Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 - 4 Guidelines For SELECTION OF CONTROL SHP STATION (100kW To 3 MW) PDF
3 - 4 Guidelines For SELECTION OF CONTROL SHP STATION (100kW To 3 MW) PDF
SPONSOR:
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
LEAD ORGANIZATION:
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Control System 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.1.1 Purpose 1
1.1.2 Unit Type 1
1.1.3 Application 1
1.1.4 Operation and Control 1
1.1.5 Interconnection 2
1.2 References 2
1.3 Technology 3
1.4 Control function of control in a hydropower plant 3
1.4.1 Turbine Control 3
1.4.2 Generator Control 3
1.4.3 Plant Control 4
1.5 Considerations for Selecting Control System 4
1.6 Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station 8
1.7 Computer Based Control System For Power Plant Above 5 MVA 8
1.7.1 Functional Capabilities 8
1.7.2 System Architecture, Communication and Databases 11
1.7.3 Control Data Networks 11
1.7.4 Man-Machine Interface (MMI) 11
1.7.5 Hardware 12
1.7.6 Grounding 12
1.7.7 Static Control 12
1.7.8 Control and Monitoring Plant Equipment 12
1.8 Computer Based Control System For Powerhouses upto 5 MVA 14
1.8.1 PLC Based System 14
1.8.2 PC based Integrated Generation Controller 18
1.8.3 Micro processor based control for micro hydel 18
2 Protection & Metering 18
2.1 Protection System 18
2.2 Protective Relay Technology 19
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects
2.2.1 Microprocessor based Multifunction Relays 19
2.2.2 Benefits of Microprocessor Relays 19
2.2.4 Disadvantages. 20
2.2.5 Interconnection of SHP with Grid 20
2.2.6 Protection relays for SHP 21
2.3 Monitoring and Protection for generating Units above 3 MW 21
and upto 25 MW
2.3.1 Generator 22
2.3.2 Power Transformer 22
2.3.3 33 kV Line Protection 22
2.3.4 Bus Zone Protection 23
2.3.5 Station Transformer Protection 23
2.3.6 Metering System 23
2.4 Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW 26
and upto 3 MW
2.4.1 Turbine 26
2.4.2 Generator 26
2.5 Monitoring and Protection for Micro hydel systems 27
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects
Selection of Control, SCADA and Protection System
for SHP upto 25 MW
1. Control System
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Purpose: The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance for selection of control,
automation and monitoring system of SHP upto 25 MW by developers, manufacturers,
consultants, regulators and others. The guide includes selection of technology extent of
automation and monitoring system for different categories (micro, small upto 5 MW and
above 5 MW to 25 MW) that is economical, easy to adopt and sustainable feasible and
essential for safe operation.
1.1.2 Unit Type: SHP turbines and AC generator may be of any type commercially available
as per following guides
1.1.3 Application: Small hydro units are commonly applied in situations where associated
civil, construction work and costs are minimal. These applications include canal fall
schemes, hilly hydros diversion schemes and new impoundment structures that can be
inexpensively built.
1.1.4 Operation and Control: Small hydro units are provided with equipment and circuitry to
enable unattended operation.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 1
1.1.5 Interconnection: Small hydro units are generally connected to the local grid system, and
are connected either directly or through a main transformer, frequently at a
distribution/sub transmission sub station. The unit may supply a portion, or all, of its
output to a local private load, and any surplus may be supplied to the local grid. Special
interconnection requirements are set by each state to prot4ects its equipment, system and
personal. The interconnection requirement should meet guidelines for interconnection
with grid.
1.2 References
IEC: 62270 – 2004 – Hydroelectric power plant automation – Guide for computer based
control
IEC: 1116 –
IEEE: 249 – 1996 – IEEE guide for computer based control system for hydroelectric
power plant automation
IEEE: 1010-1987 – Guide for Control of Hydroelectric power plant (ANSI)
IEEE: 1020-1988 – Guide for control of small hydroelectric power plants (ANSI)
IEEE: 1046-1991 - Guide for distributed digital control and monitoring for power plants
(ANSI)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 2
1.3 Technology
Upto 1980s, control of a hydro plant’s generating units was typically performed from
governor panel or unit control switchboard. If the plant had multiple units, a centralized
control board was provided. The unit control board and centralized control board using
relay logic contained iron vane meters, hardwired control switches, and hundreds of
auxiliary relays to perform the unit start/stop and other control operations. All the
necessary sensors and controls required to operate the unit or units were hardwired to the
unit control board and/ or centralized control board, allowing operator to control the
entire station from one location. Data acquisition was manual.
