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D3.3.2 Communication Solution Design For Field Trial Setup: Deliverable Report
D3.3.2 Communication Solution Design For Field Trial Setup: Deliverable Report
D3.3.2
Communication solution design for
field trial setup
Deliverable report
The research leading to the results presented in the document has received funding from the
European Community's 7th Framework Programme under the Grant Agreement number 619437.
The content of this document reflects only the authors’ views. The European Commission is not liable
for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.
The contents of this document are the copyright of the SUNSEED consortium.
Document Information
Project full title Sustainable and robust networking for smart electricity distribution
Authors Ljupco Jorguseski, Manolis Chrysallos, Haibin Zhang, Onno Mantel, Casper
van den Broek TNO
Jimmy J. Nielsen (AAU)
Herve Ganem GTOSA
Tomaz Lovrencic, Blaž Petrnel, Robert Tošnjak, Bojan Dovč TS
Žiga Hribar, Bojan Miličić ES
Jurij Jurše EP
PU Public
RP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)
RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services)
CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)
List of Figures
Figure 1 High-level overview of the SUNSEED trial network (incl. different locations, communication
systems)................................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 2: Communication scenario A.1: WAMS – LTE mobile modem/router...................................... 15
Figure 3: Communication scenario A.2: WAMS – UMTS mobile modem/router. ................................ 16
Figure 4: Communication scenario A.3: WAMS – xDSL or FTTH modem/router. ................................. 16
Figure 5: WAMS-SPM typical wiring diagram scheme in communication scenarios A.1 and A.2......... 17
Figure 6: WAMS-PMC typical wiring diagram scheme in communication scenarios A.1 and A.2. ....... 18
Figure 7: An example of inventory material with technical specification for scenario A ..................... 19
Figure 8: Communication scenario B.1: WAMS – satellite modem/router in combination with Wi-Fi
(options B2). .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 9: Communication scenario B: WAMS – satellite modem/router (options B1) in combination
with Wi-Fi (options B2). ......................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 10: Communication scenario C.1: mobile modem/router – PLC data concentrator (DC) – smart
meter. .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11: Communication scenario C.2: fixed modem/router – PLC data concentrator (DC) – smart
meter. .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 12: Communication scenario D.1: mobile modem/router – Ethernet or RS485 to Ethernet
converter - smart meter. ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 13: Communication scenario D.2: fixed modem/router – Ethernet or RS485 to Ethernet
converter - smart meter. ....................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 14: Selected communication scenarios for WAMS SPM devices and smart meters on individual
transformer station. .............................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 15: Field trial security architecture ............................................................................................ 25
Figure 16: SUNSEED general back-end infrastructure........................................................................... 26
Figure 17: SUNSEED APNs related back-end infrastructure. ................................................................. 27
Figure 18: SUNSEED xDSL related infrastructure. ................................................................................. 28
Figure 19: SUNSEED VPN related back-end infrastructure. .................................................................. 29
Figure 20 : Communication and security architecture .......................................................................... 30
Figure 21: Practical implementation of security architecture............................................................... 31
Figure 22: security and credential provisioning workflow .................................................................... 32
Figure 23: PCAP location for packet sniffing within Telekom Slovenija network used in the trial ....... 34
Figure 24: Example of PCAP trace, showing implementation of a SIP protocol from [2] ..................... 35
Figure 25 Schematic view on the end-to-end delay measurement procedure for WAMS-SPM nodes 38
Figure 26: Measurement collection from WAMS-SPM. Upon completion of a measurement burst, a
packet is assembled and sent to the TS core, where it is detected and a timestamp is made at the
APN, and finally at the DB server, another timestamp is made when the data is stored in the
database. ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 27: End-to-end scheme .............................................................................................................. 41
Figure 28: Lab environment - test bed for end-to-end telecommunication compatibilities ................ 41
Figure 29: time of reading 10 registers from 1 smart meter is less than 2 seconds) ............................ 42
Figure 30: Laboratory test LV power grid configuration ....................................................................... 43
Figure 31: SNMP community ................................................................................................................. 50
List of Tables
Table 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 45
SUNSEED project
SUNSEED proposes an evolutionary approach to utilization of already present communication networks from
both energy and telecom operators. These can be suitably connected to form a converged communication
infrastructure for future smart energy grids offering open services. Life cycle of such communication network
solutions consists of six steps: overlap, interconnect, interoperate, manage, plan and open. Joint
communication networking operations steps start with analysis of regional overlap of energy and
telecommunications operator infrastructures. Geographical overlap of energy and communications
infrastructures identifies vital DSO energy and support grid locations (e.g. distributed energy generators,
transformer substations, cabling, ducts) that are covered by both energy and telecom communication
networks. Coverage can be realised with known wireline (e.g. copper, fiber) or wireless and mobile (e.g. WiFi,
4G) technologies. Interconnection assures end-2-end secure communication on the physical layer between
energy and telecom, whereas interoperation provides network visibility and reach of smart grid nodes from
both operator (utility) sides. Monitoring, control and management gathers measurement data from wide area
of sensors and smart meters and assures stable distributed energy grid operation by using novel intelligent real
time analytical knowledge discovery methods. For full utilization of future network planning, we will integrate
various public databases (e.g. municipality GIS, weather). Applications build on open standards (W3C) with
exposed application programming interfaces (API) to 3rd parties enable creation of new businesses related to
energy and communication sectors (e.g. virtual power plant operators, energy services providers for optimizing
home energy use) or enable public wireless access points (e.g. WiFi nodes at distributed energy generator
locations). SUNSEED life cycle steps promise much lower investments and total cost of ownership for future
smart energy grids with dense distributed energy generation and prosumer involvement.
Project Partners
1. TELEKOM SLOVENIJE D.D.; TS; Slovenia
2. AALBORG UNIVERSITET; AAU; Denmark
3. ELEKTRO PRIMORSKA, PODJETJE ZA DISTRIBUCIJO ELEKTRICNE ENERGIJE D.D.; EP; Slovenia
4. ELEKTROSERVISI, ENERGETIKA, MERILNI LABORATORIJ IN NEPREMICNINE D.D.; ES; Slovenia
5. INSTITUT JOZEF STEFAN; JSI; Slovenia
6. GEMALTO SA; GTOSA; France
7. GEMALTO M2M GMBH; GTOM2M; Germany
8. NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK - TNO; TNO;
The Netherlands
9. TOSHIBA RESEARCH EUROPE LIMITED; TREL; United Kingdom
Project webpage
http://www.sunseed-fp7.eu/
Executive Summary
The deliverable outlines the specific scenarios for communication solutions on separate field trial
locations which are geographically quite distinguished. Regarding the proposed scenarios the general
communication SUNSEED back-end infrastructure with security architecture and provisioning the
security credentials to the end nodes is defined.
