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AN 15SUE ON ONE OF THE MOS?
URCENT PROBLEMS OF OUR Ti
HU AAN SETTLEMENTS
WITH THE WINNING DESIG!
‘THE INTERNATIONAL DESI
FOR THE URBAN ENVIRON?
DEVELOPING COUNTRI ‘ARCHITECTURAL RECORD MAY 1976
BUILDING TYPES STUD)
5
Just over two years ago, in the April 1974 issue, ARCHITECTURAL RECORD announced
the formation of the non-profit International Architectural Foundation for the pur-
pose of “organizing an international design competition for the urban environ-
ment of developing countries.” That project, conceived by the staffs of recoRD and
L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, is intended to focus the attention of architects and
planners around the world on the accelerating urban crisis in developing coun-
tries, to encourage the development of thoughtful prototypical designs for housing
and community development, and to make the results of this effort known
throughout the world. In the hope that the results of the design competition do
“help make a world where hope makes sense,” we present this issue to architects,
planners, international aid and lending agencies, and government officials around,
the world—on behalf of more than a billion people who live in urban slums.
HUMAN |
SETTLEMENTS
+ + an issue concentrating on one of the urgent problems of our time, with the winning designs in
The International Design Competition for the Urban Environment of Developing Countries
In the developing countries around the world, millions of families have moved from the country=
side to the cities in hope of jobs, education, and a better standard of living—and instead have
found only a different kind of deprivation. Nowhere are the global problems of excessive popula-
tion growth, unemployment, environmental decay, alienation, and urban squalor more clearly
focused than in the urban slums that have resulted. This unprecedented transition from rural to
Urban societies has vast national and global repercussions social, economic, and politcal.
AAs senior editor (and competition juror) Mildred Schmertz points out in her article beginning
‘overleaf, there is new hope and new direction in efforts to help the urban poor. Her article—and
the photo essay on page 100 by noted social scientist Aprodicio Laquian—describes and evaluates
the principal strategies by which the developing countries are seeking to improve squatter settle-
_ments—and focuses on the great promise of new strategies which combine sensitive and minimum
‘governmental intervention with squatter community self-help,
These new strategies were the basis for the competition program—developed with the assist-
ance and enthusiastic support of the Philippine government, which agreed to build the winning
design as a prototype in a planned redevelopment in Manila for 140,000 squatters. The competi-
tion site and its people—the framework for the competition—is described on page 106.
‘The competition, clearly the most significant design competition of its kind ever held, also
proved to be one of the largest. An astonishing 2,531 registrations—from 68 countries—were
received; and 476 submissions were judged by a distinguished international jury (see page 112).
The winning designs—and a number of unpremiated entries—are shown beginning on page 114,
Finally, beginning on page 156, is a summation that includes an anthology of comments by
‘world leaders in the struggle to improve the conditions of the world’s urban poor, the report of
the jury, and an analysis by the editors of the significant achievements of the competition and
speculation on its possible impact on the future of urban development around the world,
‘As we wrote in our first editorial on the competition two years ago: “We are not so naive
sto believe that architecture is the solution to all the problems of the world; that good planning
and design is a substitute for jobs that don’t exist, or food that does not exist or is too dear. But
housing and a sense of community are basic human needs—and that is the part of the problem
that we [the Recoko staff and architects everywhere] know most about and can best do something
about. So let us try...”
This issue is the résult of two years of trying by literally thousands of people. ww.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1576 9 From slum to community, from despair to hope:
Upgrading the slum and squatter settlements
that are spreading as a blight
in and around the sprawling and fast-growing cities
of the developing world
In the developing nations, masses of humanity are moving from iso-
lated rural villages to intermediate towns and smailer cities on their
‘way tothe big metropolitan centers. They swarm into Seoul, Bombay,
Mexico City and Sdo Paolo, which have populations of over 5 milion.
Cities of over 4 million such as Manila, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Delhi and
Giro. are still absorbing an incessant flow. Bangkok, Calcutta,
Madras, Karachi and Tehran have now reached populations of more
than 3 million, Cies of 2 million and more such as Lima, Bogotd,
Buenos Aires, Santiago, Caracas, Istanbul, Singapore and Taipei are
hosts to an ever-growing number of unwanted migrants. Ia many of
these cities, squatters comprise atleast one-half ofthe population. In
Calcuta, Jakarta, Lima, and Baghdad they add up to more than one-
hal. In the words of social scientist Aprodicio A. Laquian (who has
contributed a photo essay o this issue beginning on page 100): “These
poorest of the urban poor live in dilapidated settlements that cling
precariously to hillsides, ine smelly canals, block roadsides, or crowd
inner-city alleys. in their tattered misery, they mock the aspirations of
all those who yearn to make their cities sophisticated and modern.
They serve as an all too visible reminder of the economic and social
Injustices that stl plague our society
Furthermore, these human beings are unwelcome because they
build shacks on urban land to which they have no legal right and for
which there is litle oF no infrastructure of public services. The con-
struction by the public sector of such a conventional urban network—
Which should include roads, a public transportation system, piped
water, storm water and sanitary sewers, waste collection and disposal,
and electricity—is considered to be too heavy a burden upon the f-
nancial resources of the expanding cities of the developing world
Inthe next thirty years, the world’s population will reach the 6.5,
billion mark, nearly double the number of people alive today. By the
year 2000, 3.5 billion people will have become urban, living in cities
of over 20,000 inhabitants. Inthe developing countries where no sig-
nificant decline in population growth is expected, the number of ur-
bbanized people will grow irom 464.3 million in 1970 to 1.437 billion
Jn the year 2000. Today's largest cities —Calcuta, Bombay, Jakarta,
Mexico City, Buenos Aires and others will become urban mega-
regions of over 10 million each.
Choosing urban squalor over rural misery:
the escape from village life
‘Why does the rural peasant come tothe city In response to its oppor-
tunities for growth for him and for his family. For many such men and
‘women, it sno longer possible to lead a tolerable life and provide for
ther children’s future in the environment in which ther families have
lived for generations. Poverty is a worsening problem, because of di-
minished availabilty of land and overpopulation. The rural environ-
iment itself is becoming so overpopulated thatthe peasant family can
no longer function as it did in the past. Improvements in health care
and sanitation have dramatically reduced death rates in rural as well
as urban areas. As a resuit, the numbers of rural people continue to
increase in spite ofthe massive emigrations tothe cites.
‘The amount of work in agriculture available to the individual fs
decreasing, however, largely because of this increase in numbers, bt
also because of the gradual mechanization of farming and the im-
proved yields brought about by modem methods of agronomy. Where
there has been land reform, the peasant has usually not been granted
a sufficient number of acres to be able to bequeath a significant
amount of farmland to each of his sons, who are then forced to make
their way tothe city. In Southeast Asia, now only 15 per cent urban,
the migration of only ane out of sx such sons will (assuming the cur
rent birth rate) double the natural growth rate ofthe city to which he
moves for a better future.
Rural people are frequently displaced by development—the con-
struction of roads, dams (which flood settled areas) and industrial and
‘commercial centers. Ifthe peasant owns his land and sells ittoa devel-
‘oper the sum he receives is usually not sufficient for him to acquire
land of similar agricultural quality. Many use the money as a stake in
the city to tide them over until they find a job
In Muslim Indonesia, a peasant who has sold his land may spend
the entie sum paid him for a once-n-alifetime trip to Mecca. After
‘returning home a hero to his fellow worshippers of Allah, he migrates
to Jakarta or Bandung—poor i everything but spirit.
“The rural migrant who makes itt the city
fights to stay there
[Although the squatter or stum dweller endures great hardships in his
adopted city, he will not eturn tothe country of his own volition, nor
‘does he submit to being sent back against his will by the government.
lf the city does manage to deport him to a rural area, he soon makes
his way back. A favela song from Brazil by Zé Keti expresses his spirit:
I may be arested, | maybe ie
{may not even have something (eat
But} won't change my opinion
1 wont ever move ram this bil
tf there is na water ig myself a well
If there iso mest, buy 3 bane
‘Arpt itn the soup Il get 0, get on
They can say what they ke
Here don’t have to pay rent
11 die tomorrow mening Yn very near the shy!