Modern systems still permit control of the entire plant from a single location. Modern
control rooms utilize the far more cost-effective computer based automation which
implies (IEEE: 1249 definition) use of computer component, such as logic controllers,
sequence controllers, modulating controllers and microprocessors in order to bring plant
equipment into operation, optimize operation in a study state condition and shut down
the equipment in the proper sequence under safe operating conditions.
This includes programmable logic controllers (PLC’s) for control system and PC monitor
and hard disc for data display and data acquisition system and distributed computer
control systems with graphic display screens to implement a vast array of control
schemes. The SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) control scheme also
provides flexibility in control, alarming, sequence of events recording, and remote
communication that was not possible with the hardwired control systems. Data
acquisition, storage and retrieval is provided by the computer.
1.4 Control function of control in a hydropower plant may be cateogrized into the following:
This is the speed/load control of turbine in which the governor adjusts the flow of water
through the turbine to balance the input power with the load. With an isolated system; the
governor controls the frequency. In interconnected system, the governor may be used to
regulate the unit load and may contribute to the system frequency control.. In case of
micro plants in the range of micro hydel (100 kW unit size), load control is also used,
where excess load is diverted to dummy load to maintain constant speed.
This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral part
of a synchronous generator which is used to regulate the operation of the generator. The
main functions of excitation system of a synchronous generator are:
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 3
1.4.3 Plant Control
Plant control deals with the operation of the plant. It includes sequential operations like
start up of the machine, excitation control, synchronization, loading of unit under
specified operating conditions, normal and emergency shutdown, etc. The mode of
control may be manual or automatic and may be controlled locally or from remote
location. Plant control usually include monitoring and display of the plant conditions.
Schematic overview of the plant controls are given in Figure 1.4.
Governor and control systems for small hydro units especially in developing countries
have to be selected keeping in view the following.
ii) Traditional mechanical flow control governor with mechanical hydraulic devices
is complex demanding maintenance and high first cost. Further performance
requirements of stability and sensitivity i.e. dead band, dead time and dashpot
time especially for interconnected units may not be possible with mechanical
governors.
iii) The manpower as available for operation is unskilled and further adequate
supervision is not feasible.
iv) Load factors for stand-alone micro hydels are usually low which affects economic
viability.
v) Cost of speed control and automation with electronic analaog flow control
governors, unit control and plant control is high. These systems require attended
operation and are mostly based on large capacity hydro units. This is making most
of the units very costly and uneconomical to operate. Experience in successful
operation of analog electronic control system in India for SHP is not good.
vi) Electronic digital flow control governors can take up plant control functions.
vii) Flow control turbine governors are expensive and not recommended for small
hydro units in micro hydel range. Electronic load control governing system with
water cooled hot water tanks as ballast loads for unit size upto 100 kW be used.
This will make a saving of about 40% on capital cost. If the thyristor control
(ELC) is used then the alternator needs to be oversized upto 2% on kVA to cope
with the higher circulating current included. Accordingly, in case of small units
upto 100-150 kW size elimination of flow control governors by digital shunt load
governor (electronic load controllers) will make these units economically viable
and properly designed will eliminate continuous attendance requirement.
viii) Data storage function can be added to the digital governors.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 4
ix) The dummy loads in the Shunt Load Governors (ELC) can be useful load system
or can be used for supplying domestic energy needs.
x) Analog electronic governors and plant controllers are also used for small hydro
auto synchronizing and for remote control and monitoring of system.
xi) Digital generation controllers were evolved to take care of speed control, unit
control and automation, unit protection and generation scheduling and have been
successfully in operation for over ten years.
xii) PLC based system are reliable and suitable for hasrh conditions. These have been
in operation in India and abroad.
xiii) Dedicated PC based systems for complete generation control can be easily
adopted for data acquisition and storage at low cost and can also be adopted to
SCADA system. Customized software is used in these systems which inhibits
wide spread use. Future systems using PC as controller and for SCADA with open
architecture and use of commercially available software is recommended for
economy and wide spread use.
