CE 307

Railway Engineering and Airport

Planning
Wheel and Axles, Hauling capacity and
Tractive effort, Coning of wheels

Dr. Indrajit Ghosh

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
LOCOMOTIVE

 TYPES
 Steam
 Diesel
 Electric
Whyte Notation

 Classification of steam locomotives

 By wheel arrangement
Whyte Notation

 Classification of steam locomotives

 # of leading wheels
 # of driving wheels,
 # of trailing wheels,
 Groups of numbers being separated by dashes
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Classification of Locomotives

 Based on
 Track gauge
 Motive power
 Work they are suited for
 Their power/model number
 Class name includes this information about
locomotive
 4-5 letters

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Classification of Locomotives

 The first letter (gauge)

 W-Broad gauge
 Y-Metre gauge
 Z-Narrow gauge (2.5 ft)
 N-Narrow gauge (2 ft)
 The second letter (motive power)
 D-Diesel
 C-DC electric
 A-AC electric
 CA-Both DC and AC
 B-Battery (rare)
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Classification of Locomotives

 The third letter (job type)

 G-Goods
 P-Passenger
 M-Mixed: both goods and passenger
 S-Shunters
 U-Electric Multiple Units
 …

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Classification of Locomotives

 The fourth/fifth letter (Power/Model

number)
 WDM 3A
 3A means the locomotive's power is 3,100 hp
 3 stands for 3000 hp
 A stands for 100 hp more
 WAP 5
 Chronologically the fifth electric locomotive model
used by the railways for passenger service

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Classification of Locomotives

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Classification of Locomotives

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Classification of Locomotives

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Classification of Locomotives

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Classification of Locomotives

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 Hauling Capacity
 Capacity to haul load
 Gives an idea of total load that can be pulled
 An indicative of power available to a locomotive
 Computed as a product of coefficient of
friction and weight exerted on driving wheels
 At the minimum level it should be equal to
Traction Resistances
 Hauling Capacity
 Hauling Capacity = µ.w.n = µ.W
Where µ = coefficient of friction
w = weight on driving axle
n = number of pairs of driving wheels
W = Total load on driving wheels
 Hauling Capacity
 Factors controlling the capacity
 Weight coming on the driving wheels
 Coefficient of friction
 Largely depends up on:
 Condition of rail surface
 Speed of locomotive
 Hauling Capacity
 Coefficient of friction - value
 Condition of rail surface:
Very wet / very dry 0.25
Greasy 0.03
Average dampness 0.166
In tunnels / frosty condition 0.125

 With respect to speed it varies between 0.1 at

high speeds to 0.2 at low speeds
 Tractive Effort
 Propulsive force
 Force that locomotive can generate for hauling
load
 Usually equal to or little in excess of hauling
capacity
 Should be enough to haul a train at maximum
permissible speed
 If engine applies more power, driving wheels
may slip
 Tractive efforts curves are generally prepared by
manufacturer
 To show tractive force at different speeds
Tractive Effort

 For steam locomotive:

 It depends up on
 Difference in steam pressure on two sides of
cylinder (p)
 Length of stroke (L)
 Area of piston (a)
 Diameter of piston (d)
 Diameter of wheel (D)
Tractive Effort
 If Te is the mean tractive effort then,
 Work done by a two cylinder engine
= 2.p.a.(2L) = π.p.L.d2
 Work done in one revolution of driving
wheel = π. D. Te
 Therefore, equating the work done
Te= p.d2.L / D
 Tractive Effort
 For diesel locomotive
 Te = 308 x HPr / V
Where
HPr is rated horse power of the engine
V = Speed in km ph
 Tractive Effort
 For electric locomotive
 Te = a / V3 (for DC electric locomotive)
 Te = a / V5 (for AC electric locomotive)
Where
a = constant depending upon various
characteristics of locomotive
V = speed in km ph
Coning of wheel
Coning of wheel
Numerical problem 1
 Calculate the maximum permissible load that
a BG locomotive with 3 pairs of driving
wheels bearing an axle load of 22 tonnes
each can pull on a straight level track at a
speed of 80 kmph.
 Calculate the reduction in speed if the train
has to run on a rising gradient of 1 in 200.
 Calculate further reduction in speed if the
train has to negotiate a 40 curve on the rising
gradient.
 Assume μ = 0.2
Street Car system

 Street Car system - Case Study (Kindly

inform students in class - This can be taken
up as case study)
 The Toronto streetcar system comprises
eleven streetcar routes in Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit
Commission (TTC). It is the largest light-rail
system in North America and the largest
tramway in the Americas in terms of
ridership, number of cars, and track length.
Street Car system

 The network is concentrated primarily in

downtown and in proximity to the city's
waterfront. Much of the streetcar route
network dates to the 19th century. Most of
Toronto's streetcar routes operate on street
trackage shared with vehicular traffic, and
streetcars stop on demand at frequent stops
like buses. Some routes operate wholly or
partly within their own rights-of-way, and stop
on demand at frequent stops.