In particular, we focus on considered solutions for WAMS (SPM and PMC) and for smart meters,
respectively. Of course, due to costs reduction and where possible, WAMS and smart meters can use
the same gateway for a considered communication solution. For WAMS scenarios the typical wiring
diagram scheme and an example of inventory material with technical specification was made. On the
basis of coverage analyses from deliverable D5.1.2 the most appropriate communication scenario per
each transformer station as the main functional location was assigned.
In-depth analyses of the field trial locations and of the Telekom Slovenije infrastructure reviled that
mobile and satellite communications are the most appropriate to connect majority of WAMS devices
into the SUNSEED cloud. Therefore, we distinguish two communication scenarios, where WAMS
(SPM/PMC) are using mobile or fixed modem/router (Scenario A) and WAMS SPM are using satellite
modem/router (Scenario B). With respect to the analysis of fixed network access points presence and
mobile network coverage from deliverables published in WP5 scenario A is further divided into three
sub-scenarios, where gateway (modem/router) could connects the LTE network (scenario A.1), UMTS
network (scenario A.2) or xDSL/FTTH network (scenario A.3). Regarding the position of a satellite
antenna scenario B is also divided into two sub-scenarios where WAMS could be located at utility
functional location and it is connects directly to satellite modem/router, while the location can have
also Wi-Fi bridge to subordinate functional location (Scenario B.1). Other possibility is WAMS
positions at subordinate functional location and connects to the satellite modem/router via Wi-Fi
bridge (Scenario B.2).
Similar as WAMS in scenario A, smart meters use mobile or fixed modems/routers as gateways for
connecting into the SUNSEED cloud via mobile or fixed network. However, with regard to the exact
smart meter model, they are connected to such gateways in different manner. We distinct two
scenarios, where smart meters are connected to PLC data concentrator (DC), which is connected to
mobile or fixed modem/router (Scenario C) or they are connected to mobile or fixed modem/router
via RS485 to Ethernet converter (Scenario D).
Sunseed IT selected security will insure the proper filtering of data transmission at the IP level . It
consist of four main parts in general to support WAMS connectivity with the data centre via by using
mobile connections with private APNs, WAMS connectivity with the data centre via xDSL or FTTH
connections and WAMS connectivity with the data centre via VPN by using satellite links. The
datacentre is behind the firewall with load balancing functionality for physical separation from the
access network part. For end WAMS nodes access the authorization delegation model is used. . In
such model, “Resource servers” (entities controlling access to some “resource” delegate the
administration of the access control to some or all of their resources to an external authorization
server.
During the trial measurements it is important to characterize the ongoing traffic in terms of e.g.
packet sizes, inter-packet arrival times, aggregated amount of traffic, etc. This realistic traffic
During the SUNSEED trial the measurements of the electricity grid and the communication network
will be used to assess the feasibility and the performance requirements for the three defined
SUNSEED use cases, namely the real-time state estimation, demand response, and outage
localization use case. For the electricity grid state estimation use case a procedure is defined
regarding the testing of the accuracy and up to date information of the state-estimation function. As
the reporting interval of the WAMS-PMC and WAMS-SPM nodes is varied from e.g. 15 min down to 1
s the impact on the communication network and end-to-end delays will be investigated as well as the
ability of the state-estimation algorithm to predict a correct value and on time. For the demand
response use case next to the measurements needed for the state estimation additional
measurements and control information messages will be collected. As the delay in demand response
cycles is typically around 15 min, for this use case it is important to check the reliability of these
additional measurements and control messages (i.e. to check the stability and reliability of the
control process) and not on the end-to-end delay performance for these messages. Finally, by
instructing the WAMS-SPM and WAMS-PMC nodes to initiate ‘fake outage’ messages enriched with
location information (e.g. GPS coordinates for WAMS-SPM) the feasibility of automatic grid outage
localization will be assessed as the final SUNSEED use case.
1 Introduction
At the moment of writing of this deliverable most of the locations and solutions regarding the
communication part of the SUNSEED field trial are determined. The goal of this deliverable is to
present in detail the actually used communication network for the SUNSEED trial. Throughout the
deliverable a reference is given to D5.1.2 where the preliminary/possible communication options are
also presented.
The end nodes in the SUNSEED trial (e.g. SM, WAMS-SPM, and WAMS-PMC) are communicating via
the LTE and UMTS wireless telecommunication network of Telekom Slovenija, with exception at
location Kneža, where also satellite links are utilized. The communication network set-up is
illustrated in Figure 1 for the four SUNSEED field trial areas:
1) Area Kromberk, where:
a. LTE base stations (or eNBs) are used for covering 10 WAMS-SPM nodes, 1 WAMS-
PMC nodes, 6 PLC concentrator nodes and 116 SM nodes.
2) Area Bonifika, where:
a. LTE base stations (or eNBs) are used for covering 7 WAMS-SPM nodes, 2 WAMS-PMC
nodes, 5 PLC concentrator nodes and 535 SM nodes.
3) Area Razdrto, where:
a. UMTS base stations (or eNBs) are used for covering 17 WAMS-SPM nodes, 2 WAMS-
PMC nodes, 7 PLC concentrator nodes and 10 SM nodes.
4) Area Kneža, where:
a. LTE base stations (or eNBs) are used for covering 3 WAMS-SPM nodes, 0 WAMS-PMC
nodes, 2 PLC concentrator nodes and 0 SM nodes.
b. Satellite links covering 5 WAMS-SPM nodes, 0 WAMS-PMC nodes, 2 PLC
concentrator nodes and 2 SM nodes. This is not illustrated in Figure 1 due to clarity
reasons.
The data packets in the domain of the wireless communication network of Telekom Slovenija are
flowing through the dedicated Access Point Name (APN) sunseed.ts.si. Outside the mobile
communication network domain the measurements are forwarded to the dedicated SUNSEED field
trial database, also illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 High-level overview of the SUNSEED trial network (incl. different locations,
communication systems)
The structure of the deliverable is as follows. Chapter 2 presents the different access network
possibilities for the wide (or neighbourhood) area networks (WAN) for the WAMS-SPM,
WAMS-CPM, PLC concentrators and SM nodes installed in the SUNSEED field trial. Chapter 3
explains the security solution for protecting the packet data streams and for provisioning the
security credentials to the end nodes. In Chapter 4 we present the different communication
measurement procedures that will be used during the SUNSEED trial execution. The relation
between the measurements in the trial and the defined SUNSEED use cases is presented in
Chapter 5. The deliverable is finalized with the conclusions in Chapter 6.
