TS 648.tr - en

TURKISH STANDARD
TURKISH STANDARD
TS 648
December 1980
ICS 91.080.10
1st Edition
ACCOUNT AND CONSTRUCTION RULES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Building Code for Steel Structures
TURKISH STANDARDS INSTITUTE Necatibey Caddesi No.112

Ministries / ANKARA
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ICS 91.080.10 TURKISH STANDARD TS 648 / December 1980
CONTENTS
0 - SUBJECT, DESCRIPTION, SCOPE ........................................... .................................................. ...................... 4

1 - PROJECT PRINCIPLES .............................................. .................................................. ........................... 20
2 - ACCOUNT PRINCIPLES .............................................. .................................................. ......................... 125
3 - SPECIAL REGULATION RULES ............................................. ............................................ 257
4 - SAFETY STRESSES .............................................. .................................................. .............. 997
5 - COMBINATION TOOLS .............................................. .................................................. .................. 1021
6 - TERM OF RULES .............................................. .................................................. .................... 1062
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ACCOUNT AND CONSTRUCTION RULES OF STEEL STRUCTURES 0 - SUBJECT,
DESCRIPTION, SCOPE
0.1 - SUBJECT
This standard sets the calculation and construction rules of steel structures.
0.2 - DEFINITIONS
0.2.1 - Normal Structural Steel

Normal structural steel physical and chemical properties TS 908 one) , They are steels that comply with the products marked Ç 37 (Fe 37) in TS 909, TS
910, TS 911, TS 912, TS 913 and TS 2162.
0.2.2 - High Strength Steels

High-strength steels are steels that conform to the products with physical and chemical properties, TS 908, TS 909, TS 910, TS
911, TS 912, TS 913 and TS 2162 with products with a higher flow limit.
0.3 - SCOPE
This standard covers all structural steel components and components with a thickness of at least 4 mm, and all kinds of temporary steel
structures such as portable structures and formwork scaffolds. Pylons of high tension lines, cranes, railways, bridges used in highways and
similar special steel structures are not covered.
1 - PROJECT PRINCIPLES
A steel structure project should include the construction drawings with the strength calculations stated below.
1.1 - All carrier structure in accounts Stress and other safety inspections for parts of
It should be shown in a way that can be examined easily and the type of material intended to be used in each building part should also be reported.
Authorized experts or contractors can carry out the project, calculation and application works of steel structures on these technical issues.
1.2 - In the construction drawings, all and parts of the carrier systems should be shown with the appropriate scale, and the dimensions required
for the control of the production and strength calculations should also be written. Other load bearing parts (such as floors, walls) should also be
shown in the pictures. The construction should be illustrated as well as the following information should be given.
Scales, materials, combination tools, references to other related pictures, loading where necessary, and notes regarding changes to
the basic plans.
1) Numbers and publication dates of the cited Turkish Standards are indicated at the end of this text.
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1.3 - SYMBOLS USED

C = Auxiliary value used to obtain a constant moment of inertia in variable moment of inertia, C b = A coefficient that determines the
effect of torque change on buckling, C m = In systems affected by axial pressure and bending, a coefficient that takes into account
the shape of the column, d = system length of a diagonal in braided rods, d = outside distance between the headings in profiles, d
= Rivet or bolt diameter, d 1 = Rivet or bolt hole diameter,
D = Force coming to diagonal in braided rods, e = Distance of neutral axis of filled section to
head edge, e = Distance between axes of individual rods in multi-piece rods, E = Steel's
modulus of elasticity (E = 2100000 kgf / cm 2nd),
EY = Total of main loads, E1Y = Total of basic and

additional loads, F = Cross section area,
F = Lossless cross-sectional area of an individual diagonal in braided bars, F b = Cross section of pressure head,
F n = Useful cross-sectional area. F i = In multi-piece bars, the cross-sectional area of an individual bar, F c = ( or) A
symbol used to indicate the quality of steel, g = distance in the direction perpendicular to the force applied
between the rivet or bolt holes, G = Shear modulus of steel (G = 810000 kgf / cm 2nd),
G = A coefficient used in the buckling length calculation of the columns in the frames, İ x, I y = Inertia
radius to prime axes «x» and «y«, ii = smallest inertia radius of an individual rod in multi-piece bars,
iy = pressure head in profile I and inertial radius of one third of the pressure zone of the body with respect to the body symmetry axis,
io = Inertial radius of the common cross-section according to the weight axis parallel to the long arms of the corneries in multi-piece rods
consisting of corneries, I = Moment of inertia of the cross section, I 0 = The moment of inertia of the columns, which are rigidly connected to
the point taken into consideration in the frames and in which the buckling length will be calculated, I g = The moment of inertia of the beams in
the plane, which is rigidly connected to the point considered in the frames and the buckling length will be calculated, I n = Useful moment of
inertia of the cross-section in bending calculation, I = The smallest moment of inertia in moment of inertia moment (Imi), lli = moment of
inertia in variable bars, inertia moment (Im), Iı = Smallest inertia moment of an individual rod in multi-piece bars, k = A coefficient that
determines the buckling length;
m = number of individual rod groups of individual rods or places where multiple rods or places are formed in the same manner in
multi-piece rods and turned into a bar working together with a latitude connection,
n = number of pieces in which the connections divide the bar in multi-piece bars, n = safety
coefficient,
Q = Shear force in reconnaissance,
Qı = Nominal shear force in multi-piece rods,
s = Distance between beams against the rotation and lateral displacement in the pressure head, s = Length of the pressure rod,
s 0 = Length of columns rigidly connected to the point considered in the frames, s g = Length of rafters rigidly connected to the point
taken into consideration in the frames, S k = Buckling length of the bar,
s = distance parallel to the force applied between the rivet or bolt holes, s i = The largest spacing
between latitudinal connections in multi-piece rods, S = biggest pressure force on the rod, t =
thickness of the steel parts that make up the structure.
T = Nominal shear force, falling on a latitude plate in multi-piece bars, W n = Cross-section strength
moment,
Z = number of latitude connections located side by side in parallel planes in multi-piece bars,
α = Angle of the diagonal with the rod axis in multi-piece rods (Figure - 1),
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α t = Heat expansion coefficient,

Δ F = Section slimming area,
Δ F = The moment of inertia relative to the neutral axis of the filled beam section of the holes falling on the most unfavorable tearing line in the
tensile heads in bending,
Δ s = Width to be added in net width calculation in drawbars.
λ = Delicacy module,
λ p = Plastic slenderness limit (critical slenderness),
λ ı = An auxiliary slender module used in multi-piece rods,
σ a = Flow of material,
σ b = Pressure stress calculated only under the effect of bending moment,
σ B = pressure bending stress to be permitted only under the influence of bending moment,
σ bem = Pressure stress to be permitted only under the influence of pressure force,
σ çem = Tensile safety stress,
σ d = Tensile strength stress,
σ eb = Stress calculated only under pressure force,
σ ez = Crush safety stress,
σ v = Comparing stress when considering prime stresses,
τ = Calculated shear stress,
τ em = Slip safety stress,
ω = Buckling coefficient associated with the slenderness of the rod used in the calculation of the pressure safety stress,
2 - ACCOUNT PRINCIPLES
According to the smallest tensile strength of general structural steels covered by this standard:
Fe 33
Fe 34
Fe 37
Fe 42
Fe 46
Fe 50
Fe 52
Fe 60
Fe 70
It was gathered in nine different groups.
2.1 - MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
2.1.1 - Mechanical Properties

Tensile strength, yield limit, elasticity and shear modules and heat expansion coefficient for structural steel are shown in Table -
1.
2.1.2 - Chemical Properties

Chemical properties of structural steels should comply with TS 908 TS 909 TS 910, TS 911, TS 912, TS 913 and TS 2162.
2.2 - ACCOUNT METHOD

- The calculation method to be used is free, provided that it is not contrary to the principles in this standard and the static calculation is made
according to the linear elastic material principles.
- If unusual formulas are used, the source should be cited. Otherwise, the formulas need to be
explained until the accuracy can be verified.
- Each account should form a whole on its own. However, if the new account is a continuation of an old account, values can be
taken from this old account without showing its removal.
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2.3 - LOAD ACCEPTANCES AND LOADING CONDITIONS
2.3.1 - Loads must be taken from TS 498 for strength and stability tests. In cases where there is not enough information on this subject, the loads are
assigned jointly with the authorized project control.
2.3.3 - Separation of Loads:

The loads affecting a structure are divided into two as main loads and secondary loads.
Main loads: Self loads, regular and mobile loads, snow (windless, covers the mass forces of the machines.
Additional loads: Wind effect, earthquake effect brake forces, horizontal lateral forces (on cranes) 2nd)
Rarely used in assembly and repair works covers the effects of heat (in the cranes) (operational and atmospheric).
2.3.3 - Download Cases

The following loading conditions are taken into account for calculations and strength tests: EY Loading: The
sum of the main loads,
EIY Loading: Total of main and additional loads. If only subordinate loads affect a building other than its own load, the largest of
the secondary loads is the main load.
2.3.4 - Loading Case Which is the Basis for Sizing

Abstraction and stress tests and the loading state that always requires the largest incision should be kept in mind.
2) The self-loads of these types of cranes and the moving loads, if they operate frequently, are counted from the basic loads.
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2.3.5 - Cross Sections Based on Sizing

Cross-section values to be considered in stress tests are shown in Table - 2. Çigelge - F in 2 = The full cross-sectional area of the
rod, which is considered at the pressure, Fn = the useful cross-sectional area,
Δ F = Cross section slimming amount, (The calculation method is shown in 2.3.6.)
F body = The most cross-sectional area of the trunk; The corners of the corners attached to the body are not considered and the cross-sectional areas of
the holes on the body falling on the most unfavorable tearing line are removed. F n = Useful cross-sectional area, I = Moment of inertia of filled
cross-section,
Δ l = Moment of inertia relative to the neutral axis of the filled beam section of the holes falling on the most unfavorable tearing line in the
tensile heads,
e = distance of header edge to neutral axis of filled section, W n = Cross section
strength moment, In = Useful moment of inertia of cross section, Q = Shear force
to cross section.
τ = Average shear stress in the body,
2.3.5.1 - Weight-free weight axis should always be taken into consideration in perforated rods.
2.3.5.2 - In the calculation of deformations, cross section values should be taken into account without considering the hole loss.
2.3.6 - Useful Cross Section (F u)

The useful cross-sectional area and unfavorable useful width (tear line) are obtained by subtracting the holes from the cross-sectional
area from the cross-sectional area (F n).
Useful width, if all holes are placed on a diagonal or as a surprise, all holes on the tear line considered from the total width. by
adding the sum of their diameters and for the clearance between each transverse holes
2nd
∆ =
4 gss
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It is obtained by adding the amount. In the formula above

Δ s = s = the amount of width to be added, (cm)
s = The distance in the direction of force between two successive holes, (cm) g = The distance between the
holes in the direction perpendicular to the force, is (cm).
The useful area is obtained by multiplying the useful width with the average thickness obtained. Benefit-width, which is obtained
by considering the holes, can in no case exceed 85% of the total width.
2.3.6.1 - Hole Sizes

In useful area and width calculations, rivet or bolt hole diameters should be used by increasing the nominal diameter of the holes by 1 mm.
2.3.6.2 - Useful Width in Angles and U Profiles

In gussets gross width is obtained by subtracting thickness from the sum of the arm lengths. In calculating the transverse distance between the holes
in the opposite arms, the thickness is extracted from the outside to the outside distance.
2.4 - INSPECTIONS
2.4.1 - In general, stresses and support reactions must be determined separately for each load. Thus, the most unfavorable
combined effects of the values obtained are found by joining each other. After the cross sections are dimensioned, the greatest
values of stresses are calculated in the most effective cross sections and compared with safety feedback. These investigations
should be made separately for IY and EIT loading cases.
2.4.2 - The required inspections are shown below.

-Stress tests;
- Stability investigations,
-Tipping checks,
- Deformation examinations.
These inspections should be made in manufacturing, transportation, assembly and operating situations.
2.4.2.1 - General stress tests are made separately for cross section values in Table - 2 and EY and ElY loading cases. For moving
loads, the vibration coefficient should be considered in these investigations.
2.4.2.2 - The stability check includes buckling, wrinkling, and lateral buckling inspections. The buckling inspections of the bars under pressure are made in
accordance with Article 3.22 of this standard, and the lateral buckling in accordance with Article 3.4.4 of this standard.
2.4.2.3 - In the overturn investigation, the overturning safety coefficient of each component must be at least 2. In some special cases, this coefficient
can be 1.5. The coefficient of safety against lifting in bearings should be at least 1.3 for continuous beams, and the overturning safety coefficient for
the whole structure should be at least 1.5.
2.4.2.4 - Deformations will be investigated and limited if required for use and constructive maintenance. More than self loads incoming
deformations can be removed by giving a deflection. The deflection span of beam lovers with a span of more than 5.0 m should not
exceed 1/300 of the span length of the cantilever beams at the end of the cantilever beams. For foundations and supports, the
deflection of the grid and distribution beams can be up to 1/1000 of the cantilever length.
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3 - SPECIAL REFRIGERATION RULES
3.1 - RODS TOWING PULL
3.1.1 - Safety Stress

Tensile safety stress ( σ CEM) most useful in the most cross-section:
σ Cem ≤ 0.6 σ a
should be.
In addition, this value should not exceed half the tensile strength.
σ Cem ≤ 0.6 σ D
should not exceed.
3.1.2 - Depending on the load, sometimes it is necessary to size the rods that work to pull and sometimes to pressure. Delicacy in
such rods λ ≤ It should be 250.
3.1.3 - Tension rods exposed to eccentric forcing are generally calculated for longitudinal force and bending.
3.2 - BARS WORKING AT CENTRAL PRESS
3.2.1 - General Information

In this section, the calculation principles of the buckling of straight bars with two ends that are working at central pressure are given.
The bars exposed to the pressure outside the states examined here are calculated according to the rules required by that state.
Pressure-operated rods should have more than 250 precision. The buckling length Sk of the pressure-operated bars in the lattice beam
plane is taken equal to the system length of the bars (S). In order for the buckling length outside the lattice beam plane to be equal to
the length of the rod, the movement of the pressure head node points out from the beam plane must be prevented.
The buckling lengths of the pressure-operated rods that vary according to the bearing conditions are given in Table - 3 for six cases. In
this table, the recommended values were kept higher than the equivalent theoretical value since the desired state of the bearings could
not be fully realized.
The buckling length coefficient of the pressure bars in the frames is obtained from Çizeîge - 4 or Chart - 5 depending on whether
the lateral movement of the frame is prevented or not. G coefficient used in Tables - 4 or Tables - 5 at ends A and B of the frame
pressure bar
Σ OfSIsc
SI
Σ /
G= dd
It is obtained by the formula.
Here ;
G = Coefficient used from the buckling length calculation,
Ic = moment of inertia of the columns in the plane, which is rigidly connected to the point taken into consideration and the buckling length will be
calculated. 4),
If = Inertia moment of beams in the plane, which is rigidly connected to the point taken into consideration and the buckling length will be
calculated. 4),
Sc = the length of the columns rigidly connected to the point under consideration (cm), S g = If the length of the rafters (cm) rigidly connected to
the point taken into consideration, if the column is connected to the foundation regime, G = 1.0 must be taken from the calculation at that
point. If the column is attached to the foundation with a fully rotatable joint without friction, G = 10.0 should be taken.
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G at both ends of the column to and G B Once the values are obtained Table - 4 or. Table - The value of k is obtained from 5. The
buckling length is found as sk = k, s.
SCHEDULE - Buckling Length in 3 Pressure Bars
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SCHEDULE - Nomogram for the K Value Used in the Calculation of the Buckling Length in 4 Anti-Displacement Pressure
Bars
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SCHEDULE - 5 Nomograms for the K Value Used in the Buckling Length of the Non-Displacement Pressure Bars
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3.2.2 - Stress Tests