Comparison of various options for control systems are given in table 1.5
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 5
Fig. 1.4
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 6
1.5 Comparison of various options for control system, including turbine governing supervisory control and data acquisition
S. Turbine Gov. and Unit size Mode Suitability Cost including Gov. control, Recommendati Remarks
No. Controller Type of protection, SCADA data Aq., on
kW operati Turbine Unit Data storage SCAD Storage and Retrieval (see note-1)
on Gov. Unit Prot. and Retrieval A
control
Capital O&M
1. Mech. Flow control Gov. 50-100 Iso. 9 At high extra cost Very high High without Not
SCADA recommendation
Grid 9
100-500 & Iso. 9
above
Grid 9
2. Load control governor 50-100 Iso. 9 Suitable At extra cost Low Low Not considered
Grid 9
Do not available
Digital load
100-500 Iso. See note control governor
3 may be developed
×
for SCADA
Grid Not feasible
3. Analogue, Electronic 50-100 Iso. Suitable At high extra cost Very high cost Not
Gov. & Plant Controller Grid recommended
Above 100 Iso. High Moderate to
high
Grid
4. PLC integrated controller Iso. Suitable Low Moderate Recommended
with SCADA by PC
SHP 100 kW
to 5 MW Grid
5. PLC digital governor with Above 5 Iso. Suitable High Moderate Recommended
plant controller and MW See not 2 for units above 5
SCADA with redundant Grid MW
PC
6. Data Logger with PLC 5 to 100 kW Iso. Data not available Low Moderate Recommended
load controller Grid
7. PC based integrated 100 kW to Iso. Suitable – Indigenous system not available Low Medium Recommended
system for governing; 25000 kW with high speed
plant control protection PC suitable for
and metering harsh area
Grid
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 7
1.6 Computer Based Control of Hydroelectric Station
1.6.1 Current practice for control of hydroelectric plants is based on the combination of
computer based and non-computer based equipment utilized for unit, plant and system
control.
1.6.2 Methods of control:- Local, centralized and offsite modes of operation and supervision as
per IEC 62270 and IEEE 1010 and recognized by industry is given in table 2.1. Control
as defined in the table 1.6.2 with details of control interface for plant equipment based on
modern practice are discussed and control system design in accordance with standards
mentioned.
1.7 Computer Based Control System For Power Plant Above 5 MVA
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 8
iii. Automatic unit start/stop control sequencing should be part of computer based
automation. Automation system should include capability to provide diagnostic
information so as to isolate the problem and get the unit on line as fast as possible.
iv. Auto synchronising should be computer based. There is no objection to provide
synchronising function as internal to the automation system. Check synchronising
relay should be provided for security.
v. The computer system shall optimise individual unit turbine operation to enhance
unit operation in respect of following:
STATION OPTICAL
TO REMOTE FIBRE UNIT 1 SART/STOP SEQUENCING
CONTROL COMMUNICATION LOCAL/MANUAL
NETWORK (DUAL) CONTROL SYNCHRONIZING
CENTRALISED TRASHRACK CONTROL
CONTROL PLC BLACK START CONTROL
UNIT AUXILIARIES CONTROL
USER GOVERNOR/EXCITATION CONTROL/STATUS
INTERFACE UNIT LOAD CONTROL
UNIT ANNUNCIATION
UNIT METERING
UNIT RELAY STATUS
UNIT FLOW DATA
UNIT 2 CONDITION MONITORING
LOCAL/MANUAL
CONTROL
INDIVIDUAL UNIT CONTROL
SWITCHYARD CONTROL
STATION SERVICE CONTROL PLC
& MONITORING USER
PLANT REAL POWER CONTROL INTERFACE
& MONITORING
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL
WATER & POWER OPTIMIZATION
AUTOMATIC GENERTAION CONTROL
SWITCHGEAR AND RELAY STATUS STATION
REPORT GENERATION SERVICE
DATA LOGGING/TRENDING LOCAL
HISTORICAL ARCHIVING CONTROL
USER
INTERFACE
SWITCHYARD
CONTROL
PLC
USER
INTERFACE
POWER HOUSE
Fig. 1.7.1
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 9
LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
STATION
COMMUNICATION
LINK
PROCESS
COMPUTER PROCESS (UNIT,
BASED INTERFACE SWITCHGEAR
CONTROL GATES, ETC.)
