Comparative Study on Efficiency of Various

Biological Treatments for Effluent

1
Sanket V. Desai, 2Mehali J. Mehta, 3Hemali J. Jardosh
Department of Environmental Engineering, Sarvajanik College of Engineering &
Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India

Abstract
In current scenario, water Pollution is increasing with the increasing of industrialization. This Pollution
has content of organic & inorganic substances. These pollutants are coming from housing work, industrial
activity and agricultural activity. Conventional method such as chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion
exchange, evaporations, coagulation, and membrane process is effective to remove pollutant content from
the waste water. Recently, Biological treatment is more favorable treatment to remove toxic and harmful
substances, because of it is cheaper than conventional technique, it is ecofriendly process and more
important content is, we can produce bio energy from the waste sludge which is produce from biological
treatment. The main objective of the review paper is to make comprehensive study of whole technique in
treatment of effluent.

Keywords: effluent water, biological treatment.

Introduction
Water is one of the most significant substances on earth. All plants and creatures must have water to endure.
In the event that there is no water there would be no life on earth. If there is no water there would be no life on
earth. It covers about 71% surface of earth, and is vital for all known forms of life. But only 2.5% of the Earth’s
water is fresh water. Rapid urbanization and industrialization releases enormous volumes of wastewater, which
is increasingly utilized as a valuable resource for irrigation in urban and per urban agriculture. It drives
noteworthy financial action, underpins endless occupations especially those of poor ranchers, and significantly
changes the of normal water bodies [1]. With the expeditious development of modern industrialization and
economic globalization, the huge quantity of industrial wastewater discharged from a variety of chemical
industries is becoming a formidable global environmental issue. The negative impacts on ecosystems and the
potential to endanger the health of the general public make it import to address the problem urgently [2, 3].
Especially, in developing countries like China accounted for the highest sales volume of chemical products in
2016 [4]. As the world's largest producer of industrial chemicals, China was reported to have discharged
approximately 18.64 billion tons of industrial wastewater that year [5]. This developing issue of water shortage
has noteworthy negative impact on financial improvement, human employments, and natural quality the world.
Hence it has become an essential need for today’s environment to protect water from getting polluted or to
develop cost effective remedial method for its protection. It is assessed that roughly billion individuals
comprehensively drink hazardous water. The World Bank gauges 21% of the transferable illnesses, in India, are
water related. Of these diseases, diarrhea alone is estimated to have killed over 535,000 Indians in 2004.[6]

The two significant substance contaminations in wastewater are nitrogen and phosphorus. In spite of the
fact that there are other synthetic contaminations, for example, overwhelming metals, cleansers and pesticides,
nitrogen and phosphorus the most continuous constraining supplements in eutrophication. [7-9] For removal it,
there are three methods are available such as Physical, Chemical & Biological Treatment[10]. Most of the
Page 1 of 8
conventional water purification technologies have some drawbacks. For example, bio fouling causes problems
in membrane filtration, while the use of UV radiation for water disinfection is energy consuming. When
chemical treatment using Cl2 and O3 is applied for disinfection, harmful secondary products, such as ClO 3 and
BrO3, which are of environmental concern, may be produced [11-13]. Same as The wastewater is extremely
difficult to treat using biological methods. Conventional biological wastewater treatment processes can remove
only 6–7% of melanoidins present in Baker’s yeast effluent. Therefore, the dark brown color of such
wastewater remains an issue for its disposal [14-15]. It has some alternatives that, various technologies have
been used to treat industrial effluents. These include biological process (anaerobic and aerobic),
physicochemical treatment (adsorption, membrane process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation/flocculation) and
oxidation processes (ozone and Fenton) [16-17]. The UASB reactor is a proven technology for the biological
treatment of wastewater [18]. The UASB is a high rate reactor capable of removal of organic matter in
wastewater [19-20]. The reactor is capable of treating high strength industrial wastewater, in addition to treating
municipal wastewater [19, 21]. However, to meet the recommended discharge limits, the anaerobic treatment
process alone cannot produce high quality effluent [22]. A combination of anaerobic treatment and post-
treatment processes can provide quality discharge effluents. A few strategies manage decrease of overwhelming
metals though different systems manage decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus. It is discovered that the ordinary
methods not effective in decreasing the dangerous, overwhelming metals, nitrogen, phosphorous and so forth.
There is no unique method to treat most of the compounds in a single step [6]. The objective of the present
paper is to discuss the technological advancements in treatment of effluent water.