One of the two methods below is applied for pressure stress check in single piece rods whose cross sections are fixed. Since the
methods and tables given in 3.2.2.1 are given for Fe 37 and Fe 52 steels, they are valid only for these steels. The method shown
in 3.2.2.2 applies to all steels covered by this standard.
3.2.2.1 - Pressure Stress Assay by Buckling Number Method
• ≤ Cem
FSA σ ω
should be.
Here ;
S = the greatest pressure force (kgf) that can occur in the rod, F = the cross-sectional
area of the rod (cm 2nd),
σ çem = tensile safety stress according to the loading and material examined (kgf / cm 2nd),
w = the slenderness of the stick ( λ) Torsion coefficient to be taken from Table 6 and 7 (for Fe 37 and Fe 52 steels),
•= •
• •
• σω •
• σ bem •
Here ;
σ çem = Pressure safety stress according to the loading and material examined (kgf / cm 2nd),
λ = λ Indicates that x = Sky / ix or Xy = Sky / good.
λ x λ y = the slenderness of the rod in the x and y direction (slenderness ratio). Buckling lengths of skx and sky bar in planes
perpendicular to xx and yy prime axes i x and i y are the inertia side diameters of these prime axes.
λ < No buckling calculation is made for bars with 20, i.e. w = 1 is taken.
3.2.2.2 - Inspection of pressure safety stresses to those considering the delicacy. λ PA if less than ( λ ≤ λ P) pressure
safety stress:
••= •
λ)λ2nd σ
• 11th( • aP
S
•• ••
σ bem
n
the delicacy of the bar ( λ ≥ λ P) pressure safety strain if:
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It is calculated using formulas. In these

formulas; n = Safety coefficient ≥ 1.67 n = 1.67
λ < 20
λ λ
n = 1.5 + 1.2 (-----) -0.2 (---------) 3 λ p ≤ λ
λp λp
n = 2.5 λ > λ p
E = Elasticity module (kgf / cm 2nd),
σ a = Flow limit of steel (kgf / cm 2nd),
λ P = Limit plastic slenderness (critical slenderness).
TO 6438 , 4
2 2= σπ
a σ
λP= a
σ bem = Pressure safety stress (kgf / cm 2nd)

d.
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Safety stresses in one-piece pressure rods for different steels and fragility ( λ) It is given in Table - 8 for its values between 20-250.
In cases where the sensitivity is less than 20, the pressure safety tension is taken equal to the pull safety tension.
3.2.3 - Multi-Piece Rods with Cross Sections

Although they are multi-part, these pieces are counted as one piece in rods that are connected to each other by rivet bolts or
welds for the entire length of the rod and are calculated as shown above. Since the rivets and bolts used to provide the
connection between the individual parts are not subject to too much force, the rivets and bolts can be spaced up to 7 ~ 10d (d =
rivet or bolt diameter).
In bars considered to be multi-part, there is often a wide gap between the parts; Working together of the individual parts
constituting the rod is provided either by a cage-shaped connection (braided bar Figure - 1a) or with its plates (frame bar Figure
-1 b). Calculation of these links Article
Given in 3.2.3.1 and 3.2.3.2.
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3.2.3.1 - Symbols Used in Calculation of Multi-Piece Bars

m = the number of individual rods that have been formed in the same manner and have been turned into a bar working with
others through a latitude connection, or the groups of rods where individual rods can be inserted in place (m = 3 in Figure - 2, in
Figure - 5 m = 2). S = Pressure force (kgf) affecting the entire bar. F = Lossless cross-sectional area of the entire bar (cm 2nd),
F 1 = "Lossless cross-sectional area of münferifbîr rod (cm 2nd),

I x = f.ix 2nd and I y = F.iy 2nd moments of inertia of the common rod relative to the xx and yy prime axes (cm 4);
Material axis = If one of the main axes in the cross section cuts all cross sections, that axis is called the material axis.
x.- x, yy = The main axis of the rod, 1-1

= Multi-piece will give the small inertia radius of the individual rods that make up the bar
its prime axis, s ks and S ky = Buckling lengths (cm) in buckling of common bar perpendicular to xx and yy axes,
λ x = Skx / ix and λ y = Sky / iy, Joint rod's buckling perpendicular to xx and yy axes, Iı = F 1. I 2nd moment of inertia of the
individual cross-section relative to the ll axis (cm 4),
The 1-1 axis is the width that gives the smallest moment of inertia of the cross section (Figure - 2.5).
λ I in frame bars as an auxiliary amount (Figure - 1b): S one
λ 1 = ------
I one
In braided rods (Figure - 1a).
zF F d
one
λ =π .
D s 2nd
e
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z = number of latitude connections located side by side in parallel planes, Sı = largest spacing between latitude connections (cm)
(Figure - 1), f d = Lossless cross-sectional area of an individual diagonal in braided rods (cm 2nd) ( Figure-1 a): the sum of the
cross-sectional areas of the diagonals crossing each other when cross diagonals are used, d = system length (cm) of a diaphragm in
braided rods (Figure - 1 a), n = number of pieces in which the bar of the connections divides, i.e. number of eyes, e = individual The
distance between the axes of the rods is (cm).
3.2.3.2 - Calculation of Multi-piece Rods
3.2.3.2.1 - Group I bars: One of the main axes of the cross sections is the buckling of the rods with the xx material axis,
perpendicular to this axis, is calculated as in the one-piece pressure bars (Figure - 2 and
3).
Buckling perpendicular to the prime centuries axis, rod
2nd m 2
= +
yi λ λy 1
2nd λ
It is calculated as a one-piece pressure bar, with a nominal precision. In high buildings:
yi
SW
≤xi 3 4-(2
λ 1.
BUSINESS
one
F .σ çem )
should be. In the construction of transverse joints, if the spacing between the boards is equal, the joints of the tie sheets to each
individual rod are at least two rivets; if it is made with two bolts or a corresponding weld seam, and the number of meshes of the
frame bars n ≥ If 3, S I/ I i < Çıkan 50 λ x = 50 is taken. In the two-piece bars, if the spacing of the individual profiles is equal to or less
than the thickness of the knot plate, the buckling of the two-piece bar perpendicular to the yy axis is calculated as perpendicular
to the xx axis if the individual profiles are combined by placing a feed plate in all their lengths; so for this state λ yi = λ y is taken.
Between the latitude connections, the individual rods are spaced apart from each other in the direction of the bar. I If it is combined
with no more than rivets or bolts or equivalent weld seams, the above is valid.
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3.2.3.2.2 - II. Group bars: It is sufficient to calculate the rods (Figures - 4 a, b) arranged with two corners according to the buckling
perpendicular to the xx material axis only. Here: wx buckling coefficient, λ x = Sky / ix is related to the degree of delicacy: the ratio of ssi
/ ii should not exceed 50; Skx is the carrier system plane of the rod and the arithmetic mean of the buckling lengths in the plane
perpendicular to this plane.
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Figure - Since ix = io / 1.15 for cross sections in 4 b, λ x = 1.15 Skx / io can be taken; io shows the inertial radius of the common cross section
relative to the weight axis parallel to the long arms of the corneries.
3.2.3.2.3 - III. Group bars: In multi-piece bars with no material axes in their cross sections (Figure - 5):
mλλ
λ 2+
= y yi good
2nd and
mλλ
λ 2+
= x xi ix
2nd
It is calculated as in one-piece pressure bars, taking into account the nominal degrees of precision.
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When twisting the bar perpendicular to the yy axis parallel to the axis latitude links
Since they are not forced, the rods that these connections are joined are taken as an individual rod. Therefore, in the formula of J,
yı: Figure - 5 for cross sections from a to 5, m = 2 for cross section in m = 2 (to Figure - 5). The same features apply for buckling
perpendicular to the xx axis. Therefore, for all the cross sections in (Figure - 5) λ In the formula of xi, m '= 2 is taken.
For the bars seen in Figure 5 and 5, partition plates should also be used perpendicular to the axis so that the cross section does not change
its rectangular shape.
In high structures, Sıx / ii and S, y / ii values should not be greater than 50.
In crossbars, the cross sections of which are shown in Figure - 5b, are also combined with rivets, bolts or weld seams with a gap
of not more than 15 in the direction of the rod axis, as well as weld seams, and boards are inserted between the corners. if λ y = λ y
and Âxi = Ax can be taken. If the aforementioned features are complied with, the bars seen in Figure 5 and 5 λ Xi = λ x can be
taken.
3.2.4 - Inertia Moments with Variable Bars

