Long Span Structure

Portal Frame
Long Span Structure
Structure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as
long span structure for this span is usually unable to be
achieved by ordinary RC structure ..
Long span building structures are required
in buildings where a large number of people
assemble, especially in complex and institutional
buildings. These buildings have large spans and often
big heights
Classification of long
01
Form active systems
span(based on Cable structures
system of forces) Tent structures
Pneumatic structures
Arch structures

02
Vector active systems
Flat Trusses
Curved Trusses
Prismatic (3D) Trusses
Space Trusses

03
Section active Systems
Beam structures
Frame structures
Slab structures

04
Surface active systems
Plate structures
Folded structures
Shell structures
 Arch structures

Tent structures Pneumatic

structures
Cable structures
 Space Trusses

Curved Trusses

Flat Trusses

Prismatic (3D) Trusses

 Frame structures

Slab structures
Beam structures
Folded structures

Shell structures
Section active Systems
These are systems of rigid, solid, linear elements, in which redirection of forces is
effected by mobilization of sectional forces. Examples are:
I. Beam structures
II. Frame structures
III. Slab structures
Portal frame – in situ RC
Portal frame – precast
Portal frame – prefabricated steel
Portal Frame
• A portal frame consists of vertical member called Columns and top
member which may be horizontal, curved or pitched.
• Rigidly connected
• They are used in the construction of large sheds, bridges and
viaducts ,Industrial buildings, Infra projects
• The base of portal frame may be hinged or fixed.
• The portal frames have high stability against lateral forces
• A portal frame is a statically indeterminate structure.
Portal Frame
Portal frame structures are designed to span between supports and
rely on fixed joints with moment resisting capacity where vertical
supports connect to horizontal beams or trusses. Portal frame
structures can be constructed using a variety of materials and
methods
What is the difference between sway and non sway
frame?
If a structure is stable in any condition, then it is called non-
sway structure, if not it is a sway structure. if the supports are not in
the same position, sway occurs. if the applied load is not acting at the
center of the structure, sway will occur and the structure
will sway towards less load side.
Structural Concept
Comparison Structural Forms
Frame stability
In-plane stability is provided by
frame continuity. In the longitudinal
direction, stability is provided by
vertical bracing in the elevations.
The vertical bracing may be at both
ends of the building, or in one bay
only. Each frame is connected to
the vertical bracing by a hot-rolled
member at eaves level. A typical
bracing arrangement is shown in
the figure.
Portal Frames -Example
Portal Frames -Example
 Portal Frame
The main (portal) frames are generally fabricated from Steel sections with a substantial eaves haunch
section, which may be cut from a rolled section or fabricated from plate. A typical frame is characterised by:

 A span between 15 and 50 m

 An clear height (from the top of the floor to the underside of the haunch) between 5 and 12 m
 A roof pitch between 5° and 10° (6° is commonly adopted)
 A frame spacing between 6 and 8 m
 Haunches in the rafters at the eaves and apex
 A stiffness ratio between the column and rafter section of approximately 1.5
 Light gauge purlins and side rails
 Light gauge diagonal ties from some purlins and side rails to restrain the inside flange of the
frame at certain locations.
Portal Frames -
Portal Frames - Pitched
roof symmetric

Generally fabricated from with a substantial eaves haunch section, which may be cut
from a rolled section or fabricated from plate. 25 to 35 m are the most efficient spans.
 Portal frame with internal mezzanine floor

Office accommodation is often provided within a portal frame structure using a partial width
mezzanine floor. The assessment of frame stability must include the effect of the mezzanine
Crane portal frame with column brackets

Where a travelling crane of relatively low capacity (up to say 20 tonnes) is

required, brackets can be fixed to the columns to support the crane rails. Use of a
tie member or rigid column bases may be necessary to reduce the eaves deflection.
The spread of the frame at crane rail level may be of critical importance to the
functioning of the crane; requirements should be agreed with the client and with
the crane manufacturer.
Tied portal frame

 In a tied portal frame the horizontal movement of the eaves and the bending
moments in the columns and rafters are reduced. A tie may be useful to limit
spread in a crane-supporting structure.

 The high axial forces introduced in the frame when a tie is used.
Mono-pitch portal frame
A mono pitch portal frame is usually
chosen for small spans or because of its
proximity to other buildings. It is a simple
variation of the pitched roof portal frame,
and tends to be used for smaller buildings
(up to 15 m span)
Propped portal frame
Where the span of a portal frame is large
and there is no requirement to provide a
clear span, a propped portal frame can be
used to reduce the rafter size and also
the horizontal shear at the foundations.

Mansard portal frame
• A mansard portal frame may be
used where a large clear height at
mid-span is required but the eaves
height of the building has to be
minimised.
Curved rafter portal frame
• Portal frames may be constructed using
curved rafters, mainly for architectural
reasons. Because of transport
limitations rafters longer than 20 m may
require splices, which should be carefully
detailed for architectural reasons.
• The curved member is often modelled for
analysis as a series of straight elements
• Alternatively, the rafter can be fabricated as
a series of straight elements. It will be
necessary to provide purlin cleats of varying
height to achieve the curved external profile
 Cellular beam portal frame

Rafters may be fabricated from cellular

beams for aesthetic reasons or when
providing long spans. Where transport
limitations impose requirement for splices,
they should be carefully detailed, to
preserve the architectural features.
The sections used cannot develop plastic
hinges at a cross-section, so only elastic
design is used.
 Does anyone have any questions?

THANKS anil.pawade@dypatil.edu
+91 9987038532
Prof.Anil Pawade

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