This chapter focuses on communication solutions for the SUNSEED field trial. In particular, chapter
2.1 focuses on considered solutions for WAMS (SPM and PMC) and chapter 2.2 for smart meters,
respectively. Of course, due to costs reduction and where possible, WAMS and smart meters can use
the same gateway for a considered communication solution.
The preliminary plan from D5.1.2 proposes and describes possible communication solutions for the
WAMS with respect to gateway type (internal or external). However, in-depth analyses of the field
trial locations and of the Telekom Slovenije infrastructure reviled that mobile and satellite
communications are the most appropriate to connect majority of WAMS devices into the SUNSEED
cloud. Therefore, we distinguish two communication scenarios, where:
WAMS (SPM/PMC) are using mobile or fixed modem/router (Scenario A),
WAMS SPM are using satellite modem/router (Scenario B).
With regard to each deployment location specifics, scenarios A.1 and A.2 are implemented so that
communication antenna of the gateway is mounted either inside or outside the electrical box or the
object where WAMS is mounted to overcome the Faraday cage/shield effect.
Network
ETHERNET
xDSL
FTTH
MODEM/ROUTER
WAMS Data
(SPM/PMC) concentrator
Next, Figure 5 and Figure 6 depict typical wiring of WAMS-SPM and WAMS-PMC in most often
considered communication scenarios A.1 and A.2. The one should note that deployment locations’
wiring diagrams in practice can differ from the depicted examples due to locations’ specifics.
Considering such diagrams, we prepared also detailed inventory of power and communication
material and technical specification for each deployment location. An example of such
documentation is depicted in Figure 7.
Figure 5: WAMS-SPM typical wiring diagram scheme in communication scenarios A.1 and A.2.
Figure 6: WAMS-PMC typical wiring diagram scheme in communication scenarios A.1 and A.2.
SPECIFICATIONS:
- Rated current I N =6A
- Tripping characteristic: B
- Other: DIN rail, 3-pole, 3 module
Surge arrester (for ovehead transformer station, 3 pieces per one WAMS) piece 3
SPECIFICATIONS:
- Max. continuous operating voltage U c = 275 - 320 V AC
- Protection lavel U p at I n (8/20) <= 3,2 kV
- Max. discharge current (8/20) I max >= 80 kA
- Impulse current I imp >= 25 kA
- Other: DIN rail, 1-pole, 1,5 module, Terminal cross section: 25mm2 (stranded), IEC: I,II
Surge arrester (for cable transformer station, 1 pieces per one WAMS) piece 3
SPECIFICATIONS:
- Max. continuous operating voltage U c = 275 - 320 V AC
- Protection lavel U p at I n (8/20) <= 1,5 kV
- Max. discharge current (8/20) I max >= 40 kA
- Impulse current I imp >= 12,5 kA
- Other: DIN rail, 3-pole, 3 module, Terminal cross section: 25mm2 (stranded), IEC: I,II
Fusse (low voltage NH knife-blade type, 1 pieces per one location) piece 3
SPECIFICATIONS:
- Rated current I N =100A
- inserted into 160 A fusse base
SPECIFICATIONS:
- 4G LTE Router, WAN, 3xLAN, WiFi 802.11.b/g/n
SPECIFICATIONS:
- AC240V/DC 24V
- In 1,66A , 40W
SPECIFICATIONS:
-20kA lighting surge protection, one ground position
- Two passsive 10/100/1000 Ethernets ports
Protection for power supply Line-up terminal with fuse holder VSV4 piece 1
SPECIFICATIONS:
'- DC 2A
SPECIFICATIONS:
- 2G/3G/4G Terminal Antenna for Cellular Gateways and Routers, LTE/GSM
SPECIFICATIONS:
- gain 30Db, output impedance 50 ohm
With respect to the position of a satellite antenna we distinct two sub-scenarios, where:
- WAMS is located at utility functional location and connected directly to satellite
modem/router, while the location can have also Wi-Fi bridge to subordinate functional
location (Scenario B.1),
- WAMS is located at subordinate functional location connected to the satellite modem/router
via Wi-Fi bridge (Scenario B.2).
Scenario B.1 is depicted in Figure 8 and Scenario B.2 is depicted in Figure 9. However, the wiring
diagram and inventory of material for Scenario B is unfortunately unavailable at the time of writing
of this deliverable.
MODEM/ROUTER
WAMS
(SPM)
SURGE ARRESTER
Satellite
communication ETHERNET
MODEM/ROUTER
Wi-Fi bridge
Wi-Fi bridge
(to subordinate functional location)
ETHERNET
SURGE ARRESTER Wireless
Comunication
WAMS
(Wi-Fi)
(SPM)
Though the solutions for connecting smart meters were discussed into details in D5.1.2, we had to
identify most feasible options for their connection in the field trial. Similar as WAMS in scenario A,
smart meters use mobile or fixed modems/routers as gateways for connecting into the SUNSEED
cloud via mobile or fixed network. However, with regard to the exact smart meter model, they are
connected to such gateways in different manner. We distinct two scenarios, where:
smart meters are connected to PLC data concentrator (DC), which is connected to mobile or
fixed modem/router (Scenario C),
smart meters are connected to mobile or fixed modem/router via RS485 to Ethernet
converter (Scenario D).
For visual presentation Figure 10 depicts Scenario C.1 and Figure 11 scenario C.2.
The advantage of PLC is in overall coverage alongside the low voltage power grid, which eliminates
the problems with extra communication infrastructure in the last mile. The most common PLC
technologies use a single-carrier system with S-FSK (Spread Frequency-shift Keying) modulation,
which lacks flexibility in selecting the carrier frequency, and hence, results in a low throughput, but
reliability ([E. Hossain, Z. Han, H.V. Poor, 2013]). It is defined in standard IEC 61334 and often called
PLAN defined. However, in Razdrto area common PLC technology will be upgraded to PLC G3, which
is a narrow band technology offering a great balance between robustness, quality of service, data
rate and cost. It uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Differential Phase Shift
Keying (DPSK).
ETHERNET
SURGE ARRESTER
Cellular network
LTE
UMTS WAMS
(SPM/PMC)
MODEM/ROUTER
LV Power grid
0,4 kV
Data
concentrator
Figure 10: Communication scenario C.1: mobile modem/router – PLC data concentrator (DC)
– smart meter.