Although the cross section areas remain approximately the same, the buckling calculations of both 1 and 2 or 4 part bars with
varying cross section height and hence moment of inertia I = c. I max. It can be made with constant moment of inertia. The
coefficients c are taken from Table - 9. In the values shown in this Schedule: V = √ I 0 - I 1 = √ I min / I max indicates an auxiliary value, c
values retaining both ends articulated and lo ≥ Applies to bars with 0.01 I. Si ≥ In bars with 0.8 s, c = l can be taken. It is found with
polineer interpolation in bars where the SI value is between 0.5 s and 0.8 s.
3.2.5 - Transverse Connections

Transverse connections arranged as braided bar or tie plate,
Q 1 = F. σ çem / 80
is calculated according to a nominal shear force.
Between the weight axes of the individual bars e. In frame bars (Figure - 1b) with a gap of more than 20 I (Figures - 2 and 5),
shear force 0.05 (e / I) one If it is increased by –20), in knitting rods where the e-gap between the individual rods is large, first of all,
in the braided rods used, there is no throw.
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Q in two piece braided rods (Fig - la) I Diagonal force generated by
D= ZQ
. sin
I α
It is found by the formula.

Here ;
Z = number of latitude connections located side by side in parallel planes,
α = Angle of the diagonal with the rod axis (Figure - la), Q i = nominal shear
force,
D = The force that comes to the diagonal in braided rods.
25
OF TSE.
In the frame rods (Figure - 1b), each latitude connection is only a tie plate (Figure - 2 d, S b, 5 c, 5 d) or with several tie plates
adjacent to each other (Figure - 2 a, 2 b, 2 c , 2 e, 2 f, 5 a, 5 e). The amount of nominal shear force (T) per such latitude
connection.
Q, S,
On the two-piece bar (m = 2): T = --------
to
Q, S,
On the three-piece bar (m = 3): T = ----------
2
On the four-piece bar (m = 4): Between the
middle individual bars

Q, S,
T '= 0.4 ---------
e
on the edges
Q, S,
T '= 0.3 -----------
to
Taken. The locations of the zero points of the moments occurring under the shear force in the latitude connections are shown in
Figure 6.
The spacing of the tie sheets should be arranged to be equal or close to the equal. The attachment of the tie sheets to each
individual bar must be done with at least two rivets or bolts or a corresponding weld seam. Number of eye of frame bars n ≥ It must
be 3, that is, at least one-third of the lengths of bars must have a tie plate.
All braided or frame-shaped multi-piece rods (Figs - 1a and 1b) must have at least three rivets or bolts attached to each individual
bar, or a tie plate combined with a corresponding weld seam. In the rods of the double-body elements, these tie plates at the
beginning should be inserted between the two knot boards as much as possible (Figure -.7a). Otherwise, half of the 1/2 h
coupling moments that occur when the individual rod axes remain inside or outside the knot plates (Figure - 7b) should be added
to the moments from T in the calculation of these flywheel plates and their components.
If the knot plates are located in the transverse connection plane of the bar, it is not necessary to put tie plates at the beginning. In
two-piece rods (Figures 3 and 4), the spacing of the individual rods is equal to or less than the thickness of the knot plate, it is not
necessary to put a tie plate on the heads separately, but at least one-third points of the rod length, at least two rivet bolts or
equivalent There should be a tie plate connected with the weld seam.
In the rods as in Figure 3, feed plates can be used instead of tie plates. These feed pieces must be combined with at least two
rivets or bolts in the direction of the rod axis or a weld seam suitable thereto.
In rods as in Figure 4, the tie sheets should be astonished (Figure 4c) at an angle of 90 degrees to each other or they can be
arranged so that they are all in the same plane. In the joining of the bond plates arranged in the form of the feed plate in Figures 3
and 4, it is sufficient to transfer the shear force T. The same rules apply to the bars as in Figure -5 b and to the bars in Figure-5c
and 5d for buckling perpendicular to the xx axis.
3.3 - BODY BEAMS FULLY TENDING
3.3.1 - Support Clearance

In the calculations, the distance between the supports and the axes of the beams that serve as support are taken. Free span,
which is increased by 1/20 as support span, directly on the wall or column (this increase is at least 12 cm)
26
OF TSE.
It should be taken. The stresses under the supports should not exceed the safety stresses according to the loading condition of the support
material used.
27
OF TSE.
3.3.2 - Continuous Beams and Purlins

Continuous roof beams and purlins with three or more supports can be calculated by other methods if their joints are made to be bent
resistant, and their bearing openings and loads are equal, as well as dimensioned with the bending moments given below. The same
rule can be applied if the smallest span or load does not exceed 0.8 times the largest. The cross section used in the inner opening,
which tries to have the most difficulty for the application of this rule, should be continued on other internal openings and supports. In
margins for uniformly distributed load: M = qI 2nd / 11 In internal openings: M = qI 2nd / 18 For other downloads
At the margins (Figure - 8): Mx = Mo - 0.6 Ma .x / l In the internal openings (Figure - 9):
Mx = Mo - 0,75 (Mı .lx / l - + Mc.x / l) In these formulas:
Mo = Greatest bending moment in free span, in the span span examined, Ma = An-caste moment that occurs when the beam is
accepted as free and inner support in the outer support,
Mo, Mc = In the internal openings, when the built-in is accepted on the beam supports, the built-in moments are q = Uniformly
distributed load, l = Support opening.
3.3.3 - Support Reactions of Continuous Beams

Bearing reactions should generally be calculated according to the continuous beam theory, which can rotate freely in the bearings.
3.3.4 - Stability Assessments
3.3.4.1 - Lateral Buckling

The efficiency of the lateral buckling safety of the beams should be increased under the influence of the bending effect in the plane of the bodies. In
lateral buckling, the beam bends laterally and also twists.
The lateral buckling safety is increased by all measures that will prevent the beam from twisting and tilting laterally. The heading of these
measures is the formation of latitude and longitude connections. The latitudinal connections preventing the torsion of the beam cross
section in its plane should be formed in the other cross sections of the beam, as well as the supports of the beam. The runout of the beam
must be prevented by longitudinal connections.
3.3.4.2 - Lateral Buckling Safety Stress

The pressure safety stress is not determined by more precise calculation methods in the lined beams with axial symmetry and loaded in
the trunk direction, and in the U - beams loaded according to the large prime axis.
28
OF TSE.
As long as the tension obtained from the formulas below, the largest is taken as the safety stress. This value alone is 0.60 σ a cannot
exceed its value.
30000000 Cb
≤
business
y
σ a
if :
• • = (3 2 . / )
2nd
•
B • σ σ σon • EU
< 0, 6 σ a
•• 90000000 Urine•
•
30000000 Cb
≥
business
y
σ a
if :
10000000 Cb
σ B
=
)
2nd
( / business
y
If the pressure head is full and has a nearly rectangular cross section and the cross section is not smaller than the pull head cross
section:
840000 C b
σ B
=
. ds/ F b
In the formulas above;

s = Distance between beams against the rotation and lateral displacement in the pressure head (cm), i y = Inertial radius of the pressure
head and 1/3 of the pressure zone of the body relative to the body axis (cm) F b = Cross section of pressure head (cm 2nd)
d = Interheading from outside to outside distance (cm),

σ B = Pressure safety stress (kgf / cm) considering lateral buckling 2nd),
σ a = Yield tension of pressure head (kgf / cm 2nd) ,
C b = It is a coefficient. (This coefficient is calculated as follows.)
M one M one
C b = 1.75 + 1.05 (------) + 0.3 (-----) 2nd ± 2.3

