3 Ag Eng Review Josue Canacan 2018 Crop Sci - PRACTICES2 PDF

6/18/2018
TOPIC
For Agricultural
Engineering
Review in Allied Licensure
Subjects Examination
CROP SCIENCE
CROP SCIENCE (AGRONOMY)
(Agronomy)
Year 2018
LAND
PREPARATION
Donna Ria Josue-Canacan, Ph.D.
Professor, Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City,
Philippines
Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy
Cropping System Land Preparation for Annual Crops

 refers to the crop or its sequence, its  Lowland system: land or area free of
spatial and temporal arrangement or dissolved oxygen for few days due to
pattern, and the practices or processes accumulation of ground water or water
involved in growing it from other sources; waterlogged or
paddy soil) e.g. rice production area
3 4
 Upland system:
land or area with Land Preparation for Perennial Crops
high elevation or
unsaturated with  Open-grassland: combination of tractor
water; e.g. maize mowing, use of grass cutter or herbicide
production area application; alternate plowing and
harrowing (if necessary)
5 6
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 Sloping: clearing of spots where trees will

be planted, removal of vegetation (e.g. Cropping Practices
in row)
 Monocropping:
growing a single
type of crop in a
land
 Multiple cropping:
growing 2 or more
types of crop on the
same land in one
year or more
7 8
3 Types of Multiple cropping  Mixed cropping:

 Succession planting: growing two or in no definite
more crops one after another arrangement
 Relay planting: planting a crop in the
same area as another crop is about to
be harvested
 Multi-storey cropping:
 Intercropping: growing different crops in
with different heights
the same area at the same time
3 Types of intercropping:
 Companion cropping:
in alternate rows
Companion cropping is usually synonymous
to Intercropping
9 10
Crop rotation: changing crop

(family) every year to sustain soil
quality and control pests and
diseases
11 12
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 Inter-planting:
a practice of planting short term annual Tillage
crop with long-term annual or biennial
 mechanical manipulation of the soil, e.g.
crops
stirring of the soil manually or with the use of
 Inter-culture:
machines, to provide favorable
 the cultivation of one crop underneath environment for crop growth
a perennial crop  Land preparation: 25 to 30 days before
planting
13 14
 Conventional tillage  No-till

A tillage operation traditionally  Seeding directly into previously
performed in preparing a seedbed for a undisturbed soil (>30% residue left)
given crop grown in a given  Reduced tillage
geographical area (<15% residue left)  A tillage system which consists of fewer
or less energy intensive optimum
 Deep tillage compared with conventional tillage
A primary tillage operation which  Minimum tillage
manipulates the soil to a greater depth  Minimum soil manipulation necessary
than 300 mm for crop production or for meeting
tillage requirements under existing soil
condition
15 16
17 18
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 Mulch tillage  Tillageoperations include

A tillage or soil preparation in which  Plowing: inverts the soil and pulverizes
plant residues are specifically left on or lumps
near the surface  Harrowing: done to further reduce size
of soil clods, to smooth and level soil
surface, and control weeds
 Implement: is a tool that is used to
perform a farming job
19 20
 Farm implements:
 Walking-type agricultural tractor: hand
tractor; pedestrian tractor; self-propelled
machine having a single axle designed
primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (Pull-type)
machinery
 Pull type: traction type; capable of
pulling various kinds of implements
 Rotary tilling type: a type of walking-type
agricultural tractor equipped with rotary
tiller which cuts, breaks up and mixes the
soil and/or plant residues PTO-driven rotary tiller
21 22
 Four-wheel tractor: self-propelled,

wheeled vehicle having two axles
designed to carry, pull or propel
agricultural implements and machines
 Four-wheel drive: type of four-wheel
tractor where power is transmitted to all
wheels
 Two-wheel drive: type of four-wheel
tractor where power is transmitted to rear
Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (rotary tilling-type)
wheels with small front wheels being
pushed along
23 24
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 Fallow field (Starting point)
Two-wheel drive tractor
Four-wheel drive tractor

25 26
Primary tillage:  Primary tillage:

 tillage which constitutes the initial  reduce soil strength, cover plant
major soil-working operation materials, and rearrange aggregates
 First working after harvest
 displaces and shatters soil
 Most aggressive
 reduces soil strength and buries or
mixes plant materials and fertilizers in  Cuts and shatters soil
the tilled layer  Burying crop residues
 Highest power requirement
 Leaves rough surface
 Done either wet or dry
27 28
 Primary Tillage  Field after primary tillage
29 30
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 Primarytillage implements  Moldboard plow:

