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Chapter 1 Module 1
Chapter 1 Module 1
This module covers three chapters in the first quarter and seven in the second quarter. Each
Chapter has at least 3 modules specifically indicating the most essential learning competencies of 2020.
INTRODUCTION
Our universe is both ancient and vast, and
expanding out farther and faster every day. This
accelerating universe, the dark energy that seems to
be behind it, and other puzzles like the exact nature
of the Big Bang and the early evolution of the
universe are among the great puzzles of cosmology.
Our universe is 13.7 billion years old, but astronomers are peering deep into its history and are getting a
greater understanding of how the first stars formed, and how the earliest galaxies came together. See images,
illustrations and diagrams of the universe from now back to the Big Bang.
The dark ages of the universe — an era of darkness that existed before the first stars and galaxies — mostly
remain a mystery because there is so little of it to see, but scientists intensely desire to shed light on them in order
to learn secrets about how the universe came into being.
Not only are scientists unsure how the universe will end, they aren't even sure it will end at all.
In this module, you will give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang
theory. At the end of Module 1, you are expected to answer the key question below:
Let us determine how much you already know about the origin of the universe. Take the test
below.
Pre-Test
Multiple Choice
Select the correct letter.
1. Which of the following theories suggests that the universe originated from a singularity that expanded
continuously?
A. Oscillating Universe Theory
B. Pulsating Theory
C. Big Bang Theory
D. Steady State Theory
2. Which of the following describes the Big Crunch according to the Oscillating Universe Theory?
A. reversal of the universe’s expansion
B. continuous expansion of the universe
C. formation of matter
D. formation of antimatter
3. Which of the following theories suggests that the universe will stay the same throughout time?
A. Creationism Theory
B. Steady State Theory
C. Pulsating Theory
D. Big Bang Theory
4. Which of the following is true about the Oscillating Universe Theory?
A. The universe resulted from a series of Big Bang and Big Crunch.
B. The universe is always present and will not change.
C. The universe will not change its density.
D. The universe will not stop expanding.
5. What happens during nucleosynthesis?
A. Matter and antimatter collide with each other.
B. Atomic particles combine with other atomic particles.
C. Dark energy is produced.
D. Matter and antimatter combine with each other.
6. Which of the following is true about cosmic background radiation?
A. the aftermath of an explosion caused by Big Bang
B. the radiation produced by stars
C. the radiation that caused the destruction of planes
D. the result of colliding of hydrogen particles with helium
7. Which of the following is not true about the theories of the origin of the universe?
A. Oscillating Universe Theory combined the Big Bang and the Big Crunch.
B. Steady State Theory suggests that the universe’s expansion will not end.
C. Big Bang Theory stated that the universe would not end.
D. Big Bang theory is the most accepted theory about the origin of the universe.
8. Which of the following statements are true about the Steady State Theory?
I. The universe will not change its density.
II. The universe came from a singularity.
III. The universe resulted from a series of Big Bang and Big Crunch.
IV. The universe is always present and will not change.
A. I only
B. I and II
C. II and III
D. I ad IV
9. Arrange the following events to show the evolution of the universe as proposed by the Big Bang Theory.
a. nucleosynthesis
b. Singularity
c. formation of planets, comets, and asteroids
d. formation of atomic particles
e. formation of stars and galaxies
f. explosion of the singularity
A. a,b,d,f,e,c
B. b,c,d,a,e,f
C. f,d,c,a,b,e
D. b,f,d,a,e,c
10. Why is the Big Bang Theory the most accepted theory about the origin of the universe?
A. Evidence found is aligned with the explanations of the Big Bang Theory.
B. Its counterparts failed to explain origin of the universe.
C. Other theories suggested that the universe has no start and no end.
D. Big Bang Theory is aligned with the teachings of some religion.
Glossary of Terms
Let’s learn about it!
Tips:
There are several limitations and misconceptions associated with discussing the Big Bang Theory. Keep in
mind the following:
• The Big Bang refers to the very start of the whole process called the Big Bang model.
• The Big Bang was NOT an explosion that carried matter outward from a point. It refers to the rapid inflation
of space itself.
• The theory does not explain what caused it or where the singularity came from, BUT the Big Bang model
does not need a cause to be a valid theory. It simply needs to show that observations and evidence validate
its assumptions. The model is a work in progress that we are still finding evidence for until now.
Materials:
• Balloons
• Balloon pump (optional)
• Small stickers (any design)
Procedure:
a. Stick small stickers randomly on the surface of the uninflated balloon.
b. Quickly inflate the balloon with a pump or your breath. Observe the stickers.
Tips:
Hydrogen and Helium as the most abundant elements in the universe. Having the lowest mass, these are the
first elements to be formed in the Big Bang Model of the Origin of the Universe.
