Review in Allied Subjects Crop Science (Agronomy)

6/18/2018
TOPIC
For Agricultural
Engineering
Review in Allied Licensure
Subjects Examination
CROP SCIENCE
CROP SCIENCE (AGRONOMY)
(Agronomy)
Year 2018
PROPAGATION &
IMPROVEMENT
Donna Ria Josue-Canacan, Ph.D.
Professor, Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City,
Philippines
Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy
Plant Propagation Sexual reproduction of plants

 Methods of plant propagation:  Development of seeds
 Sexual: with the use of seeds or spores  Fusion of male and female gametes
 Asexual or vegetative: with the use of  Results to recombination of genes
natural vegetative propagules (e.g. bulbs
and bublets, corm and cormels, runners,
rhizomes, tubers, crowns, plantlets),
cuttings, layering or marcotting, budding
and grafting
 Tissue culture: propagation under aseptic
conditions using artificial growth media
4
Seed classification according to  Intermediate: can be dried to seed

moisture levels safe for orthodox seeds;
sensitivity to drying and temperature easily injured at low temperatures, lower
 Orthodox: “drying-tolerant” seeds; can than 10%. e.g. African oil palm, royal palm,
tolerate drying to as low as 5% seed papaya and coffee
moisture under common conditions and
low storage temperatures; e.g. corn
 Recalcitrant: “drying-sensitive” seeds;
critical value ranging from 12-30% MC;
cannot withstand temperatures lower than
20°C; e.g. avocado, mango,
mangosteen, lychee, cocoa, rubber tree
5 6
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 Dormancy: the inability of the seed to Germination

germinate due to factors which are
inherent in the seed
 Quiescence: The failure of the seed to
germinate due to absence of any
essential environmental requirement
for germination
 Germination: The resumption of the
active growth of the embryo resulting
in the rupture of the seed coat by the
radicle (embryonic root) or by the
shoot leading to the emergence of a
new seedling plant
7 8
Patterns of Germination
 Epigeous germination (Epigeal): the
hypocotyl elongates and raises the
cotyledons above the ground
(generally dicot)
 Hypogeous germination (Hypogeal):
the hypocotyl does not raise the
cotyledons above the ground; only
the epicotyl emerges (generally
monocot)
9 10
Methodsof Breaking Seed

Dormancy
 Soaking in water (cold or warm); quick
dipping in boiling water
11 12
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 Boiling
water treatment (5 minutes)  Scarification:
hard seed coats are
e.g. Guava seeds rubbed in abrasive paper or any rough
material to make them permeable to
water and gases
 Alternate hot and cold water

e.g.
Abaca
seeds
13 14
 Stratification:
storage under high moisture  Chemical treatment: KNO3, thiourea,
content at low temperature to allow the hydrogen peroxide and growth
seeds to undergo after-ripening using regulators (gibberellic acid, kinetin,
alternate layers of moistened sphagnum, ethylene)
sand or other appropriate material and
stored at low temperature
15 16
 Vernalization: storage under cold

temperature prior to planting (also true Pre-germination Treatments
for flowering); 1 to 7°C temp. (ideal)
 SeedProtectant (fungicide)
 e.g.
Metalaxyl in slurry to control downy
mildew of corn (100 g per 15 kg corn
seeds) – Dr. Ofelio Exconde
Celery seeds need to be exposed

under 4.4 to 10°C for 10 days under
imbibed condition to germinate
17 18
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 Soakingin 1% KCl solution for 12 hours  Soaking in 1% NaCl2 or 2% KH2PO4 for 12

(paddy rice) – improves germination and hours (Sorghum) – improves germination
vigor and vigor
19 20
 Soaking
in 100 ppm solution of ZnSO4 ,  SeedInoculation with Rhizobia done
MgSO4 and MnSO4 for 4 hours (Pulses) – before planting of legume seeds
improves germination and vigor
21 22
Methods of testing Seed  Seedbox method