ETHERNET
xDSL, FTTH
WAMS
(SPM/PMC)
MODEM/ROUTER
LV Power grid
0,4 kV
Data
concentrator
Figure 11: Communication scenario C.2: fixed modem/router – PLC data concentrator (DC) –
smart meter.
The scenario D.1 is conceptually presented in Figure 12 and scenario D.2 in Figure 13. In both
scenarios there are two possibilities of connecting smart meters to modem/router. First is a parallel
connection of individual devices via Ethernet. Second is a serial connection through RS485 protocol.
ETHERNET
SURGE ARRESTER
Cellular network
LTE
UMTS
MODEM/ROUTER
RS485-
Ethernet RS485 RS485
converter
ETHERNET
xDSL, FTTH
MODEM/ROUTER
RS485-
Ethernet RS485 RS485
converter
Figure 13: Communication scenario D.2: fixed modem/router – Ethernet or RS485 to Ethernet
converter - smart meter.
The aim of this chapter is assigning the most appropriate communication solution per each
transformer station being considered as the main functional location. The assignment of
communication solution is based on comprehensive communication network coverage analyses from
D5.1.1 and their recent updates. The table in Figure 14 depicts planned communication solutions to
connect WAMS devices and smart meters in all transformer stations in the field trial.
Figure 14: Selected communication scenarios for WAMS SPM devices and smart meters on
individual transformer station.
Figure 15 provide an overview of the IT level security in place for the trial. Those security measure
will insure the proper filtering of data transmission at the IP level.
The SUNSEED back-end infrastructure is depicted in Figure 16. It consist of four main parts in general
supporting:
- WAMS connectivity with the data centre via by using mobile connections with private APNs
- WAMS connectivity with the data centre via xDSL or FTTH connections
- WAMS connectivity with the data centre via VPN by using satellite links.
The ASR900 is a demarcation aggregation services router between Telekom Slovenije’s core network,
other services delivery networks and the SUNSEED data centre. It is connected through Telekom
IP/MPLS core to the JUNIPER MX480 MPLS core router. Juniper MX480 also has a connection to
GGSN/EPG where WAMS traffic from different APNs is aggregated. On the other hand JUNIPER M320
router is used as a laboratory demarcation router to provide connection between IP/MPLS network
and laboratory test environment. This separates the test environment from the IP/MPLS network
and is used to for injecting test systems or services into the Telekom Slovenije’s core network. This
router also serves as an interconnecting point to the Sunseed network for WAMS traffic coming via
VPNs. Next, there is a test laboratory firewall (PF SENSE) used for firewalling purposes and the
termination of OpenVPN sessions used for transporting WAMS traffic over the public internet via
On the mobile network part we use private APNs with no access to public internet and RADIUS server
for authentication of the on-field devices. For the purpose of routing on the LTE router we use
routing behind mobile station. In this case we send the LAN IP address information, (e.g., WAMS IP
address) from the LDAP server to the GGSN as a radius profile server attribute called “framed-route”.
This way we notify GGSN of a routing prefix for the specific location or mobile device, so that the
network has the information about the LAN IP addresses of devices using such type of connection.
Similar solution is used in case of devices connected through xDSL.
Satellite access uses open VPN connections established between the on-field routers/modems and
the test laboratory PF SENSE firewall. In all three cases the on-field devices receive IPs from the
private address space. The traffic through the Telekom Slovenije IP MPLS core is transported using
layer 3 MPLS VPN service, via several firewalls with or without load balancing functionality. Firewalls
with such functionality enable additional layer of security by limiting the traffic from/to allowed
hosts within the Sunseed cloud, filtering the source/destination ports and providing the security also
on the application layer.
The part related to mobile network’s APNs is more into details depicted in Figure 17.
Multiservice Edge Aggregation
Router Services Router
JUNIPER JUNIPER
MX480 M320 LAB
APN
MODEM
MODEM
WAMS sunseed.ng.ts.si
and/or
data
RUT950
RUT950
concentrator or
or
IR915P
IR915P
APN
WAMS MODEM sunseed.to.ts.si TS MPLS
and/or
data RUT950
concentrator
or
IR915P
Aggregation
APN
MODEM Services Router
WAMS sunseed.ra.ts.si
and/or ASR 9000
data RUT950 GGSN
concentrator
or
IR915P
APN
WAMS MODEM sunseed.kp.ts.si
and/or
data RUT950
concentrator
or
IR915P
APN DATACENTER
WAMS MODEM sunseed.test.ts.si FW
and/or
data
BALANCER
RUT950
concentrator
or
IR915P
DATACENTER
SERVERS
WAMS and/or PLC data concentrators are connected to the mobile modems/routers. These connect
to private APNs, where:
- “sunseed.ng.ts.si” is used for the area of Kromberk,
- “sunseed.to.ts.si” is used for the area of Kneža,
- “sunseed.ra.ts.si” is used for the area of Razdrto,
- “sunseed.kp.si” is used for the area of Bonfika, and
- “sunseed.test.test.si” is used for testing the services.
TS MPLS
WAMS
Aggregation
and/or xDSL Services Router
data
concentrator
CPE ASR 9000
DATACENTER
FW
BALANCER
DATACENTER
SERVERS
When WAMS devices and/or data concentrators are using xDSL access points they connect to
customer premises equipment (CPE), which are typically xDSL modems with DHCP functionality. CPE
establishes the PPPoE connection to the BRAS SE600 which enables connection with the SUNSEED
VRF instance within the IP MPLS network.
SATELITE
PF SENSE
SAT Public internet FW BALANCER
Option 1 MODEM
WAMS INHAND
915
Aggregation
Services Router
JUNIPER
M320 LAB
WI-FI
BRIDGE
TS MPLS
WI-FI Aggregation
BRIDGE Services Router
ASR 9000
Option 2
DATACENTER
WAMS FW
BALANCER
DATACENTER
SERVERS
The security architecture implemented in SUNSEED is described in Figure 20. This architecture is
based on an authorization delegation model. In such model, “Resource servers” (entities controlling
access to some “resource” delegate the administration of the access control to some or all of their
resources to an external authorization server. Figure 20 summarizes this security architecture
enabling smart devices (WAMS or smart meters) to communicate securely with remote applications
located in the cloud.
On the left hand side of the figure the data collecting devices (smart meters or WAMS) need to
obtain credentials in order to send their data to some »data dissemination' service«. Such service
will be in the case of SUNSEED based upon the use of a publish/subscribe protocol such as MQTT or
XMPP.