LOCAL
USER
INTERFACE
BACKUP
CONTROL
Fig. 1.7.2
Relationship of local centralized and off site control function as per IEC: (62270-2004)
guide in fig. 1.7.1 & 1.7.2.
A typical block diagram of computer based control system for 2 x 10 MVA Mukerian
Stage –II powerhouse with offsite control is attached 1.7.3 A provision for a
programming station with back up for operation is also included as redundant system.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 10
1.7.2 System Architecture, Communication and Databases
Hardware interconnectivity
Time stamping of data,
Communications
Operating system
User Interface
Data base
Local area networks (LANs) should be configured to IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) standard.
The operator’s station of the station controller (SCADA system) should have an elaborate
and friendly man-machine interface. A 19” or larger monitor should be provided for the
display. Provision should be made for connecting a second colour monitor in parallel.
The screen displays should be suitably designed to provide information in most
appropriate forms such as text, tables, curves, bar charts, dynamic mimic diagrams,
graphic symbols, all in colour. An event printer should be connected to PC of the
SCADA system. Events should be printed out spontaneously as they arrive. Provision
should be made to connect and use another printer simultaneously. Touch control screen,
voice and other advanced modes of MMI are desired and should be preferred. The entire
customization of software for MMI and report generation should be carried out. A
windows based operating system should be preferred.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 11
Fig. 1.7.3 – Redundant computer based control system for 2 x 10 MW Mukerian Stage II with remote control for stage I
(proposed by M/s BHEL)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 12
1.7.5 Hardware
i. Portability and the exchange of I/O cards from one I/O location to another. This
can reduce spare parts requirements.
ii. Availability of I/O cards to be replaced under power. This avoids the need to
shutdown an entire I/O location to change one card.
iii. Sequence-of –Events (SOE) time tagging at the I/O locations; accuracy and
resolution.
iv. Availability of I/O signal types and levels that support the field device signals to
be used.
v. Support of redundant field devices, capability for redundant I/O from field device
to the database and operator interface.
vi. I/O diagnostics available at the card, e.g., card failure indicating LEDs, or through
software in the system.
1.7.6 Grounding
Each equipment rack in which automation system components are located should be
separately connected to the powerhouse ground mat by a large gauge wire.
Shielded cables should be used for analog signals between the transducers and the
automation system. Each shield should be tied to the signal common potential at the
transducer end of the cable. If there are termination or junction boxes between the
transducers and automation system, each shield circuit should be maintained as a separate
continuous circuit through such junction or termination boxes.
Information and control signal for proper control and monitoring of the required from the
following main and auxiliary/associated equipment and shall be provided as tentatively
detailed alongwith the equipment and out lined in this paragraph. Deviation will be
intimated in the bid 25% spare capacity for inputs and output shall be provided.
The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the turbine
or the generator, and from various other accessory equipment, such as the governor,
exciter, and automatic synchronizer. Status inputs shall be obtained from control
switches and level and function switches indicative of pressure, position, etc, throughout
the plant. The proper combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 13
outputs to the governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit.
Any abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the unit’s startup, or if already on-line,
provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown.
i. Generator
ii. Generator field excitation equipment
iii. Generator terminal equipment (Line and Neutral side)
iv. Unit generator breaker equipment
v. Turbine
vi. Governor
vii. Generator cooling
viii. Service air
ix. Service water
x. DC power supply
xi. AC auxiliary power supply
xii. Water level monitoring
xiii. Fire protection
Most of the small powerhouses in the range have the control room at the same level as
the machine hall. Accordingly the unit control and supervisory control functions can be
provided in the control room.
One PLC integrated controller per unit may be provided for unit control, governor
control, unit control, supervisory control and data acquisition and remote control
provision AVR and measuring units and auxiliaries.
Remote/Supervisory control and data acquisition all the unit may be provided by one PC.