Germination
 Ragdoll Method
 Petri Dish Method (Dish Method)
23 24
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 Tetrazolium Test
A solution of 2, 3, 5 Asexual Reproduction of Plants
triphyenyltetrazolium
chloride (a salt) is  Vegetative reproduction
added to water to
 Growth of vegetative parts/ propagules
form a colorless
solution.  Involves mostly cell division by mitosis
 1% solution (for
legumes and grasses
that are not bisected
 0.1% solution for
bisected grasses and
cereals
25 26
Asexual Propagules of Crops Bulb
 Bulb: a specialized underground organ

with short, fleshy, usually vertical stem
axis (basal plate) bearing at its apex a
growing point or a flower primordium
enclosed by thick, fleshy scale; e.g. tulips,
lilies Bulbil
 Bulbil: aerial plantlet formed on the axil of
the leaves or flower stalk; e.g. agave, The angular shape
bulbil distinguishes it
Edible air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) from the inedible
Wild Air Potato
27 28
 Corm: a swollen base of a stem axis

enclosed by the dry-scale leaves; e.g.
banana, gabi
 Cormel: miniature corm which develops
between the old and new corms; e.g.
Gladiolus Corm
 Crown: part of the plant at the surface of Crown
Cormel
the ground from which new shoots are
produced; e.g. aster; pineapple
29 30
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 Offshoot or offset: lateral shoot or branch

which develops from the base of the main
stem in certain plants (a shortened,
thickened stem of rosette-like
appearance; e.g. Pistia sp.; date palm
 Pseudobulb: specialized storage structure
consisting of enlarged, fleshy section of
the stem made up of one to several Pseudobulb
nodes; e.g. Cattleya sp.
Offshoot
31 32
 Rhizome: specialized structure in which

the main axis of the plant grows
horizontally at or just below the ground
surface e.g. banana, ginger
 Runner or stolon: specialized structure
developing from the axil of the leaf at the
crown of a plant, grows horizontally along
the ground, and forms a new plant at one
of the nodes; e.g. strawberry
Rhizome Runner/ Stolon

33 34
 Slip:leafy shoot originating from axillary

buds borne at the base of the plant or Slips
peduncle of the fruit; e.g. pineapple
 Sucker: adventitious shoot arising from
underground stem; e.g. pineapple,
banana Tuber
 Tuber:
 modified stem (tuberous stem),
 modified root (tuberous root),
 enlarged or swollen part containing
food reserves (stem: swelling of sub-
Suckers
apical portion of the stolon)
35 36
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Asexual Propagation by Separation Asexual Propagation by Division

 Planting naturally detachable organs  Cutting
into sections of specialized or
 Runners modified stems/ roots (e.g. tubers)
 Slips
 Suckers
 Crown
 Bulbs
 Plantlets (e.g. corm,
rhizome and tubers)
37 38
 Leaf
or leaf bud cutting: e.g. begonia,
Asexual Propagation by Cutting camellias
 Stem cutting: e.g. breadfruit, pears, apples
Leaf bud
39 40
 Root cutting: e.g. raspberry, gumamela Asexual Propagation by Joining and

other methods
 Layering:a method of propagating new
plants when seeding, cutting, grafting and
other methods are impractical or
ineffective; consists of rooting a new plant
while the stem is still attached to the parent
plant.
41 42
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Simple layering  Grafting:joining a scion and rootstock to

form a new plant
 Scion: upper part of the joint; desirable
characteristic of foliage/ fruits/ flowers
 Rootstock: lower part of the joint;
desirable root characteristics such as
drought or flood-resistance, root disease
Simple layering resistance
Ground layering Air layering/ Marcotting

43 44
 Budding/ bud grafting: A single detached

bud is used as a scion
 Quick and efficient (90% success, citrus)
scion
Bud scion
joint
root
stock
root
stock
45 46
 Inarching/ approach grafting: grafting a  Tissue culture techniques: using any plant
plant by connecting a growing branch part (living tissue) capable of cell division
without separating the scion from its parent and growing it in an artificial medium under
stock until the scion becomes completely aseptic condition
attached to the rootstock
Union
47 48
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6/18/2018
 Soil sterilization
Seedling Preparation
 Use
of containers (easy to handle,
controlled medium, proper aeration,
good water and nutrient holding Boiling water
capacity) Soil heating
Chlorine dioxide
Soil steaming
49 50
 Transplanting– transferring sturdy

seedlings or plants to another place
Balling &
Potting Burlapping
Pricking
51 52
Resistant
Crop Improvement (Plant Breeding)