‘According to studies conducted in six Philippine cities by Laquian and
his team of researchers, under a research grant irom the Southeast Asia
Development Advisory Group of the Asia Society, New York, the
squatting process is dificult to reverse. His team, from the Interna-
tional Development Research Centre in Ottawa, found that most of
those interviewed prefer their present urban life to their rural past, principally because of better economic conditions inthe city, Jobs are
more available, incomes are higher, and better educational opportt-
nities improve the job prospects for their children
Laquian’s Philippine respondents appear to appreciate their lives
in the squatter community. The urban squatter’ friends, relatives and
‘neighbors are there the communities are close to their places of work
reducing transportation costs and time, and they have invested consid-
erable time and money in their dwellings and community facilities and
services. Of great significance to them, of course, isthe fact that as
illegal occupants they pay litle or no rent or taxes and such amenities
a they have are cheap. Laquian’s figures suppor his thess that reloca-
tion techniques will not work unless the new areas offer better condi
tions than those the migrant has already gained,
With support from the International Development Research
Centre, eight teams of researchers coordinated by Laquian also sur-
veyed squatter settlements in Bandung, Seoul, Caracas, Kuala Lumpur,
Istanbul, Lima, Manila and Lagos—cities where the rate of growth of
squatters and slum dwellers is revealed to be two or three times the
‘normal growth rates for other city dwellers. The researchers wanted
to see if these settled, now-urban migrants prefered the city o the
farm. Asked if they were willing to return home, the “no's” ranged
between 70.7 per cent and 81.9 per cent. To the question of whether
the city was better for their children, 88.9 per cent ofthe respondents
in stanbul answered “yes.
Slums of hope: the typical squatter is
family man, courageous and optimistic
LLaquian’s researches in the Philippines reveal the squatter to be an
adventurous taker of risks, leaving his rural home to ty his luck in a
harsh metropolis which does not want him. Says Laquian: “Calling on
their native resourcefulness and survival instincts, most ofthe squatters
and slum dwellers get by. Even an unskilled person can work as a
‘cargo loader ora tricycle driver. His wife can wash clothes, roll cigars,
‘or work as a hawker and vendor. Cheap housing can be obtained in
the slums and squatter areas. And the city is so fascinating one can,
‘et lost in its whirl. Most important of all, the city provides hope—it
not for the squatters and slum dwellers, at least for their children.” The
squatter isa family man willing to make sacrifices for his children’s
future, about which he is optimistic. Although unskilled or semi-skilled
hhimsel, he sees them in professional or managerial positions, or more
‘modestly in commerce, teaching and skilled labor.
He forms close tes with his own community of relatives, friends
and neighbors. This trong community feeling i ted in his rural past
and has become essential to his urban existence. Such widely shared
feelings have led to the development of community organizations that
work to improve life in the squatter settlements
‘The squatter is independent and sel-suffcient. He does his best,
within his severely limited financial means, to improve his squatter
shack and the neighborhood of which itis a part. He hopes for even-
tual ownership, or at least secure tenure inthe land upon which he
has built and to which he claims a right
Although his wife and children also work, the family income if
‘exceedingly ow (in the Philippines it averages 371.43 pesos a month
‘or $53.06 U.S). Nonetheless, he finds the life it buys acceptable by
‘comparison to his former rural existence.
Because the nomtaxpaying squatter is illegally based, and be-
‘cause his numbers overwhelm the city’s public services, he does not
hhave equal access with other citizens o roads, public tansport, piped
Water and drains and must depend upon himself for such services. As
4 result, he has learned to expect litle from the government and 0
view it cynically. On the other hand, the means exist by which his
voice can be heard within the larger politcal and administrative
arenas. The community organization to which he belongs has mem-
bers with access to politicians and government officials at varying,
levels ofthe hierarchy. His cynicism, therefore, is mitigated by his own,
experience of some degree of political effectiveness
‘Slums of despair: not all squatters
fit an optimistic profile
All squatter settlements have ther share of social ils, but some slums
are worse than others. Notal slum dwellers possess the characteristics
ofthe migrants just described. Criminals, fugitives, mental deficient,
alcoholics, drug addiets, pimps, prostitutes, social outeasts and the
indolent are found in every slum. More common are those who are
Lunemployed or underemployed and have become adjusted to poverty,
‘oF for whom, asin Calcutta, itis simply inescapable. (In Calcutta, 600
(000 people have no houses at all and live on the city’s pavements)
Inthe world’s worst slums such as those o India and Aftica, many
people are slowly starving, They are apathetic, hostile, and suspicious.
‘Means have been found, however, to motivate even such people as
these toward sel-help in terms of making their own physical improve-
‘ments—paving ther lanes, installing electric lighting and new water
‘aps; and cleanliness—cleaning their drains, disposing of fecal matter,
whitewashing their houses.
Squatters and slum dwelles, whatever their personal charac-
teristics, occupy urban villages which are an ever-expanding danger
and threat to the hos city. Because of flimsy construction, they are a
fire hazard to the entire metropolis. Poor sanitation makes them a
health hazard for everyone, spreading the risk of amoebic dysentery
and other communicable diseases to rich and poor alike. Slums have
the potential for mob violence, crime, political revolution and other
forms of social disruption.
‘Governments inthe Third World are becoming more aware of the
threat to the economic and politcal survival of ther cities, and the
danger to the human species posed by the spreading malignancy of
squatter settlements. These governments are beginning to realize that
the problems posed by urban squatter settlements are symptoms of
rural-urban imbalance at a scale that is regional and national. The ‘problem i larger than the question of how to go about providing better
housing and living standards for rural-urban migrants. What needs to
be asked, the developing world now is beginning to see, is what the
present and future roles ofthese people should bein the economic and
social ile of their country. People should be counted as a resource.
‘What work should they be doing and where? What solutions are being
tried? How well do they work?
Attempts to transform dying rural villages
into vital economic centers have not solved the problem...
By improving the living standards of rural people, the governments of
the Third World hope to persuade them to stay in their villages o in
‘the smaller towns and cities towhich they have already migrated. Sci-
“entific methods to increase crop yields have been initiated. Bete sani-
tation and water supply and improved health services and education
are being tried. So far, however, these efforts have not significantly
stemmed the flow of migrants to the big cites.
Large estates have been divided among the former tenant farmers
inthe hope that land ownership will keep them in the country. Large
land holdings have also been nationalized and turned into coopera-
tives in which the peasants share in the administration and profit
Studies, including those of Laquian, have begun to show, however,
that land reform is not keeping the younger rural people at home.
Improved agricultural methods decrease the need for their labors, and
‘ew affluence and rising expectations increase their demand for the
kind of education that can only be found in the cities. Furthermore,
as already noted, the number of acres acquired by individual families
through land reform are too few to provide a useful inheritance to the
second generation
It should be added that young people are drawn tothe cities be
Cause they find them exciting and attractive. Buckminster Fuller thinks
that rural villagers might be persuaded to stayin their villages if they
could be wansported to “the bright lights” on weekends.
[Attempts to discourage the migrant from staying in the city,
by the “entry permit” approach have not been successful
Some cites in the developing world are making deliberate efforts to
return the migrants to their rural villages. Jakarta has instituted several
policies to reverse the flow of rural people. As reported by Laquian:
Every migrant who arsives must register with the city government and
apply fr a “short vist card." To get the card, he must deposit with
the city twice the cost of his return fare back to his native village. He
isallowed six months to find 2 job and a house. If he is this fortunate,
his deposit is returned to him minus administration costs and he is
allowed to buy a Jakarta citizenship card. If he fils to find work and
shelter in alla year, he gets a one-way ticket home and the govern-
‘ment keeps the rest of his deposi
This harsh system, however, i far from foolproof. Faked cards and
papers canbe bought, encouraging widespread corruption on the part
cof sellers and users, In spite of official claims tothe contrary, countless
‘numbers of illegal migrants and their families manage to stay and eke
‘outa marginal ving in the city. Ii dificult for restricted entry tech-
niques to succeed because people want to be where the jobs, educa-
tion and opportunity are, and once there manage to stay
‘Migrants do not want to move to
“frontier sites," “growth poles” and “new cities!
At the worst, governments uproot settled squatters and send ther out
‘ofthe city to remote frontier sites without employment opportunities,
public services of any kind, or transportation tothe city. Most squatters
‘who are forcibly relocated to these areas manage to find their way
back tothe city as soon as possible.
Some governments encourage urban squatters to move to growth
poles or new cities. Rural people are also directed to these sites to keep
them from moving 10 the metropolis. Ths is a more integrated ap-
proach to planning in which economic growth, job opportunites,
public services, market demands and population movements are seen
2s interelated factors. Sophisticated urbanization strategies are used,
such as the provision of free land, tax abatement, and public invest
ment in infrastructure to attract industrial entrepreneurs to these pre-
selected growth poles. New towns and cities such as Cuidad Guayana
in Venezuela are being builtin conjunction with industal estates.
