Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical Water Quality
Chemical Water Quality
Chemical Water Quality
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
M.Sc. Water Resources
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Alkalinity
Alkalinity is a measure of the substances (ions) in water that
react to neutralize acid (hydrogen ions) and resist changes in pH
Sources
• Natural water systems include CO32-, HCO32-, OH-, HPO42- ,
H2PO4-, HS-, NH3
• CO32-, HCO32- , OH- ………( dissolution of mineral substances,
from CO2),
• HPO42- , H2PO4- …………. ( detergents in wastewater, fertilizers
and insecticides)
• HS-, NH3 ……………(products of microbial decomposition of
organic material).
• Groundwater has higher alkalinity than surface water
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• CO2 influences the carbonate system in water as follows:
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Alkalinity species at various pH levels, (values calculated for water
with a total alkalinity of 100 mg/l at 25oC.
As pH continues to raise, •
CO32- becomes the dominant
source of alkalinity in most
waters
pH increases when CO2 is •
alkaline
removed from the water by
photosynthesis and decreases
when CO2 is added to the water
acidic by respiration, especially at
night when photosynthesis has
stopped.
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Remember
pH is a measure of acidity (hydrogen ion concentration) in water or
soil.
or pH is a measure of the acidic or basic characteristics of water
Specifically,
pH = -log [H+]
٦ neutral
acid alkaline ٦
Impacts
• Bitter taste to water,
• Reaction can occur between the alkalinity species and cations,
resulting in precipitated substances that can foul pipes.
Measurement
By titration the water with an acid and determining the hydrogen
equivalent…. Expressed as mg/L of CaCO3
For example:
Each mL of 0.02 N H2SO4 will neutralize 1mg of alkalinity as
CaCo3
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Hydrogen ions from the acid react with the alkalinity according to:
H+ + OH- ⇔ H2O
CO32- + H+ ⇔ HCO3-
HCO3- + H+ ⇔ H2CO3
If the acid is added slowly to water and the pH is recorded for
each addition, a titration curve is obtained as shown:
8.3
4.5
OH- + (1/2 ) CO32- (½)CO32- + HCO3-
P M ٨
• If P is the amount of acid required to reach pH 8.3 ,
• M is the total quantity of acid required to reached pH 4.5,
The following generalizations can be made:
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Example
• A 200 ml sample of water has an initial pH of 10.
• 30 mL of 0.02 N H2SO4 is required to titrate the sample to pH
4.5.
• What is the total alkalinity of the water in mg/L as CaCO3?
Solution:
Solution:
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Hardness
• Hardness is the concentration of multivalent metallic cations in
solution (mg/L), which includes mainly Ca2+ and Mg2+
• The units are, like alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO3
١٣
1. Carbonate hardness - the portion of total
hardness that is chemically equivalent to the
CO32- and HCO3- alkalinity present in the
water.
١٤
Sources
Caused by the presence of multivalent cations, mostly Ca2+
and Mg2+; (Fe2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, Al3+ may be present in much
smaller amounts).
Impacts
• Hardness determines how hard or easy it is to lather soap
• Hard water is water that requires considerable amounts of
soap to produce foam or lather; the precipitates formed by
the hardness and soap adheres to surfaces of tubes, sinks and
dishwashers, produces scale in hot water pipes, etc.
• Not a health concern, but have economic concern
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Measurement
Hardness can be measured using chemical titration to
determine the quantity of calcium and magnesium ions.
Use
• Analysis for hardness is commonly made on natural waters and
on waters for potable supplies and for certain industrial uses.
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Metals
1. Nontoxic Metals
Include calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese,
aluminum, copper and zinc.
Sodium: - in natural waters, earth crust.
- reactive , soluble in water.
- corrosive to metal surfaces,
- Toxic to plants in large concentrations.
Iron and manganese :
- in natural waters,
- (0.3 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L respec.) concentrations cause
color problems and may cause taste and odor problems in
the presence of some bacteria.
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• Iron associate with chloride or bicarbonate or sulfate,
• In the presence of oxygen, Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ and forms
an insoluble compounds with hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) .
• Manganese (Mn 2+) associated with chloride or nitrate or
sulfate are soluble, while oxidized (Mn3+ , Mn5+ ) are insoluble.
Toxic Metals
• Are harmful to humans and other organisms in small
quantities
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