 The science, art and business of crop
improvement for human benefit.
 For pests control, resistance is the rule.
 Most plants are resistant to pests and
diseases. All plants have multi-layered and
Susceptible
complex defense mechanisms either
preformed or formed in response to invasion.
 When defensive barriers are breached, the
plant becomes susceptible to the pest or
pathogen.
Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Resistant
53 54
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 Domestication
Domestication of corn
 Upper image: mature inflorescence, or “ear” of teosinte
(Zea mays ssp. mexicana),
Genetic engineering: e.g. Papaya ringspot virus; (A) left, susceptible; right
(transgenic plants) at 9; (B) 18; and 23 (C) months after transplanting; (D)  Lower image: modern corn (or maize, Zea mays ssp.
transgenic plants surrounded by normal plants 28 months after transplanting mays L.)
55 56
Pollination
 Transfer of pollen grains
from the stamen to the
stigma of the pistil
(carpel) of a flower
57 58
 Emasculation - The removal of the anthers Types of pollination

of a flower in order to prevent self-
pollination or the undesirable pollination
of neighbouring plants
59 60
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 Fourmost common mating systems used in  Backcross: The recurrent

crop improvement: parent is involved in
 Top cross: Only A succeeding crosses;
pollinates BCD “A” is the recurrent
(half Sib, “siblings”) parent; “B” donor parent
 Hybrid cross: Cross of two
homozygous
 Polycross: Random individuals; “AB” is an
crossing of several F1 single cross hybrid;
selected individuals “ABC” is an F1 3-way
cross hybrid
61 62
 Reciprocal cross:  Wide or distant

mating of two cross: crossing
individuals in which distantly-related
each is used as the individuals
male parent in one  Interspecific:
crossing
cross and the female
individuals
parent on the other belonging to
different species
 Intraspecific cross:  Intergeneric:
crossing x
crossing individuals
belonging to the individuals
same species, ex. belonging to
different genera
variety x variety cross Pusa nanha x
Vasconcellea cauliflora
63 64
 Hybridization: crossing genetically  Inbred plant B73 (left), inbred plant Mo17
dissimilar individuals; (middle), and hybrid plant B73 x Mo17 (right)
 Heterosis/ hybrid vigor: offspring is better
than average of parents
 Inbreeding: mating of individuals related
by ancestry; leads to production of
homozygous individuals
 Inbred: product of inbreeding. Hence,
consequently, a homozygous individual
65 66
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 Hydrid tomato (sft-4537 x M82)  Mutation: heritable change in an organism

 spontaneous – mutations occurring in
natural populations without any
treatment; low rate of about 10-6
 induced – mutations artificially produced
by treatment with certain physical or
chemical agents or mutagens
 physical mutagens – β rays, α rays, fast
and thermal neutrons, x-rays, γ rays, UV
radiation
 chemical mutagens – alkylating agents,
acridine dyes, base analogues
67 68
 Fukushima  Mutation in carrots results to differences in

radiation of corn color
 Thermal neutrons
radiation of
grapefruit
69 70
 Genetic  Calgene’s Flavr Savr tomato: first commercial

engineering/ food product derived from a transgenic crop
Recombinant DNA variety; commercialized in year 1994 (presently
technology: no longer available in the market); Recombinant
specific DNA and transformation techniques allow plant
identification, breeders to use genes from essentially any
isolation and source as tools for crop improvement.
alteration of genes
and their
reintroduction into
living organisms to
produce
transgenic
varieties
71 72
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 Bt
corn: a
genetically  GoldenRice: accumulation of beta-carotene
modified corn (which is converted into vitamin A when
which received a consumed by animals) in rice grains: scientists
gene from the used genes from daffodil, pea, a bacterium, and
donor organism, a
naturally occurring a virus. Transgenic plant methods enable these
soil bacterium four well characterized genes to be inserted into
Bacillus a transgenic plant, producing a highly specific
thuringiensis Injury by ECB Bt corn change in only the trait of interest.
Bt gene: encodes a
protein (Bt delta
endotoxin) that kills
Lepidoptera larvae, in
particular, European
corn borer (ECB).
ECB larva and adults 73 74
 registered seeds –
Classes of seeds produced from
foundation or registered
 breeder seeds – controlled by the seeds and carry a green
originating plant breeder; starting point of tag
all the subsequent classes of seeds; seeds  certified seeds –
obtained from uniform panicles by produced from
breeders; 100% pure foundation, registered or
 foundation seeds – seeds produced from certified seeds and carry
breeder seeds; source of registered and/or a blue tag
certified seeds; 98% pure with at least 85%  good seeds – produced
germination rate; carry a red tag from varieties not yet
approved by NSIC
75 76
TOPIC Crop Science/ Agronomy
Propagation of plants with the use of

seeds or spores
a. Sexual
b. Asexual
PRACTICE c. Tissue Culture
QUESTIONS d. Genetic engineering
77 78
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Propagation of plants with the use of Drying tolerant seeds:

seeds or spores a. Recalcitrant
a. Sexual b. Orthodox seeds
b. Asexual c. Intermediate seeds
c. Tissue Culture d. Tubers
d. Genetic engineering
Time’s up!
79 80
Drying tolerant seeds: The inability of the seed to germinate