‘Although these efforts have had some success, their effectiveness
has been limited by the fact that businessmen in a market economy
prefer to locate close to the public services, skilled labor and markets
‘ofthe larger cities. Therefore, the development of these growth poles
has been slow, and in many cases too slow to justify the lage public
investment in their infrastructure. Furthermore the development of in-
dustrial estates as magnets for the growth of new cities has been fim=
ited to the few developing counties, such as Venezuela, which can
attord the large capitalization they require. Another minus for the
growth-pole strategy isthe fact thatthe new industrial cities are not
labor-intensive tothe degree that the overpopulated developing coun-
tres requie, These industries tend to employ small numbers of highly
skilled individuals, rather than the low-skilled, poorly educated rural
migrant who needs a job,
‘One more limitation to the growth-pole approach is the scarcity
‘of undeveloped land. Third World countries will eventually run out—
as has already occurred in many Asian nations. As available land de-
creases, the major urban centers will continue fo be magnets of tre-
mendous force.
Dealing with reali
accommodating the migrants where they want to be
In spite ofall the strategies and programs to make them stay in the
Country, return to the country, or move to smaller urban centers, the
migrants keep on coming to the ever-growing mega-regions. Most
cities provide their squatters and slum dwellers with limited water, Many approaches have been tried to solve the problems
of the urban squatter: Develop rural areas,
prohibit entry to the city, build new “growth poles.”
But migrants want to be in the city—so the best approach
seems to be to accommodate them in the city
with a combination of sensitive government intervention
and community self-help.
sanitation and health services, f only to protect the urban population
as whole from disease and plague.
Because the cost isso high, only governments with large eco-
nomic resources such as Venezuela have attempied large-scale, low-
cost housing programs—which have not usually worked (see La-
‘uian’s photo essay overleaf for an assessment of these programs). For
‘most squatter and slum families the rents in this type of housing, even
though subsidized, are too high. Too often the apartments go to not-so-
‘poor people with political connections. Those who can afford bribes
set apartments. Poor families double and triple up inthe new apart
‘ments, reducing the rent per family but introducing tothe new settle-
‘ments the overcrowded conditions that they left. A study made by the
World Bank, the International Development Association, and the In-
ternational Finance Corporation found thatthe cheapest fom of low-
cost housing provided by the governments ofthe cities studied could
nat be afforded by 55 per cent of the people in Mexico City, 35 per
cent in Hong Kong, 68 per cent in Nairobi, 47 per cent in Bogots, 64
per cent in Ahmedabad and 63 per cent in Madras.
The most promising alternative to government-built low-cost
housing is the “sites and services” approach combined with “self
help’ on the part ofthe squatter. By this method, the government may
pout in water lines with communal taps, electricity, a minimum sewage
and drainage system, and the beginnings ofa road network. The Werld
Bank has funded sites and services projects in Senegal, Indonesia, and
in Zambia, and is considering them in other places including the
Dagat-Dagatan resettlement area in Metropolitan Manila, the site of
the International Architectural Foundation competition.
Supplied withthe basic infrastructure, the squatter builds his own
house out of whatever materials he can find or can buy through gov:
femment credit. The neighborhood community of which he is a part
jointly builds recreation areas and simple community buildings. The
hope is that given security of tenure and increasing prosperity, the
squatters will steadily improve their settlements as Laquian’s photo
essay demonstrates.
“The design problem is to create a framework
{for government intervention combined with self-help
‘The architecturbanist qualified to engage in human settlement work
should be an expert at working with the community, increasing its
involvement with the planning process. Ideally, he should live for a
time in the settlement to gain the best insights and ideas about its
growth. In addition to making design, site planning and technical pro-
ppsals, he should be able to help devise the financial, administrative
and social arrangements required to shape the growth of the settlement
to better meet the migrants needs.
‘Aspart of this work, the professional must act as liaison between
the slum dwellers and the government, interpreting the squatters’
‘needs to the authorities, while acting asa catalyst for positive change.
He can help them in their fight for tenure and in their battles against
slum clearance and relocation, He can help establish the degree ta
Which the squatters can help themselves, technically and financially,
and the point at which government aid is required. In turn, he helps
the government establish the necessary forms of aid
‘The role of the architect-urbanist isto help determine what the
publicly financed infrastructure should be, the form it should take,
how it should be integrated with the particular site and the surround
ing urban areas, and to what extent it should be constructed by self
help. The government sites and services initiative, f properly con-
ceived, can establish the network for growth of a squatter community
with a trong potential for transforming itself,
The firstprize-winning design for the IAF Competition, won by
lan Athfeld of New Zealand (pages 114-123), was premiated in large
part for a brilliant new concept within the “sites and servces/self-
help’ framework. He proposes thatthe government-subsidized inf
structure for the Dagat-Dagatan setlement in Metropolitan Manila
should include, in addition to the conventional sites and services, 2
‘pew element—a continuous linear building surrounding each 500-
family barangay, which would serve as a work place for the commu-
rity. Portions ofthis so-called “working periohery” could be leased
to small, non-polluting, labor-intensive industries to provide jobs so
desperately needed by the underemployed of the barangay. The rest
‘of the work space would be used for profit-making industries which
the squatters would set up for themselves.
‘In addition to proposing thatthe government finance the basic
sites and services and the incremental structure that isto become the
‘working periphery, Athfield urges tat the government lend money 10
the residents to build their housing units. Once the barangay commu-
nity is established, however, all administration, rental collection and
financial management would be organized a tat level. A community
development bank would be established in each barangay, which
‘would undertake the administration and repayment ofthe government
loans until the barangay was self-sufficient. The bank’ stering com-
mittee would include representatives of the industrial users, the mi
‘grant community and government technical advisers.
In his winning proposal Athfield points outthat the inhabitants will
‘need technical as well as financial help as individuals and as a com-
‘munity. He envisions himself and his team working closely with them,
‘becoming acquainted with their problems and difficulties as well as
their aspirations and needs. He sees his role as helping.to resolve such
‘problems as boundary disputes in the siting of houses, while giving
practical advice on simple erection procedures and techniques. Ath-
field believes that this diect work with the people isthe primary task
‘of migrant community design
{Athfield’s proposal should be carefully studied by everyone con-
‘cerned with the design of cities. ts implementation by the Govern-
‘ment ofthe Philippines will be a genuine advance toward the solution
‘ofthe world-wide problem of building tuly human settlements,
Mildred F. Schmerz
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD say 1976 99 proved understanding of the
urbanization processes involved, it becomes clear
that a combination of government intervention
and community self-help offers the most hope...”
...a photo essay by Dr. Aprodicio A. Laquian
x Many squatters and slum dwellers
leave picturesque villages
and neat homes to move to the city
Some are pushed out by rural poverty
but most are attracted
by what the city offers.
jobs, education for their children,
rhew opportunities, and entertainment and
ment. What the migra
life—and this happens
fe in a community of fellow migrants
who bring with them the warmth and pride
of rural village.
A migrant’stochold may be a squater shanty,
such as these makeshift dwellings bul
by invading “parachutists” in Mexico Cit
may bea hillside of adobe shanties,
shown at far lft, in Bogota, Colombia,
that have not changed for centuries.
Many villages, such as this one in Dahomey
West Africa, are now being reached by
modernization. Rural development is
mproving life, but people are not necessarily
staying on the farm, Migration 10 ¢
ng, and will most likely
despite improvern
Tiving conditions
esting phenomenon in Ibadan,
ria, are the many “Brazilian” houses
built by returned slaves and migrants. These
large houses are internally subdivided
into rental units. This particular house
hhas more than two dozen families who share
omman bathroom and kitchen facilities
minifundio in Mexico where a family usually doce in politcal scence or te Masachusets
fills less than a hectare (2-5 acres of land
shows the poverty of rural people. Each year, ono Rau
thousands of campesinos move to cites, eee
contributing tothe primacy of Mexico City. banc Planners have often all ite
for lov or squatters,
and then have been surprised
have refused to stay
The reason
in the process of urban settlement The influx of rural families
to cities has transformed
metropolitan areas into settlements
of rural villagers—and planners
and government officials must take
rural forms and traditions
into consideration
in formulating polices and programs
for urban development. Religion, folkways,
social organization, and styles of life
‘must be interwoven with more modern forms
inthe city. They lend variety and
rich diversity to the management
for urban life atthe same time that they
Create problems of politics and administration,
‘Survival of rural forms poses 3
basic challenge to urban planners and
authorities in developing counties.