Background Information
Strategies for wastewater treatment were first created because of the antagonistic conditions brought
about by the release of wastewater to the earth and the worry for general wellbeing. Further, as urban
communities increased, constrained land was accessible for wastewater treatment and transfer, basically by
water system and irregular filtration. Additionally, as populaces developed, the amount of wastewater produced
rose quickly and the disintegrating nature of this immense measure of wastewater surpassed the self-sanitization
limit of the streams and waterway bodies. Thusly, different strategies for treatment were created to quicken the
powers of nature under controlled conditions in treatment offices of relatively littler size. Traditionally methods
employed for wastewater remediation consist of removal of metals by filtration, flocculation, activated charcoal
and ion exchange resins [23-25]. All in all, from around 1900 to mid-1970s, treatment goals were worried
about: (I) the expulsion of suspended and floatable material from squander water, (ii) the treatment of
biodegradable organics (BOD evacuation) and (iii) the end of illness causing pathogenic small scale creatures.
From the mid-1970s to about 1990s, wastewater treatment concentrated on stylish and ecological concerns. The
prior assignments of decrease and evacuation of BOD, suspended solids, and pathogenic miniaturized scale life
form were preceded, however at bigger levels. Evacuation of supplements, for example, nitrogen and
phosphorus likewise started to be tended to, especially in some of the streams and lakes. Since 1990, due to
expanded logical information and an extended data base, wastewater treatment has started to concentrate on the
wellbeing concerns identified with dangerous and conceivably harmful synthetic substances discharged into the
earth. The water quality improvement goals of the 1970s have proceeded, yet the accentuations have moved to
the definition and expulsion of harmful and follow intensifies, that might cause long haul wellbeing impacts
and unfriendly ecological effects. A normal Dewats framework comprises of essential and auxiliary
medications, and transfer (or use) of solids and treated water. The essential treatment might be as basic as a
septic tank, to evacuate settle capable solids (and give constrained anaerobic treatment), which can be utilized
in regions of poor soil and high groundwater. Adjustments of the above framework empower oxygen
consuming treatment of the gushing and keep coasting solids from entering the optional treatment. Albeit
modest and require little support, they are inclined to disappointment and in any event, while working
adequately may in any case leave a pathogen rich squander stream. Auxiliary treatment alternatives, in view of
sand channels, give compelling evacuation of pathogens in zones with profound porous soils, yet are
Page 2 of 8
insufficient in different regions with exceptionally porous soil type. There has been an enormous measure of
consideration given to the utilization of organic frameworks for expulsion of radio nuclides and substantial
metals from arrangements. All natural treatment forms exploit the capacity of microorganisms to utilize
assorted wastewater constituents to give the vitality to microbial digestion and the structure hinders for cell
blend. This metabolic movement can expel contaminants that are as shifted as crude materials and results. As a
by-product of biological treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater, sludge could have a high calorific
value depending a on the wastewater processed [26-27].

Different types of Methods for waste water Treatment

Table 1
Different types of method for waste water treatment, sub process & uses
Sr.no. Types of Method Sub process Use Reference
1. Physical Method Distillation, Adsorption, For removing of [25], [6], [56]
Extraction, Membrane organic pollutant,
filtration, evaporation,
Membrane process etc.
2. Chemical Method Fenton Oxidation, For remove toxic [57]
Chemical Precipitation, ion component,
exchange, refractory organic
waste, heavy
metal etc.
3. Biological Method Activated Sludge process, For removing [39],[55]
anaerobic digestion process, chemical
yeast Processing, industrial organic
microalgae process waste, for recover
bio energy from
organic waste,
reduce BOD,
COD, Color &
turbidity with
higher efficiency