The devices negotiate and obtain the credentials required during a security bootstrap phase involving
the authenticated interaction with an authorization server centralizing the definition of all access
rights policies for the SUNSEED communication ecosystem.
For WAMS devices, the credentials obtained after the security bootstrap phase are securely stored in
an embedded secure element soldered on the WAMS Printed Circuit Board.
On the right hand of Figure 20, the data transmitted by the WAMS devices is handled by a number
of cloud applications which need to »subscribe« to the information streams originating for the
SUNSEED devices. Credentials are be also required by those applications to enable them to subscribe
to the desired information. Those credentials are also obtained in a security bootstrap phase via a
negotiation with the authorization server.
MQTT is the protocol used by the WAMS to transmit their data. The transmitted MQTT messages
transit via an MQTT server located in the cloud.
In order to publish data via the MQTT server, the WAMS devices need to obtain credentials from the
Authorization server using the protocols described [1].
In the pilot, the data originating from the WAMS will be received by a database application located
in the cloud will index and archive the data. At a later stage, the data will be delivered to requesting
data processing and analysis applications.
The database application will subscribe to the information topics used used by the WAMS devices to
publish. Credentials will be required to be able to subscribe; they will also be obtained via a
negotiation with the authorization server.
Figure 22: describes the manufacturing and provisioning workflow involved to produce an
operational WAMS node. This workflow involves the following steps:
1. The embedded secure element is loaded at manufacturing time with a software image and with
initial secrets enabling at a later stage to remotely provision diversified new secrets inside the
secure element.
2. The initially configured secure element is soldered on the WAMS PCB during the WAMS
hardware manufacturing phase.
This chapter focuses on the measurement procedures envisaged to be used during the SUNSEED
trial. First, the measurement procedure for derivation of the traffic characteristics generated by the
different measurement end nodes is explained in Section 4.1. The procedure for deriving the most
important communication network key performance indicators (KPIs) such as end-to-end
communication delay and throughput are illustrated in Section 4.2 and Section 4.3, respectively. The
chapter is finalized with the measurement procedure for deriving the overall radio access KPIs in
Section 4.4.
By measuring the network traffic of WAMS and SM nodes in the field trial, an empirical traffic model
that describes their communication patterns can be established. While the counter-based
measurements used for the traffic measurement campaign in D3.1 did reveal some details about the
WAMS-like devices under study (that were used since the WAMS nodes were not available at that
time), a lot of information could not be extracted from those measurements. For example, it was not
possible to characterize the distributions of packet sizes and inter-arrival times of packet flows, which
is usually considered key to a traffic model. Only the measurement of cumulated amount of bytes
within certain time intervals was possible.
Therefore, during the SUNSEED trial, we intend to obtain more fine grained measurements of the
communication network traffic in a smart grid network. The standard way to obtain such fine grained
measurements is to capture network traffic traces, for example by using Wireshark, TCPdump or
similar tools that output packet capture (PCAP) trace files.
4.1.1 PCAP tracing locations
PCAP traces can be captured on different types of devices provided that the operating system allows
the tracing application to monitor the relevant network interfaces. This is possible for most off-the-
shelf laptop and desktop computers running Windows, Linux and Mac OS operating systems. The
most important decision for the SUNSEED trial in regards to tracing is where in the trial network to
capture the trace files. For this, we have considered four options for trace locations, namely 1)
tracing on all source nodes, 2) placement of tracing bridge between WAMS/SM and communication
network, 3) tracing in TS core network, and 4) tracing at destination node. These options are
described in more detail in Appendix A.
Out of the considered options, the most suitable and realistic choice would be to use tracing in the TS
core network. Even though the traffic model that can be extracted from such measurements may be
slightly inaccurate as discussed in Appendix A, we consider the benefit of having a single
measurement location and thus the possibility of capturing all trial measurements easily to outweigh
this downside.
Figure 23: PCAP location for packet sniffing within Telekom Slovenija network used in the trial
Figure 24: Example of PCAP trace, showing implementation of a SIP protocol from [2]
To be able to characterize how well the proposed communication architecture scales with an
increasing number of nodes, it may be necessary to gradually increase the number of active devices
in the field trial traffic characterization experiment.
That is, we should have different phases, where for each phase we note down the configuration and
then we capture PCAP traces for a period of time, e.g., 1 week. Hereafter, we repeat for the next
phase with a higher number of devices.
Before the measurement campaign is started for each of the deployed SM, WAMS-SPM, and WAMS-
PMC node the following information should be determined and saved:
a) The IP address of the node, which will be fixed and permanently bound to the IMSI of the LTE
modems for the whole duration of the SUNSEED trial.
This section details the measurement procedure for the end-to-end delay from WAMS-SPM nodes.
The following assumptions hold (see also Figure 25):
- WAMS-SPM nodes send power line measurements with time-stamp based on GPS time
reference.
- WAMS-SPM nodes, APN server in LTE/UMTS core network and database server where all
SUNSEED field trial data is stored are time-synchronized via GPS time reference.
The current proposal for deriving the end-to-end delay is to use IP packet trace as all WAMS-SPM
nodes in the trial will have fixed IP addresses. Consequently, the time-stamps of the data packets are
read at:
- APN server in LTE/UMTS core network. Subtract the time-stamp in the IP packet from the
current GPS based time at APN server to calculate the WAMS-SPM to APN server delay
TAPN,LTE and TAPN,UMTS for the LTE and UMTS network, respectively.
- SUNSEED database server. Subtract the time-stamp in the IP packet from the current GPS
based time at SUNSEED’s database server to calculate the end-to-end delay between WAMS-
SPM to SUNSEED APN delay.
Note here that in the SUNSEED trial the SM and WAMS-PMC nodes are not planned for GPS time
synchronization with the e.g. SUNSEED’s APN server or the database server. Therefore, the end-to-
end delay measurements for these nodes will not be possible.
The measurement set-up also assumes that the delay between the APN server at Telekom Slovenija
and the SUNSEED measurement database TAPN, Database is the same regardless if the packet has
travelled via the LTE or the UMTS access network.
Figure 25 Schematic view on the end-to-end delay measurement procedure for WAMS-SPM
nodes
Thus, it would be interesting and relevant to measure the end-to-end delay performance at different
traffic load of the day, and with (if feasible) different scheduling priority levels.
In order not to distort the end-to-end delay measurements in Section 4.2 and consequently also the
throughput measurements, as explained in this section, the reporting of the communication network
measurements should be non-overlapping with the actual power line measurements reporting. For
example, the reporting of the communication network measurements is preferably done at the end
of each power line measurement reporting session, which session can be for example at the end of
the measurement hour, day or week.
