Daniel Training Course

PT & TT

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 1
 Principle Of Pressure
What Is Pressure ?

Pressure is defined as force per unit area that

a fluid exerts on its surrounding

By Mathematical :

P = F/A

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 2
 Principle Of Pressure
Illustration • Shown full gas container, containing
innumerable atoms & gas.
• Pressure would be the average force of

Atoms
these atoms & mole walls per unit area.
& • Pressure does not have to be along the wall
Molecules
of a container but rather can be measures
as the force per unit area along any plane

Air Pressure:
Example

Is a function of weight of the air pushing down on earth. Thus, as the

altitude increases, pressure decrease. Similarly, as scuba dive dives
deeper into the ocean, the pressure increases.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 3
 Principle Of Pressure

Pressure can be described as :

STATIC

DYNAMIC

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 4
 Principle Of Pressure

Static Pressure
• No motion occurring
• Example : Air inside balloon or water in a basin

Dynamic Pressure
• Motion of a fluid changes the force applied to its surrounding

• Example : Pressure inside balloon or at the bottom of a water basin would

change as air is let out of the balloon or as water is poured out of the basin

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 5
 Principle Of Pressure

There are 3 types of pressure transducer

Gauge Type

Absolute Type

Differential Type

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 6
 Principle Of Pressure
Absolute Pressure
• Absolute Pressure measurement is measured relative to
a vacuum

• Often the abbreviations PAA ( Pascal Absolute ) or Psia ( Pounds

per square Inch Absolute)

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 7
 Principle Of Pressure
Absolute Pressure
• Gauge pressure is measured relative to ambient atmospheric
pressure

• The abbreviations PAG (Pascals Gauge) or PSIA (Pounds per

Square Inch Gauge) are use to describe gauge pressure.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 8
 Principle Of Pressure
Differential Pressure
• Similar to gauge pressure, but instead of measuring relative to ambient
atmospheric pressure, differential measurements are taken with respect
to a specific reference pressure.

• The abbreviations PAD (Pascals Differential) or PSID (Pounds per Square

Inch Differential) are use to describe differential pressure.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 9
 Principle Of Pressure
The Pressure Sensor
• Because of great variety of conditions, ranges, & materials for which
pressure must be measured. There are many different types of pressure
sensor designs.

• Can be converted to some intermediate form, such as displacement

• Converted the displacement into electrical output such as voltage or current

• The 3 most universal types of pressure transducers are :

Strain Gauge

Variable Capacitance

Piezoelectric

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 10
 Principle Of Pressure
Strain Gauge
• Wheatstone bridge (strain based)
sensors are the most common.

• It offered solution that meet :

Accuracy
Size
Ruggedness
Cost constraints
• All bridge sensor make use of a strain gauge &
a diaphragm
• Bridge sensor are used for high & low pressure applications,
and can measure absolute, gauge, or differential pressure

• When pressure causes diaphragm to deflect, corresponding

change in resistance is induce on the strain gauge

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 11
 Principle Of Pressure
Capacitance
• Capacitance between 2 metals plates changes if the distance between there
2 plates changes
• A variable capacitance pressure transducer change in capacitance between a
metal diaphragm and a fixed plate

• Generally very stable & linear, but are sensitive to high temperature and more
complicated to setup than most pressure sensors

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 12
 Temperature
Why is it important ?
Over the years, demand for temperature sensors & controllers has shown that
temperature is the key process variable of serious concern to process industries
that is those industries that handle and converting :
1. Gases
2. Liquids
3. Bulk Solids
into products and by products.

You can see them in Chemical, petroleum, Pertol Chemical, Polymer and Food
Processors.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 13
 Temperature
Temperature control is critical to such processes and
operations as chemical reaction in material
separations such as :
- Drying
- Evaporation
- Absorbing
- Crystalizing
- Baking
- Extruding

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 14
 Temperature
Define Temperature

- Fundamentally relates to kinetic energyof the

molecules of a substance
- Condition of a body which determines the
transfer of heat to or from other bodies
- More practically refer to as the degree of ‘
hotness’ or ‘ colness

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 15
 Temperature
S.I units of temperature are as follows:
1. Thermodynamic Kelvin Scales
- Unit is K
- Is the Fraction of 1/273.16
- Assigned value is 273.16
- Named after Lord Kelvin