Communal activities such as mutual aid
jin moving a house are common among
recent migrants. Here, able-bodied persons
ina community help a settler move
his whole house to a nearby relocation area,
Rural festyes are found even inthe
center of cities. couple of boys enjoy
2 water buffalo ride in this slum/squatter
‘community in Davao City, Philipines.
ven as supermarkets rise up in rich suburban
communities, the urban poor stil rely
on periodic markets fr their daly food needs
In Bogots the town square (right)
becomes the hub of commercial
and social activities twice a week.
In new communities on the periphery of cities,
houses retain their rural forms, because
(of the materials used and the way in which
they are arranged to make the mi
of interpersonal and familial 7
In many countries around the world
governmental responses to the problem
of squatters and slum dwellers has
vacillated between punitive measures
and political coddling
However, there has been some resistance
ivelers iv
governine fen pu
demolished houses in Carac
hhave been
With strong local and international
criticism ofthe superblocks, the Venezu
‘government has swung to the opposite extreme iver ae
of low-rise housing. However, seas nen ee ws
hhouses are better, they also miss the po ce se
spite cif
in thar they are already finished and
leave no room for flexibility. The squatter
here would not be able to enlarge or improve
his own dwelling when his life improves.
housing forthe sake of form,
So what must happen now is for planners and government
officials to recognize the mistakes of the past; and to recognize
the now-quite-clear new directions that planning and enlight-
ened government intervention should take—directions that
take into account the migrants’ traditional living patterns and
resources for self-help, and integrate them into public efforts. Manila became the focus of the International Design Competition
because its problems are prototypical, and because plans
were underway to relocate over 100,000 squatters from a slum
in its Tondo Foreshore to a nearby resettlement site
—Dagat-Dagatan—which needed to be planned
Metropolitan Manila has been growing rapidly since the end of World
War ll thas over 4.4 million people, or 12 percent ofthe total popu-
lation of the nation, and this 12 per cent produces over 25 per cent
the gross national product ofthe Philippines
‘The larger Manila Bay Metropolitan Region has almost onefourth
‘ofthe national population oF 8.6 million people, in an area of 18,051
square kilometers (6,967 square miles). This sa large land area with
a relatively low population density, but present projections indicate
that this ow density won't last—and that the Region's population may
range anywhere between 17.8 million and 24 million by the end of
the century. Philippine planners who are studying growth and land-
Use problems at the national scale are proposing tha, to offset this,
forecast growth, new urban centers should be developed throughout
the islands from Luzon to Mindanao. But no government policies have
vyetsubstantally reduced the attractiveness ofthe Metropolitan Region
to the rural migrant
‘Manila suffers all the usual bad effects of random, haphazard
‘growth; including overcrowding ofthe districts inhabited by the poor
such as the Tondo Foreshore area (right, and cover. Efforts to resettle
the squatters on new rural sites, in new towns oF growth poles, oF 10
send them back where they came from, have been unsuccessful. The
squatters simply make their way back to the city where they want tobe.
The government of Metropolitan Manila is now evaluating the
policy of obtaining and using vacant lands within the city a sites for
Squatter settlements. Existing are substantial amounts of agricultural
land, litle-used fishpond areas, and other types of undeveloped or
underdeveloped land. Many ofthese sites are close to the squatters
jabs and to existing streets and highways (there is no public trans
portation in Manila—the population moves by foot, private car, oF
jeepney). The transformation of these sites into human settlements
‘would include the improvement of the existing transportation network.
A second approach being considered in conjunction with the first
‘would be to upgrade the sites, services, transport and housing of exist
ing low-income settlements within the metropolitan boundaries. These
combined initiatives would help reverse the ever increasing spraw/ of
squatter urbanization a the metropolitan fringe
To this end, an initial effor being made by the Metropolitan Ma-
nila government isthe vastlanfil project underway inthe 1,272-acre
Dagat-Dagatan Resettlement Area (pages 110-111). Fishponds are
being filled in to prepare the site forthe relocation of the squatter
‘community to be relocate from the adjacent Tondo Foreshore area—
in preparation for is redevelopment as an industrial site. The program
for the IAF Competition was conceived and inspired by the challenge
and opportunity of designing Dagat-Dagatan. The Philippine govern-
‘ment plans to build at least one barangay (a 3,500-person or 500-fam:
ily community tothe winning design, and may indeed follow the pro-
posals ofthe winning architect fr the entire 100,000-140,000-person
resettlement site. What will happen at Oagat-Dagatan i of interest to
all professionals engaged in the planning of human settlements The existing squatter slum
—the Tondo Foreshore
on Manila Bay—
has a population of
169,710 on only 455 acres
This silted, marshy land is—with 3
population of 373 per acre—one
q of the most congested in the
country (see cover). Compared
with other districts within Met:
politan Manila, it has more dis
‘ease, crime, children per family
and deaths per 1,000 persons. The
Tondo has fewer hospital beds,
less schoolroom space per pupil
fewer streetlights, fewer police
men, and more property loss due
to fire and typhoon. The Tondo
consumes less water and has 50
per cent less of its garbage col
lected than the city average. Its
sewage disposal system is far
below the standards of other di
Writs, There are fewer buses and
jeepneys available to the squat
ters, and less park and recreation
area per person than anywhere
ese in the rest of the city
The Tondo Foreshore area
‘was originally reclaimed from the
sea to be developed as an indus-
‘val site, but during the long delay
before the government was ready
to commence construction, the
squatters took over. (Throughout
the Third World, all vacant sites
and public lands atact squatters)
Through strong. community
‘organization, the Tondo squatters
have developed a degree of polit-
cal power, and have been dificult
to dislodge. To help solve this
problem, the adjacent (and more
than twice as large) Dagat-Daga-
tan site is being planned to re-
house them.
‘When the Tondo atea is fi
rally developed for futher indus
tral uses, it wil be a major source
of jobs for the squatters who
desperately need them. The area
will not become entiely indus
trial, however, since plans provide
for atleast 9,000 people to remain
fon the site, Ths isin line with the
government's policy to upgrade
existing settlements within the
metropolitan limits Tend Fanon Ede At Tos For
In spite of its squalor,
the people of the Tondo
want to live there or near
for jobs, education, and a
for themselves and their cl
The people ofthe Tondo live close
to the piers where the men earn
their living as laborers and steve
dotes. They are also close to trans-
Port terminals and open markets
‘here they find work in helping
load and unload fresh produce. In
addition to their own shacks, the
area in which they live contains
industries such as slaughter-
houses, glass plants, and heavy
equipment depots, It is a poor
place for human beings to live—
and the shift to nearby Dagat
Dagatan should be a welcome
‘one for the squatters lucky enough
to be moved, provided they are
given land tenure. The Tondo it
self is being developed further as
an industrial site—as planned by
the Tondo Redevelopment Au
thorty—but will stil retain about
9,000 families
The squatters of the Tondo,
like those elsewhere in the Philp
pines and many pars of the devel
‘oping world, fit a profile devel
‘oped by social scientist Aprodicio
‘A. Laguian (pages 100-105) and
‘outlined in his report "Slums and
‘Squatters in Six Philippine Cities.”
In is words: “Squatters and slum
dwellers consider their present life
better than their former situation,
They see economic and other op-
portunities in the city and are un-
willing to leave thee present com-
‘munities. The break with the rural
place of origin seems to be rela
tively final. Most squatters and
slum dwellers make the move to
the city when they are mature
and, often, matted. In the case of
the married migrants, the head of
the family usually goes to the city
first, but the number of families
who move as a group is also high.
These facts support the irre
vessible nature of rural-urban mi
sation
“The migration chain plays
‘an important part. Relatives and
friends who precede the migrants
there—
better future
hildren
help them make the decision to
move and settle dawa inthe city
In this way, the adjustment ofthe
migrants to life in the city be-
‘Most squatters and_ slum
dwellers have a low level of edi
cation, lack technical and profes-
sional skils, and find employment
only in unskilled or semi-skilled
jobs. Theic aspirations for them:
selves and their children, how-
fever, are high. Ownership of
home and land isa primary moti-
The incomes of squatters
and slum dwellers are low. Living
in slum and squatter areas helps
make ends meet. Other family
members besides the father work
SSquatters find the slum conditions
acceptable as compared to their
fermer condition of ie in the rural
areas. Although they see living
Conditions as hard, they seem to
accept them, and consider them
temporary.
‘The photographs of Tondo
life (left) show squatters and their
children at leisure (1 and 4)
women washing clothes in water
seeping from ruptured pipes (2);
children at a common water tap
(3); residents. “cottage-manufac
turing” picture frames (5); chil
dren ata small open-aie store (6)
Density within the residential
areas of the Tondo ranges from
10 10 1470 persons per acre.
