Group Members

R.A.K.B. Jayawardane 17SEA015

H.M.S. Menikdiwela 17SEA023
R.M.G.K. Ranaweera 17SEA033
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As a University students in Colombo University, we were able to

observe and analysis the data related to business organization. And find
out how the business is conducted around the world as a multinational
company and how the problems occurred are overcome in order to
develop the company. In this Industrial management assignment we
were able to gain valuable information related to business background
of well-known multinational Company in Sri Lanka known as CAMSO
LOADSTAR.

And we would like to thank our guider Mr Mahen Muttaiah, The

industrial Management lecturer in Colombo University, to guide us in
right direction and gave us practical approach to analysis business
organization by instructing us.

Moreover, we convey our gratitude to the Staff of Wheel

Manufacturing Division, Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd (Ekala) for
allowing us into their organization to successfully complete our
business research especially Mr. Sheron Wickramasinghe, the Senior
Electrical Engineer & Mr. Rajiva Thotawatta, the Human Resource
Manager of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd. we are grateful to the HR
managers and workers who extended their kind assistance and
corporation to successfully conduct our business analysis report.

R.A.K.B. Jayawardane
H.M.S. Menikdiwela
R.M.G.K. Ranaweera
University of Colombo.
Faculty of Science.
i
PREFACE

In this individual assignment we were able to analysis the data and

information related manufacturing process of Tyres , organizational
structures and other important details of the company, which is well
known Tyre Manufacturing company known as CAMSO LOADSTAR.
In this Report we have included brief introduction about CAMSO
LOADSTAR PVT (LTD) and we have also included the organizational
structure, Tyre Manufacturing process and other necessary information
related to multinational Company

Throughout this observation we were able to gain new experience

related to business environment and also was able to identify what were
the major problems experienced by the company and how the company
reacted to overcome those problems

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TABLE OF CONTENT
1 Introduction about Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd. ............................................... 1

2 Products of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd. .......................................................... 3

3 Consumers of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd. ...................................................... 4

Manufacturing Procedures of Tires In Camso Loadstar ................................. 23

Basic Tyre Manufacturing Process .................................................................. 23

4 Human resource management ...................................................................... 31

5 Employee provident fund (EPF) ................................................................... 31

6 Employee trust fund (ETF) ........................................................................... 31

7 Gratuity ......................................................................................................... 31

8 Leaves ........................................................................................................... 31

9 Welfare.......................................................................................................... 32

10 Factories of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd in Sri Lanka.................................... 32

11 Introduction about Camso Loadstar Wheel Manufacturing Division ........... 33

Maintenance department of Wheel Manufacturing Division ....................... 33

12 Organization structure of Wheel Manufacturing ........................................ 36

Division (WMD) .......................................................................................... 36

13 Industrial safety ......................................................................................... 37

14 Maintenance and workshop safety ............................................................ 38

15 Fire safety .................................................................................................. 38

16 Future Goals of the Company.................................................................... 40

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Products of Camso Loadstar .................................................................... 3

Table 2 Details of Production materials ................................................................ 7

iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Camso Logo ................................................................................................................. 1
Figure 2 Tires tracks .................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3 Customers of Camso Loadstar ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 Global Operation Of Camso ........................................................................................ 7
Figure 5 Camso Global .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 6 Camso Global Consumers ........................................................................................ 10
Figure 7 Tire............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8 Resili press cured ...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 9 cross section of tyres .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 10 Usage Of resilent tires ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 11 Types of tires ........................................................................................................... 16
Figure 12 Press on Tires........................................................................................................... 17
Figure 13 Applications of Press On tires ................................................................................. 19
Figure 14 Tyre types ................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 15 Cured On Tyres ...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 16 Applications Of press on tires ................................................................................. 22
Figure 17 Manufacturing Procedure of Tires ........................................................................... 24
Figure 18 Manufacturing Procedure Of resilient Tires ............................................................ 25
Figure 19 Manufacturing Process Chart .................................................................................. 26
Figure 20 Inner Heal Building ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 21 Heal Rolling and Bonding ....................................................................................... 27
Figure 22 Inner Heal ................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 23 Soft Rolling andTread rolling .................................................................................. 28
Figure 24 Moulding and Cutting .............................................................................................. 29
Figure 25 organization structure .............................................................................................. 36
Figure 26 Industrial Safety Equipment .................................................................................... 37
Figure 27 Productive Maintenance .......................................................................................... 41

v
1 Introduction about Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd.