2. Celsius ( Centigrade ) Scales

- Ice point to steam point was 100 deg C

3. Fahrenheit
- Define by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1724 )
- Using ice point ( 32 deg F)
- Human Body temperature 96 deg F as fixed scale
- Fundamental interval ( ice point to steam point ) turn out to be 180 deg F

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 16
 Temperature
4. Reaumur Scale

- Fundamental temperature interval is defined by ice point 0 deg

- Steam Point designation of 80 deg
- Symbol R

5. Rankin Scale
- cale is equivalent of the thermodynamic Kelvin Scale
- The temperature of the triple pont of water on the Rankine scale corresponding to
273.16K, is very near to 491.69 deg

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 17
 Temperature
Temperature Sensors
All materials are affected by temperature.
Early thermometers depended on volumechanges of gases & liquids with
temperature change.
Temperature can be displaced by:
1. Thermocouple
- Dependent on electric behavior
- Consideration of the electrical & thermal transport properties of different
metals
- Temperature differential is maintained of across a given metal vibration of atoms &
motion of electrons is affected so that a difference in potential exist across the
material
2. RTD
` - depend on resistance
- Few type of RTD system
1. 2 wires system
2. 3 wires system
3. 4 wires system

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 18
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Principle Operation

• A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a

material to change

• The resistance change is measured to infer the temperature

change

• There are two types of thermo-resistive measuring devices:

- Temperature Detectors
- Thermistors

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 19
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Resistance Temperature Detectors

o A resistance temperature detector (abbreviated RTD) is basically

either a long, small diameter metal wire wound in a coil or an etche
grid on a substrate, much like a strain gage.
o Platinum is the most common metal used for RTDs

o A typical electrical circuit designed to measure temperature with RTDs

actually measures a change in resistance of the RTD, which is then used to
calculate a change in temperature

o The resistance of an RTD increases with increasing temperature, just as the

resistance of a strain gage increases with increasing strain.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 20
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Two-wire RTD bridge circuit
• Rlead represents the resistance of one of the wires called lead wires that run from the
bridge to the RTD itself. Lead resistance was of no concern in strain gage circuits
because Rlead remained constant at all times.

• For RTD circuits, however, some portions of the lead wires are exposed to changing
temperatures. Since the resistance of metal wire changes with temperature, Rlead changes with
T, which can cause errors in the measurement. This error can be non-trivial - changes in lead
resistance maybe misinterpreted as changes in RTD resistance

• Furthermore, there are two lead wires in the two-wire RTD bridge circuit shown
above, which doubles the error.

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 21
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Three-wire RTD bridge circuit
o To analyze this circuit, assume that R1 = R4, and R2 = R3 initially, when the bridge is balanced.

o Recall the general formula for a Wheatstone bridge, as discussed in the strain gage learning
module:

• Notice that R3 and R2 have opposite signs in the above equation. So, if the lead wire
resistance in leg 2 (top) and that in leg 3 (bottom) are the same, the lead resistances cancel
each other out, with no net effect on the output voltage, thus eliminating the error

• What about the third lead resistance, Rlead of the middle wire? Well, since Vo is measured with a nearly
infinite impedance device, no current flows in the middle lead wire, so its resistance does not affect anything!

• In the above diagram, it is clear that if Rlead changes equally in leg 2 and leg 3 of the bridge, its effect
cancels out

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 22
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Four-wire RTD bridge circuit

• Most accurate method

• Removes the effect of this matched resistance on the

lead wires

• A constant current passes thru’ L1 & L4, L2 & l3

measure the voltage drop across RTD element

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 23
 Thermo -Resistive Temperature Measuring
Thermo-Resistive
Devices
Thermistors
• Similar to anRTD, but a semi-conductor material is used
instead of a metal

• A thermistor is a solid state device

• Unlike RTD, resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing
temperature

• Cannot be used to measured high temperature ( max. temperature is

100 ~ 200 deg C)

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 24
 TRANSMITTER 1
WHAT IS A LOOP ?
A combination of instruments or functions
that are interconnected to measure and
control a process variable.
FEED PRODUCT
PROCESS

CORRECTING MEASURIN
UNIT G UNIT

CONTROLLING
UNIT OPERATOR

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 25
 SMART CHARACRTERISTICS
z Smart Tx can be refer as intelligent device