It should be stressed here that from the point of view of SG real-time control of the end-to-end
throughput is not as relevant as the end-to-end delay. Furthermore, due to the limitations in the
level of details in the communication network measurements it will not be feasible to determine the
throughput for all individual nodes (e.g. the installed SM and WAMPS-PMC nodes due to lack of GPS
time reference) and on all network segments (i.e. throughput in the radio access segment and/or PLC
segment, mobile core, TS transport network after the SUNSEED APN etc.). Therefore, it is expected
that the only end-to-end communication throughput measurement will be feasible for the WAMS-
SPM nodes defined as the packet size divided by the packet end-to-end delay as determined in
Section 4.2..
We investigate the limits of PLC communication from smart meters to PLC concentrators under
varying number of smart meters, reporting intervals and line conditions. Real time smart meter
communication is bound at 1 min to 15 min reporting intervals. PLC concentrators are linked with LTE
router-modems via telecom operator network to central database within utility network
management environment. Gathered data are used for real time state estimation.
Background
It is preferred to use as small number of PMU units to achieve observation of distribution grids. Real
time smart meter readings are used to augment PMU measurements to achieve full observability.
Gathering measurements in real time from smart meters (e.g. 1 min reporting interval) may present
challenge to PLC communication channel as it differs greatly from classical AMI for billing purposes
smart meter data gathering, i.e. once per day.
Test setup
We set up a test measurement facility in laboratory-controlled environment that consists of:
Different types of Smart meters (37) (Landis+Gyr, Iskraemeco)
PLC concentrator (Landis+Gyr)
LTE router-modem (Teltonika RUT550)
PLC communication channel (power line), between smart meters and PLC concentrator
Ethernet communication channel, between PLC concentrator and LTE mode
Wireless communication channel, between LTE modem and database
Power load
Grid line measurement unit (Elspec G4500)
Ethernet packet measurement unit (Wireshark)
Remote management software for PLC concentrator and LTE modem
Database
PLC channel is S-FSK 1, 3 phase smart meters of different types and producers are connected with
single PLC line to PLC concentrator, and their reporting interval is varying (1 – 15 min).
Figure 28: Lab environment - test bed for end-to-end telecommunication compatibilities
All measurements are gathered at PLC concentrator and transported to database via high bandwidth
LTE (4G) cellular network. Transport is via RabbitMQ message queue protocol over TCP directly to
SQL database. With using existing S-FSK technology, we transmit all needed billing data for DSO with
common reliability and we try to definite additional data volume transfer for other needs like our
applications in the project. We describe additional tasks in concentrator for periodic register reading
for each meter. To get real financial valuation we decide to calibrate WAMS devices with official
registered meters.
In practice, we managed to read all data from 34 meter in time less than 2 minutes. In long-term
test, we get all billing data (daily, 15min periods, and monthly data) and periodical reading of our 10
registers per meter each 5 minutes with 100% success.
Figure 29: time of reading 10 registers from 1 smart meter is less than 2 seconds)
Disturbances from different home devices could override signal and there could be blind windows for
receiving measuring data.
With incoming new technology PLC OFDM based on ERDF G3 protocol we are expecting more
reliable signal transfers and possibly more capacity for transmitted signals. Further work is required
to valuate new incoming communication technologies and to establish field trial test results under
operating distribution grid conditions that is planned within project itself.
Objective:
Imitation of real conditions and environment for operating measurement system. The goal is to
imitate some real topology segments of future field test. On this model we can measure and observe
behaviour of PLC communications depending on other influences (overvoltage’s, transients,
disturbances, noise of nonlinear loads at end users....). The physical model can help us to test PLC
communications at extreme and rear circumstances in the net and to fine tuning of computer model
of the net to get more accurate results closer to reality.
Equipment:
• HES/MDC
• concentrator DC450
• Meters E450
• Basic Test bed with modular structure allowing different configurations
• Changeable modules to imitate length and characteristics of power lines
• Coupling and Filter circuits for injection of disturbance in to net
• RF Signal Generator to imitate disturbances
• Standard loads and loads from field coursing malfunction of PLC communication
Test configuration:
We like to build and define circuit with a common topology and constructed from most common
widget of today measurement system with common loads to get some kind of “Nominal model”,
where all parameter and values can be measured and results can be repeated. This measurement
should be calibrate and comparable to field test as much as possible. On this basis we can in future
compare new equipment (new products, different produces...), technologies (PLC G3) and evaluate
with measured quantities and numbers to define advantages, cost efficient, interoperability and
complementary with existing system. Some typical measured parameters are: Maximum length of
line to the next meter, life time, capacity and reliability of data transmission, noise rate, resistance on
different disturbances, and time between maintenance...
To have possibility to examine some single events from field trials and to fine turning of computer
simulations to get as much closer result to reality.
The model will help us to do case studies to find reason for multiple similar malfunction of
equipment by imitating the suspected influences in similar environments. Some typical problems on
the fields are: over current disconnection without known reasons, low success rate of
communication and too many relay connection on short distances, malfunction of power supply of
meters because of high frequency disturbances, crosstalk over MV transformer stations...
The radio access related measurements are useful for obtaining information about the performance
of the LTE (and UMTS where applicable) radio interface in uplink and downlink at the LTE (or UMTS)
cells of interest during the SUNSEED trial.
The approach for collecting these radio access related measurements is at the eNode B side via
statistical counters as explained in Section 4.4.1. Additionally, relevant radio access information can
be gathered via Gemalto's or Teltonika's LTE (or UMTS) modem as presented in Section 4.4.2 and
4.4.3, respectively.
Table 1
Parameter Equation
RACH (%) (EUtranCellFDD.pmRaSuccCbra +
EUtranCellFDD.pmRaSuccCfra) /
EUtranCellFDD.pmRaAttCbra +
EUtranCellFDD.pmRaAttCfra) * 100
User download (EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrb +
throughput EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrbTransUm –
(kbit/s) EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrbLastTTI) /
EUtranCellFDD.pmUeThpTimeDl * 1000
User upload EUtranCellFDD.pmUeThpVolUl /
throughput EUtranCellFDD.pmUeThpTimeUl * 1000
(kbit/s)
Cell_DL_thr EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrb +
EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrbTransUm –
EUtranCellFDD.pmPdcpVolDlDrbLastTTI) / ROP2
Cell_UL_thr EUtranCellFDD.pmUeThpVolUl / ROP
IntP AVERAGE(EUtranCellFDD.pmRadioRecInterferencePwr)
I_Pucch AVERAGE(EUtranCellFDD.pmRadioRecInterferencePwrPucch)
PrbDl% Avg AVERAGE(EUtranCellFDD.pmPrbUtilDl)
PrbUl%Avg AVERAGE(EUtranCellFDD.pmPrbUtilUl)
2 ROP: result output period (in seconds), e.g. ROP = 900 in case of 15 min reports.
3 CBRA: contention-based random access preamble. Randomly selected preamble used for initial
network access, access following a radio link failure, handover between cells, downlink data transfer
requiring UE synchronization, uplink data transfer requiring UE synchronization.