At the 1905, Mr: T.S. Jinasena was started a workshop for repair the bicycles.
After motivating the shop, repairing the swing machines were started. Some years
back, with the improvement of the shop, this business was registered as a
company and this company was the first Ceylonese owned engineering company.
So with the development of this company, at 1932 it was one of the best company
among the best five leading companies in Sir Lanka. Then at the 1950, the son of
Mr: T.S. Jinasena was designed and started to manufacture the first Jinasena
Centric Water Pump. Then with the development of Jinasena Company, The
Loadstar (Pvt) ltd was established at 1984 with the co-operation of Jinasena group
and Solideal Loadstar in Belgium to manufacture the rubber tires and wheels for
the Off Road vehicles. The Loadstar Company was certified by ISO 9000 since
1996, and the Camso Loadstar was the one of the first ISO certified tire company
in Sri Lanka.

Recently the Loadstar was adjoined with the world best track producer Camoplast
and the Loadstar company name was changed as Camoplastsolideal Loadstar
(Pvt) Ltd. Now this company was the second largest tire manufacture and the
largest solid tire manufacture in the world. From the beginning the company was
directed by Mr: T. S. Jinasena and Mr: Pierre Pringiers was the Chief Managing
Director.

Figure 1 Camso Logo

1
At present the Camoplastsolideal name was abbreviated as Camso Loadstar and
the factories of Camso Company ware distributed in 10 countries through Asia,
North and South America. Camso Loadstar was supplied and distributed the
products through a global distribution network more than 100 countries under the
names Camso and Solideal. The figure 1 shows the Camso Loadstar Logo which
is using at present. Nissan, Komatsu, CASE, John Deer and New Holland were
some customers of Camso Loadstar.
Camso Loadstar was committed to serve its customer by consistently delivering
high quality products at competitive prices. Camso Loadstar was manufactured
solid and pneumatic tires, wheels, compounds and rubber tracks under the
Solideal brand and has been awarded the “Most Outstanding Exporter of Sri
Lanka” given by the National Chamber of Exporters of Sri Lanka (NCE) in 2007
and was won the National Cleaner Production award in 2008, 2009 (NCC) Silver.
Camso Loadstar was provided over 5,000 opportunities for employees throughout
the factories and the offices.

Natural Rubber was used as the main raw material to produce the tires. In present
the company consumes a significant percentage of natural rubber production of
Sri Lanka since 25 years back.

2
2 Products of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd.

Table 1 Products of Camso Loadstar

Product Purpose
Solid tires For agriculture, Heavy load lifting
equipment
Pneumatic tires For agriculture, Heavy load lifting
equipment
Rubber tracks For backhoe & bulldozers

Rubber flaps Tire protector

Wheels/Rims Mount for vehicles

Figure 2 Tires tracks

3
3 Consumers of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd.

Figure 3 Customers of Camso Loadstar

4
  Vision

To be the premier manufacturer of mobility systems for the productive world by

harnessing and nurturing peoples’ abilities

 Mission

We will manufacture quality and cost effective tires, tracks and wheel systems
effectively and efficiently for our worldwide customers through empowered and
self-driven teams, working together to improve our people, company, society and
environment

 Values

• Empowerment : - Every day we ask ourselves: is there a better way.

• Commitment : - We do what we say with excellence.
• Teamwork : - As a team, we win when everyone is fully committed.
• Integrity : - We do what's best for Camso and our customers.

Divisions of Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd

1. Ekala Tyre Division 01 (ETD 1)

This was the first tyre manufacturing plant

5
2. Kotugoda Tyre Division (KTD)
The next factory to be commissioned was Kotugoda tyre division, which is a
pneumatic tyre production factory. Also, they have a fully Automated Solid
Tyre Factory.
3. Central Mixing Plant (CMP)
Central Mixing Plant is a fully computerized mixing plant; also, it is the largest
mixing plant in South Asia. All the needed compounds for making tyres are
making in this. This is mainly where I had my training.
4. Casting Division
Produces metal products such as industrial wheels, rims, axles, assemblies.
5. Wheel Manufacturing Division (Kyoto Metal Product Division)
This is a completely automated plant of construction wheels for solid tyres.
6. Midigama Tyre Division (MTD)
This factory produces pneumatic tyres and rubberized tracks.
7. Central Engineering Division (CED)
Provide expert assistance for engineering skills of the organization, the
company’s Engineering Services.
8. Ancillary Product Division (APD)
Manufacturing of Ancillary products necessary for the production of Tyres.
9. Central Warehouse
Wheel painting and final finish of the tyre
10. Ekala Tyre Division 02 (ETD 2)
The plant started in 2008 and is also referred to as Orex. This factory produces
solid tyres and has an Injection moulding line.
11. Research and Development Centre (R&D)
The researches and new developments for all factories are done in here
12. Loadstar Training Centre (LTC)

