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Physics Chapter 21 Solutions
Physics Chapter 21 Solutions
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Conceptual Questions
3. The current in an ac circuit oscillates between a maximum value +I and a minimum value –I. The amplitude of
oscillation I is the peak current. For a sinusoidal current, all of the charge moving in one direction over the first
half of a period passes in the opposite direction during the second half and therefore yields zero average current.
The rms (root-mean-squared) current Irms is the value of the dc current that would dissipate energy in a resistor at
the same average rate as an ac current of amplitude I.
4. The principal advantage of using a standard household voltage of 120 V rms is that it is “safer” in that less current
would flow through a person if they were to touch a live wire. However, the use of 120 V rms means that a greater
current must be supplied to an appliance to deliver the same amount of power, thereby increasing the power loss
to resistive heating in the wires.
9. The 500 W reported on the appliance is the average power consumption, given by Pav I rmsVrms cos I . The
power factor cos I = R/Z depends on the capacitance, inductance, and resistance of the circuit. Only if the power
factor is one, or R = Z, would the average power consumption be 600 W.
11. The second component is a capacitor. As the frequency decreases the capacitive reactance increases causing the
current to decrease.
12. An ac voltage with amplitude of 170 V has an rms value of about 120 V. For a lightbulb, which is essentially just
a resistor, the power factor is one and the consumed power is given by Vrms2/R. If connected instead to a 170-V dc
power supply, the bulb would consume a power of V2/R, burn a lot brighter, and maybe even burn out. A dc
voltage equal to the rms ac voltage, or about 120 V, would consume the same power and cause the bulb to burn
with the same brightness.
13. Inserting a coil of wire with a soft iron core into the circuit in series with a light bulb would add inductance and
increase the overall impedance of the circuit. The amplitude of the current in the circuit would be reduced and the
bulb would be dimmed. Moving the soft-iron core in and out of the coil would vary the amount of dimming by
changing the inductance of the coil.
14. With two sinusoidal waves, the difference in the argument of the sinusoidal functions is the phase difference. It
tells us in a sense how far the waves are from having maxima or minima at the same time—i.e., from being in
phase. For a phase difference of S/2 rad, one wave is at maximum when the other is at zero. The figure below
shows a sketch of i(t) and vC (t ) given that the current leads the voltage by S/2 rad.
vC(t)
i(t)
17. Since the power dissipated in a light bulb is given by Pav = Vrms2/R, the bulb would consume considerably less
power with an rms voltage of 120 V (in fact 1/4 as much) and would burn less brightly.
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Chapter 21: Alternating Current College Physics
Problems
3. Strategy 1500 W is the average power dissipated by the heater and Pav I rmsVrms .
Solution Calculate P2 .
2 2
P2 § V2 · § 105 ·
¨ ¸ , so P2 ¨ ¸ (4200 W) 3.2 kW .
P1 © V1 ¹ © 120 ¹
10. (a) Strategy Pav 1200 W and Vrms 120 V. Use Eq. (21-4).
Solution Calculate R.
2
Vrms (120 V)2
R 12 :
Pav 1200 W
Solution
810
College Physics Chapter 21: Alternating Current
(b) Strategy The rms current is related to the reactance by Vrms I rms X C .
Solution
(a) Find I. C1 C2 C3
V 2S f V 2S (6300 Hz)(12.0 V)
I ZCeqV 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.475 A
X Ceq C C C 6
6
6
1 2 3 2.0u10 F 3.0u10 F 6.0u10 F
Find V as a function of C.
I 0.475 A
V IX C
ZC 2S (6300 Hz)C
The table below gives the results for each capacitor.
C (PF) V (V)
2.0 6.0
3.0 4.0
6.0 2.0
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Chapter 21: Alternating Current College Physics
Solution
Li Li § 25 ·
Vi V (5.0 V) ¨ V H ¸ Li is the peak
L1 L2 0.10 H 0.50 H © 3.0 ¹
voltage across inductor i.
The peak voltages are given in the table below.
L (H) V (V)
0.10 0.83
0.50 4.2
33. Strategy %rms I rms Z and Z R 2 X L2 . Only the resistance dissipates power, so use Pav 2
I rms R.
2 Pav 25.0 Ω
Pav I rms R, so I rms .
R
Find f . 110 V
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College Physics Chapter 21: Alternating Current
Solution Find L.
Z 2 R2 (30.0 :) 2 (20.0 :) 2
R 2 X L2 R 2 Z 2 L2 R 2 (2S f ) 2 L2 Z 2 , so L 71.2 mH .
2S f 2S (50.0 Hz)
Pav 240 W
(a) cos I 0.71
I rms %rms (2.80 A)(120 V)
Pav 240 W
(b) I cos 1 cos 1 44q
I rms %rms (2.80 A)(120 V)
45. Strategy The average power is given by Pav I rms %rms cos I where I rms %rms Z and cos I R Z.
!
0.15 mH
8.0 µF
813
Chapter 21: Alternating Current College Physics
2
%rms R § %rms · (% 2)2 R
Pav I rms %rms cos I %rms ¨ Z ¸ R
Z Z 2
© ¹ R 2 Z L Z1C
(12 V)2 (220 :)
0.33 W
° º °½
2
ª
2 ®(220 :)2 « 2S (2500 Hz)(0.15 u 103 H) 1
¾
¬ 2S (2500 Hz)(8.0u106 F) »¼
¯° ¿°
(c) Strategy At resonance, the voltages across the capacitor and inductor are 180q out of phase and equal in
magnitude, so they cancel.
814
College Physics Chapter 21: Alternating Current
Solution
70. (a) Strategy Model the coil as an RL series circuit. Use Eq. (21-14b) with X C 0.
76. Strategy The maximum current flows at the resonance frequency. Use Eq. (21-18).
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Chapter 21: Alternating Current College Physics
79. (a) Strategy Use Eqs. (21-7) and (21-10). 20.0 Ω 50.0 µF
(f) Strategy Use Eqs. (21-6) and (21-9) and Ohm’s law (using rms values).
(g) Strategy and Solution Since X L ! X C , the inductor dominates the capacitor, so the current lags the voltage
since the current through an inductor lags the voltage across it.
(h) Strategy Use the values obtained for the rms voltages in part (f).
!m
VL VC
37°
VR
VC
816
College Physics Chapter 21: Alternating Current
Since X C ! X L , the capacitor dominates the inductor, so the current leads the voltage since the current
through a capacitor leads the voltage across it.
(e) Strategy I rms 17.83 A to four significant figures. Use Eqs. (21-6) and (21-9) and Ohm’s law (using rms
values).
82. (a) Strategy Model the coil as an RL series circuit. Use Eq. (21-16).
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Chapter 21: Alternating Current College Physics
818