a. Recalcitrant due to factors which are inherent in
b. Orthodox seeds the seed
c. Intermediate seeds a. Quiescence
d. Tubers b. Dormancy
c. Germination
d. Development
Time’s up!
81 82
The inability of the seed to germinate Pattern of germination in which the

due to factors which are inherent in hypocotyl elongates and raises the
the seed cotyledons above the ground :
a. Quiescence a. Epigeous
b. Dormancy b. Hypogeous
c. Germination c. Hypergeous
d. Development d. Dormancy
Time’s up!
83 84
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Pattern of germination in which the A method of breaking seed dormancy in

hypocotyl elongates and raises the which hard seed coats are rubbed in
cotyledons above the ground : abrasive paper or any rough material to
make them permeable to water and
a. Epigeous gases:
b. Hypogeous a. Vernalization
c. Hypergeous b. Soaking
d. Dormancy c. Stratification
d. Scarification
Time’s up!
85 86
A method of breaking seed dormancy in Celery seeds need to be exposed under 4.4
which hard seed coats are rubbed in to 10°C for 10 days under imbibed
abrasive paper or any rough material to condition to germinate. This process is
make them permeable to water and called:
gases: a. Vernalization
a. Vernalization b. Soaking
b. Soaking c. Stratification
c. Stratification d. Scarification
d. Scarification
Time’s up!
87 88
Celery seeds need to be exposed under 4.4 The pre-treatment of corn seeds using 100 g
to 10°C for 10 days under imbibed metalaxyl per 15 kg corn seeds to make
condition to germinate. This process is a slurry is a called:
called: a. Seed Protectant
a. Vernalization b. Inoculant
b. Soaking c. Green manure
c. Stratification d. Chemical soaking
d. Scarification
Time’s up!
89 90
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The pre-treatment of corn seeds using 100 g Asexual propagule that is a swollen
metalaxyl per 15 kg corn seeds to make base of a stem axis enclosed by the
a slurry is a called: dry-scale leaves:
a. Seed Protectant
a. Tuber
b. Inoculant
c. Green manure
b. Crown
d. Chemical soaking c. Cormel
d. Corm
Time’s up!
91 92
Asexual propagule that is a swollen A method of propagating new plants

base of a stem axis enclosed by the when seeding, cutting, grafting and
dry-scale leaves: other methods are impractical or
a. Tuber ineffective:
b. Crown a. Layering
c. Cormel b. Budding
d. Corm c. Grafting
d. Inarching
Time’s up!
93 94
A method of propagating new plants Transfer of pollen grains from the

when seeding, cutting, grafting and stamen to the stigma of the pistil
other methods are impractical or (carpel) of a flower:
ineffective: a. Emasculation
a. Layering b. Backcrossing
b. Budding c. Pollination
c. Grafting d. Topcrossing
d. Inarching
Time’s up!
95 96
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Crop Science/ Agronomy TOPIC
Transfer of pollen grains from the

stamen to the stigma of the pistil
(carpel) of a flower:
a. Emasculation
b. Backcrossing
c. Pollination -END OF PART 2 -
d. Topcrossing
Time’s up!
97 98
17

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6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Plant Propagation Sexual reproduction of plants

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Seed classification according to  Intermediate: can be dried to seed

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Dormancy: the inability of the seed to Germination

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Methodsof Breaking Seed

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Alternate hot and cold water

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Vernalization: storage under cold

Celery seeds need to be exposed

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Soakingin 1% KCl solution for 12 hours  Soaking in 1% NaCl2 or 2% KH2PO4 for 12

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Methods of testing Seed  Seedbox method

 Petri Dish Method (Dish Method)

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Asexual Propagules of Crops Bulb

 Bulb: a specialized underground organ

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Corm: a swollen base of a stem axis

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Offshoot or offset: lateral shoot or branch

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Rhizome: specialized structure in which

Rhizome Runner/ Stolon

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Slip:leafy shoot originating from axillary

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Asexual Propagation by Separation Asexual Propagation by Division

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Stem cutting: e.g. breadfruit, pears, apples

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Root cutting: e.g. raspberry, gumamela Asexual Propagation by Joining and

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Simple layering  Grafting:joining a scion and rootstock to

Ground layering Air layering/ Marcotting

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Budding/ bud grafting: A single detached

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Transplanting– transferring sturdy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Improvement (Plant Breeding)

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Emasculation - The removal of the anthers Types of pollination

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Fourmost common mating systems used in  Backcross: The recurrent

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Reciprocal cross:  Wide or distant

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy