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Prime Numbers - Eratosthenes
Prime Numbers - Eratosthenes
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Leader Overview
ACTIVITY 6
Eratosthenes’ Sieve
Many middle schoolers struggle with the
multiplication table and problems that require this
basic knowledge. This activity will help those who have
difficulty with multiplication.
This activity also introduces prime numbers. A prime
number is a number that can be divided evenly only by 1
and itself. “Divided evenly” means that the result is a whole
number, with no remainder. Prime numbers and their
properties were first studied extensively by ancient Greek
mathematicians, including Eratosthenes (pronounced
AIR-a-TOSS-the-knees).
What Do I Need?
p a pencil
p a Hundreds Chart (page 52)
p 4 different-colored pens or markers (yellow, red, green,
and blue)
What Do I Do?
When you mark your Hundreds Chart according to the
steps that follow, you’ll reveal all the prime numbers in
the chart. At the same time, you’ll discover patterns that
will help you remember the multiplication table.
Step 1
Using your pencil, draw an X through the number
1 on your Hundreds Chart. The number 1 is a special
number. It’s not prime, because a prime number has to be
evenly divisible by two numbers: 1 and itself. The number
Step 8
Using the red marker,
draw the same diagonal
through all the multiples of 3
in the chart. The number 6 is a
multiple of 3; it is 3 multiplied
by 2. Find all the multiples of 3
between 3 and 100. After you’ve
marked several multiples of 3, you
may be able to find a pattern to
help you locate the others.
There is also a trick for
finding the multiples of 3. Add
up the digits, and if that sum
is a multiple of 3, then the
number itself is a multiple of 3.
Step 9
In the key at the bottom of
your chart, draw a red diagonal line through the box
labeled “Multiples of 3.”
Notice that some boxes in your chart have both a
yellow vertical line and a red diagonal line. These numbers
are multiples of both 2 and 3. If a number is a multiple of
two numbers, it’s also a multiple of those two numbers
multiplied together! So, these boxes show you the
multiples of 2 3, or 6. Mark this on your key, too, by
drawing both a yellow vertical line and a red diagonal line
in the box labeled “Multiples of 6.”
Step 13
The number 6 has already been marked. The
number 7 is the next prime. Circle 7 with your pencil.
Using your blue marker, draw a diagonal line across 7. This
time, draw the diagonal from the top left corner to the
bottom right corner so that it doesn’t cover up the
diagonal you drew for multiples of 3.
Step 15
In your key, draw a diagonal blue line through
the box labeled “Multiples of 7.” If you want to, you can
add other boxes to your key. Can you figure out what set
of colored lines shows you multiples of 14? Or 21? Or 35?
Step 16
Continuing along the chart, notice that 8, 9, and
10 are already marked. There are no prime numbers left in
the top row. All the numbers that haven’t been marked
yet are the remaining primes between 1 and 100. Circle all
the remaining numbers.
Step 17
How many prime numbers are there between
1 and 100? You should get the same answer as everyone
else in your group.
Hundreds Chart
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Understanding prime and composite means finding the greatest number that
numbers helps people when they are will divide evenly into both the numerator
working with fractions. (the top part of the fraction) and the
When students are adding or denominator (the bottom part of the
subtracting fractions, they often have to fraction). For example, if you asked group
find a common denominator—a multiple that members to write 1320 in lowest terms, they
two numbers have in common. Suppose would need to find the greatest number
your group had to add 52 and 16. One look at that divides evenly into both 12 and 30.
the completed charts reveals that 30 is the The completed chart shows that 12 and 30
smallest number that is a multiple of 5 and are both multiples of 6. Dividing 6 into
of 2 and 3 (or 6). So, they would know that both the numerator and the denominator
30 is a common denominator of 5 and 6. turns 3102 into 52. By knowing which
Another common fraction operation is numbers are prime, they would know that
2 12
writing a fraction in its lowest terms. That and cannot be reduced.
7 23