Conventional Method
Conventional techniques like chemical precipitation, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, evaporations and
membrane processes are effective for removing dissolved heavy metals [25]. The choice of a specific treatment
method basically relies upon an assortment of variables, for example waste type and concentration, effluent
heterogeneity, required level of cleanup, economic factors etc. The utilization of natural materials, including
living and non-living miniaturized scale living beings, to expel and recuperate lethal or valuable metals from
modern waste waters has picked up notoriety throughout the years due to increased performance, availability
and low cost of raw materials [28-30], microorganisms including bacteria [31]. Algae [32] and fungi and yeasts
[33] can efficiently accumulate heavy metal from their external environment [34–36]. All organic treatment
forms exploit the capacity of microorganisms to utilize different wastewater constituents to give the vitality to
microbial digestion and the structure obstructs for cell blend. This metabolic movement can expel contaminants
that are changed as crude materials and results.

Page 3 of 8
Activated sludge process
Due to its advantages as a pure biological wastewater treatment technology derived from natural
microbial consortia, the activated sludge process (ASP) is praised as an effective and ecofriendly method
capable of realizing the thorough degradation and mineralization of a variety of organic pollutants in large scale
operations. The enacted ooze is a procedure with high centralization of microorganisms, fundamentally
microscopic organisms, protozoa and parasites, which are available as free amassed mass of fine particles that
are kept in suspension by blending, with the point of expelling natural issue from wastewater. In recent years,
bio sorption has emerged as a cost-effective and efficient alternative for the removal of heavy metals from
wastewaters [37-38]. Numerous kinds of biomass in non-living structure have been read for their overwhelming
metal take-up limits and appropriateness to be utilized as bases for bio sorbent improvement. He and Chen [39]
performed a review on bio sorption of heavy metals by algal biomass. These include bacteria [28], marine algae
[40] and others [41]. The wonder of bio sorption was seen in mid 1970s when the radioactive components
(additionally substantial metals) in the wastewater discharged from an atomic power station were seen as
concentrated by a few green growth. Early research directed in lab contemplates had shown that bio sorption
was a promising and practical innovation for the expulsion of overwhelming metals from watery arrangements.
Compared with conventional methods such as chemical reduction, ion exchange, precipitation, and membrane
separation, bio sorption technology possesses several advantages: low operating cost, high efficiency in
detoxifying heavy metals that have lower concentrations, less amount of spent bio sorbent for final disposal,
and no nutrient requirements [42]. The term bio alludes to the existence which here means the microorganism
that can be possibly used to treat squander water treatment. Several microorganisms were employed to remove
nutrients and toxic chemicals. Todd and Josephson [43] employed biological methods for treatment of sewage
water. Twelve key variables were talked about including mineral decent variety, supplement repositories, soak
inclinations, high trade rates, mesocosm structure, sub environments, intermittent and arbitrary heartbeats, cell
plan microbial networks, photosynthetic bases, creature assorted variety, organic trades past the mesocosm, and
microcosm/universe connections. Nordstrom [6] studied the treatment of wastewater using the different
biological treatments and efficiency of those systems in removing the inorganic matter which serves as the
nutrient for them. They are anoxic tanks, hydroponic tanks, and aerated tanks and algae tanks with planted sand
filters. The treatment of wastewater utilizing the diverse organic medications and effectiveness of those
frameworks in expelling the inorganic issue which fills in as the supplement for them. They are anoxic tanks,
hydroponic tanks, and aerated tanks and algae tanks with planted sand filters. A joined treatment including
microbiological procedures and hydroponics was given for treatment of local water. The treatment is seen as
successful and the confinement is critical reusing of nitrogen and phosphorus through gathered biomass. The
natural treatment particularly growths and microscopic organisms for treating the waste water particularly the
shaded mixes in the molasses based refineries effluents was examined by Adholeya and Pant [6]. It was
referenced that the natural treatment alongside enzymatic assimilation is better and safe strategy when
contrasted with other physical and compound medicines. The biodegradation of organic wastes and the
behaviors and activities of those aerobic microorganisms in ASP are significantly influenced by dissolved
oxygen (DO), and to ensure a sufficient oxygen supply, a high flow rate of aeration is required. It has also been
reported that the energy cost for aeration generally accounts for 45e75% of the total energy expenditure in ASP
wastewater treatment plants [44]. The high vitality utilization of air circulation seriously decreases the
practicality of utilizing ASP to treat CIOW, in light of the fact that the vitality cost of keeping up the DO in the
aerobic treatment of high quality wastewater increments with expanding DROW fixation. Another problem is
the rapid cell growth rate under the aerobic condition: it is reported that 25-50% of the influent chemical
oxygen demand (COD) converts to primary or secondary sludge during the treatment process [45]. These
results in a shortened sludge retention time (SRT) and a huge amount of excess sludge. It should be noted that
excess activated sludge is another form of organic waste, contaminated with pathogens, and must be stabilized
and minimized before disposal in landfill or incineration. The cost of the further treatment and disposal of