4 CFRA: contention-free (explicitly signalled) random access preamble. Reserved preamble used for
PDF ranges:
[0]: N+I <= -121
[1]: -121 < N+I <= -120
[2]: -120 < N+I <= -119
[3]: -119 < N+I <= -118
[4]: -118 < N+I <= -117
[5]: -117 < N+I <= -116
[6]: -116 < N+I <= -115
[7]: -115 < N+I <= -114
[8]: -114< N+I <= -113
[9]: -113 < N+I <= -112
[10]: -112 < N+I <= -108
[11]: -108 < N+I <= -104
[12]: -104 < N+I <= -100
[13]: -100 < N+I <= -96
[14]: -96 < N+I <= -92
[15]: -92 < N+I
EUtranCellFDD.pmPrbUtilDl A distribution that shows the
downlink Physical Resource Block
(PRB) pair utilization (total
number of used PRB pairs by
available PRB pairs) on the
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH).
PDF ranges:
[0]: 0 % <= Utilization < 10 %
[1]: 10 % <= Utilization < 20 %
5 PRB: physical Resource Block. PRB defines number of subcarriers for a predetermined amount of
time (time-frequency dimension) and it is handled by a scheduling function at the eNB.
PDF ranges:
[0]: 0 % <= Utilization < 10 %
[1]: 10 % <= Utilization < 20 %
[2]: 20 % <= Utilization < 30 %
[3]: 30 % <= Utilization < 40 %
[4]: 40 % <= Utilization < 50 %
[5]: 50 % <= Utilization < 60 %
[6]: 60 % <= Utilization < 70 %
[7]: 70 % <= Utilization < 80 %
[8]: 80 % <= Utilization < 90 %
[9]: 90 % <= Utilization
The relevant parameter to be measured when the LTE modem is camping on the cell are RSRP and
RSRQ. These two parameters can be used for deriving the coverage conditions (e.g. pathloss via RSRP
value and knowledge of the transmission power of the cell’s reference signal – RS) and downlink
interference/SINR conditions (e.g. by deriving the downlink SINR from the RSRQ value). Additionally,
the Global Cell ID should be also recorded in order to be known which cell is serving the WAMS node.
The relevant AT command when the LTE modem is in active state is:
^SMONI: ACT,EARFCN,Band,DL bandwidth,UL bandwidth,Mode,MCC,MNC,TAC,Global Cell ID,Phys-ical Cell
ID,TX_power,RSRP,RSRQ,Conn_state
Numeric OIDs and raw values can also be displayed in more meaningful texual names and sensible
formatted values using MIB files and cmd tool like snmptranslate. The example above identifies a
particular object, which can be displayed using list of MIB identifiers (provided by vendor of comm.
equipment, i.e. Inhand) to:
Different equipment provides various OID, some of them are “general purpose”, while others remain
in vendor’s domain. Regarding the Sunseed pilot, OIDs related to RF signal (RSSI signal strength,
attached mobile base station), identification (imsi, equipment name, serial number) and network
layer (number of UL and DL bytes, mobile IP, connection uptime) is of great importance. SNMP data
from server is then being processed with monitoring tool (Nagios), where additional parameters can
be calculated and displayed in graphical form, e.g. graphs of outages. Furthermore, data is also
populated in dedicated GIS system, where one (SG operator) have overview and control over SNMP
events in geo-spatial domain.
The WAMS-SPM power line measurements, as well as additional SM and WAMS-PMC power line
measurements will be reported via TCP/IP protocol meaning that the power line measurements will
be eventually available at the SUNSEED database for post-processing. As a consequence, the issue is
if the reported power line measurements is available on time (to be post-processed by the state
estimation algorithm) and less of an issue if the power line measurements will be available at all.
However, it can happen that particular measurement is not available or not valid due to some other
reasons (e.g. transient phenomena in SPM as discussed in D4.1.1 [D4.1.1], communication outage
from some nodes, …).
The state estimation uses the following power line measurement:
SPM:
o measurements/data: node_id , v1, v2, v3, th1, th2 , th3, psp_v, psp_th, status, f1, f2,
f3, f4, df1, df2, df3, df4, , stamp1, stamp2
o period: 1 second or more; format JSON see D2.2.2
PMC:
o measurements/data: node_id, v1, v2, v3, i1, i2, i3, i4, f1, p1, p2, p3, q1, q2, q3,
stamp,
o period: 1 second or more; format JSON see D2.2.2
SM:
o measurements/data: node_id, v1, v2, v3, i1, i2, i3, i4, f1, p1, p2, p3, q1, q2, q3, vv1,
vv2, vv3, stamp,
o period: 15 minutes; format JSON see D2.2.2
The overall delay Dall at which the data is available for further processing in data storage can be
calculated as follow:
While the processing delays at the node and on the server side are quite deterministic, the
communication’s delay depends on the availability/congestion and the type of the communication
path. Although the state estimation works also if some measurements are not available (resulting in
higher error), it is of paramount importance that it waits at least Dall before processing the data and
SE calculation. Thus, the knowledge about the communication delays is essential in particular as in
some cases where the satellite link is used (Kneža testbed) it can be more than 250ms, which is a few
times more than in LTE.