The recommended control system is shown in drawing 1.8.1. Manual control facility is
provided on PLC panel.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 14
See note-1
Fig. 1.8.1 Typical Configuration for Computerized Hydro Station (proposed for SHP)
Note-1 In case machine level and station level is same, manual/automatic control panel
be combined with unit PLC panel
PLC integrated unit controller with PC for supervisory control data acquisition and
remote control facilities for Triveni canal fall SHP with provision for remote control of 3
nearly canal fall plants.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 15
Fig. 1.8.2 – System Configuration Triveni SHP project (Punjab)`(Canal based)
(Provided by M/s ALSTHOM)
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 16
PC based system for unit control, governor control and other functions provided for Sobla powerhouse is attached as drawing
1.8.3 is a cheaper alternative but lacks redundancy which can be provided by spare cards for each type.
Fig. 1.8.3
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 17
1.8.2 PC based Integrated Generation Controller
Integrated governor and plant control system are discussed in guidelines for selection of
turbine and governing system.
Digitek USA integrated generation controller was installed in Sobla ( 2 x 3000 kW) SHP
in U.P. Generator and line protection and meytreing was however provided by
conventional meters and electromagnetic relays as shown in figure 1.8.3.
Forced outage due to faults in power system components e.g. generating unit, transformer bus
bars, sub station and transmission lines affect reliability of power supply. Increasing spare
capacity margins and arranging alternative circuits to supply loads are provided to take care of
such failures. For minimum isolation following a break down the system is divided into zones
controlled by switchgear in association with protective gears. Switchgear is designed to interrupt
normal and fault current. Protection gear must recognize an abnormal condition and operate to
secure its removal with the minimum disturbance to normal system operation. Protective gear
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 18
defines all equipment necessary for recognizing; locating and initiating the removal of a fault or
abnormal condition from the power system and includes a relay or group of relays and
accessories to isolate electrical installation (machine, transformer etc.) or to activate a signal.
Accessories are current and voltage transformers, shunts, d. c. and a. c. wiring and auxiliary
devices necessary to secure successful operation.
Protective relay technology has changed significantly in recent years. Induction disk relays for
each individual protective function were normally used. Individual solid state static relays for
protective function were introduced in the decade 1980-1990 and IS 3231-1965 was accordingly
revised in 1987.
Microprocessor relaying has gained widespread acceptance among both utilities and consumers.
The relay functions are the same as those in electromechanical and solid-state electronic
relaying, but microprocessor relays have features that provide added benefits. Microprocessor
relays may have some disadvantages, however, so that there are additional considerations when
these are applied for protection in SHP.
2.2.2 Benefits of Microprocessor Relays: The benefits of microprocessor relays include the
ability to combine relay functions into economical unit. Where an electromechanical
overcurrent relay may be only be a single phase device, a microprocessor relay will often
include three phases and a neutral. It could also include reclosing, directional elements,
over/under voltage, and over/under frequency. A microprocessor generator relay could
include differential, overcurrent, negative, sequence, frequency, voltage, stator ground,
and other protective functions. Similarly, a microprocessor transformer relay might
combine differential and overcurrent protection. A transmission line relay could combine
multiple zone phase and ground distance elements, over current fault-detectors, pilot
scheme logic, and reclosing. An electromechanical scheme will normally consist of
individual relays for each zone of phase and ground protection, separate fault-detectors,
and additional relaying for pilot scheme logic. These same devices can include
nonrelaying functions such as metering, event recording, and oscillography. All of these
functions are contained in an enclosure that requires less space than the combination of
elays and other devices they duplicate.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 19
functions, increased setting ranges, and increased flexibility, it permits stocking of fewer
spares.
Microprocessor relay also have communication capability that allows for remote
interrogation of meter and event data and fault oscillography. This also permits relay
setting from a remote location. The relays have low power consumption and low CT and
VT burdens. They also increase the flexibility of CT connections. For instance,
microprocessor transformer differential relays can compensate internally for ratio
mismatch and the phase shift associated with delta-wye connections.
All of these features have economic benefits in addition to the lower initial costs and
potentially reduced maintenance costs that microprocessor relays have when compared to
individual relays.
2.2.4 Disadvantages: The operating energy for most electromechanical relays is obtained from
the measured currents and/or voltages, but most microprocessor relays require a source of
control power. Another disadvantages is that the multifunction feature can result in a loss
of redundancy. For instance, the failure of a single-phase overcurrent relay is backed up
by the remaining phase and neutral relays. In a microprocessor scheme, the phase and
neutral elements are frequently combined in one package and a single failure can disable
the protection. Similarly, a microprocessor generator/transformer package that has both
differential and overcurrent relaying provided less redundancy than a scheme comprising
separate relays. The self-disgnostics ability of the microprocessor relay, and its ability to
communicate failure alarms, mitigates some of the loss of redundancy. It may also be
economical to use multiple microprocessor relay.