M 2nd M 2nd
M 1 = Small end moments at the points where the beam has lateral supports, M 2 = Large end moments at the points where the beam has
lateral supports. Moment's ratio M one/ M 2nd, if M one and M 2nd If it has the same sign (bidirectional bending), it is positive (Figure - 10a) if it has
a separate sign (unidirectional bending), it is negative (Figure - 10b). If the moment at any point between the lateral bearings is greater
than the end moments C b = It should be taken as 1.0.
3.3.4.3 - Other Conditions

In cases where the body plate is wrinkled and lateral buckling inspections must be made in reinforced beams, the relevant rules are followed
in the calculations.
3.4 - AXIAL PRESSURE AND BARS TENDING TO BEND

An eccentric compressive force or central compressive force with Mx and / or My bending
buckling test and a stress-free stress test on rods working to their moments,
C . b mxX
C .σ
+ + ≤
eb
,0
σ σbem •• σ σ •σ •• σmy 1 0•
• one
,0 ex•eb
σ • one
, •
• • Bx
•
eb by
•
• ' • • σ ey •
29
OF TSE.
bX by
+ + ≤
eb
,0
one
0, 6
σσσσσ σ
ba Bx By
σ
≤
eb
0,15
σ
It is made with formulas. if ba instead of the above formulas,
bX by
+ + ≤
eb
,0
one
σσσσσσ
ba Bx By
formula can be used.
In the formulas above, x and y indicate the axis where stress or related coefficients are applied.
30
OF TSE.
In the formulas above:

σ bem = Tension to be permitted only under the influence of pressure force (Article 3.2.2),
σ B = Pressure bending stress to be permitted only under the influence of bending moment (3.3),
2
π to 1 , 290 , 000
. 2 =8 5
/ ) , İ SK ( / )
2 2nd
σ to '=
( . bb
SK . İ bb
S b = Unsupported distance between bearings, I b = Inertia radius relative to the axis

perpendicular to the plane where bending,
K = the coefficient used to obtain the buckling length according to the axis of bending,
σ eb = The stress calculated only under the effect of pressure force,
σ b = Pressure stress calculated only under the effect of bending moment,
Cm = is a coefficient that takes into account the end moments y span moments and lateral support,
- In the frames where lateral displacement is possible, Cm = 0.85,

- In the non-load bars and in the plane where the bending is thought to be biased, in the frames that are not allowed, C m = 0.6 -
0.4. M one / M 2nd ≥ 0.4 (M one / M 2nd The bending moments at the two ends of the rod are the ratio of the smallest to the largest, and
positive in two-way bending (Figure - 10a) and negative in one-way bending (Figure - 10b).
- Cm should be found by using exact calculation methods in frames that are not allowed to shift the nodes and in the bars that
take load in the plane on which bending is considered. Table - For the situations given in 10
σ
cm = +
one Ψ eb
σ e'
can be found using the formula. In the
formula:
π δ ESI
Ψ= 002
2
SM
δ 0 = Maximum displacement from bending load, M 0 = Maximum moment.
Horizontal or other than central pressure. Due to their oblique standing, the bars that try to bend with the effect of their self-loads
must be calculated as above. Here, the value of M = G // H / 10 can be taken. In this formula
G = weight of the bar,

/ H = Length of the bar measured in the plan (horizontal plane projection). / H = ≤ This effect is
not taken into account in bars with 6.00 m.
3.5 - RODS THAT ARE TUNED

In addition to the torsional loads, if the loads causing the bending do not pass through the sliding center of the cross-section of the
structural element, the rod is subject to torsional loads. In the bar due to torsional loads
.shear stresses and normal stresses occur. These stresses are added to stresses of other effects and the greatest stresses are
calculated.
31
OF TSE.
3.5.1 - Torsional Stresses

Three types of stresses can occur at any cross-section of an element under the influence of the torsional load. (1) uniform torsion,
shear stresses (2) non-uniform torsion shear stresses (distortion shear stresses (3) non-uniform torsion normal stresses.
In uniform torsion, (Saintr Venant torsion) multiplication of the section does not change from section to section. Unit rotation angle θ = D θ / D z value
is constant, in other words, it is independent of z. Uniform torsion
the cross sections must be allowed to freely multiply the end sections in the meantime.
If the rod is prevented from colliding freely at any cross-section due to the end conditions or any external factors, a non-uniform
torsion occurs, for example, a bar with I section in Figure-11 is loaded symmetrically with respect to the middle section. The ends
of the rod will never be bent due to the distortions, and they will never be distorted because they will remain on the plane and
32
OF TSE.
the plane will remain. Accordingly, although the multiplication is zero in the z = 0 section, there will be any value for z = L and will
change between the sections 0 <z <L. This is a non-uniform torsional state.
3.5.2 - Uniform Torsion
3.5.2.1 - Uniform Torsion in Closed Sections

T = GK in uniform torsion T. D θ / D z also τ max. = tt max / K T
It can be shown with.
Here ;
T = Applied torsional load,
θ = Angle of rotation, t max = Distance from center to farthest point, G = Shear elasticity module, GK T = Torsional stiffness of the section, K T
= Torsional coefficient is the fourth force of the length (eg cm 4). It shows the polar (inert) moment of inertia of the cross-section relative
to the center only in the form of a circle and a circle ring. In other sections, mathematics is found by using flood elasticity methods.
For example ;
4
πR
- K in the apartment T = 2nd

3 3
π ba
2 2
- Ellipste .. K T = + ba
- K in equilateral triangle T = 0.02165 a 4
- KT = 0.141a per square 4
A simple approximate formula can be used for other filled sections.
to 4
K T = 0,025 ------
JG
33
OF TSE.
Here ;
A = Area of cross section, J G = It is the polar (polar) moment of inertia relative to the center of gravity of the section.
3.5.2.2 - Torsion of Tubes (thin-walled sections)

Rods whose thickness is very small compared to other dimensions are called tubes; In these, the thickness does not need to be fixed. The
tubes must be examined in two separate classes, open and closed, for torsion calculation.
a) Closed tubes, shear stress and unit rotation in thin-tube closed tubes are calculated as follows.
τ = AT
. .t
2nd
S
θ = = AG GK T φ
o
τ ds
T
21 .
Here ;
T= Shear stress to occur,
A = The area covered by the curve (middle of the wall) that divides the tube thickness in half, t = Tube thickness,
s = It is the variable that determines the circumference of the tube.
In cross sections consisting of joining thin-walled rectangular elements
2nd
4
SAof
Σ
KT=
i= t 11th
calculated as. Here ; S i = The length of the rectangular elements forming the closed
section is ti = the thickness of the element.
34
OF TSE.
b) Open tubes
Assuming the open thin-walled sections are made up of a series of rectangles: Torsional coefficient
1 3
Σ tsi
I =1
KT= 3
calculated as. Here ; s i = The length of each of the rectangular elements forming the open cross section,
t i = The thickness of the element is.
In this case, the largest shear stress occurs in the thickest rectangle. Shear stresses change linearly throughout the thickness
and are parallel to the edges (Figure 12).
Shear stress at the edges is greatest and acts opposite each other. Shear stress :
tt
T = ------
KT
calculated from relation.
3.5.3 - Uniform Torsion
In non-uniform torsion θ ( z) function is not linear θ = D θ / The dz value is also not constant. Due to the distortion of the cross
sections in the non-uniform torsion from section to section, little normal stresses occur in the direction of the rod axis. These
normal stresses 3 θ / dz 3 It causes additional shear stresses in proportion to.
35
OF TSE.
Since the sum of the moments that are statically equivalent to the distribution of shear stresses caused by uniform and non-uniform
torsion will be equal to the T torsional moment acting on the section.
Dθ D3 θ
T= GK T ----- - EC ------
dz dz 3
Writeable. Here EC stiffness stiffness indicates, (kg. cm 4).
In non-uniform torsion, since the distortion is prevented, the cross-section's rigidity against rotation appears to be increased and turns less than
the uniform torsion state.
Uniform torsion, such as open tubes, cross sectional distortion is important for large plan rods. In both filled sections and closed tubes,
since the distortion is very small, it becomes insignificant in additional effects to be caused by preventing this. Some cross-sectional
shapes do not cause any distortion due to their geometric properties: since the perpendicular sections are torsioned before and
afterwards, there will be no difference between the two types of torsion. Sections that do not warp can be grouped into three groups.
- Circle and circle ring sections
- Open sections consisting of thin rectangular elements and intersecting at the same point (Figure - 13),
- Closed tubes whose thickness is not variable and can be drawn tangent to the center of the wall.
3.5.4 - Calculation of Uniform Torsional Stress
3.5.4.1 - Shear Stresses

