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01 Vector PDF
01 Vector PDF
‡¯‹jvi ivwk I ‡f±i ivwki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Distinction between Scalar and Vector Quantities):
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µwgK ‡¯‹jvi ivwk ‡f±i ivwk
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‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K ïay gvb Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ‡h mKj †fŠZ ivwk‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨
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1| cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K ‡¯‹jvi ivwk e‡j| gvb I w`K Df‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡`i‡K ‡f±i ivwk
e‡j|
bd
`ªæwZ, fi, KvR, ‰`N©¨ BZ¨vw` †¯‹jvi ivwki miY, IRb, †eM, Z¡iY, ej BZ¨vw` ‡f±i ivwki
2|
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D`vniY| D`vniY|
Kgc‡ÿ GKwU ivwki gvb k~b¨ bv n‡j ¸bdj †Kvb ivwki gvb k~b¨ bv n‡jI ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡Z
3|
k~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| cv‡i|al
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4| gvb Av‡Q wKš‘ w`K bvB| gvb I w`K Av‡Q|
Ja
‡hvM, we‡qvM, ¸b, I fvM ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g Kiv ‡hvM, we‡qvM, ¸b, I fvM ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g Kiv hvq
5|
hvq| bv|
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`ywU Aw`K ivwki ¸bdj me©`v GKwU Aw`K ivwk `ywU w`K ivwki myweav RbK ¸bdj GKwU w`K ivwk
6|
nq| ev GKwU Aw`K ivwk nq|
Sh
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‡h †f±‡ii gvb GK Zv‡K GKK †f±i e‡j| gvb k~b¨ bq Ggb †f±i‡K Gi gvb Øviv fvM Ki‡j H w`K ivwkwUi w`‡K
r
A
so
GKwU GKK †f±i cvIqv hvq| g‡b Kwi A GKwU †f±i ivwk; A 0 A Gi w`‡K GKK †f±i â (awi)
A
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‡h †f±‡ii Avw` we›`y †Kv_vq _v‡K Zv w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K mxgve× †f±i e‡j| O we›`y‡Z
Pr
P ej OB †iLv eivei wµqv K‡i eySv‡j †f±i P mxgve× †f±i hvi cv` we›`y O |
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K‡i Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K mg‡iL †f±i e‡j| wP‡Î A , B , C mg‡iL †f±i|
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Ae¯’vb †f±i (Position Vector):
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cÖm½ KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨ †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †h †f±i e¨envi
Kiv nq Zv‡K Ae¯’vb †f±i e‡j|
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e¨vL¨v t wP‡Î O n‡”Q cÖmsM KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`y Ges †h P †Kvb GKwU we›`y|
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OP †f±iwU O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ P we›`yi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB OP GKwU Ae¯’vb †f±i|
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Ae¯’vb †f±i‡K A‡bK mgq e¨vmva© †f±i r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| OP r
m
Ja
wewfbœ †f±i‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ GKwU GKK †f±i î e¨envi Kiv nq| †Zgwb ˆj I k̂ h_vµ‡g
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Y I Z A‡ÿi w`‡K GKK †f±i (Wvb cv‡k¦©i wPÎ)| î , ˆj Ges k̂ †K AvqZGKK †f±i e‡j|
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e¨vmva© †f±i (Radius Vector): A‡bK mgq †Kvb we›`yi Ae¯’vb‡K †h †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
M
Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨vmva© †f±i r e‡j| myZivs †Kvb we›`y P-Gi ¯’vbvsK (x,y,z) n‡j, e¨vmva©
r
so
eY©bv: †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q wµqvkxj `yÕwU †f±i ivwk‡K hw` †Kvb GK we›`y †_‡K AswKZ mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki `yÕwU
Pr
mwbœwnZ evû Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv hvq Z‡e H we›`y ‡_‡K AswKZ mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki KY©B †f±i `yÕwUi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
g‡bKwi GKwU KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q `yÕwU w`Kivwk P I Q, †Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡Q| OA Ges OC †iLv `yÕwU