Tondo has a very young pop:
Llation, OF the total members of
17,418 households, one-half are
below 19 years old. Those be
tween the ages of 20 to 39 com:
prise 29.6 per cent, while 12.17
per cent are between 40 to 59
‘years old. The median age was
found to be 17.3 years, which is
lower than for the Metropolitan
Manila area (19 years) and that of
the entire country (17.9). The
average number of children per
family is five.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 108 Dagat-Dagatan—the site
of the competition—
will become a new-town-in-town,
instead of a remote,
underserviced, resettlement area
The Tondo Foreshore Redevel-
‘opment Authority studied several
resettlement sites for the Tondo
residents for their accessibility and
general suitability. The ste Rad to
be located near the Tondo Fore
shore where most of the squaters
work, and it had to be large
enough to handle the expected
spillover from renewal ofthe Fore-
shore with room for expansion.
In terms of these criteria, the
DDagat-Dagatan lagoon (shown ad-
Jacent to the Tondo Foreshore in
the site plan a tp right and inthe
photograph left) was selected. It
has an area of about 778 acres,
with another 494 acres available
for expansion. It is located less
than two miles north of the Fore
shoreland,
In accordance with the
Tondo. Foreshoreland Redevel-
‘opment Plan, about 64 acres of
the Foreshore will be devoted to
industrial and commercial. uses
and about 334 acres willbe devel-
‘oped as a residential community
for approximately 9,000 families
‘About 17,000 Tondo families are
tobe resetted on the Dagat-Daga-
tan site requiring about 494 acres
of land. About 284 acres of the
new site may be developed for
commercial and industrial pur-
poses of @ non-polluting nature.
The International Archi-
tectural Foundation competition
program called for a master plan
Of the entre 1,272-acre Dag:
Dagatan site, and a detailed site
plan of a 12'5-acre portion of it,
Which isthe frst to be reclaimed
by hydraulic fill This area can ac-
commodate 500 families who will
help to build their own houses
along the guidelines set by the
‘winning competitor. The area se-
lected for detailed design in the
‘competition program (shown in
color on the plan, bottom right is
bounded to the west by the Mala
bon-Longos River, tothe northeast
by a proposed 49-footwide ve-
hicular road, and to the south by
the proposed circumferential toad
€-3. Accessiblity wll be provided
by the proposed extensions of ex
isting mult-lane roads,
The competition program
called for high densities, low-rise
structures, low-cost construction
for low-income people, sel-suffi-
Ciency for the 500-family commu-
rity, pedestrian orientation, and
ecological fi.
The competitors were re-
quired to propose the environ-
mental arrangements to be pro-
vided both forthe community as a
whole and for the individual
dwelling unit. Attention was to be
paid to the water supply, hot
‘water heating, domestic heating
and cooking provisions and sani
tary and solid waste disposal,
These arrangements had to be
economically feasible.
The competitors were asked
to design a hierarchy of commu:
nity facilities shaped by the social
structure of the new town. As part
of the site planning process, the
‘competitors established the loca
tion of the town center with its
high school, hospital ire and po-
Tice stations and administrative
building. Dividing the ste into the
smaller units for 500 families
each, called barangays, they lo-
cated within them the community
halls, elementary schools, clinics,
chapels, sarisari stores and the
sia fishermen’s markets known
2 talipapas.
Since Dagat-Dagatan iso be
‘come a high-density, low-rise new
town, the planning of parks, open
spaces and recreational facilities
assumed an important role
Finally, the competitors were
Urged by the competition program
to consider the problem of devel
‘oping new jobs on or near the site
and to find ways of integrating
work and living patterns.
dy
Le The International Design Competition )
for the Urban Environment of
Developing Countries—Focused on Manila—
attracted 476 submissions. On the next 42 pages, THE
as chosen by a distinguished international jury, are... WINNING DESIGNS
In his editorial announcing the competition, back in April 1974,
RECORD publisher Blake Hughes quoted Charles Abrams: "The solu
tions tothe problems of urbanization may be the key to an interna.
tional rapprochement—and even toa lasting peace. ...The main ob-
stacle's, of course, the dearth of talent and knowledge for meeting the
Challenges of urbanization.” There are, of course, many major efforts
in he world community to alleviate the condition ofthe poor trapped
in slums around most of the world’s major cities, But, as we said in
an earlier editorial: "Iti far to argue that with few exceptions
‘there has been litle opportunity for architects as a group to participate,
and thus litle opportunity for governments and concerned individuals
1 see the possible contribution of the thinking and talent of the
world’s architects. Thus the competition.”
The competition—from conception to completion —
‘as a three-year project involving hundreds of people
The formation ofthe non-profit International Architectural Foundation
AWAF) to hold the competition was announced in RECORD and L’Archi-
tecture a’ Aujourd'hui in April 1974. But in the development stage of
the IAF, Blake Hughes—its president was greatly assisted by Ms. Hel-
ena Benitez, then director of the Preparatory Planning Group for HAB-
ITAT and now president of the Governing Council of the United Na-
tions Environment Programme (UNEP; and by Eric Carlson, then dep-
Ly director of the PPG. Ms. Benitez was not only enthusiastic and
helpful in setting the goals of the competition, but was instrumental
in arranging for the enormous cooperation of Philippine architects,
planners, and government officials during the writing of the competi
tion program; in making arrangements for a commitment of the com-
Paiiton site in Manila; and in obtaining a special grant from the Philip-
ine government to help cover the cost of the competition.
‘The publisher and staff of kecoRD undertook to raise the money
for the IAF, and itis appropriate to name here—with thanks from all
‘Who worked on the competition and will benefit from the thinking it
‘Benerated the organizations and individuals whose grants made the
Competition possible: Sponsors are: Graham Foundation for Advanced
Studies in the Fine Ars, and Johns-Manvile, Patrons are: International
Development Research Centre (Canada), National Endowment fr the
‘rs, and The Rockefeller Foundation. Donors are ARCHITECTURAL
ecORO; The Architects Collaborative; The Asia Foundation; The Aus
tin Company; The Ford Foundation; Hyatt international Corporatio:
George P. MeNear, J Foundation; Owens-Coming Fiberglas Cor-
Potation; PPG Industries Foundation; and Skidmore, Owings & Mer-
fill Contributors are L’Architecture ’Aujourdhui; the staff of seCORD;
W, R, Bonsal Company; Building Industry Development Services, CP
Air; Dalton Dalton Lite Newport; Arthur Sworn Goldman & Asso-
Gates, Incr. Hendrik Grolle, RAIC; Gruzen and Partners; Harrison
4 Abramovitz; Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, Inc.; Smith, Hinehman
& Grylls Associates inc.; and Stone, Marraccini & Patterson. AS noted
above there was a grant irom The Government of the Philippines
AS professional advisors for the competition—conducted under
the rules of the Union Internationale des Architectes IAF retained
GutheimiSeelig/rickson, a consortium formed to do international
planning, design, and development by Frederick (Fitz) Gutheim,
‘noted planner and author; Michael Seelig, architect, planner, and
teacher; and distinguished Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. The
Program they developed for the competition was a model of ts kind;
and their conduct of the judging efficient and impeccable. (Gut-
heimSeelig/rickson is also responsible forthe development and de-
sign of the exhibition based on the competition designs to be shown
atthe Vancouver Art Gallery during the UN's HABITAT Conference.)
Architects were invited to register for the competition
in March 1975; the judging took place in February 1976
In response to an invitation published in RECORO, other professional
‘magazines, and a bulletin of the UIA, 2531 registrations from 68 coun-
tries were received. 476 completed submissions were received and
presented tothe jury, which met in February in Vancouver. Only ater
five days of study and debate did the jury announce its judgments and
‘relax (see photo top let) as Arthur Erickson opened “the sealed enve-
lopes" with the names of the winners. The judges were (see photos)
Balkrishna Doshi, Indian architect and planner, Honorary Fellow of
the AIA, dean of the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technol
‘ogy, Ahmedabad, and frequent lecture at U.S, universities; Eric Lyons,
chairman of the jury, president of the Royal Institute of British Archi.
tects, Honorary Fellow of AIA, known especially for his award-win-
‘ning work in housing and his promotion ofthe concept of architectural
‘competitions; Mildred Schmerz, AIA, architect, RECORD senior editor,
and author; Moshe Safe, lsaeli-born Canadian architect with offices
Jn both countries, abroad international practice, perhaps best known
for his “Habitat” housing in Montreal and in Puerto Rico; William
Whitfield (alternate juror, who practices in London, is active in RBA,
and is a member ofthe Royal Fine Art Commission; General Gauden.
io V. Tobias, who is acting general manager ofthe National Housing,
‘Authority ofthe Philippines, executive vice president of the National
Housing Corporation, and chairman of the Housing and Urban Devel-
‘opment Team, Office ofthe President; and Takamasa Yosizaka (alter
nate juror architect, teacher and one-time dean at Waseda University,
Tokyo, and pastpresient of the Architectural Insitute of Japan.
