) = 90

n2 − n − 90 = 0

(n − 10)(n + 9) = 0

n = 10

Therefore, there are 10 people in the room.

91. Find the probability of having 3 hildren of the same gender. Assuming that

there are only two genders and the probability of having a male and female hild is

the same.

Solution:

Let M stands for male and F for female hild

Solution 1:

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Case 1: all hildren are male. MMM - 1 way

Case 2: all hildren are female. FFF - 1 way

Total number of ways = 2×2×2= 8 ways

2 1
The probability of having 3 hildren of the same gender is =
8 4

92. Ten people are sitting around a round table. Ea h of them had a handshake with

ea h other but not the person right beside them. How many handshakes happened?

Solution:

Consider the people as the verti es of onvex o tagon. Ea h diagonal made by

onne ting two verti es is equal to the number of handshakes. Therefore, we an

use the formula to solve for the number of diagonals to solve for the number of

handshakes in this problem.

n
Handshakes = (n − 3)
2
10
= (10 − 3)
2

= 35

93. In a jar there are 10 white balls, 20 green balls and 31 blue balls. How many

balls must be taken out in order to make sure we have 15 balls of the same olor?

Solution:

Worst ase s enario if we have taken out 14 white balls, 14 green balls, and 14
blue balls. If we take out 1 more ball, whatever olor it is, we will have 15 balls of

the same olor. Thus the minimum number of balls must be 3(14) + 1 = 43.
94. In the jar there are 4 red balls, 5 white balls and 6 blue balls. If we take out

two marbles at the same time, what is the probability that two balls are of the same

olor?

Solution:

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 4!
Case 1: 2 balls are red. Sin e there are 4 red balls. There are 4 C2 = =6 ways
2!2!
to do it.

5!
Case 2: 2 balls are white. Sin e there are 5 white balls. There are 5 C2 = = 10
3!2!
ways to do it.

6!
Case 3: 2 balls are blue. Sin e there are 6 blue balls. There are 6 C2 = = 15
4!2!
ways to do it.

There are a total of 15 balls in the jar, there are 15 C2 total possible ways to take

two balls out.

Probability of taking out a ball with the same olor is

6 + 10 + 15 31
=
105 105

95. In how many ways we an reate a 3 groups out of 9 people if ea h group ontains

3 people?

Solution:

9!
= 280
3!3!3!

96. x is 4 more than thri e y. If their sum is 20. What is the the sum of their

squares?

Solution:

Converting these words to Mathemati al expressions we have,

x is 4 more than thri e y ⇒ x = 3y + 4 ...eqn. 1

If their sum is 20 ⇒ x + y = 20 ...eqn. 2

Solving equations 1 and 2 simultaneously we have,

64
 x + y = 20

Substitute equation 1 to x.
3y + 4 + y = 20

4y = 16

y=4

Solving for x we have

x = 3y + 4

x = 3(4) + 4

x = 16

Sum of the squares means x2 + y 2 thus,

x2 + y 2 = 42 + 162

x2 + y 2 = 272

97. John is 6 more than twi e as old as his son Nathan. 6 years ago, he was three

times as old as his son. What is John's age after 12 years?

Solution:

Let x be the present age of John.

Let y be the present age of Nathan.

6 years ago,

Age of John is x−6

Age of Nathan is y−6

65
At present, John is 6 more than twi e as old as his son Nathan. That is

x = 2y + 6

6 years ago, he was three times as old as his son. That is

x − 6 = 3(y − 6)

x = 3(y − 6) + 6

Solving the two equations simultaneously we have,

x = 2y + 6

3(y − 6) + 6 = 2y + 6

3y − 18 = 2y

y = 18

Solving for the age of John,

x = 2y + 6

x = 2(18) + 6

x = 42

The age of John after 12 years must be 42 + 12 = 54 years old.

98. Find an equation with integral oe ients whose roots are half the roots of the

equation x3 + 4x2 − 3x + 1 = 0

Solution:

Let y be the roots of the required equation,

x
y= ⇔x = 2y
2

By substituting this value to the original equation we have,

(2y)3 + 4(2y)2 − 3(2y) + 1 = 0

66
 8y 3 + 16y 2 − 6y + 1 = 0

Dropping y's we have,

8x3 + 16x2 − 6x + 1 = 0

99. Ea h side of the ube is in reased by 20%, what is the per entage in reased by

its volume?

Solution:

Let x be the length of the side of the ube

The original volume of the ube is x3

If a side is in reased by 20%, it will be ome

x + 20%(x)

1.2x

The volume of the new ube will be ome

V = (1.2x)3

V = 1.728x3

The per entage in reased by the volume of the ube an be solved by,

Vnewcube − Vorig.cube
%Vincreased = ∗ 100%
Vorig.cube

1.728x3 − x3
%Vincreased = ∗ 100%
x3

%Vincreased = 72.8%

100. Fa tor the following: (a + 3b)3 + (b − 4a)3 + (3a − 4b)3

Solution:

67
Re all: x3 + y 3 + z 3 = (x + y + z)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − xz) + 3xyz

Let x = a + 3b

Let y = b − 4a

Let z = 3a − 4b

Observe that x + y + z = a + 3b + b − 4a + 3a − 4b = 0 , this redu e the equation

to x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz

x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz

(a + 3b)3 + (b − 4a)3 + (3a − 4b)3 = 3(a + 3b)(b − 4a)(3a − 4b)

Techie Math Teacher

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