During the SUNSEED trial, the reporting power line measurement period for the WAMS-SPM nodes
will be configured from few minutes (e.g. 15, 10, 5, or 1) down to 1 second. Next to this, the
reporting period of power line measurements of WAMS-PMC might be also configured towards
lower values (e.g. lower than 15 min) in particular as it can provide more “up to date” injection
information, which improves the state estimation. Thus, it is advantageous that WAMS-PMC
Demand-response use case can be considered as the subset of SE use case from the power line
measurement perspective. It means that if the SE power measurements are in place no additional
power line measurements need to be collected, as all necessary data are already available. However,
in the case that demand response use case is used without SE, then the following power line
measurements need to be collected:
PMC:
o measurements/data: node_id, v1, v2, v3, i1, i2, i3, i4, f1, p1, p2, p3, q1, q2, q3,
stamp,
o period: 15 minutes or less; format JSON see D2.2.2
SM:
o measurements/data: node_id, v1, v2, v3, i1, i2, i3, i4, f1, p1, p2, p3, q1, q2, q3, vv1,
vv2, vv3, stamp,
o period: 15 minutes; format JSON see D2.2.2
In addition to power line data there is additional data send from/to nodes that are connected to
controllable appliances. Using FPAI these nodes send data regarding the control space of their energy
consumption and receive data regarding allocation of their energy consumption:
Control space information
o Registration of control space
o Period On demand, typically less than once every 15 minutes; format XML see D2.2.2
and D4.4.1
o Update of control space
o Period: On demand, typically less than once every 15 minutes; format XML see
D2.2.2 and D4.4.1Allocation information
Allocation information
o Allocation
o Period: On demand, typically less than once every 15 minutes; format XML see
D2.2.2 and D4.4.1
o Allocation update
During the SUNSEED trial the installed WAMS-SPM and WAMS-PMC nodes will be configured to
transmit ‘artificial power outage alarms/events’ while it is expected that the deployed SM nodes
from Landys Gyr cannot be configured to send these ‘artificial outage messages’. As part of this
outage alarms the GPS location of the WAMS-SPM or WAMS-PMC nodes will be reported. Using
these enriched power outage messages it will be shown during the trial how quickly a power outage
can be localized in the power grid.
6 Conclusions
The deliverable outlines the specific scenarios for communication solutions on separate field trial
locations which are geographically quite distinguished. Regarding the proposed scenarios, the
general communication SUNSEED back-end infrastructure with security architecture and provisioning
the security credentials to the end nodes is defined.
In particular, we focus on considered solutions for WAMS (SPM and PMC) and for smart meters,
respectively. Of course, due to costs reduction and where possible, WAMS and smart meters can use
the same gateway for a considered communication solution. For WAMS scenarios the typical wiring
diagram scheme and an example of inventory material with technical specification was made. On the
basis of coverage analyses from deliverable D5.1.2 the most appropriate communication scenario per
each transformer station as the main functional location was assigned.
In-depth analyses of the field trial locations and of the Telekom Slovenije infrastructure reviled that
mobile and satellite communications are the most appropriate to connect majority of WAMS devices
into the SUNSEED cloud. Therefore, we distinguish two communication scenarios, where WAMS
(SPM/PMC) are using mobile or fixed modem/router (Scenario A) and WAMS SPM are using satellite
modem/router (Scenario B). With respect to the analysis of fixed network access points presence and
mobile network coverage from deliverables published in WP5 scenario A is further divided into three
sub-scenarios, where gateway (modem/router) could connects the LTE network (scenario A.1), UMTS
network (scenario A.2) or xDSL/FTTH network (scenario A.3). Regarding the position of a satellite
antenna scenario B is also divided into two sub-scenarios where WAMS could be located at utility
functional location and it is connected directly to satellite modem/router, while the location can
have also Wi-Fi bridge to subordinate functional location (Scenario B.1). Other possibility is WAMS
positions at subordinate functional location and connects to the satellite modem/router via Wi-Fi
bridge (Scenario B.2).
Similar as WAMS in scenario A, smart meters use mobile or fixed modems/routers as gateways for
connecting into the SUNSEED cloud via mobile or fixed network. However, with regard to the exact
smart meter model, they are connected to such gateways in different manner. We distinct two
scenarios, where smart meters are connected to PLC data concentrator (DC), which is connected to
mobile or fixed modem/router (Scenario C) or they are connected to mobile or fixed modem/router
via RS485 to Ethernet converter (Scenario D).
Sunseed IT selected security will insure the proper filtering of data transmission at the IP level. It
consists of four main parts in general to support WAMS connectivity with the data centre via by using
mobile connections with private APNs, WAMS connectivity with the data centre via xDSL or FTTH
connections and WAMS connectivity with the data centre via VPN by using satellite links. The
datacentre is behind the firewall with load balancing functionality for physical separation from the
access network part. For end WAMS nodes access the authorization delegation model is used. . In
such model, “Resource servers” (entities controlling access to some “resource” delegate the
administration of the access control to some or all of their resources to an external authorization
server.
During the trial measurements it is important to characterize the ongoing traffic in terms of e.g.
packet sizes, inter-packet arrival times, aggregated amount of traffic, etc. This realistic traffic
During the SUNSEED trial the measurements of the electricity grid and the communication network
will be used to assess the feasibility and the performance requirements for the three defined
SUNSEED use cases, namely the real-time state estimation, demand response, and outage
localization use case. For the electricity grid state estimation use case a procedure is defined
regarding the testing of the accuracy and up to date information of the state-estimation function. As
the reporting interval of the WAMS-PMC and WAMS-SPM nodes is varied from e.g. 15 min down to 1
s the impact on the communication network and end-to-end delays will be investigated as well as the
ability of the state-estimation algorithm to predict a correct value and on time. For the demand
response use case next to the measurements needed for the state estimation additional
measurements and control information messages will be collected. As the delay in demand response
cycles is typically around 15 min, for this use case it is important to check the reliability of these
additional measurements and control messages (i.e. to check the stability and reliability of the
control process) and not on the end-to-end delay performance for these messages. Finally, by
instructing the WAMS-SPM and WAMS-PMC nodes to initiate ‘fake outage’ messages enriched with
location information (e.g. GPS coordinates for WAMS-SPM) the feasibility of automatic grid outage
localization will be assessed as the final SUNSEED use case.
7 References
[1] FP7 SUNSEED Project, Deliverable D3.4.1, “Security architecture for smart grids“, SUNSEED
Consortium, 2015.
[2] Available from http://www.backtrack-linux.org/wiki/index.php/Pentesting_VOIP, retrieved
on March 2016.
[3] Shafiq, Muhammad Zubair, et al. "A first look at cellular machine-to-machine traffic: large
scale measurement and characterization." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation
Review 40.1 (2012): 65-76.
[4] Shafiq, M. Zubair, et al. "Large-scale measurement and characterization of cellular machine-
to-machine traffic." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON) 21.6 (2013): 1960-1973.
[5] FP7 SUNSEED Project, Deliverable D2.2.2, “Preliminary specification of SUNSEED field trial
requirements for communication, metering, and data collection“, SUNSEED Consortium,
2016.