Also shown in the photos, at bottom left, ate Dr. Aprodicio La-
{uian, social scientist who advised the jurors and supplied the photo
‘essay on page 100; Blake Hughes, president of IAF and publisher of
fecoRo; and Teresita Vicera, 2 resident and barangay leader in the
Tondo Foreshore, and an advisor tothe jury
‘The fist-prize winner won an award of $35,000 (plus the com-
mission to complete the prototype design in accordance with Philip-
pine law); the second award was $15,000; the third award was $10,-
(000; and four other enirants were awarded $1000 each for special
‘mentions. Their premiated designs are shown beginning overleaf
‘ambled tae a bil The first-prize-winning design by lan Athfield
of New Zealand proposes for each barangay a new kind of work plac
a periphery of linear buildings designed for a combination
of cottage, light, and non-polluting
industries with community gardens on top
passageways of pre-automobild
age cities and towns—alive with
‘workshops, small stores, markets
and food stands
“The Jury awarded frst prize to lan
Athfild, a young New Zealand
architect, for a courageous pro-
posal that makes the workplace of
the community the major control- Atield's house designs dem-
ling element of the design. This in- ‘ontrate, inthe opinion ofthe jury,
troduction of ob-generating space thus increasing the numberof jobs where individuals could be “*his sensitivity to the culture and
isa tly new concept and repre- available. Space within the work- trained in alternative energy and _ife style ofthe community and its
sents a genuine advance in the ing periphery would also be recycling techniques. Individual aspirations.” Occupying individ-
physical planning for human set- leased to private light industries, industries and households would ual sites, which would average 55
Hlements. This work space should thus bringing even more jobs to be encouraged by a small pay- square meters (591 square feet)
significantly help the inhabitants the barangays ‘mentto send all teirwastesto the each, the dwellings can be built
Gf the Dagat-Dagatan barangays Athfield proposed that the energy center. As awareness and by the residents themselves at
to transform themselves into a families of any person obtaining understanding of the waste and their present slate of competence
sell-suffcient community temployment in the working pe- energy systems develops, families as craftsmen, within the tradi-
‘According to Athfeld, this riphery would have priority in ab- would be encouraged and assisted tional rural building vernacular of
‘working periphery (ee site plan taining a house site in the baran-todevelop their own conservation the Philippines (pages 116-121.
land sections right and overleaf) gay. He has calculated that be- and energy plants ‘Athfield urges thatthe sites be
“would be the fist part of each tween 300 and 400 people could Each energy center would be leased to the new inhabitants with
Community © be bulk. Ir would be employed for every. 10,000 looked ater by a caretaker Wind. eventual rights of ownership. His
fea signtican addition Wo the square meters {107,600 square mills forthe energy centers would deeply allusve. and. expressive
Clstonaryingallation of sites and fed of werking space sutound- belocated on the oot ofthe work- drawings show how the barangay
Sevices the govermentsup- ingeach barangay: Given appcox_ ing perimeters adjoining comm houses could look ater the fam
fied inrastucure of roads sew imately 186,300 square feet of nity gardens also located there. lies have been Secure in them for
fe piped water and elect, working perimeter, between 550 The gardens and energy centers awhile. As length of tenure, effort
The people moving to Dagat- and 700 persons ofthe 500 fami- would be a strngly vsble ex: and investment inrease, gardens
Dagatan ‘would help erect tis lieslivingineach barangay would pression of the cooperative and tres are planed. The houses
working periphery in increments ave jobs within walking distance achievements ofthe community. expandto include small vrandas:
Se'needed. A particular atea ol theirhomes.Atield points out The working perimeter will kitchen and laundry equipment i
wrhin each working periphery that the place of work and the serve as a strong physical bound- improved: beter furnishings are
Wrould te esened for a buling home should be Closely asso- ary foreach barangay. As Atvield purchased; potted plans appear
ooperave run by the local resi cited to reduce the ie and cost pons out, within the Philipines and pictures decorate the walls
dene This cooperative would ini of commuting to work bt jus as thevall hasbeen astongelement oot, window frames and shut
{illycontel the supply, manufac- important te encourage cooper. of design deintion 3s well a s- _er—made atthe building mater
{ure and use of bulking materials alon within the community tse. curity ftom the beginning ofthe als cooperative and purchased in
forthe Boargay Households pos. The working periphery would Spanish influence. The perimeter sages bythe migrant ashe adu-
sessing exsting bulding mater also contain several community structures around each barangay ally becomes able to afford
tis im he frm of thet present energy cents (pages 120-121) will help shape lively sweets be- them—contibute to the solty
thontes, could ede these In at om which the consenation of tween them. These strets will and permanence of his house. AS
the cooperative, which would a energy Could be directed and have the qual ofthe pedesvian his family grows and his eco-
‘ange the reeling of such mate namic postion improves, the i
fal The cooperative, by limiting lan Al tant fabian’ house gows expres
‘the range and variety of the build- p ceeepeenanat his own and his family’s expand-
ing matrals to be made ava ince ai ing needs and sng asians
table, could help achieve a consis: Ta ete gin his submission, Athild
tency and unity in the design and Don suisandie bea proposes that his winning design
appearance ofthe housing units, Sceaetoran tes: fear work with each faily fo
As the community develops
eee ota five advice on boundary situa-
Pepeaanuncnaee ‘inn Seater meoase can
ect tee tcc oe Master lingecviges heme oe
He oho blige peri eee, een ae ioe fe
‘ments, and to supply a. market Arcec 596. ‘as the principal and most chal
eset liege Sree amt, gig the signa
114 ARCHITECTURAL RECORO May 1976 ‘The sections (above) show the rel
LHonships between the working periph
ery andthe houses and ether commu
rity buildings. Shown ontop ofthe n=
far boundary structure are the com-
‘unity gardens. Adjacent to the mar=
ket place (Marea nursery schoo, ele
‘mentary school and healt linc tnd
cated onthe plan are sarbsar sores
(9), energy centers, and a church (
Four puis subdivisions othe baran-
{ay each havea basketball court = 3
emtee. The nomber of housing ies
er purok ange fom 121 ta 138, o-
{aling 484. Automobiles ard eepneys
ae garaged under terraces which abut
the inside walls ofthe working periph-
‘ey. Footiridges span the motor. RST PRIZE | AN ATHFIELD
Alii proposes that the coconut
palm be utilized to provide the prin-
‘ial bulging elements, fin abu
‘dantsuppy inthe Philippines and wil
‘omtinve io bes inthe foreseeable
ture Te ines can be used in is nat
tal sat died are preserved. by-
products include the production of
Charcoal, chip-based cement blocks,
atc board, insulation Fiber cement
board fursture and joinery The wi
ning design recommends that the
house units be built of timber ame for
perder tank Vent
resistance 10 eathquakes. Athfeld
points out that timber frame con-
$action within the erat kl ofthe
Tondo Foreshore squater. Roofs and
walls would be panels of plaster made
wth coconut saws, sand and ce
rent over expanded metal mesh. (See
Getils page 120. These panels would
be feevesitant and would provide
00d insulation against the Marila
heat. The material lends fs to ad
‘ions and alterations without sled
techniques. The use of coconut fiber
to the coconut palm and
(ts fo give an underlying
10 the barangay. Furthermore, by con.