 Moldboard plow A type of plow that is widely adapted in
 Disc plow/ Offset disc plow breaking different types of soil for
 Chisel plow turning and covering crop residues
 Rotary plow
31 32
 Moldboard:  Moldboard:
 partof the plow which lifts, inverts and  receives the furrow slice from the share
throws the furrow slice to one side and turns to break, crush and pulverize
the soil
Moldboard The depth of cut for moldboard plow: set at the

vertical height from the point of share to the
uppermost part of the shin
33 34
 Main components of a moldboard plow  Main components of a moldboard plow

(animal-drawn)
35 36
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 Main components of a moldboard plow  Main components of a moldboard plow

(tractor-drawn) (tractor-mounted)
Trailing
Semi-mounted
37 38
 Types of moldboard  Types of moldboard

 general-purpose moldboard: plow  slatted moldboard: plow bottom which
bottom that has less curvature than the is used in sticky soils and soils that does
stubble and can be used easily for not scour on solid moldboard
stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover
land
39 40
 sod moldboard: plow bottom that has  stubble moldboard: plow bottom that
long, narrow and less sloping has short, broader & curved
moldboard with a gradual twist that moldboard more abruptly along the
allows complete inversion of the furrow top edge; is suited to work in soil which
slice with minimum breakage has been cultivated from year to year
41 42
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 Disc (Disk) Plow:

 implement with individually mounted
concave disc blades which cut, partially
or completely; invert soil slices to bury
surface material, and pulverize the soil
 A type of plow designed to reduce
friction by making a rolling bottom Disc Plow
instead of slides along the furrow
Offset
43 44
 Main components of a Disc plow  Tractor mounted disc plow
Reversible
Shank: structural member of an implement

Semi-mounted Reversible
where tillage tool to be a beam attached
45 46
 Depth of cut: moldboard vs. disc  Chisel plow:

 equipped with narrow, double-ended
shovels or chisel points, mounted on
long shanks. These points rip through the
soil and stir it but do not invert and
pulverize as well as the moldboard and
disk plows; often used to loosen hard,
dry soils prior to using regular plows;
also useful for shattering plow sole
 A tillage implement which shatters the
soil without complete burial or mixing of
surface materials (loosening the soil)
47 48
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 Chisel plow  Rotary plow

a rotary tilling type machine; a type of
walking-type agricultural tractor
equipped with rotary tiller which cuts,
breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or
plant residues
Tractor-mounted  A plow that combines the primary and
secondary tillage at the same time
 used to cut and to pulverize the soil
Chisel plow
49 50
 Minitillers:
a new type of small agricultural tillers or
cultivators used by farmers or
homeowners
 also known as power tillers or
garden tillers
Powertiller: A
machine that is
used with small
Rotavator is a trademark of the plow and
Howard group (Australian harrow
Arthur Clifford Howard, inventor designed for
of the first powered, pedestrian rice farming
rotary tillers, Year 1912) operation
51 52
Plowing  One-way Plow:

A type of plow which is equipped with
plow bodies which turn the furrow slice
to one side only
 Reversible Plow:
 A type of plow which has two sets of
bodies mounted symmetrically on a
share frame which can be rotated over
180 degrees along the longitudinal axis
53 54
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Secondary tillage:
 any group of different tillage operation,
following primary tillage, which are
designed to create refined soil
conditions before the seed is planted
 Harrowing
One-way plow
A secondary tillage operation which
pulverizes, smoothens and packs the
soil during seedbed preparation and
also controls weeds
Reversible plow
55 56
 Secondary tillage  Secondary tillage
 Follows primary tillage

 Normally shallower working depth
 Provide additional soil pulverization
(puddling)
 Level soil surface
 Control weeds
57 58
 After secondary working  Secondary Tillage Implements

 Disc (Disk) Harrow:
 stirs the soil using multiple number of
disk blade arranged on a gang (e.g.
two or four gangs of concave disks)
59 60
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Tandem Disc  Tine cultivator: the tine refers to frames

with the teeth (also called shanks) that
pierce the soil as they are dragged
through it linearly
61 62
Harrowing  After final dry working
63 64
 Zero tilled field (chemical tillage)  Minimum tillage: soil management

concept in which residues from previous
season remains in the field and the next
crop is planted by drilling into the soil with
little or no-tillage (No-till system)
Minimum soil
manipulation
necessary for crop
production or for
meeting tillage
requirements
Zero tillage: A procedure in which planting is made under existing soil
directly into an essentially unprepared seedbed condition
65 66
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 Puddling (in rice)  Float-assist tiller (hydrotiller): a special type of

walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-
 Create hard pan to reduce deep water
mounted tilling wheel and equipped with a
percolation flotation structure commonly used in
 Kill emerging weeds prior to planting waterlogged fields
 Level fields
 Softens soil for transplanting
67 68
 Puddling using a Hydro tiller  Puddling using four-wheeled tractor
69 70
 Puddled rice field prior to planting