Microprocessor relays require more engineering in the application and setting of the relay
though less work in the panel design and wiring. The increased relay setting flexibility is
accompanied by an increase in setting complexity that requires diligence to avoid setting
errors. Also, some relays have experienced numerous software upgrades in a short period
of time. Microprocessor relays have relatively shorter product life cycles because of the
rapid advance in technology. As a result, a specific microprocessor relay model may only
be available for a relatively short period of time. As a failure may require replacement
rather than repair, it may not be possible to use an exact replacement, which may require
more engineering and installation work. Although less frequent testing may be required,
when it is, it requires a higher level of training for the technician and more test equipment
than is normally used with electromechanical relays in order to obtain the full benefit of
all the features of the microprocessor relay. The self-monitoring capability of these relays
is only effective if the alarm output can be communicated to a manned location such as a
control center. Also, the remote communication ability assumes there is a communication
channel available to the relay.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 20
In particular, the recorded history of events can be very useful in analyzing relay
operations after a fault. However, for both to communicate directly with the relay will
require special considerations. Both the utility and the consumer may be required to
purchase software license for the communication software if that software is propriety.
Also, they will both need to maintain the same versions of the software. The
communication settings, such as modem baud rate, will have to be mutually agreed on.
Some relays have security passwords, which restrict access. There may be one password
to permit read only access to meter and event records and a different password to make
changes. Although both parties may have read only access, ideally only one party should
have the necessary access to make setting changes.
2.3 Monitoring and Protection for generating Units above 3 MW and upto 25 MW
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 21
2.3.1 Generator
Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be
also provided.
Following additional back up electromagnetic relays from different set of CTs and PTs be
also provided.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 22
4. Over voltage (59)
5. Over/ under frequency (81)
6. Reverse Power Relay
7. Check Synchronizing
Back up electromagnetic, Directional over current and earth fault relay with high set unit
1. kW meter
2. kWh meter
3. kVA meter
4. Ampere meter
5. Voltmeter
6. Power factor meter
7. Frequency/speed meter
8. Temperature meters.
A typical single line diagram is shown as figure 2.3.1 and Unit Metering and relaying is
shown as figure 2.3.2.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 23
TO 33 kV SUBSTATION TO 33 kV SUBSTATION
NOMENCLATURE
40 -------- LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY
41G -------- EXCITATION BREAKER
L.A. 45G -------- FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
L.A.
51 -------- OVER CURRENT RELAY
51V -------- OVER CURRENT VOLTAGE RESTRAINT RELAY
51D -------- DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY
E/F -------- EARTH FAULT RELAY
59 -------- OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
//
/ P.T.
// / P.T.
63 -------- BUCHHOLZ RELAY
64F -------- ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
64G -------- STATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
64T -------- BACKUP POWER SYSTEM E/F RELAY
PS CLASS FOR BUS
DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL 87G -------- GENERATOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
87GT -------- GEN. TRANSFORMER E/F RELAY
CT CT 25 -------- CHECK SYNCHRONISING
CORE-1, 5P10 CORE-1, 5P10 46 -------- NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY
CT CT
CORE-2, METERING CORE-2, METERING
ACC.CLASS 1-0 ACC.CLASS 1-0
52-3 52-5
LEGEND
331661132 kV BUS 52-6
ISOLATING SWITCH
HV CIRCUIT BREAKER
LINK
CT CT
TRANSFORMER
41G
EXCITATION BREAKER WITH
52-1
DISCHARGE RESISTOR
52-2
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
51 EARTH
87GT 87GT
11 KV BREAKER
DG SET
11 KV CIRCUIT 11 KV CIRCUIT
BREAKER 11-1 BREAKER 11-2
CT TO P.T.
CT TO P.T.
P.T. P.T.