sisenly employing these material
the residents would become sled in
their vse. Purchased in quantity the
‘os could be met by fail
fn average of 371.43 pesos a month
or $53.06 in US. dolls
ru cea ae
cement insulation in party walls for
ound insulation has also bea recom:
mended. Atheld strongly urges that
the vocabulary of materia be limited
is y-peod
es earring
¢ wily
a rc
an,
ar
ss
pag sa07 eas Fs een
chickens [ARCHITECTURAL RECORO Moy 1976 117 FIRST PRIZE IAN ATHFIELO
‘|
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&
=
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ann tural :
| iy vent
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i
eens
‘edo
‘Cocoblock base. ag and energy, velnwelte
“nr of adobe bricks fank,
COOPERATION AMONG FoUR NEIGHBOURS tinting
Waleed Al
Shag Ve
Beg
ReP ques" BASIC UNIT WITH FULL SILONG
The pln Geto) sows forks of
4 ‘592 square feet each, combining in a
eae deme eee
Conlined cevtoysncon (a bt
guitar Rote en cee oT
eset cere
plsticreplica iy cia igi ae
OF Santa nino 1, the ala wid ad the
Goole water tn Ech fay Bas 3
Sonor space below the fs foo at
‘pound level ana lo ving and
wee sleeping space on the first or second
oor tel dawn these at
ich,
they would appear afer the families
had lived in them long enough o build
verandas, 0 lant tees and gardens,
and to. acqule simple domestic ar
ticles and fumshings. The squats of
the Tondo Foreshore keep pigs and
Chickens foe additonal income and
hope to contin todo so sehen they
move to Dagat-Oagatan. The three
plans and combined elevationsec:
tions (above) show variations of the
bsle house unit, inciading an_ ex
ample of how the house can abut the
inside wall fhe working periphery FIRST PRIZE AN ATHFIELD
120 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976
Although Ald contends that it can-
‘not fairly be suggested “that a family
‘ona age of 300 pesos a month purify
ie water, cook with charcoal and
‘compos its waste, while an industry
ses all the energy and water i wants
apd dscharges its waste untreated nto
the adjoining river,” his design solu-
Which methane gas would be ex-
tracted. The barangay working pri
‘ery would house larger energy centers
{above and right. Constuction details
(lef ae forthe base sructres. T
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 121 \\
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6) OI CWS
2
Zl The second-prize-winning design by Takagi Design Associates
of Tokyo proposes the use of colonnades to help shape
the pedestrian paths and other open spaces
of the barangay, providing an order within which
the individual houses can multiply in a modular pattern
‘The Japanese team’s proposal an-
swers a key question they asked
themselves: whether public 0°
vate space, or both in combir
tion, should receive the most e
phasis in their design for Dagat-
Dagatan. Japanese cites are pri-
vate-space oriented—gardens and
courtyard are enclosed within the
house and carefully tended—
while alleys, streets and general
‘open space’ are neglected. But
‘even in those counties which—
Unlike Japan—have cities of great
Civic beauty the public spaces of
low-income communities are
‘often dilapidated and ignored.
‘Architects Takagi, Hayakawa
and Takahashi decided to give
‘equal emphasis to the achieve-
ment of the highest practical en
vironmental standard at both the
scale ofthe neighboshood and the
scale of the house. To this end
they devised a colonnade, which
they believe would act as a cata-
Iyst for the gradual enrichment of
the publicly shared physical envr-
‘onment of the settlement, as im-
provements in the economic sta
{us and life ofthe people occur.
This colonnade, integrated
with the pedestrian’ paths and
other open spaces of the barangay
and helping to shape them, would
be the major social, structural and
visual element of the community
infrastructure. It would be a space
maker, the fist stage in the build
ing program, and the foundation
for the inhabitants’ self-help,
Just 25. governments build
roads and individuals buy on theie
‘own the automobiles that are driv
fen of them, the government of
Metropolitan Manila would subsi-
dize and construct the colonnades
and integrated public services
lroads, water supply, electricity,
drainage); and each inhabitant
would pay for and help construct
his private dwelling, which con-
ects fo tis infrastucture
124 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Moy 1976
ir Taal et, om in Tol io 194, sine & teen arch
tra Waseda Univers inTokya He ese a mate
from the School oA and Archtccre Yale Ure,
ty and at Yale. He worked ior Moshe Stic
ah bem Shiga in 1950, grates
tram the Deamon of rchecue lhe PlessralSchool Sg, The bees bow fic
Pucker eee hse Te hey
ee a cer eae ae
. SS ae
pce cdepee st
enc cass eines
wed x pacase bye hs
Susser eocel
Arm rr poe
ee] * Tieves that through this process shelter
would be provided quickly, the en-
ployment of the wage earner would
not be interrupted and the finishing or
‘expansion of the dwellings could be
done by the inhabitant during eve
rings, weekends and holidays.
i Tn sage one, either precast oF
iM poured-nplace foundations would be
installed, depending on site. cond.
tons. The colannade of precast col
t lumns and beams would be added
TBR along with precast concrete panels or
M the pavement and U-shape ditches
meer Instage the kitchen and Sai
\ tary unis. preassembled, prevvived
and preplumbed would be delivered
and installed by the contractor.
In stage tee, the concrete block
sulsrucure would be set up and the
‘wood columns would be bolted ta the
y Concrete footings and connected
Hira the wooden beams. At thi pont, the
UAL iohabtans could be expec to ener
the consrcton proces.
In stage four, the inhabitants
‘would set he inslated ool panels of
‘besos cement corrugated. sheels,
Sand install the sti, floor panels,
Souctral wall panels, feeproot wall
panels between the dwelling. unis
and the prehung door and window
4 In stage ive, exterie and interioe
finishing gardening and ober domes:
tie and environmental work would be
SE one by the individual households
I i
STAGE 3 _ STAGE 4 ep staces
HI Jf sscrmecruras secon May 1976 128 SECOND PRIZE | TAKAGI DESIGN ASSOCIATES
126 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD say 1976
Fach barangay would have atts can
tera workshop fr light industy which
would employ some people of the
reighborhood. A factory producing
Prelab building components for the
tie resetlement ste would be pat
of the DagatDagatan town center,
thus providing more job opportunities
The entire ste has en laid ut an
27 foot gid. The Tone yards, back-
yards, ales, sets, boulevards ard
pen spaces are all based pon this
san module. The dwelling module
29 feet. Since the wban module is a
‘multiple of ths, the two nesworks cart
be integrated. All open spaces have a
specific use Yor example, as basketball
‘ours since the Taka) team believes
that open space without 2 specific
function is likey 10 be missed. The
neighborhood set, shaded on ether
Sideby its colonnades ad with no au!
tomobile afc, wil become 2 linear
playground z a}
Te
LoweER
FLOOR ca
HN)
Hl
H
|
MW
ie
49997994999 9F
‘The standard lt is 26.6 by 266 feet The Japanese team gave the conserva
and the dwveling unit plan is crvei- tion of water avery high petty Lo
jorm. Tis shape gives each room unit cated at modular points along the
‘oss ventilation. Each dueling unt aleys are combined kitchen and sai
has front and backyard. The front tary units above) witha vain catcher
Yards an intermediate zone between suspended fom fame on top. A
‘th public space ofthe alley, where compost privy tile system has heen
‘peoplewillspend alotoftime, and the proposed to save water and to secure
‘rate space ofthe dwelling: and can human waste as lrlizer for agricul:
‘accommodate a varity of outdoor tural uses. Because It is necessary to
functions. The backyard would be a provide altemaives to the wse of wood
common space shared by Tour dwell- and ol afl he use of methane gas
ing unis, and function a more piss also recommendad. In each dwell
‘ate outdoor space for vegetable gar- ng unit his clean burning gas would
‘ening. and chicken raising. The be produced naturally bythe decay of
‘round level isa multiase space, and animal and human waste and veqet-
the second fori for seeping, ble matter in the absence of si. The third-prize-winning design by Sau Lai Chan
makes the most of cluster grouping,
creating aclearly defined hierarchy of spaces,
from individual lots, to community courtyards,
to alleys, pedestrian spines and vehicular roads
Inarchtecaze athe Nott London Poe
Feared «maser degen ban de
snus one a he mane Geo ei
Ar wcrkingith several chine a development en
nono, be snow whe Artec Deprnere
ine Conerament aay
Because the competition program principal spine of each barangay.
called for a human setlement Architect Chan decided t0 work
plan that would foster strong so- with the concept of core housing.
ial ties and community interac- and proposes that the core be sup-
tion, as well as a degree of se plied by the government. The core
sufficiency—by people who ofthe individual house would in-
‘would get about mainly by foot— clude the inital sanitary services,
architect Chan devised a cluster the structural frame, andthe roof
design, which he believes best The type, size, and number of
serves this form of circulation stories required for each house
(pages 132-133). He believes that would depend on a. government
asense of security and community survey of family size, needs and
an be developed by grouping available funds, thus reducing ini
families together who are engaged tial government expenditure. The
in similar activities or who have root is the most difficult part of
depended on each other in the house constuction, becoming
past. Chan proposes that a survey more so asthe house exceeds one
bbe made of the Tondo squatters to story. It is, therefore, a practical
discover these family and friend- proposal thatthe roof be supplied
ship linkages. and installed by the government.