6
Staff training at Loadstar is focused on the development of individuals and to
satisfy human capital management needs. Training of staff has helped to create a
professional corporate culture and has significantly added towards the retention
of employee. Training facilitates the following transition,
• Operational to Strategic
• Short Term to Long Term
• Administrative to Consultative
• Functionally Oriented to Business Oriented

 Global Manufacturing
Camso operates production facilities in 10 countries to better serve their
customers

Figure 4 d Figure 4 Global Operation of Camso

7
• Casmo has more than 7,500 dedicated employees spread over 26 countries
around the world, with close to 200 people working in R&D, including a
dedicated “advanced technology” group. They operate 3 advanced R&D centres
and have 22 manufacturing plants in 10 countries through North and South
America, Europe and Asia

 Supply Chain & Raw Material Used

Table 2 Details of Production materials

Raw Material Used qty Country of Origins

Natural 1000 MT Sri Lanka

Rubber

Carbon Black 500 MT China, India, Thailand

Metal 60 MT India

Textile 50 MT China, Hong Kong

Zinc Oxide 40 MT China

Sulphar 20 MT China

Additives 10 MT Singapore

Synthetic 5MT USA

Rubber

8
 Global Distribution
To be closer to their customers, they are present in more than 100 countries,
including 20 where they

Figure 5 Camso Global

9
 1
0

Figure 6 Camso Global Consumers

10
 A tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a
vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide
traction on the surface traveled over.

Figure 7 Tire

 Tyre
Mainly tires can be divided into main 02 categories
Resilient Tire
Solid Tires Press On Tire Industrial
Tires
Cured On Tire
Tires
Radial Tire Passenger Vehicle
Tires
Pneumatic Tires
Bias Tires Industrial Tires

11
 Solid Tyres

Solid tires, which are also called airless tires, are manufactured using a few
different methods. Solid tires can be manufactured on a frame or metal wheel
structure which will then be mounted on a specific vehicle. Solid tires can also
be made to fit on rims that are manufactured to support pneumatic tires. Solid
tires differ in two ways. The first is the rubber compounds they're made with,
and the second is the purposes they're made for. Solid-tire manufacturing results
in tires that are incredibly hard and durable, bearing a slick tread design. Solid
tires are also pliable and capable of performance at high speeds. These tires can
even possess modern tread design and capability.

Resili Press Cured

ent On On Figure 8 Resili press cured

12
 2 Tread Layer
3
Tread Layer
Laye d Laye
Middle Layer

Heel Layer Heel Layer

Steel Reinforcement Steel
Reinforcement
Tread Layer
3
Middle Layer
Laye
High
Heel Heel Layer

Steel Reinforcement
Figure 9 cross section of tyres

Features
 Reduce the down time period due to absolute puncture resistance.
 Less maintenance cost and high durability.
 Stability to control highest speeding of the vehicles due to reduce nature
of tyre heating.
 Less maintenance cost & other charges of the vehicles due to less
vibrations and shocks.
 Low percentage of cost / hour.

13
Usage of Resilient Tyres
•Forklifts

•Ground Support Equipment

•Port Trailers
•Industrial Trailers
•Access / Warehouse Equipment
•Platform Trucks
•Reach Stackers
•Empty Container Handlers

•Other Material Handling applications

14
Figure 10 Usage Of resilent tires

15
Types

Xtre
me
Magnu
m
Ecoma
tic
RIB,HT,Z
Mag
ZRIB,
2

Figure 11 Types of tires

 Press On Tyres

16
Figure 12 Press on Tires

17
Features
 Reduce the down time period
due to absolute puncture
resistance.
 High Stability in better vehicle
control by the operator.
 Low rolling resistance.
 Low percentage of cost / hour.
Usage of Press on Tyres
 Forklifts
 Ground Support Equipment
 Access / Warehouse Equipment
 Platform Trucks