41G
41G
GENERATOR-
G1 GENERATOR-2 G2
45G
PS CT PS CT
5P10 CT
5P10 CT
PS CT CT
PS
FIG. 2.3.1 TYPICAL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 24
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 25
33 K.V. BUS NOMENCLATURE
GENERATORS
CT
NOTES 12 CENTRIFUGAL SPEED SWITCH
12G ELECTRICAL OVERSPEEDC RELAY
25 CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
1.THE SCHEME MAY BE MODIFIED TO SUIT ACTUAL 26AU/AI AIR COOLER (OUTLET/INLET)
BREAKER EQUIPMENT ORDERED AIR TEMPERATURE
52-1
2.COMMON TRIPPING RELAYS FOR SIMILAR 26G TEMPERATURE DETECTORS FOR
FUNCTIONS WILL BE PROVIDED WITH LOCK FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
OUT FACILITIES, SIGNAL TYPE CURRENT 26GS STATOR WINDING TEMPERATURE
RELAYS FOR DISCRIMINATION OF FAULTS ARE
PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED IN THE 32 REVERSE POWER RELAY
87T INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS OF COMMON TRIPPING 33AB AIR BRAKE POSITION INDICATION
RELAYS . 33CW/80CW COOLING WATER VALVE POSITION/FL
64T
3.TRIPPING BLOCK DIAGRAM DOES NOT INCLUDE 38 BEARING TEMPERATURE DEVICE
63T FIRST STAGE ALARMS 38-2
5P10
4.DETAILS OF R.T.D. (RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE 38GT GUIDE BEARING TEMPERATURE
CT
DETECTORS) ARE AS UNDER : 38QB BEARING OIL TEMPERATURE
(A) GENERATOR STATOR WINDINGS - 12 NO. 38THT THRUST BEARING TEMPERATURE
38T (B) GENERATOR THRUST BEARING - 2 NO.
87 GT (C) TURBINE GUIDE BEARING - 2 NO. 40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY
GEN.TRANSFORMER
50/51 5. UNIT-2 IS SAME AS UNIT-1 45F FIELD SURGE PROTECTION
CT 46 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY
PS 47 PHASE SEQUENCE CHECK RELAY
LINK (FOR SYNCHRONIZING)
48 INCOMPLETE SEQUENCE RELAY
C.T. 5P10 50/51 T TARNSFORMER OVERCURRENT RELAY
51V INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
250 kVA
WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINTRELAY
11/.415 kV
TO 86 EB 11 KV 60 VOLTAGE BALANCE RELAY
11-1 GENERATOR 63 GOVERNOR LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITC
BREAKER 51/64
63FG FIRE EXTIGUISHING SYSTEM OPERATIO
87 GT 51 EX C.T. 63QTH THRUST BEARING HIGH PRESSURE OIL
SYSTEM START INTERLOCK/FAILURE A
RECTIFIER 63 T MAIN TANK OVER PRESURE SWITCH
TRANSFORMER 63 TX AUXILIARY RELAY
64G GROUND VOLTAGE RELAY - STATOR
25 64F ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY
47
TO P.T. 65SN SOLENOID SPEED NO LOAD
65SL SOLENOID SHUT DOWN
59 71QBH/L BEARING OIL LEVEL(HIGH/LOW)
THYRISTOR STATIC 86 EA LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "A"
BRIGES EXCITATION LOCKOUT RELAY ELECT. GROUP "B"
86 EB
SYNCH.
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR 86 MA LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "A"
AND CONTROL 86 MB LOCKOUT RELAY MECH. GROUP "B"
87G GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
S.S.
FROM EXCITOR 2 87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
F F SYNCHRONISING
TO 86 EB
SOCKET EXCITERS
. VAR.COMP
PT PT L L
27
V
31
41G
51 EX
EXCITATION RELAY
GENERATOR FIELD BREAKER
INSTANTANEOUS TIME OVER
CURRENTRELAY
FROM BATTERY
..
EQUIPMENT
.. S.S.
KWH
F F
PAR COMP PARALLEL COMPENSATION
METERING
.. S.S.
38THT
THERMOSTAT
R.T.D.
38QB
60
BLOCKS 50/51V
& 40 ON LOSS
OF RELAY
FM
KVAR
SYN
LINK 86 EA
TRIP 52-1 & 41 G
RELEASE CO2,
TURBINE SHUT
2
1
RESISTOR
RATED 15 SEC.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 26
2.4 Monitoring and Protection for Generating Units above 100 kW and upto 3 MW
Monitoring and protection with two levels of protection and recommended as follows in
SHP as per IEC-1116.