WHY?
1. It contain a brain which is called a
microprocessor
2. Enabling to control all functions on TX
3. Ability to diagnose status of the device
4. Memory are available in TX
5. Ability to compute new range of values
as the units change

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 26
 SMART vs ANALOG
z With analog Tx, an input applied to the sensor, the
sensor output signal is condition then adjustments are
made so that the output value is correct

z Using smart Tx an input is applied to the sensor and

the “Brain” will interpret that value. The A/D circuit
will be calibrated or adjusted seperately. The “Brain”
sends the signal to D/A circuit a digital value after it
perform damping, filtering or other signal conditioning.
The “Brain” then send out a digital signal that’s
superimposed to analog output.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 27
 REAL TIME vs SAMPLING
z With an analog tx, output signal instantaneously changes
an input signal changes. However, an exception is made
if damping or other filtering is applied.

z When using smart tx, value from the input sensor is

sample multiple times each secpond. Next the “brain” will
interpret those samples and sends out a digital PV value.
The D/A circuit converts digital signal into an analog
output.

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 28
 TRANSMITTER 1
WHAT IS A LOOP ?
A combination of instruments or functions
that are interconnected to measure and
control a process variable.
FEED PRODUCT
PROCESS

CORRECTING MEASURIN
UNIT G UNIT

CONTROLLING
UNIT OPERATOR

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 29
 TRANSMITTER 2
Standard current/voltage & digital signals
(SMART)
Only high
Standard current or speed digital
voltage signal signals
(ANALOG) (FIELDBUS)

Signal To Controller

Transmitter

Signal From Sensor (Transducer)

Primary Element (Sensor)

Process Variable
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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 30
 TRANSMITTER 3

4-20 mA Signal
= ???
(Range: 0-200°C)

Resistance Signal
= 138.5 Ω
“Smart” Transmitters
also relay a digital
signal
100 °C
Control
System
– Converts a noise susceptible signal to a standard, more
robust 4-20 mA signal
– Provides temperature measurement diagnostics in the field
– Provides local indication of temperature measurement

[File Name or Event]

Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 31
 TRANSMITTER 4 ( ANALOG TYPE)
Example : Pressure Transmitter

Pressure Input Signal

Pressure Transducer Zero

Sensor

Signal Standard Output

Capacitance / Conditioning Signal
mV Signal
Span

Output = 4-20 mA current signal

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 32
 TRANSIMITTER
Calibration

Model 272 , 4-20 mA Accurate Sensor

Field Calibrator Input Source

z Calibrator connected to the TEST Terminals for

calibration with accurate sensor input source.

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 33
 TRANSMITTER 5
Pressure Input Signal Example : Pressure Transmitter

Electronic Temperature
Pressure
Sensor
Sensor
Resistance
Capacitance /
mV Signal
A/D µ D/A

Resistance
Communications
Module Temperature
Sensor

Output = 4-20 mA current & Digital HART Signal

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 34
 TRANSMITTER 6 ( BASIC HOOK UP AND COMM.)
TO MONITOR, CONFIGURE & CALIBRATE
Voltage

E=IR Current
Z S

Minimum 250 Ohms !

+ -
COMM TEST

FIELD
TERMINALS

Power 275
Supply Communicator

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 35
 TRANSMITTER 7(USING TO CONFIG)
3051C : PT-5639 3051C : PT-5639 3051C : PT-5639
Online Device Setup Basic setup
1 Device Setup 1 Process Variables 1 Tag PT-5639
2 PV 75.00 inH2O 2 Diag/Service 2 Unit inH2O
3 Analog Out 12.00 mA 3 Basic setup 3 Range Values
4 PV LRV 0.00 inH2O 4 Detailed setup 4 Device information
5 PV URV 150.00 inH2O 5 Review 5 Xfer fnctn Linear
HELP HELP HOME HELP HOME
F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4

3051C : PT-5639 3051C : PT-5639 3051C : PT-5639

Range values WARN-Loop should be Set the:
1 Keypad input removed from 1 4 mA
2 Apply values automatic control 2 20 mA
3 Exit

HELP HOME ABORT OK ABORT ENTER

F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4

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Emerson Confidential
27-Jun-01, Slide 36