6/18/2018

TOPIC
For Agricultural
Engineering
Review in Allied Licensure
Subjects Examination
CROP SCIENCE
CROP SCIENCE (AGRONOMY)
(Agronomy)
Year 2018
PLANTING
METHODS AND
Donna Ria Josue-Canacan, Ph.D.
Professor, Mindanao State University OTHER PRACTICES
Fatima, General Santos City,
Philippines

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

broadcast

Planting Methods
 Direct seeding: planting at the crop area
with the use of seeds
 Broadcast (sabog or scattering of
seeds),
 Hill or checkrow (e.g. dibbling) and
 Drill (trough)
 Transplanting: planting with the use of pre-
grown seedlings or plants that had been
propagated from seeds
hill drill
3 4

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Seeder Rice Drum Seeder

 An equipment used to place seed in a  Drum hopper: part of
furrow the seeder where the
seeds are loaded
and metered
 Drum seeder:
planting equipment,
which is cylindrical in
shape, designed for
planting pre-
germinated rice seed
in rows for wet fields

5 6

1
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Rice Drum Seeder

Drilling
 Direct seeding in rows at a specific
planting distance (e.g. 25 to 30 cm
spacing) manually or mechanically
 Drill: A machine that prepares the soil,
meters the seed and positions the seed in
one operation

7 8

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Thinning Thinning

 The practice of reducing the number of

plants per hill or rows in order to attain the
desired number of plant in a certain area
 Crowded plants: more competition in soil
nutrients, moisture and light resulting to
smaller, weaker and even diseased plants

9 10

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Transplanting Planter
 Seeds sown in seedbed, seed box or plot
and grown into seedlings are transferred to  An equipment used to place plant parts
their final site to a prepared furrow
 Done in the afternoon or during cloudy days

11 12

2
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Sugarcane planter
 agriculturalequipment used for planting
sugarcane billets
 Semi-automatic sugarcane planter: Type
of sugarcane planter that is capable of Semi-automatic
chopping sugarcanes into billets which
are dropped into the furrows
 Manual sugarcane planter: Type of
sugarcane planter that is not capable of
chopping sugarcane but instead,
requires pre-cut billets for planting
Manual
13 14

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Engine driven or self-propelled rice

Rice transplanter
transplanter
a machine that places rice seedlings at a  Type of engine driven rice transplanter
proper spacing on a well-prepared which makes use of engine to actuate its
paddy soil movement in the puddled field.
 Walk-behind type: Type of self-propelled
Transplanting of rice rice transplanter wherein the operator
seedlings is often
walks behind the transplanter during
done for weed
control reasons as
operation
the seedlings have
a head start over
the weeds
15 16

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Riding type: Type of self-propelled rice  Typesof raising rice seedlings for 1
transplanter that allows operator to ride hectare rice field
on the machine during operation
1. Wet bed

Area of plot = 400 sq.m.

Weight of seeds = 50 kg
Pre-germination treatment = 24 hours
Three-wheeled
Transplant (Days after sowing) = 25 to
30 days
Four-wheeled

17 18

3
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

2. Dapog 3. Drybed

Area of plot for 1 ha planting area = Area of plot for 1 ha planting area =
400 sq.m. 500 sq.m.
Weight of seed = 60 kg Weight of seed = 50 kg
Pre-germination treatment = sown on Pre-germination treatment = nursery
cement or puddle soil covered with bed moist most of the time
banana leaves/plastic/paper Transplant (Days after sowing) = 20 to
Transplant (Days after sowing) = 10 to 42 days
14 days

19 20

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Types
of seedling preparation for
vegetables

1. Seedbed Method: Seedlings grown

outdoor and fully exposed to sunlight
2. Seedbox Method: Seedlings grown close
together in a seedbox (e.g. 50 cm x 33
cm x 7 cm), transferred to another
seedbox by pricking and blocking then
transferred to the field after hardening

21 22

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Pricking
 the first potting of young seedlings that
are grown in seed trays, flats or any
container where the seeds are not
individually planted
 Done soon after seedlings develop their
1st set of true leaves
Seedbed

Seedbox

23 24

4
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Blocking
 Done 7 to 10 days before seedlings are
planted
 Full depth of soil is cut with a knife into
blocks (e.g. 5 cm x 5 cm) to continue
the roots in separable blocks
 Hardening
 Exposing seedlings to full sunlight and
gradually withholding water (expect
temporary wilting)
 Done 7 to 10 days before seedlings are
transplanted

25 26

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Row Planting
Row Planting
a system of growing crops in linear
pattern in at least one direction rather
than planting without any distinct
arrangement;
 used in most crops whether direct
seeded, transplanted or grown from
vegetative planting materials, both in
monocropping and multiple cropping

27 28

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Plant Population Density Estimating Population Density

a measurement of plant population  Hill Method of Planting
(number of plants) per unit area
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐
𝝆= 𝒙 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒍
𝒅𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝟐

Where:
ρ = Number of plants per hectare
d1 = distance between furrows in meters (m)
d2 = distance between hills in meters (m)