h_vµ‡g P I Q gvb Ges Zxi wPý G‡`i w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| GLv‡b AOC | GB `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi gvb I w`K
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
AsKb : mvgvšÍÍwiK OABC AsKb K‡i Kb© OB hy³ Kwi| Zvn‡j OB Kb©B w`Kivwk `yÕwUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k
Ki‡e| g‡b Kwi jwäi gvb R Ges †KvY GKwU myÿ‡KvY| GLb B we›`y †_‡K OA Gi ewa©Z As‡ki Dci BN j¤^ Uvwb|
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jwäi w`K wbY©q: g‡bKwi jwä R, P Gi mv‡_ †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i| A_©vr AOB OBN mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡R
BN
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tan
ON
24
BN
tan
bd
OA AN
BN
AB
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tan AB
AN
OA AB
AB
al
m
QSin
tan
P QCos
Ja
QSin
tan 1 ... ... ... (2) (1) bs mgxKiY jwäi gvb I (2) bs mgxKiY jwäi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
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P QCos
Sh
GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU w`Kivwki jwäi m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤§ gvb ivwk `yÕwUi †hvMdj I we‡qvM d‡ji mgvb t
P I Q, †Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki m~Îvbyhvqx Avgiv cvB,
d
M
R 2 P 2 Q2
1 1 [CosGi gvb ewm‡q]
2PQ
2PQ R 2 P 2 Q 2 2PQ
P 2 Q 2 2PQ R 2 P 2 Q 2 2PQ [Dfq c‡ÿ P2+Q2 †hvM K‡i]
( P Q) 2 R 2 ( P ~ Q) 2
(P Q) R (P ~ Q) Kv‡RB GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤§ gvb
ivwk `ywUi †hvMdj I we‡qvM d‡ji mgvb| Ab¨ fv‡eI ejv hvq, GKB mg‡q GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `yÕwU w`K ivwki jwäi
m‡e©v”P gvb ivwk `ywUi †hvMdj n‡Z eo n‡Z cv‡i bv I me©wb¤§ gvb ivwk `ywUi we‡qvM dj †_‡K †QvU n‡Z cv‡i bv|
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Abyiƒcfv‡e, Q.P QPCos Q ( PCos ) = ( Q Gi gvb) ( Q Gi Dci P Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb) A_©vr `ywU †f±i
ivwki †¯‹jvi A_©vr WU ¸Ydj ej‡Z G‡`i †h †Kvb GKwU †f±i ivwk Øviv Dnviw`‡K Aci †f±i ivwkwUi Awf‡ÿ‡ci
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¸Ydj †evSvq|
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(K) hw` ‡f±i ivwkØq ci¯úi mg‡Kv‡b AvbZ& _v‡K Z‡e P.Q PQ Cos 90 0 AZGe `yÕwU †f±iivwk mg‡Kv‡Y AvbZ&
bd
_vK‡j G‡`i †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡e wecixZµ‡g `ywU †f±i ivwki †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡j ivwk `ywU ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^
n‡e|
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awi wZbwU AvqZKvi †f±i ivwk î, ˆj I k̂ cÖ‡Z¨‡K ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^|
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myZivs G‡`i †h †Kvb `yÕwUi †¯‹jvi ¸bdj k~b¨ n‡e| A_©vr iˆ. ˆj ˆj.kˆ kˆ.iˆ 0
m
(L) hw` `ywU †f±i ivwk GKB w`‡K wµqv K‡i Z‡e G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY = 0º;
Ja
nq Z‡e †m †ÿ‡Î P.Q PQ Cos 180 PQ n‡e|
Sh
†f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb t `yÕwU w`K ivwki †f±i (µm) ¸Yb GKwU †f±i ivwk hvi gvb w`Kivwk `ywUi gv‡bi ¸Ydj Ges
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G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †Kv‡Yi Sine -Gi ¸Y d‡ji mgvb Ges GB ¸bdj ivwk `yÕwUi Z‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vwcZ GKwU Wvb cv‡Ki KK©
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¯Œz‡K 1g †f±i ivwk ‡_‡K 2q †f±i ivwki w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j GUv †h w`‡K AMÖmi nq †mB w`‡K wµqv K‡i|
r
e¨vL¨vt g‡b Kwi, P I Q `yÕwU w`K ivwk ci¯úi †Kv‡Y AvbZ& A_©vr P I Q Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY | G‡`i µm
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¸Yb A_©vr ‡f±i ¸Yb P Q PQSin GLv‡b GKwU GKK w`K ivwk hv ( P Q ) Gi jwäi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i|
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hw` P Q R aiv nq Z‡e R Gi AwfgyL P I Q Gi mgZ‡ji mv‡_ Awfj¤^ eivei n‡e|
of
Pr
R P Q PQSin
( P Gi gvb) ( P Gi j¤^ eivei Q Gi gvb )
Avevi, Q P QPSin ()
Q P QPSin
Q P ( Q Gi gvb) ( Q Gi j¤^ eivei P Gi gvb )