18
 Reach Stackers
 Empty Container Handlers
 Other Material Handling
applications

Figure 13 Applications of Press On tires

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Type
s

PON 775+Magnum + SM
FL

SD HT +
SM

SD Ecomatic ETR +
ESM

Figure 14 Tyre types

Figure
20
 Cured On Tyres

Tread Layer Wheel

Tread Layer

Heel layer
Wheel

Figure 15 Cured On Tyres

21
Features
 Low Operating cost due to non-mounting process required
 Less maintenance cost and high durability.
 Stability to control highest speeding of the vehicles due to
reduce nature of tyre heating.
 Less maintenance cost & other charges of the vehicles due to
less vibrations and shocks.
Usage of Press on Tyres

Figure 16 Applications Of press on tires

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  Scissor Lifts
 Articulating Booms
 Telescopic Booms
 Light weight self-propelled Booms
 Vertical Masts
 Push arounds
 Trailer Mounted Booms
 Other Arial Work Platforms

Manufacturing Procedures of Tires In Camso Loadstar

Basic Tyre Manufacturing Process

• Compounding and Banbury mixing
• Milling
• Extruding and Calendaring
• Component Assembly and Building
• Curing and Vulcanizing
• Inspection and Finishing

23
Figure 17 Manufacturing Procedure of Tires

24
 Manufacturing Process of Resilient Tyres

Inner Heel Bondin

Buildin
Heel
g Rolling g

Molding Tread Soft

g Rolling Rolling
Curin
g
Finishing
g

Figure 18 Manufacturing Procedure Of resilient Tires

25
 Figure 19 Manufacturing Process Chart

 Inner Heal Building

Figure 20 Inner Heal Building

26
  Roll I.H. Compound on Collapsible core

 Insert Bead

 Expand Collapsible Core

 Tree types of beads are used
1) Cable Beads
2) Bead Grommet
3) Steel Rods
 Spaces between Beads should be equal.
 No of compound rolling should be according to the specification

Heel Rolling & Bonding

Figure 21 Heal Rolling and Bonding

27
To get good bonding Between Heel and Middle (Soft) an overlap should be
applied Inner heel is transferred to a expandable core

Figure 22 Inner Heal

Trapped air should be removed using a wrinkle

Characteristics of Soft Compound

 Ability to absorb pressure
 Ability to rebound
Soft Rolling & Tread Rolling

Figure 23 Soft Rolling andTread rolling

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 Molding & Curing

Figure 24 Moulding and Cutting

Characteristics of Tread Compound

 Only for 3L tires
 Withstand tearing
 Withstand cracking
 Endure high temperature
 Survive in rough climatic conditions
 Resist oils, grease etc
 Green tire should be centered on mold
 bumping should be applied
 Clamps should be tied properly
 Cured tire should be de-molded on correct time

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 Tyre trimming and Final inspection

• After the tyre de-moulding skilled operators trim extra flash of the tyre
and identify visual defects and if tyre is ok send FQC and if not ok send to
the re work area.
• Inspection is to be done as some irregularities are generated on and
around the tyre after the curing process.

• It is done manually by some skilled workers.

• It includes 3 types of inspection
1. Visual
2. Hardness
3. Ultra Sonic (US)

• After the inspection details enter the SAP system for the traceability.

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4 Human resource management

5 Employee provident fund (EPF)

For the employees who were registered under approved EPF, the 8% of money
comes from the employee’s salary and 12% contributes by the Camso Loadstar
from each monthly total salary of employee. It was remitted to the employee’s
provided fund at Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Every employee contributed to the
EPF was assigned with a membership number. EPF was claimed at the following
instances,

• At retirement of an employee
• Death
• Permanent disability
• Permanent migration
• Female employee resigning for marriage
• Any employee resigning to join a government job entitled to a pension
6 Employee trust fund (ETF)
3% of the employee’s salary was contributed by the Camso Loadstar to ETF.
7 Gratuity
This was given as an appreciation of the service for employees who have worked
for more than 5 years at Camso Loadstar at the time of leaving the organization.

Gratuity = (Basic monthly salary / 2) × Number of years worked

8 Leaves
The permanent employee can be taken three types of leaves. Those were as
follows,
• Annual leaves :- 14 days per year – Must inform previously and leave form
must be submitted

31
• Casual leave :- 07 days per year – Must inform previously and leave form must
be submitted

• Medical leaves:- 21 days per year – If leave period was exceeded 03 days at
an instance a medical certificate must be attached to the leave form

• Short leaves :- 2 leaves per month – Only for staff members

• Study leaves: - 5 days per year – Needed to conform by human resource (HR)
division.
Apart from the above there was a ‘special leave’ entitlement of 4 days for certain
events such as marriage, funerals, disasters etc.