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excess sludge is also prohibitive: it accounts for 25-40% of the total cost in a wastewater treatment plant, and
has been reported to represents as a much as 60% [46]

Membrane Bioreactor

Heavy metal treatment

A wide variety of active and inactive organisms have been employed as bio sorbents to sequester heavy
metal ions from aqueous solutions. It has been discovered that bio sorbents are wealthy in natural ligands or the
utilitarian gatherings, which assume a prevailing job in expulsion of different heavy metal contaminants. The
significant practical gatherings are carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfate, phosphate, and amine gatherings. As heavy
metals are non-biodegradable, tidy up of tainted water and soil is fairly testing. It is a rising need to create
financially savvy innovations that can expel heavy metals from defiled soil and water. The right now rehearsed
defiled water and soil innovations are precipitation, adsorption, decrease, coagulation, and film filtration. Their
performances are generally acceptable; however, they have several drawbacks. Specifically, they can't work
very well in treating heavy metals, especially when fixations are exceptionally high. Sorption process has been
widely used to expel poisonous metals from sea-going medium utilizing minimal effort adsorbents, for
example, horticulture squanders and initiated carbon created from farming squanders. [34–36].

Advantages of algae
There is mutual benefit while treating the waste water with algae [51-54]. Mahapatra [55] collected wastewater
from the inflow channels (Bellandur Lake, Koramangala region, South of Bangalore, India) and allowed to
settle for 2 days and is used to grow algae of nearly directly fed with 20 species. The supplement expulsion
efficiencies and lipid content were contemplated utilizing Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–
MS). The supplement expulsion efficiencies are 86%, 90%, 89%, 70% and 76% for TOC, TN, NH4-N, TP and
OP, separately, and lipid content shifted from 18% to 28.5% of dry algal biomass. Biomass efficiency of 122
mg/l/d (surface profitability 24.4 g/m2/d) and lipid profitability of 32 mg/l/d were recorded. The deterioration
of algal biomass and reactor deposits with an exothermic warmth of 123.4 J/g gives the degree to promote
vitality inference [6]. The outcome was effectively gotten for two differential frameworks and contrasted and
analyzes. It is best for automation and can be used for activated sludge models and other differential equation
models. From the general examination it tends to be construed that the treatment with green growth is seen as
effective.

Concluding Remarks
Conventional procedures, for example, substance precipitation, carbon adsorption, particle trade,
vanishings and film forms are seen as successful in treatment of waste and sewage water. However recently,
biological treatments have gained popularity to remove toxic and other harmful substances. From the writing, it
is noticed that the new techniques for squander water treatment are because of miniaturized scale green growth
and they are inclined to be productive in diminishing the poisonous segments. It is discovered that the
customary systems are not proficient in lessening the lethal, heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorous and so on.
There is no exceptional strategy to treat the majority of the mixes in a solitary advance. It is suggested that
algae can be used in wastewater treatment for reduction of BOD, removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus,
inhibition of coliforms, and removal of heavy metals.

Page 5 of 8
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