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Behaviorist Perspective: MODULE 7: Behaviorism: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner
Behaviorist Perspective: MODULE 7: Behaviorism: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner
MODULE 7: Behaviorism:
Pavlov, Thorndike,
Watson, Skinner
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Behaviorism
Primary Laws
Reinforcement
Law of Effect
Shaping of Behavior
Law of Exercise
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• Ivan Pavlov
A Russian psychologist, I
well know for his work in
classical conditioning or
stimulus substitution.
Experiment involved meat,
a dog and a bell.
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Pavlov’s Experiment
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• Stimulus Generalization – once the dog has
learned to salivate at the sound of the bell, it will
salivate at other similar sounds.
• Extinction – if you stop pairing the bell with the
food, salivation eventually cease in response to
the bell
• Spontaneous recovery – extinguished
responses can be “recovered” after an elapse
time but it will soon extinguished again if the dog
is not presented with food.
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• Discrimination – the dog could learn to
discriminate between similar bells (stimuli) and
discern which bell would result in the
presentation of food and which would not.
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• Edward L. Thorndike
“
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• Learning has taken place
when a strong connectionism
or bond between stimulus and
response is formed”
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• Law of Effect - connection between a stimulus
and response is strengthened when the
consequences is positive (reward) and the
connection between the stimulus and the
response is weakened when the consequence is
negative.
• Law of Exercise – the more S-R (stimulus
response) bond is practice the stronger it will
become.
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• Law of Readiness – the more readiness the
learner has to respond to the stimulus, the
stronger will be the bond between them.
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Principles Derived from Thorndike’s Connectionism
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• John Watson
First American psychologist to
work with Pavlov’s ideas. He
considered that humans are
born with a few reflexes and the
emotional reactions of love and
rage.
All other behavior is learned
through stimulus-response
associations through
conditioning.
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Experiment on Albert
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• Burrhus Frederick Skinner
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• Positive reinforcer – any stimulus that is
given or added to increase the response.
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• Extinction or Non-reinforcement: responses
that are not reinforced are not likely to be
repeated.
• Shaping behavior - successive approximation
of the behavior are rewarded.
• Behavior chaining - comes about when a
series of steps are needed to be learned.
• Reinforcement schedules – once the desired
behavioral response is accomplished,
reinforcement does not have to be 100%
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• Fixed interval schedule - target response is
reinforced after a fixed amount of time has
passed since the last reinforcement.
• Variable inter schedule – similar to fixed
interval schedule but the amount of time that
must pass between reinforcement varies.
• Fixed ratio schedule - fixed number of correct
responses must occur before reinforcement may
recur.
• Variable ratio schedule – number of
correct repetitio9ns of the correct response
for reinforcement varies
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Implication of Operant Conditioning
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