• A star's energy comes from combining light
elements into heavier elements by fusion, or
"nuclear burning" (nucleosynthesis). In small
stars like the sun, H burning is the fusion of 4 H
nuclei (protons) into a He nucleus (2 protons + 2
neutrons).
• Forming He from H gives off lots of energy (i.e. a
natural hydrogen bomb).
• Nucleosynthesis requires very high T. The
minimum T for H fusion is 5x106 oC.
Singularity
The presence of the singularity is still a mystery to many
scientists, but they stated that this singularity constantly expands
and cools. The rate of expansion is almost equal to the rate of
cooling; at this moment,
there is a buildup of intense heat which leads to the increase in the expansion of the singularity.
The intense heat also leads to the creation of matter and antimatter that are being destroyed every time
they collide with each other. During this moment, the number of matter dominates over the number of
antimatter. This started the dominance of matter, or atomic particles, in the early universe. These particles
undergo nucleosynthesis wherein they combine to form another atomic particle.
Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis leads to the formation of chemicals such as hydrogen and helium. These chemicals then
lead to the formation of the stars and the galaxies. The presence of the stars leads to the formation of larger
matter such as planets, comets, and other celestial bodies. Ever since the Big Bang happened, the universe
continuously expands, and the occurrence of the cosmic background radiation was suggested to be an
aftermath of the explosion that happened 20 billion years ago.
Steady State Theory
The Steady State Theory proposed by Hermann Bondi,
Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle, suggests that the universe
has always been there and will always be present. It also
conveys that the universe always looks the same in any time
or space but continuously expands while simultaneously
creating matter,
maintaining the density of the universe; hence, the name Steady State.
The Steady State Theory is so simple that it was widely accepted even before the proposal of the Big
Bang Theory. The discovery of the cosmic background radiation significantly supported the explanations
given by the Big Bang Theory, which led many scientists to reject the Steady State Theory. This theory first
explained that the cosmic background radiation is a result of a supernova. But after a thorough research, it
was proven that it is equal in any direction of the universe and could not only be a result of many
supernovae.
Just like in the Steady State Theory, scientists discovered many loopholes in the Oscillating Universe
Theory because it was said that for the universe to collapse, energy must be present. This theory suggests
that the universe will collapse on its own after it reaches its full expansion, which violates some laws of
physics.
Evidence for the Big Bang Model
There are several key areas of observational support for the big bang model. These are:
Observed recession of galaxies: The consensus among astronomers is that Hubble's relationship
between the distance to galaxies and their recession velocity is due to the expansion of space. More distant
galaxies or clusters of galaxies exhibit higher redshift of their spectral lines than closer galaxies. This is
then interpreted as more distant galaxies receding from us faster than closer ones. Note it is important to
realize that it is the space between galaxies that is expanding. Galaxies themselves do not appear to expand
as the local effects of gravity dominate over any space expansion.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: In 1965 two scientists working for Bell Telephone
Laboratories, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were adapting a horn-shaped antenna near New York for use
in radio astronomy. They encountered noise in the system and despite repeated and thorough attempts were
unable to remove it or find its cause. They eventually realized that this "noise" was in fact remnant radiation
from the big bang. Such radiation had been predicted by Gamow in the late 1940s. As the Universe
expanded it cooled so that today the background radiation corresponds to a temperature of 2.725 K and has
a black body spectrum.
Formation of Matter
All matter, including the atoms in our
bodies, the air we breathe and the gas in the
Sun is composed is combinations of
fundamental particles that were created during
the Big Bang
and subsequent evolution of the Universe. Before giving an outline of the key stages in the formation of
matter we need to review the fundamental particles and forces in the Universe.
I need to explore!
Q11. Aside from the theories discussed in this lesson, what other theories can you suggest to explain the
origin of the universe? You may use the internet to search for other theories.
Q12. Choose one of the theories about the origin of the universe. Create a concept map illustrating the
events that happen in the universe as explained by that theory.
What do I think?
Q13. Do you think the universe has a beginning or has it always existed? Explain your answer.
Q14. What is the fate of the universe? Will the universe continue to expand or will it eventually contract
because of gravity?
Big Bang Theory states that the universe started as a singularity that exploded. This explosion
resulted to the formation of all the matter in universe.
Steady State Theory discusses that the universe has always been there and will always be present.
Oscillating Universe Theory discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the
energy after the Big Bang is used up. The collapsing of the universe will then lead to the formation of
a new universe.
The following questions will determine how much you have learned from the module.
Posttest
Essay
1. Describes the structure and composition of the Universe.
2. Explain the source of a star's energy.
3. Explains the concept of the Red Shift and how it used as an evidence for an expanding universe.
4. Describes the cosmic microwave background radiation and its significance.
5. State the different hypotheses that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the origin of the universe
6. Explain the origin and evolution of the Universe according to the Big Bang Theory.