Shear stresses due to non-uniform torsion do not change along cross-sectional thicknesses, but are variable along the rod axis
and act in parallel to the edges (Fig. 14). Shear stresses:
3 θ
- 3
τ =
ES ws
t dz
w d
It is calculated from the formula. Here ; T w = Shear stresses caused by non-uniform torsion
(kgf / cm 2nd)
E = Elasticity module (kgf / cm 2nd),

S ws = Bending static moment at the point where stress is investigated (cm 4),
t = the cross section thickness (cm) at the point where the stress is investigated.
3.5.4.2 - Normal Stress

The distortion normal stress acts perpendicular to the cross section.
It does not change in the direction of the thickness of the rectangular elements forming the stress section, but it is variable in the direction perpendicular to the
thickness (Figure - 14). Normal stress:
θ
2
σ=
d EWdz
NW
2
It is calculated by the formula.
σ w = Normal stress due to non-uniform torsion (kg / cm 2nd),

E = Elasticity module (kg / cm 2nd),
W n = Normalized distortion function at the point where the stress will be found (cm 2nd), Stop.
36
OF TSE.
An approximate calculation method for I profiles is given in the section below.
3.5.5 - Approximate Calculation Method for Dividing Stresses from Non-Uniform Torsion in I - Prof Provinces
The torsional moment can be represented in the headers by an equal and opposite force pair in the head plane. The stresses that will occur in
the heads from these calculated forces are considered to be equivalent to the stresses that will occur without non-uniform torsion (Figure - 15).
It is obtained by dividing the torsional moment that will affect the heads by the average distance between the heads. H = T / d
Here;
H = Force calculated in the header, d =

Distance between the headers.
The shear stress distribution caused by the shear force (Q) created by the torsional moment in the head is parabolic and the
greatest shear stress
3 Q
T max = ------ --------- determined as.
2nd to
Here ;
A = Cross section of the header.
The normal stresses caused by the bending moment (M), which is formed by the force created by the torsional moment in the head.
M
σ max = ------ It is calculated by the formula. W s
Here ; W s = It is the endurance moment of the head.
3.6 - BUILDING BODY BEAMS
3.6.1 - Full-bodied beams with rivets or bolt connections or welded or reinforced from top caps are dimensioned taking into
account the moment of inertia. Losses due to holes made for rivets or bolts in the pull and pressure heads are calculated
according to 2.3.6. If the ratio of these losses to the area of that head is less than 15%, the holes are not taken into account in the
calculation of the moment of inertia.
3.6.2 - Body
The ratio of the net body height (h) between the heads to the body thickness (t)
≤ 1 (950
the σ σ AA
+ . 2nd
)
should not exceed its value. In the formula above; h = Net height of
the body between the headers (cm), t = Body thickness (cm),
σ a = Flow limit of body material (t / cm 3) d.
37
OF TSE.
3.6.3 - Titles
The thickness of the coil should be examined in two cases, depending on whether or not it is stuck along the length of the coil. The
width of the caps is the distance from the free face parallel to the load, to the first row of rivets or bolts or weld connecting the cap to
the body. This width is taken as the whole width of the header in Z profile headers, with hot rolled U and angles, in addition to the
projection of the profile head mentioned in the hot rolled T and I profiles.
If the heading faces are not parallel to each other, the thickness at the midpoint of the head width is taken as the heading thickness.
38
OF TSE.
In welded body beams, the thicknesses or widths of the caps can be reinforced to additional boards. The reinforced cap area
should not exceed 70 percent of the total cap area in riveted body filled beams.
3.6.3.1 - Heads without Barkitme

The ratio of the width of the hood (b) to the thickness of the hood Ctb) can be taken into consideration in transferring the resulting
stresses. 25
-------- ≤ --------------
tb √σ a
It should follow the relation.
If this ratio is exceeded, the permissible stress at the pressure head is 0.6. σ a . Qs value or Item
The lateral buckling specified in 3.3.4.2 should not exceed the safety stress value. b = Width of the
pressure head (cm), tb = Thickness of the pressure head (cm),

σ a = Flow limit of pressure head material (t / cm 2nd),
Qs = It is an auxiliary value used in obtaining safety stress in wide pressure heads. This value:
b 25
-------- ≤ --------------
tb √σ a
b
46 25 b
> > Q s
.=
one -0 415. 0166
a
tfσ σ a
t σ ab
=
46
≥ σQ (1400
)
2nd
TB σ ab
tbhead
calculated as.
3.6.3.2 - Brazed Heads

The ratio of the width to the thickness in order to be taken into consideration in the sub-definition of the resulting stresses,
63
----- <------- t b
√σ a
should not exceed its value.
39
OF TSE.
If this value is exceeded, reduced effective width (b to) It should be used.

63T b
b e = --------- It should be calculated as.
√σ a
In these formulas;
be = Effective (effective) width (cm), t b = Pressure

head thickness (cm),
σ a = Flow limit of pressure head (t / cm 2nd) d.
3.6.4 - Horizontal and Vertical Braces

Load bearing frames should be provided at the unstretched ends of the body, i.e. at the ends where the supports are located and
at the points where individual loads will be applied. These abutments will be in close contact with the header or headers to which
the load is transferred and will be extended approximately to the head free end. The dimensioning of these blastings will be done
as an axial pressure bar. The cross section of the pressure rod is made up of 25 times the thickness of the body, evenly placed
on both sides of the bite, in addition to the bite. If the bermits are at the ends of the body, the area and moment of inertia are
calculated by taking into account the 12 body thickness in addition to the bermits. Buckling length of shear should not be less
than 3/4 of its own length. Buckling length of bending,
3.6.4.1 - Largest Average Shear Stress in the Body

T v = For any loading situation, T em = σ a / 2,89. C v ≤ 0.4 σ a
should not exceed its value.
Here ;
Cv = a coefficient used in Shear Stress calculation,
3160 k Cv =
-------------
σ a ( h / t) 2nd
if C v ≤ 0.8
v
= kth C
/ (50
Curve C v
> 0. 8
) σ a
k = a coefficient used in calculating the critical shear stress, a / h ≤ 1.0 is k = 4.00
+ 5.34 / (a / h) 2nd
If a / h> 1.0, k = 5.34 + 4.00 / (a / h) 2nd
t = body thickness (cm),

a = net distance between vertical bits (cm), .
h = net distance between heads (cm),
σ a = Flow flow of body (t / cm 2nd) d.
If vertical bending is provided and placed according to 3.6.4.2 and Cv ≤ 1.0 is instead of the body slip safety formula given above
στ 1 -
0. 4 α
v
= em (89C va
+ C a
2nd
. 2nd ≤
one
. + / (1 15ha)
available.
40
OF TSE.
3.6.4.2 - If the ratio (h / t) is less than 260 and the greatest shear stress occurring does not exceed the safe shear stress given in
the first formula, T em = σ a / 2.89 (C v ≤ 1.0 σ a) There is no need for intermediate vertical bits. If intermediate bending is required, shear
stress will occur in these intermediate bumps (t v) Safe tension (t em) to be placed. Alone a / h ratio (260 / (h / t)) 2nd or 3.0.
3.6.4.3 - The moment of inertia (h / 50) of a pair of symmetrical, intermediate bending or single bending cross-sections relative to the axis
passing through the middle of the body 4 It should not be less than cm4. Area of intermediate bits 2nd in terms of total area (if placed in pairs)
must be greater than or equal to the value given below.
•• (2 1 / )
2
• -- } C. v . .th
DY hahaha
2
•• + ( one/ )
to st =
In this formula;
Y = ratio of yield limit of body steel to yield limit of bending steel, D = if bending shape
coefficient is 1.0 double provided, if D = 1.8 is one-sided gusset bending, D = 2.4 is one-sided
plate bending, A h = Field of Berking
The maximum shear stresses that occur are less than the safety stress, and the area of the bite can be reduced in the same
proportion. Intermediate bits are at least every cm in the body
3
hστ= )
vs
140 ( a
it should be tied to transfer the tough force. If this required transfer force is less than the safety stress of the maximum shear
stress occurring on both sides of the intermediate vertical stresses, it can be reduced by the rate of Tv / Tem. This reduction
should not be done in bearings or vertical stresses under individual load.
Vertical reaction that does not convey support reaction or individual load can be cut 4 times as short as body thickness from the
pull head. When vertical bits are used on one side, they will be formed from torsion and should be connected to the pressure
head to prevent the head from lifting up. The maximum and smallest placement values must be complied with by the rules given
in 5.1.
3.6.5 - Reducing Header Stress