29 30

5
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Drill Method of Planting

Planting Methods for Perennials
𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐
𝝆= 𝒙 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓  Planting Plan
𝟏𝒎𝒙𝒅
 Permanent record of individual trees
Where: planted and their spacing and
ρ = Number of plants per hectare arrangement
d = distance between furrows in meters (m)

31 32

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Systems of Planting  Population Density in Square System

 Square System

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝟐

𝝆=
𝑺𝟐

Where:
ρ = Number of plants
S = planting distance in meters (m)

33 34

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Rectangular System  Population Density in Rectangular

System

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝟐

𝝆=
𝑺𝟏 𝒙 𝑺𝟐

Where:
ρ = Number of plants
S1 = length of planting distance in meters (m)
S2 = width of planting distance in meters (m)

35 36

6
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Quincunx or Diagonal System  Population Density in Quincunx System

similar to square but with a
filler species at the center 𝝆=
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝟐 𝑳 𝑾
+ ( − 𝟏)( − 𝟏)
𝑺𝟐 𝑺 𝑺
(permanent or not)

Where:
ρ = Number of plants
S = planting distance in meters (m)
L = length dimension of the farm (m)
W = width dimension of the farm (m)

37 38

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Triangular or Hexagonal System  Population Density in Triangular System

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝟐

𝝆= x 1.15
𝑺𝟐
or
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝟐
𝝆= x 1.15
𝑺𝟏 𝒙 𝑺𝟐

Where:
ρ = Number of plants
S = planting distance in meters (m) or
S1 = length of planting distance in meters (m)
S2 = width of planting distance in meters (m)
39 40

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Contour or terrace system – determined  A-frame:

used to create contour lines by
by slope and made along the contour measuring the inclination angle
lines of hilly lands

41 42

7
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Training –a
Specialized Management Practices technique used
to control the
 Bagging – growth of plants
wrapping or (shape, size and
enclosing fruits in
suitable
direction)
containers or
covers as physical
barrier against
pests, pathogens,
wind and other
Bagged – no
stresses damage
Not bagged
– damaged
43 44

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Trellising
–
providing support Types of trellises
to viny crops,
generally, but
non-climbing
crops that benefit
from stalking

Single row Overhead

45 46

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Kniffin system
trellis (for grapes)

Uses posts with

horizontal wires
(e.g. a 0.75 m
from the ground
and 1.5 m from
the ground)

Trellis variations also

exist.
Fence type Teepee
47 48

8

Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Inoculation– seeds (e.g. legumes) are
coated with Rhizobium inoculant
(commercial) to fix N; done within 1 hour
before planting; also done for mycorrhiza
to seedlings to enhance P uptake
49
Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Desuckering – separating the maiden
suckers from the mother plant for planting
materials
 3 to 4 months interval between the mother
plant and its followers (suckers)
 Only 3 plants should be left per hill
51
Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Ratooning – growing new crop out of
shoots from the previous crop to save
time and 20 to 25% of the production cost
53
6/18/2018
Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Detasseling – removal of the male corn
flower (tassel) to control Asian corn borer
(Ostrinia furnacalis) done before pollen
shedding or when ½ or ¾ of tassel length
emerged
50
Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Gouging – removal of unnecessary shoots
from the base of abaca to allow better
growth of remaining plants and regulate
production
52
Crop Science/ Agronomy
 Propping – providing support to a banana
stalk with maturing bunch to prevent
toppling over due to strong wind or
weight; placed after shooting (floral
emergence) but before the bunch
becomes to heavy
54
9
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 FlowerInduction – forcing plants to Chemical (hormones and fertilizers)

produce out of season flowers and fruits
or make emergence more uniform
Physical (temperature and light for photoperiod)
Fluorescent lamps to increase daylength
- 1% Potassium nitrate to induce mango flowering
discovered by Dr. Ramon C. Barba of the University
of the Philippines Los Baños

55 56

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Cultural (pruning and irrigation)  Pruning– judicious removal of limbs,

Pruning of grapes
Irrigating Lanzones after 30
days of dry spell
branches, shoots or roots to control
direction and amount of growth and
develop strong framework, e.g. trees and
shrubs

57 58

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Detopping (tobacco) – removal of the shoot apex Detopping or disbudding (ornamentals, e.g. roses
at flowering time (10 to 25% of plants have one and anthuriums, fruit trees, e.g. papaya)
open flower) to encourage vegetative growth for
bigger and heavier leaves

59 60

10
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Pinching – removal of a small portion of succulent Fruit thinning (fruits, e.g. strawberries, watermelon,
growing points by pinching (e.g. bonsai plants) citrus, apple)

61 62

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Rejuvenation – cutting off old growth to allow Pruned area should be painted with coal tar,
resurgence of new growth (fruits, e.g. coffee, paraffin or paint to prevent entry of
cacao, mango) microorganisms.