Plowing patterns
 The pattern used is determined:
 by implement (one-way plow can only
throws soil in one direction)
 by desired field levelness-headland most
level
 by field shape-long narrow fields
 efficiency (headland pattern most
efficient)
71 72
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 Patterns include  Headland Pattern: starts at one end and

 Circuitous PlowingPatterns: starts at leaves flat even field
outside and leaves a furrow in the middle
of field
73 74
 Land Plow System: starts In middle and

leaves a level field Cultivation or intertillage
 tillagebetween seedling emergence and
crop harvest;
 with the following benefits:
 Weed control
 Improved water infiltration and soil
aeration
 Moisture conservation
 Loosened compacted soil
75 76
 any tillage operation after seeds or  Fieldcultivator: implement for seedbed

seedlings are planted preparation, weed eradication, or fallow
 1st: Done 2 weeks after planting cultivation; subsequent to some form of
 2nd or 3rd: 2 to 3 weeks interval,
primary tillage, equipped with spring steel
depending on growth of weeds shanks
 Proper moisture is essential (crusty
condition and destroyed soil tilth may result
if not followed)
77 78
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 Shovel: spade-shaped, V-pointed soil  Classification of field cultivator according

working tool, which is used for various to type of driving tractor
plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil  Two-wheel tractor driven: type of field
scarifiers cultivator wherein a two-wheel tractor is
 Spike: type of shovel used in hard soil used to drive the soil tool
conditions and for deeper penetration
 Sweep: type of shovel which is wing-
shaped
Front mounted cultivator
Spike type shovel Sweep type shovel Drawn type

79 80
 Four-wheel tractor driven: type of field  Three-point hitch mounted: type of field
cultivator wherein a four-wheel tractor is cultivator wherein main frame is
used to drive the soil tool mounted to the rear of the tractor using
 Drawn type cultivator: type of field the three-point hitch linkages
cultivator wherein main frame is
mounted far behind the tractor. Guide
wheels are necessary for transport
81 82
 Frontmounted: type of field cultivator  Classification of field cultivator according

wherein main frame is mounted on the to type of shank
front of the tractor. For a four-wheel
driven type, hydraulic cylinders are
required for lowering or lifting of the
implement
“C”- shaped shank or C-shank “S”or “K”- tine shank
83 84
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 Subsoilerbreaks up plow sole - deep

Subsoiler chiselling below 16 in. for the purpose of
loosening soil for root growth and/or
 implement for intermittent tillage at depths water movement
sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers, equipped with widely spaced
shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-
shaped frame
Subsoiling: deep tillage

with at least 350 mm depth
for the purpose of loosening
soil for root growth and/or
water movement
85 86
 Listing
Furrower A tillage and land forming operation
using a tool which splits the soil and
 Lister; ridger;
bedder turns two furrows laterally in opposite
 tillageimplement resembling a double directions, thereby providing a ridge-
moldboard, one left wing and one right and-furrow soil configuration
wing, used to make ridges and beds for
planting and trenches for irrigation and
drainage purposes
87 88
 Furrower bottom: lister bottom; working part

of the furrower which includes the share
and moldboard
 blackland bottom: bottom that has
smaller moldboards and are designed for
better scouring in sticky soils
 general-purpose bottom: bottom that has
wider moldboards that works well at fairly
high speeds in most soil conditions
 hard-ground bottom: bottom that has
very small share and moldboard
designed for use in combination with disc
openers to open hard-baked soils
89 90
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Crop Science/ Agronomy TOPIC
PRACTICE
blackland bottom
QUESTIONS
general-purpose bottom
hard-ground bottom
91 92
Growing of more than one crop on Growing of more than one crop on
the same land in one year the same land in one year
a. mixed crop a. mixed crop
b. multiple cropping b. multiple cropping
c. inter-cropping c. inter-cropping
d. none of the above d. none of the above
Time’s up!
93 94
It is the cultivation of one crop It is the cultivation of one crop

underneath a perennial crop. underneath a perennial crop.
a. inter-planting a. inter-planting
b. inter-cropping b. inter-cropping
c. inter-culture c. inter-culture
d. all of the above d. all of the above
Time’s up!
95 96
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A tillage system which consists of A tillage system which consists of