If body height (h) to thickness (t) ratio 200 / V σ bem If it exceeds, the bending safety stress should be reduced as follows.
•• 200 ••
σ σ
bem Bem
≤• ( '.
one - 0 0. (0005
)
AA - )•
•• hp
th σ bem ••
σ bem = Bending pressure safety stress calculated according to 3.4.4.2 (t / cm 2nd),

σ 'bem = Reduced pressure safety stress (t / cm 2nd) ,
to b = Pressure head area (cm 2nd),
to g = Body area (cm 2nd),
41
OF TSE.
42.
3.7 - CAGE BEAMS
3.7.1 - The bar forces of the trusses can be calculated by assuming that the joints have friction at the joint points.
3.7.2 - The bending stresses caused by the loads acting between the nodes should also be considered. The wind load acting on
the rod surfaces and the rod's self weight are not considered in the rods trying to pull. The way in which the self-weight is to be
taken into consideration in the pressure-operated bars is shown in 3.3.
3.7.3 - In trusses, the connections at the ends of the pressure and drawbars should be designed to bear the project load, but the
capacities of these connections should not be less than 50% of the rod's load bearing safety.
3.8 - ACCOUNTING RULES OF THE COMBINATIONS AND ANNEXES
3.8.1 - The attachment and joining of each cross-sectional part should generally be done independently. In joints and appendices, the
parts covering the attachment and the joining tools are generally calculated according to their static values.
In the combination of pressure rods, pressure forces are taken into account without considering the number of buckling. If the
cross-section values (J, W, F) of the parts covering the joint are at least equal to the cross-section values of the added parts, the
joints must be checked here.
3.8.2 - Working only on pressure and touching the joints of continuous columns, whose joints are located in the outer quarters of the
sprain. surfaces are machined perpendicular to the axis of the column and thus a complete
If it touches, the parts and joints covering the attachment can be calculated for 1/2 of the column load.
3.8.3 - If the cross sections are processed perpendicularly to the column axis in the head and foot parts of the columns working only on
pressure and the bearing plates are also thick enough, the joints connecting the column to the structural elements in the foot and head are
It can be sized according to l / 4.
3.8.4 - One arm of the auxiliary corners is combined with respect to its own strength, and the other arm with respect to 50% increased force.
3.8.5 - For attachment from knot boards to be used only if they can be carried safely
It is applied provided that the loads are checked.
4 - SAFETY STRESSES
4.1 - Safety stresses of joints, structural supports and joints of structural members Table -
It is shown in 11,12,13.
Is
OF TSE.
Slip safety stresses T em = σ çem / It is obtained with the formula V 3. Pressure safety stresses are calculated by considering 3.2.2 in
one-piece pressure bars and 3.4 in bending:
43
OF TSE.
4.2 - For the normal and shear stresses in the bodies of full-bodied structures, the safety stresses in Table-12 should be kept in
mind separately.
Other than these, if the average shear stress in the body exceeds 0.5 times the shear safety stress in Table 11:
yxσ- σ σ
2 2 2nd
v
= + σσ yx
+ 3τ
benchmark stress should be investigated. This comparative benchmark stress is 0.75 in case of EY loading
σ a, 0.8 in case of EIY loading σ a should not exceed the amount. The average value of shear stress can be taken in these investigations.
4.3 - When additional loads are combined with the main loads, (EIY installation state) above
If safety stress is not given for this situation in the charts, safety stress is obtained by increasing the absorption stresses given for
the main loads (EY case) by 15%.
- Stresses occurring for a short time due to assembly and similar reasons 0.8 σ a should not exceed its value ( σ suck ≤ 0.8 σ a).
- Above material different from those shown in the charts (eg font, cast steel etc.)
When used, the relevant safety stresses of these materials must be removed.
5 - COMBINATION TOOLS
5.1 - SOURCE
It is made according to special rules.
5.2 - RIVETS
In general, round head rivets should be in accordance with TS 94 in special cases.
5.3 - SUITABLE BOLTS

Suitable bolts used in steel structures should be turned to fill the bodies as well as possible, the excess gaps for the hole
diameter of 20-30 mm should not exceed 0.3 'mm. Suitable bolts
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In case of working with rivets at the joint, only suitable bolts should be used.
5.4 - ROUGH BOLTS

Rough bolts to be used in steel structures should comply with TS 80. It is unacceptable for coarse bolts to work with rivets and
suitable bolts.
TS washers in accordance with TS 79 should be placed under the nuts of all load transfer bolts to prevent the threads from overflowing in the hole.
The length of the toothless, that is, the flat parts of the bolts, should not exceed the sum of the thicknesses of the parts joined to the maximum.
If the faces where the bolt head or nut is seated are bent, special chamfer washers should be placed under the nuts or bolt heads.
In steel structures, which are affected by loads with more dynamic characteristics, devices should be taken in order not to loosen the nuts.
5.5 - HIGH RESISTANCE BOLTS

The use of high-strength bolts in steel structures is applied with the permission of the authorized account and project controller. In this case,
the calculation principles of high strength bolts are determined together with the authorized project controller. However, the strength of the
structural steel against crushing in these bolts should not be less than the shear strength of the bolt.
5.6 - REGULATION OF RIVETS AND BOLTS

The distance of the rivet and bolt holes from the edges and the appropriate intervals that should be found among them are shown in
Table - 14. These intervals are measured from the hole centers. Here :
d = hole diameter,
t = thickness of the thinnest part on the outside.
In the values related to d and t in this table, the smaller value is taken into consideration. In wide rods with more than 2 hole rows, if the
outer hole hole layout is in accordance with Table 14, twice the hole spacing in the outer rows can be taken from the inner rows.
5.7 - CONSTRUCTIVE RULES FOR COMBINATIONS AND APPENDICES
5.7.1 - Generally, each piece should be combined with at least two rivets or bolts.
5.7.2 - The various sections of a cross section should be added or combined as much as possible without any other parts in between. The
number of rivet rows in the transverse direction should be increased by the number of interlocking parks in the joints made with tools. If
the force transmitting feed pieces are not connected by a row of rivets before the joint or glue point, the same properties apply in these
feed parts.
5.7.3 - Head of beams with full body plates at least two latitudes before the theoretical starting point
must be combined with the rivet row. The second of these rows can fall on the theoretical starting point of the plate.
6 - SERIES RULES
6.1 - GENERAL SERIES RULES