63 64

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Two types of pruning  Girdling– physical interruption of the flow

1. Heading-back: of photosynthates from leaves to the root
cutting the terminal system but tying wires on the stem or
portion of the plants
making cutting wounds on the stem
to suppress apical
dominance due to
auxin

2. Thinning-out:
removal of a number
of branches with
remaining branches
retaining apical
dominance

65 66

11
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Scoring – no Ringing – removal of Girdling is done to induce flower formation (e.g.

removal of the bark a ring of bark chico, citrus, mango, lychee, avocado) or induce
femaleness in cucurbits

67 68

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Shading – done to reduce die-back and  Windbreaks – crops’ protection against

shoot rot disease and increase plant strong winds using living plants or inert
height, leaf production and stem growth materials for walls
Shelterbelts (living plants)

crops

69 70

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Harvesting and Post-production

Technology
 Maturityindex – measurement used to
determine if a commodity is mature
enough to be harvested
 Harvesting maturity
 Physiological maturity
 Commercial or horticultural maturity

71 72

12
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Harvesting
- the process of collecting the
mature crop from the field

73 74

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

For rice, activities include cutting, stacking, Paddy rice harvester

handling, threshing, cleaning, bagging and hauling
Thresher - A machine that
detaches the grain from a
panicle

75 76

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

For corn, activities include shelling, hauling, drying, Maize Sheller

cleaning and bagging

Sheller - A machine used in

separating the kernels from the cob

77 78

13
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Post-productionhandling – practices Rice Primary Processing (Milling)

done after harvesting the crop

1. Primary processing – handling products to

make them suitable to the needs of
manufacturer or consumer
e.g. drying

2. Secondary processing – product handling

resulting to a product that cannot be
subjected to further change
e.g. fermentation/ picking

79 80

Crop Science/ Agronomy TOPIC

Secondary Processing

PRACTICE
QUESTIONS

81 82

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A method of planting involving “sabog” or A method of planting involving “sabog” or

scattering of seeds scattering of seeds
a. Broadcast a. Broadcast
b. Hill or checkrow b. Hill or checkrow
c. Drill c. Drill
d. Transplanting d. Transplanting

Time’s up!

83 84

14
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

It is a machine that places rice seedlings at It is a machine that places rice seedlings at
a proper spacing on a well-prepared a proper spacing on a well-prepared
paddy soil. paddy soil.
a. rice seeder a. rice seeder
b. rice transplanter b. rice transplanter
c. all of the above c. all of the above
d. none of the above d. none of the above

Time’s up!

85 86

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A machine that detaches the grain from a A machine that detaches the grain from a
panicle. panicle.
a. reaper a. reaper
b. thresher b. thresher
c. sheller c. sheller
d. all of the above d. all of the above

Time’s up!

87 88

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A machine used in separating the kernels A machine used in separating the kernels
from the cob. from the cob.
a. grader a. grader
b. sheller b. sheller
c. thresher c. thresher
d. none of the above d. none of the above

Time’s up!

89 90

15
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A method of planting perennial plants that A method of planting perennial plants that
is similar to square but with a filler is similar to square but with a filler
species at the center species at the center
a. Square a. Square
b. Rectangular b. Rectangular
c. Triangular c. Triangular
d. Quincunx d. Quincunx

Time’s up!

91 92

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

The first potting of young seedlings that are The first potting of young seedlings that are
grown in seed trays, flats or any grown in seed trays, flats or any
container where the seeds are not container where the seeds are not
individually planted. individually planted.
a. Pruning a. Pruning
b. Hardening b. Hardening
c. Blocking c. Blocking
d. Pricking d. Pricking

Time’s up!

93 94

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A machine that prepares the soil, meters A machine that prepares the soil, meters
the seed, and positions the seed in one the seed, and positions the seed in one
operation. operation.
a. broadcaster a. broadcaster
b. drill b. drill
c. field distributor c. field distributor
d. none of the above d. none of the above

Time’s up!

95 96

16
 6/18/2018

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Determine the number of plants for a 2- Determine the number of plants for a 2-
hectare farm planted with corn with a hectare farm planted with corn with a
spacing of 25 cm x 45 cm. spacing of 25 cm x 45 cm.
a. 150,000 plants a. 150,000 plants
b. 177,777 plants b. 177,777 plants
c. 185, 877 plants c. 185, 877 plants
d. none of the above d. none of the above

Time’s up!

97 98

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

A machine, which is cylindrical in shape, A machine, which is cylindrical in shape,

designed for planting pre-germinated designed for planting pre-germinated
rice seed in rows. rice seed in rows.
a. broadcaster a. broadcaster
b. drum seeder b. drum seeder
c. jab planter c. jab planter
d. none of the above d. none of the above

Time’s up!

99 100

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

An equipment used to place plant parts to An equipment used to place plant parts to
a prepared furrow. a prepared furrow.
a. planter a. planter
b. seeder b. seeder
c. broadcaster c. broadcaster
d. all of the above d. all of the above

Time’s up!

101 102

17
 6/18/2018

TOPIC

-END OF PART 4 -

103

18