fewer or less energy intensive fewer or less energy intensive
optimum compared with optimum compared with
conventional tillage. conventional tillage.
a. minimum tillage a. minimum tillage
b. no-till tillage b. no-till tillage
c. reduce tillage c. reduce tillage
Time’s up!
97 98
It is deep chiselling below 16 in. for the It is deep chiselling below 16 in. for the
purpose of loosening soil for root purpose of loosening soil for root
growth and/or water movement. growth and/or water movement.
a. ridging a. ridging
b. chiselling b. chiselling
c. subsoiling c. subsoiling
Time’s up!
99 100
A type of plow which is equipped with A type of plow which is equipped with
plow bodies which turn the furrow plow bodies which turn the furrow
slice to one side only. slice to one side only.
a. one-way plow a. one-way plow
b. two-way plow b. two-way plow
c. two of the above c. two of the above
Time’s up!
101 102
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A tillage equipment which displaces and A tillage equipment which displaces and
shatters soil, used to reduce soil strength shatters soil, used to reduce soil strength
and to bury or mix plant materials and and to bury or mix plant materials and
fertilizers in the tilled layer. fertilizers in the tilled layer.
a. primary tillage equipment a. primary tillage equipment
b. secondary tillage equipment b. secondary tillage equipment
c. seeding and planting equipment c. seeding and planting equipment
Time’s up!
103 104
A tillage implement which shatters the soil A tillage implement which shatters the soil
without complete burial or mixing of without complete burial or mixing of
surface materials. surface materials.
a. chisel plow a. chisel plow
b. lister plow b. lister plow
c. disk plow c. disk plow
Time’s up!
105 106
A type of plow that is widely adapted in A type of plow that is widely adapted in
breaking different types of soil for turning breaking different types of soil for turning
and covering crop residues. and covering crop residues.
a. rotary plow a. rotary plow
b. moldboard plow b. moldboard plow
c. disk plow c. disk plow
Time’s up!
107 108
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A procedure in which planting is made A procedure in which planting is made

directly into an essentially unprepared directly into an essentially unprepared
seedbed. seedbed.
a. zero tillage a. zero tillage
b. no-tillage planting b. no-tillage planting
c. reduced tillage c. reduced tillage
Time’s up!
109 110
A primary-tillage plow used for small rice A primary-tillage plow used for small rice
farm. farm.
a. moldboard a. moldboard
b. rotary b. rotary
c. spiral c. spiral
Time’s up!
111 112
A tillage implement consisting of two or four A tillage implement consisting of two or four
gangs of concave disks. gangs of concave disks.
a. disk plow a. disk plow
b. disk harrow b. disk harrow
c. cultivator c. cultivator
Time’s up!
113 114
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It is the part of the moldboard plow that It is the part of the moldboard plow that
receives the furrow slice from the share receives the furrow slice from the share
and turns to break, crush and pulverize and turns to break, crush and pulverize
the soil. the soil.
a. share a. share
b. shin b. shin
c. moldboard c. moldboard
Time’s up!
115 116
A tillage and land forming operation using A tillage and land forming operation using
a tool which splits the soil and turns two a tool which splits the soil and turns two
furrows laterally in opposite directions, furrows laterally in opposite directions,
thereby providing a ridge-and-furrow soil thereby providing a ridge-and-furrow soil
configuration. configuration.
a. listing a. listing
b. harrowing b. harrowing
c. chiselling c. chiselling
Time’s up!
117 118
A tillage operation traditionally performed A tillage operation traditionally performed

in preparing a seedbed for a given crop in preparing a seedbed for a given crop
grown in a given geographical area. grown in a given geographical area.
a. conventional tillage a. conventional tillage
b. conservation tillage b. conservation tillage
c. strip tillage c. strip tillage
Time’s up!
119 120
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A primary tillage operation which A primary tillage operation which

manipulates the soil to a greater depth manipulates the soil to a greater depth
than 300 mm. than 300 mm.
a. reservoir tillage a. reservoir tillage
b. deep tillage b. deep tillage
c. ridge tillage c. ridge tillage
Time’s up!
121 122
TOPIC
-END OF PART 3
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6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Cropping System Land Preparation for Annual Crops

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Sloping: clearing of spots where trees will

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

3 Types of Multiple cropping  Mixed cropping:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop rotation: changing crop

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Conventional tillage  No-till

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Mulch tillage  Tillageoperations include

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Four-wheel tractor: self-propelled,

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Fallow field (Starting point)

Two-wheel drive tractor

Four-wheel drive tractor

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Primary tillage:  Primary tillage:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Primary Tillage  Field after primary tillage

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Primarytillage implements  Moldboard plow:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Moldboard The depth of cut for moldboard plow: set at the

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Main components of a moldboard plow  Main components of a moldboard plow

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Main components of a moldboard plow  Main components of a moldboard plow

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Types of moldboard  Types of moldboard

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Disc (Disk) Plow:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Main components of a Disc plow  Tractor mounted disc plow

Shank: structural member of an implement

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Depth of cut: moldboard vs. disc  Chisel plow:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Chisel plow  Rotary plow

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Plowing  One-way Plow:

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Secondary tillage  Secondary tillage

 Follows primary tillage

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 After secondary working  Secondary Tillage Implements

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Tandem Disc  Tine cultivator: the tine refers to frames

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Harrowing  After final dry working

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Zero tilled field (chemical tillage)  Minimum tillage: soil management