9 Welfare
Few of the welfare facilities related to the employees as follows.
• Provision of free meals
• Provision of transport
• Provision of uniforms
• Festivals – Vesak & new year festivals and sports events
• Medical facilities
• Gym facilities
• Low interest loan schemes etc.
10 Factories of Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd in Sri Lanka.
Camso Loadstar was not an isolated factory. It was consisted with some
of factories, Training Centre and Administration Centre.

• Ekala Tyre Division 1 (ETD 1)

• Ekala Tyre Division 2 (ETD 2 / Orex)
• Ekala Central Engineering Division (CED)
• Kotugoda Tyre Division (KTD)
• Kotugoda Casting Product Division (CPD)
• Kotugoda Central Mixing Plant (CMP)

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• Ekala Wheel Manufacturing Division (WMD) and Cinco
• Ekala Ancillary Product Division (APD)
• Midigama Tyre Division (MTD)
• Kuruwita Tyre Division
• Palena Stores Complex
11 Introduction about Camso Loadstar Wheel
Manufacturing Division
WMD was the one and only Wheel Manufacturing factory in Camso loadstar
(Pvt) Ltd. It was produced the rims, bands for the pneumatic and solid tires. Most
of rimes and bands were contributed to the tire production factories to produce
tires by combining with the rubber structure. So the WMD was played a major
role and one of the main factory in Camso Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd. The organization
structure of WMD shown in figure 25. And it was mentioned only up to officers
who works at WMD.

Maintenance department of Wheel Manufacturing Division

Loadstar WMD was a 24 hour working factory. Almost the working hours were,
24 hours per a day and 7 days per a week. Therefore the running times of
machineries were high. When occurrence of a maintenance fault due to long time
working period, it was affected to critical production loss and many other
disadvantages. So the maintenance department was one of the most important
department for large manufacturing company like Camso Loadstar. And the
maintenance department had special maintenance plan to overcome maintenance
faults. The Loadstar was used maintenance engineering concepts to optimization
of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better
maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.

The maintenance section was supervised by the Senior Engineer Manager. And
under him, six of Senior Engineers were supervised different sections
individually. Each and every Senior Engineer was guided one or two of team
leaders and those team leaders were leaded the technicians who were under them.
33
The Senior Engineer Manager of maintenance department was directly reported
to the Plant Manager. The Officer of Engineering Store, Draughtsman and the
Predictive Maintenance Technician were supervised by the Senior Engineer
Manager of maintenance department. The organization flow of this department
was shown under the figure 6. I was completed my second three months Industrial
Training at the maintenance department of Camso Loadstar WMD and there were
three major maintenance sections as follows,

• Electrical maintenance section

• CNC maintenance section
• Mechanical maintenance section
Type of maintenances practice in Camso Loadstar WMD,
• Breakdown Maintenance
• Preventive Maintenance (PM)
• Corrective Maintenance
• Predictive Maintenance (PdM)
Breakdown maintenance
When a machine was not in its functional state or in dangerous condition, it was
regarded as breakdown of that machine. So at that time the machine was to be
stopped (shutdown) for its repairs. When a breakdown maintenance was occurred,
it was coursed a production loss which was directly affected to the production
cycle. Breakdown maintenance was more expensive than the Preventive
maintenance.

Preventive maintenance (PM)

The preventive maintenance was a very useful type of maintenance, because its’
goal was to prevent breakdowns and giving up some production time for regularly
scheduled. Preventive maintenance has many benefits and also it outweigh the
costs of the lost production time. When the machine or equipment was not in good
condition or in a dangerous condition, preventive maintenance was reduced the

34
accidents. The maintenance workshops of WMD were contributed two types of
preventive maintenance.

• Electrical / CNC preventive maintenance

• Mechanical preventive maintenance
Corrective maintenance
When the company wants to change, repair or replace some equipments or parts
of machine, the corrective maintenance was got the responsibility. Commonly the
corrective maintenance jobs were done by following sections. Electrical / CNC
maintenance section

• Mechanical maintenance section

Predictive maintenance

35
12 Organization structure of Wheel Manufacturing
Division (WMD)

Figure 25 organization structure

36
13 Industrial safety
When working in a workshop or a factory, the employees should be given top
priority to the safety. And also the aim of the safety department of the Camso
Loadstar was, to provide and maintain a safe and healthy working condition for
all company employees. To achieve this goal the Camso Loadstar was provided
safe equipments, working systems, valuable informations, trainings and
supervision. Provision of safety for employees at work place, the environment
and machine safety were well maintained as safety rules by safety officers. The
safety equipments must be worn when working at the factory to minimize the
accidents which occur from chemicals, machines, heavy noises and etc.