P Q Q P A_©vr †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
01| ‡f±i (Vector) 5
Avgiv Rvwb, Wvb cv‡Ki KK© ¯Œz‡K evgw`‡K Nyiv‡j GwU Dc‡ii w`‡K Ly‡j Av‡m Avi Wvb w`‡K Nyiv‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K AMÖmi
nq, Z`ªæc P I Q Gi †f±i ¸Yb evgveZ©x n‡j G‡`i jwä R Gi AwfgyL DaŸ© w`‡K nq Ges P I Q Gi †f±i ¸Yb
`wÿbveZ©x n‡j G‡`i jwä R Gi AwfgyL wb¤§gyLx n‡e hv c~‡e©i Awfgy‡Li Dëv w`‡K n‡e|
Dc‡iv³ eY©bv Abymv‡i,
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1) = 0 n‡j P Q 0 n‡e KviY Sin 0º = 0
2) P|| Q n‡j P Q 0 n‡e KviY Sin 0º = 0
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3) P Q n‡j P Q PQ n‡e KviY Sin 90º = 1
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4) î, ˆj I k̂ mgKv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j î ˆj k̂, ˆj k̂ î , k̂ î ĵ
bd
I î, ˆj I k̂ mgvšÍiv‡j wµqv Ki‡j î î ĵ ĵ k̂ k̂ 0
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‡¯‹jvi ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j wKš‘ †f±i ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv:
g‡b Kwi `ywU †f±i P I Q , †Kv‡Y AvbZ& P.Q PQCos ... ... ... (1)
al
m
Avevi, Q. P QPCos
Ja
n‡jI G‡`i w`K wecixZ A_©vr P Q PQ Sin ... ... ... (3)
Sh
Avevi, Q P Q P Sin ( )
Q P PQ Sin ... ... ... (4)
d
M
`ywU †f±i‡K GKwU wÎfy‡Ri `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv GKB µ‡g w`‡K I gv‡b wb‡`©k
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Ki‡j wÎfyRwUi Z…Zxq evû wecixZ µ‡g w`‡K I gv‡b Dnv‡`i jwä wb‡`©k K‡i|
Pr
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cÖgvb t aiv hvK OP A , PQ B Ges QR C | GLb OQ, PR Ges OR a‡i
.c
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wÎf~R m~Îvbymv‡i cvB, OP PQ OQ (A B)
bd
Ges PQ QR PR (B C)
GLb OQ QR OR A_©vr (A B) C D
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Avevi, OP PR OR A_©vr A (B C) D
(A B) C A (B C) myZvivs ‡f±i †hvM ms‡hvM m~Î †g‡b P‡j| al
m
Ja
ah
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, A, B I C †f±i wZbwU h_vµ‡g OP,OQI QR Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb wPÎ †_‡K Avgiv
cvB, A .(B C) A . (OQ QR )
d
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A .(B C) A . OR
r
so
A .(B C) A ON
of
A .(B C) A (OM MN )
Pr
Figure 1
A .(B C) A OM A MN
A .(B C) A OP Gi Dci OQ Gi j¤ ^ Awf‡ ¶ c A OP Gi Dci QR Gi j¤ ^ Awf‡ ¶ c
A .(B C) A . OQ A . QR
A .(B C) A . B A . C (cÖgvwYZ)
om
OP BN NP OB
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r x î yĵ zk̂
24
Avevi, OPN wÎfyR n‡Z, OP2=ON2+NP2
OP2 = OB2+BN2+NP2
bd
OP2 = BN2 + NP2 +OB2
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r2 x 2 y2 z2
r x2 y2 z2 (cÖgvwYZ )
al
m
A.B A x B x A y B y A z B z Gi cÖgvY:
Ja
awi, A A x î A y ĵ A z k̂ I B B x î B y ĵ B z k̂
ah
A . B Ax Bx 0 0 0 Ay By 0 0 0 Az Bz
es
A . B Ax Bx A y By A z Bz ( Pr oved)
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A A x î A y ĵ A z k̂ I B B x î B y ĵ B z k̂ n‡j
Pr
om
î ĵ k̂
A B Ax Ay A z (Ans.)
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Bx By Bz
24
bd
‡f±i wefvRb ev †f±i we‡køølb (Resolution Of Vectors) t
GKwU †f±i ivwk‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †f±i ivwk‡Z wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K †f±‡ii wefvRb ev †f±‡ii we‡køølb e‡j|
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g‡bKwi, wP‡Î OC †iLv R †f±iwUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| GLb R †f±iwU‡K Ggb `yÕwU As‡k wef³ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, G
al
¸‡jv OC Gi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g I †KvY Drcbœ K‡i| GLb O we›`y †_‡K OC †iLvi mv‡_ Gi `yB cv‡k I
†KvY K‡i OB I OA †iLv Uvbv nj| OACB mvgvšÍwiKwU c~Y© Kiv n‡j mvgvšÍÍwi‡Ki
m
m~Îvbymv‡i OA Ges OB evû `ywU R †f±‡ii `ywU Dcvsk wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
Ja
g‡bKwi, wefvwRZ Dcvsk OA X Ges OB Y |
ah
Ges OAC 180º - GLb OAC wÎfyR we‡ePbv K‡i Avgiv cvB,
OA AC OC
d
X Y R
( AC OB Y)
r
RSin RSin
X Ges Y R †f±i‡K hw` mg‡Kv‡Y wefvwRZ Kiv hvq [wPÎ (L)] A_©vr
es
Sin ( ) Sin ( )
Dcvsk `ywU hw` ci¯úi j¤^ nq Z‡e Zvn‡j,+90º Sin+Sin 90º = 1
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