2.4.1 Turbine
Immediate tripping is required for items a), c), i) and j). Items b), d), e), f), g) and h) may
have an alarm annunciated first if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be
taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow.
In some cases, braking is used to reduce the time to standstill.
2.4.2 Generator
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 26
Immediate tripping is required for items (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f). Items (a), (g), (h) and (i)
may have an alarm annunciated if the station is manned allowing corrective action to be
taken, but in any case, in the absence of corrective action, tripping will eventually follow.
It is advisable to consider differential protection when the size of the generator and/or its
environment justifies it.
The instruments and devices generally recommended for monitoring and protection are
as follows: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, energy meter, power factor meter,
tachometer, hours of operation counter, synchronizer, water-level and/or pressure
indicator, turbine opening indicator, emergency stop device, short-circuit current
protection, overcurrent protection, reverse power relay, frequency monitor, voltage
monitor, bearing monitor.
Metering and Relaying single line for typical SHP of various system is shown in.
Monitoring and control and data acquisition system (SCADA system) can be a part of the
P.C. based digital governor and generation control equipment. Provision of data storage
of one month with 16 MB of Ram memory and a 540 to 850 MB Hard Drive as part of
the PC based governing and control system should be provided. This data could be
retrieved on a floppy drive after one month for examination. As the communication links
develop the data can also be transmitted via a Modem to a remote point for examination
and supervisory control.
Typical single line diagram for synchronous generators is attached as figure 2.4.1 and
Asynchronous generator as figure 2.4.2.
Micro hydel (100 kW) may be provided with series overcurrent and short circuit
protection (M.C.C.D); Residual current breakers for earth fault protection and surge
protection equipment. A typical 50 kW micro hydel single line diagram showing
protection is attached as Fig. 2.5. MCCB could be provided with shunt trip coil for
providing over voltage; overcurrent and nonbalance load trip as a part of shunt load
governor if possible.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 27
Protection
LA 27 Under voltage relay
49 Under frequency
81 Over frequency relay
See note 5 32 Reverse power relay
51V Overcurrent voltage
restraint relay
64G Stator earth fault relay
V
46 Phase Unbalance relay
25 Check Synchronizing Relay
64F Rotor Ground fault relay
51F Field excitation Overcurrent
Indication
V Voltage
See note 1
SYNCHRONIZER 25
A Current
kW Power
50 51
LA kVA
Reactive power
STATION SEE NOTE-4 r
SUPPLY FOR
AUXILIARY
kWh Energy
81 49 27V 59
kVA
R
51 32 46 kWh kW A
V
51 BRUSHLESS
F EXCITATION
v (SEE NOTE -3)
Synchronous EXCITATION
VOLTAGE
Generator G REGULAION
64
F NOTE:
64 1. Generator circuit breaker may be installed on low
See note-2 voltage side of the transformer
G
2. Distribution transformer type earthimg may be provided
if power supply at generation voltage is not required.
3. May use static excitation esp. for larger units.
4. Lightning arrestor at transformer terminals may be
omitted for single unit SHP
5. Station service transformer may be tapped from
generator leads if LV side breaker is provided.
6. Differential protection may be provided for unit sizes above 750
kW and for units below this size if environment justified
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 28
To Existing 33 kV line
(300 m)
Protection
Lightning Arrestor
50
Indiaction
V Voltage
A Current
kW Power
STATION
SUPPLY FOR kVA
AUXILIARIES
r
Reactive power
kWh Energy
27
kVA
r
50/
32 kWh kW A
51
G
NOTE:
1. The circuit breaker may be installed on LV side of transformer
64
2. Capacitor bank may be provided on HV side before HV
G
breaker so that it is switched on and off with breaker
EARTHING 3. Lightning arrestor on transformer terminals may be omitted for
RESISITOR single phase SHP.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 29
62
Grid Feeder-1
27
81 H
81 L
LEGEND
R esidual C urrent
Operated C ircuit B reaker
Controller
Module
Triacs
H eater Module G
50 kW 415 V
FIG. 2.5
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards /Guidelines for selection of Control, SCADA and Protection for Small Hydropower Projects 30