Since nofigures for exisingor Timber was chosen as the
predicted car ownership were principal building material be-
Biven in the competition pragram, cause itis cheap, easily available,
Chan assumed that 20 per cent of and accepted as permanent (when
the 3,500 barangay inhabitants treated against fungus attack and
would have cars. His barangay fie) in the Philipines. The resi-
plan (pages. 132-133) provides dents, furthermore, are skilled at
parking for about 700 cars around carpentry and could handle the
the periphery ofthe barangay ad- timber very well. Chan: recom-
jacent to the proposed minor ve- meds that the construction
hicle road, and within the cul-de- process be speeded up by prefab:
sacs ofthe service roads Ficating the external timber wall
CChan points out that since panels on the site.
most movement within Dagat Because of their low in
Dagatan would be by foot, bicycle comes, the new inhabitants of
‘or public transport, these service Dagat-Dagatan would be ex-
toads (which can be seen on the pected to use the cheapest avall-
‘master plan for the entre Dagat- able materials in expanding their
Dagatan site at righ), sewve more houses. The fac, also, that they
‘asaccess routes to important hubs lack sophisticated power tools
‘within the site than as surfaces for and heavy machinery makes their
busy vehicular trafic. Thevehicles use of more advanced building
tusingthese service roads wouldbe technology unlikely.
fire engines, ambulances, garbage i petroleum product are eas-
tucks, or jeepney. ily available, Chan proposes, as
The site plan showing a anexperiment,to use a fire-otard
‘goup of barangays around the ant polyurethane foam as an infil
town center (right top) also indi- between the timber frames of the
cates Chan's hierarchy of pedes- party wall (see page 134). This
trian networks: from the semi- material has been suggested for its
private courtyards to the minor ease of handling, speed of installa
public paths to the main pedes- tion, and ability to be cut fairly
trian spine which links up to the easily in the event of alterations. THIRD PRIZE / SAU LAI CHAN,
{rn 00. js
1 Emo a ea comme /
Soros /
ie
$e ca oe
{Sana Scena, nome THIRD PRIZE | SAU LAI CHAN
oy i (ol
TYPE “A. (tmx Sm) 10 persons
TYPE “B’ ($m x Sm)
—— =f ig Lip B
preeeeteee ae OPENERS PERSONS Ne TORY) |
194 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ay 1975 } Boece ae
TYPICAL LONG SECTION
PARTY WALL
CONSTRUCTION
‘lous deste height sa protection
‘esis floods from the Longos River
andi adjst to diferent site radiens.
Raising the house one-try from the
] round is 2 tadiional form of tropical
» constuction a5 wel, which helps t
‘ool the interiors of buildings by al
Towing the ait to flow beneath the
+=} sucue. For easy constuction ad ung uenceuss
conc the nil root ames ae to elacalicrn
= . ig bbe prefab trusses.
7 persons
mre
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 105 This honorable mention scheme by
San Francisco architects Holl, Tanner and Cropper
organizes the competition site with
a simple series of arcades--"a line that
defines public and private spaces”
that the energy and commitment
detailed development by the in- required to develop them beyond Sven. ol anes Taran an Cope fared
aban of the Barangay (as 1s the bare essentials provided inthe mss ate dey nbn ered
projected from left to right in the design can be stimulated by the
Grawing below). Here, in contrast certainty of permanent posses-
to the frstiprize design, the basic sion. The arcade—or paseo—peo-
‘organizational structure is through — vides the unifying socio-commer-
the center of the site rather than cial fulerum for this investment.
This design shares with the win- around itsedges—a spine that, ac- f '
ning scheme by lan Athfield the coeding to the architects, defines
impulse to add some special ele- public and private spaces. Impor-
‘ment of infrastructure tothe usual tant to this scheme as well is the
site planning and services. Here notion of “family tenure’—the
that special element is a long ar- possession of individual parcels of
cade (below) that wends its way land by relocated inhabitants, so f 7
through the site and is capable of
(Or unes UnUTY Mans (eruBs FOR ALL UMTS) H
i 1
1
1
1
H
196 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 pea
NETO
rr yt =e
Frame Erection | Seff Help infill TF-sypieal ine") wo Storey ont Vea frame.
| Cvailable materi . imate -; * \
| | Statens Seal Steet Example: these concrete Japanese architect Kiyoshi Seike
‘of the Tokyo Institute of Technol- treme conditions, Groups of six indication by his beautiful delin-
towers that partially ony, proposed that the govern- houses would be located around a eations of the anticipated forms
ment furnish each family with two ental “energy point” where the houses could take, he also em
Be ec ous tucton in-place, precast-concrete “‘core their utility lines would connect _phasizes flexibility and owner par-
and house sanitation posts” whieh—while partially with the main utility lines located ticipation in the design—as he
, Supporting owner-built con- ina covered trench (diagram, bot- has in the over-all planning, Shad
facilities, proposed struction up to two-and-a-halt- tom). This arrangement would ing devices and the positive ef-
i Sorieshigh —would also contain generate an intermediate sized so- fects on natural ventilation of the
iy vest Selke: alktchen and bath inthe respec. Gal unit‘of mutually dependent separated osts—as well as that of
tive structural elements. Con- families around the loosely de- the suggested splitlevel arrange-
rected by grade beams at the bot- fined courtyards containing utility ment of rooms—were among his
tom, the core posts—supplied connections (see large drawing, techniques for climate contol.
with wooden ribs bolted on— opposite page and site plan, over. And his sensitive description of his
would form an earthquake and leaf). Such interdependence design's intended socializing ef-
Storm-proof anchor forthe usually would be emphasized by the fect on the residents of the baran-
‘mote fragile constuction attached direct relation of living rooms to gay proves his strong life style
(large drawing below); they might courtyards and shared functions. concerns.
{As the barangay was fling with res
ents (photo, above, it would reveal a
landscape of both stark concrete-core
towers, containing sanitary facies,
fd hous bul by resident around
them. The precast towers would be la-
stalled by a cane drawing opposite,
top, traveling over a linearity
trench, Houses—although subject 10
the availability of materials and
owners desies—are suggested 10 be
inspitevel orm on either side ofthe
‘cotes, and in groups of six around a
‘common utlity connection,
I=
UL,
a
LE
LZ,
WZ
150. ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Way 1976
NON:PREMIATED ENTRIES coined |
even provide refuge under ex- While Seike has given a clear ee BO
18008 45001 Soon)
“bower Seve NON-PREMATED ENTRIES conned
Neighborhood plans,
can be generated both by
the utility lines
—and a humane concern
for small-scale spaces
Continuing his sensitivity to tech-
nological and life style concerns
alike (displayed in his proposal for
the housing units shown on the
last two pages) Kiyoshi Seike pro-
poses that each barangay be laid
‘out by a committee of residents
But the arrangement of houses
‘would be loosely controled by
the nature of freely placed linear
utlity trenches (see drawing, page
150, bottom). The trenches radiate
from a central point between the
buildings of the community center
ishaded area in diagram, right.
The irregular widths and winding
plans of the spaces that would nat-
urally occur between rows of
buildings are regarded as assets,
which would provide visual vari-
ety and accommodate differing
‘communal functions-—like basket: |
ball, markets and meetings—
while still allowing fairly direct
access to the center. The alleys
between groups of houses would
form eddies in the main trafic
flow for quiet community actvi-
ties like reading and talking. Each
‘barangay would be surrounded by
a communal vegetable garden on
a community-defining earth berm
(section, below). Its planned that
many goods (especially materials
and equipment during the con-
struction) would arrive by water.
Ins presentation tothe jury, Ske in
clea dagrams ight, which explain
the desirability of ely formed public
spaces. While each pathway leads to
the community center, ts just enough
off of a sraight alignment to provide
interest diagram, top), Because of he
iregular community sites, constantly
changing path wichs are bound
‘rovide varying spaces. The bottom
Clagram illustrates the passive areas in
alleys. Or each barangay ‘Another Tokyo architec proposed area would place a maximum
very diferent plan from that of number of houses close othe re
could have one large _KiyeshiSeike on the opposite iden’ own plot, and wide pe-
page Instead of dsvibuing open _sipheral walkways would also ac-
BB cpen area for common $8 thoes nalaiy eve Gordan ope vee
Uses, as proposed by manner on almost all ofthe ste, Sewage treatment for the entre
Twao Onuma proposes that the community could be procesed
architect lwao Onuma houses be’ built in tight-knit within the open area and the
‘oupsof four ee isometric view) efflient percolated into the sol
with concrete Ktchenollet units Water supply for agiculture, to
| the [ot lines and imesecing les ard washing. woud come
Concrete pay wall, Much ofthe fom the iver trough open chan
remaining. materials would be nels around the common area
supplied by the tenants, The re- Despite the rather dense con
| sulting savings in land coverage struction that would occur, the |
| ‘would allow a large centalcom- scheme has the appeal of provid
‘mon area for primarily agricultural ing an urban character with its a
tse. The elongated shape of the tendant hierarchy of spaces.
ce
SS
G
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