Some safety equipments commonly used in Loadstar were shown in bellow,

Earplugs Goggles Gloves

Helmet Mask Boots

Welding Hand Shield Harness Apron

Figure 26 Industrial Safety Equipment

37
14 Maintenance and workshop safety
All the employees of maintenance and workshop sections must be followed the
safety rules and methods. They should wear boots, overall, helmets, goggles,
masks, gloves and earplugs when they were needed for the work. Especially
WMD was a risky factory, so when any person at the production lines,
maintenance or workshop sections the safety helmet, safety boots and goggles
were should be worn. Because the iron was the main production material in this
factory, so by the lathe chips and metal pieces can occur damages to the persons.

Safety rules for machine operators,

• Prohibit unauthorized activities.
• Prohibit to clean the machine when machine was running.
• Avoid the working of the unguarded machines.
• Wear the protective equipment.
• Avoid the use of defective tools.
•

15 Fire safety
All over the factory in Camso Loadstar Company, there was a fire alarm system
on operation and this fire system was very sensitive for the smoke and heat. If
there were any fire, the fire alarms was started to ring and the indicators were
started to blink. It was helped to find the exact place where the fire comes from.
Not only that but also the main administration office had a plant map and the plant
map was divided into some blocks. When any alarm activates, the block will be
indicated it in the system. All the employees in Loadstar had the knowledge how
to react in such a situation. The fire alarm system was tested twice a year as
considering that also as an emergency fire situation. When fire alarm was heard,
the employees were instructed to do the followings.

• Stop work
• Shut off machines (If only able to shut off)

38
• Shut off gas & flames (If only able to shut off)
• Put away valuable (If only able to put)
• Keep evacuation route clear (If only able to put)
• Evacuate calmly but hurry to emergency gathering places.
Safety wardens were nominated and trained in the function of guiding personnel
to leave to emergency area quickly and in orderly manner. And they must try to
protect important documents where ever possible.
Types of hazards
• Biological - Bacteria, Virus, Insects, Plants, Birds, Animals, Humans and etc.
• Chemical - depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the
chemical.
• Ergonomic - repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc.,
• Physical - radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes, noise, etc.,
• Psychosocial - stress, violence, etc.,
• Safety - slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment
malfunctions or breakdowns.

Solutions for hazard

• Eliminate / Isolation
• Substitution
• Engineering control
• Administrative
• Personal protective instrument
International Color Codes for Pipes / Ducts
Loadstar was used different kinds of liquids and gasses which were required for
manufacturing processes. So those liquids and gasses were flown throughout the
factory over the pipes and ducts. Those each and every pipes and ducts were
colored as the international color codes as follows,

39
• Water - Green
• Pneumatic - Light Blue
• Fire Hydrant - Red
• Oil, Flammable liquid - Brown
• Gas - Yellow
• Acids - Violet

16 Future Goals of the Company

• Constant improvements in rubber chemistry and tire design are

creating exciting new tires that offer greater mileage and improved
performance in extreme weather conditions. Manufacturers now offer
tires estimated to last up to 80,000 miles.
• Treads, designed and tested by computer, now feature unique
asymmetrical bands for improved traction and safety on wet or snowy
roads.

• Tire design engineers are also experimenting with non-pneumatic

tires that can never go flat because they don't contain air under pressure.
One such non-pneumatic tire is simply one slab of thick plastic attached
to the wheel rim. The plastic curves out from the rim to a point where
a rubber tread is secured to the plastic for contact with the road. Such a
tire offers lower rolling resistance for greater fuel economy and
superior handling because of a greater area of contact between tread
and road.

40
Productivity Performance

Figure 27 Productive Maintenance

 Extremely shorter Mixing & Curing cycles that will lead to lowest Over

Head.
 Faster Filler incorporation
 (Functionalized Polymer/Filler)
 Faster Curing
 (Thermal Conductivity)
 No failures even under severe/continuous applications. - Thermal
explosions - Chunking/Chipping
 Low HBU
 Longer Life
 Good Thermal
 Properties (Hot Tear Resistance )

41
42