- The thickness of the elements used in steel structures should be at least 4 mm.
- The parts of the building should be arranged so that maintenance and construction control can be carried out easily.
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In places where there is a high risk of corrosion, it should be avoided to form roof trusses with two corners parallel to each other and with
spacers equal to the thickness of the knot plate. If the spacing of such surfaces close to each other is less than h / 6 or 10 mm, it is necessary
to fill the gap with the feeding plate (Figure - 16).
The waters should flow well from anywhere. Wide grooves should be arranged for puddles that cannot be missed.
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6.1.3 - Precautions should be taken to prevent the water flow from deteriorating due to deflections caused by loads in open-top and
slightly sloping floors (eg roofs) (for example by giving reverse deflection to ceiling beams or lovers).
6.1.4 - Filling materials harmful to steel (eg coke) steel against danger when used
parts should be protected from this harmful effect by a suitable method.
6.1.5 - The surfaces of the steel parts that contact each other must be dry, free from dirt, rust and primer painted before assembly.
If high-strength steel elements, which are mostly exposed to non-static loading, are riveted-crosses (contracts)
external-continuous overlapping interior
surfaces need not be painted.
6.1.6 - In the construction, it is not necessary to paint the steel element surfaces that will fuse with cement grout, concrete or other
material and with a real connection.
6.1.7 - Steel building elements should not be bent or bent over during loading, unloading, transportation, stacking and assembly. The parts
of the elements with rope chains and hooks must be especially protected.
6.1.8 - Care should be taken to ensure that the steel structure assembly is carried out in the size and shape prescribed in the project. It should be checked
with the continuous measurements to be made where the assembly is developed correctly, should not be distorted from distortions and misalignments.
Structural elements not being loaded above their capacity during assembly; Continuous precautions should be ensured so that their stability (balanced
condition) does not deteriorate. Assembly crosses or auxiliary supports should not be removed before the static method becomes unnecessary.
6.1.9 - Dimensioning and cracking of the scaffolding elements that support the steel structure for a certain period of time or used to
provide transportation during the assembly of the structure are done according to a certain scaffolding arrangement. When the
scaffold is dismantled, it should be ensured that the structure carried is deflected and carries itself as planned.
6.2-RULES OF PROCESSING THE MATERIAL
6.2.1 - While the steel structure element is being processed, it should be either cold or red. It can not be processed between cold or
red hot condition (blue-purple) color temperature (For example: it should not be shaped by bending).
6.2.2 - Burrs such as burr roughness on the rolled material should be removed. The embossing marks of the rolling mill, which comes into
contact with another element, should be smoothed by grinding.
6.2.3 - The elements to be joined in manufacturing or assembly should be aligned without difficulty and the contact surfaces
should be smooth.
6.2.4 - Due to bending and bending processes, surface deterioration and cracks should not occur. Paying attention to the material
properties, choosing a larger bending radius at a suitable temperature
By processing, such damage can be prevented.
If riveting or hammering will be done on the bent parts, it should not be kept away from the attention that the material properties
change in the bent parts.
6.2.5 - Generally, rolled profiles should be preferred for steel structural members carrying static loads. If the rolled profiles are cut with
oxygen welding or press blades, defects on the cutting surfaces should be corrected as much as possible. However, a small amount
of dynamically loaded rolling profile element cutting surfaces are absolute. should be arranged with chip removal tools. (For example,
by Milling, Grinding or Filing). Indents and protrusions, cracks should be eliminated, scratches due to two toothed files, run-offs during
grinding, deep grooves should not be left.
During cutting of high quality steels with a thickness of more than 30 mm Fe-37 with oxygen welding, the hard parts formed at the
ends should be removed mechanically.
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6.2.6 - Minor fabrication errors on the surface of the material can be eliminated by grinding pits and bumps. Faulty parts should not be
corrected by welding.
6.2.7 - Corner cuts should be drilled beforehand, material tearing should be prevented.
6.3 - CONSTRUCTION RULES OF RIVET AND CLVATA CONNECTIONS
6.3.1 - Rivet and bolt holes should be drilled. Stapling is allowed if

the following conditions are met.
a. If the structure is under the effect of static load,
b. If the building material is made of Fe 33 or Fe 37,
c. If the part thickness is less than 10 mm,
D. If the hole diameter is 2/3 of the plate thickness.
The punched hole should be completely cylindrical and perpendicular to the material face.
Also, it should not cause cracks on the edges during stapling. Roughness and walls should be cleaned before riveting.
6.3.2 - It should be ensured that the holes of the element to be connected are aligned in a reciprocal manner. The obstruction of the rivet or bolt
should be prevented by expanding with a reamer, not by tapping the tapered stud.
6.3.3 - When the rivet is at incandescent temperature, the washers adhering to it are nailed and supported by reverse. After
nailing, the rivet hole should be completely filled with material. Burnt rivets cannot be used. The rivet head must be in contact with
the surface. The head created by nailing should be full and flawless. The scales accumulated on the edge are discarded. There
should be no cracks or nicks on the rivet head.
6.3.4 - In long riveted connections, rivet nailing should be started from the middle. In the rows of rivets next to each other, the hammer should be
maintained in parallel.
6.3.5 - The rivets of multi-component elements should be stuck in the manufacturing workshop as much as possible.
- It should be checked that the grained rivets are firmly in place.

- The outer part of the carrier bolts should not fall within the thickness of the fastener.
- Rivets and bolts that do not comply with the conditions should be removed properly and replaced with flawlessly.
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TURKISH STANDARD

ACCOUNT AND CONSTRUCTION RULES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Building Code for Steel Structures

TURKISH STANDARDS INSTITUTE Necatibey Caddesi No.112

Quality System Certificate

Turkish Standards Compliance Brand (TSE Brand)

Quality Compliance Brand (TSEK Brand)

PUBLICATION RIGHTS OF TURKISH STANDARDS ARE RESERVED.

0 - SUBJECT, DESCRIPTION, SCOPE ........................................... .................................................. ...................... 4

ACCOUNT AND CONSTRUCTION RULES OF STEEL STRUCTURES 0 - SUBJECT,

0.2.1 - Normal Structural Steel

0.2.2 - High Strength Steels

1.3 - SYMBOLS USED

EY = Total of main loads, E1Y = Total of basic and

α t = Heat expansion coefficient,

It was gathered in nine different groups.

2.1 - MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

2.1.1 - Mechanical Properties

2.1.2 - Chemical Properties

2.2 - ACCOUNT METHOD

explained until the accuracy can be verified.

2.3 - LOAD ACCEPTANCES AND LOADING CONDITIONS

2.3.3 - Separation of Loads:

2.3.3 - Download Cases

sum of the main loads,

2.3.4 - Loading Case Which is the Basis for Sizing

2.3.5 - Cross Sections Based on Sizing

Δ F = Cross section slimming amount, (The calculation method is shown in 2.3.6.)

τ = Average shear stress in the body,

2.3.6 - Useful Cross Section (F u)

It is obtained by adding the amount. In the formula above

2.3.6.1 - Hole Sizes

2.3.6.2 - Useful Width in Angles and U Profiles

should be made separately for IY and EIT loading cases.

2.4.2 - The required inspections are shown below.

3 - SPECIAL REFRIGERATION RULES

3.1 - RODS TOWING PULL

3.1.1 - Safety Stress

should not exceed.

3.2 - BARS WORKING AT CENTRAL PRESS

3.2.1 - General Information

It is obtained by the formula.

SCHEDULE - Buckling Length in 3 Pressure Bars

3.2.2 - Stress Tests

3.2.2.1 - Pressure Stress Assay by Buckling Number Method

the delicacy of the bar ( λ ≥ λ P) pressure safety strain if:

It is calculated using formulas. In these

σ bem = Pressure safety stress (kgf / cm 2nd)

3.2.3 - Multi-Piece Rods with Cross Sections

3.2.3.1 - Symbols Used in Calculation of Multi-Piece Bars

F 1 = "Lossless cross-sectional area of ​münferifbîr rod (cm 2nd),

x.- x, yy = The main axis of the rod, 1-1

λ I in frame bars as an auxiliary amount (Figure - 1b): S one

In braided rods (Figure - 1a).

3.2.3.2 - Calculation of Multi-piece Rods

Buckling perpendicular to the prime centuries axis, rod

It is calculated as a one-piece pressure bar, with a nominal precision. In high buildings:

3.2.4 - Inertia Moments with Variable Bars

3.2.5 - Transverse Connections

Q in two piece braided rods (Fig - la) I Diagonal force generated by

It is found by the formula.

On the four-piece bar (m = 4): Between the

middle individual bars

F 1 = "Lossless cross-sectional area of münferifbîr rod (cm 2nd),

If a / h> 1.0, k = 5.34 + 4.00 / (a / h) 2nd