Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction

Relationship that
leads to DISASTER

Quarter 1 Week 4 Module 2

Learning Competency:
Differentiate among hazards, exposure, vulnerabilities
and explain the relationship of the three to disaster
risk.
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the
concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what
learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module.

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LESSON 8: RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS,
EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES
EXPECTATIONS
At the end of this module, you are to recognize the relationship among hazards,
exposure, and vulnerabilities that leads to disaster risk. Specifically, you are expected to:
a. describe the role of hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities in disaster risk;
b. identify the role of exposed elements and vulnerability on the impact of hazards;
and
c. suggest ways on how to overcome the impact of disaster risk.

In the previous modules, you encountered the concepts like hazards,

vulnerability, and exposure. When these three concepts are combined, it influences the
impact of disaster risk. What could be the relationship of these three concepts? Let us
explore by answering first the given pretest.

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
___1. Which hazard is man-made?
A. Volcanic Eruption C. earthquake
B. Faulty Electrical wiring D. Typhoon
___2. Which situation is vulnerable to typhoon?
A. Open billboards C. Fishermen in the sea
B. Family inside their apartment D. Only A and C
___3. Which situation show exposure to strong earthquake?
A. Cracks in the concrete wall of a house C. open electrical wiring
B. Table D. newly erected apartment
___4. The impact of hazards is affected by the exposed element and the degree of vulnerability
of the situation.
A. True C. Sometimes True
B. False D. Neither true nor false
___5. Which situation is most vulnerable to fire hazards?
A. Nipa hut using candle lighting C. A plastic factory
B. An apartment with circuit breaker D. A boy using electric fan at home

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LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
TELL ME SOMETHING!
Directions: List down possible exposed elements for each type of hazards and be able to
describe why the elements are vulnerable to disaster.
Hazards Possible exposed Element Why is it vulnerable to hazards?

Earthquake

Typhoon

Fire

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The type of hazard we experience teaches us how to be ready on the next attack.
However, we face different hazard unexpectedly. Furthermore, there are vulnerable
circumstances in our community that sometimes we neglect or never mind as long as there is
no hazard or accident that happen. For instance, illegal electric connections are sometimes done
in a community where a probable cause of fire
will start due to overloading. As long as there
would be no fire hazard, we tend to disregard the
possibility of fire hazards. Additionally, some
materials around our surroundings or the so
called elements are often neglected also. For https://www.preventionweb.net/v2/assets/img/risk/I-DR.jpg

example, our ceiling is already loosening its gripped due to its age, yet we tend not to mind it
until strong typhoons will sweep the ceiling of our house. These are few examples how hazards,
vulnerability, and exposed elements could contribute the impact of disaster risk in our life. Let
us understand further as go on answering some activities.

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 ACTIVITY 1: THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THE THREE

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the necessary information based on the given question on each column.
Be able to suggest ways on how to lessen the risk of having disaster.
Who/what among in What are the possible
Suggest ways how to
Type of your community is exposed elements
lessen the risk of having
Hazard vulnerable toward (materials) that is
disaster
the hazard? vulnerable?
Typhoon

Earthquake

Fire

ACTIVITY 2: RELATIONSHIP THAT LEADS TO DISASTER

DIRECTIONS: Examine the diagram below. You will be given two situations based on a
given hazard. Be able to describe the result after the strike of hazard and answer the questions
that follow.

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Questions:
1. Describe the diagram in terms of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed element.
___________________________________________________________________
2. What may happen to the first community after the typhoon?
___________________________________________________________________
3. What could happen to the second community after the typhoon?
___________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the relationship of the concept of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed
element to disaster risk.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

REMEMBER
• Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.1
• Vulnerability – it is the tendency to become incapable of resisting hazard or the inability
to respond after a disaster.2
• Exposure – is the tendency of losing property, people, systems and other elements in the
society due their presence within the hazard zones. 3
• Disaster Risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability4

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Explain the relationship of hazard, vulnerability, and exposed elements to the
nature of disaster risk. Be able to give examples to prove your point.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics:

CRITERIA EXEMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING BEGINNING

SCORE 5 4 3 1-2
Presents relevant and Presents reasonable Analysis is basic or general Analysis is vague. Failure
CONTENT legitimate information information. to support statements.
Shows no evidence of novel
All sentences are well Most sentences are well thinking and support. Sentences lack clarity,
constructed, varied, clear, constructed, varied, clear Sentences are on the same confusing and irrelevant
precise and interesting to precise and interesting to structure but still relatively
read. read. clear.

POSTTEST
Directions: Look around your house or barangay. Identify 2 vulnerable situations to hazard.
Determine also an exposed element and be able to suggest ways on how to lessen the impact
of disaster.
Identify the Suggest ways to
Vulnerable Exposed elements
hazards that could lessen the impact of
Situations (materials)
strike disaster.

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Reference:
1. Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction. 2016;(June).

2. Blanc G Le. What does vulnerabilty mean? Raisons Polit. 2019;76(4):27-42.

doi:10.3917/rai.076.0027

3. Fire and Emergency Management planning. Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience.
file:///Users/joefreyrchan/Desktop/DRRR MODULE/4.3 Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability and
Resilience.webarchive.

4. UNISDR. Disaster Risk. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/disaster-risk. Published 2015.

Accessed July 1, 2020.

Acknowledgements

Writer: JOEFREY R. CHAN – MTII

Editor / Reviewer: REBECCA M. ROXAS, EPS-Science
Management Team: MALCOLM S. GARMA, Regional Director
GENIA V. SANTOS, CLMD Chief
DENNIS M. MENDOZA, Regional EPS in Charge
of LRMS and Regional ADM Coordinator
MARIA MAGDALENA M. LIM, CESO V, Schools
Division Superintendent
AIDA H. RONDILLA, CID Chief
LUCKY S. CARPIO, Division EPS in Charge of
LRMS and Division ADM Coordinator

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ANSWER SHEETS
Name: Score:

Grade and Strand: Teacher: Date:

Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature over printed name

PRETEST
1.___
2.___
3.___
4.___
5.___

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

TELL ME SOMETHING!
Directions: List down possible exposed elements for each type of hazards and be able to describe why
the elements are vulnerable to disaster.
Hazards Possible exposed Element Why is it vulnerable to hazards?

Earthquake

Typhoon

Fire

ACTIVITY 1: THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THE THREE

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the necessary information based on the given question on each column.
Be able to suggest ways on how to lessen the risk of having disaster.
Who/what among in What are the possible
Suggest ways how to
Type of your community is exposed elements
lessen the risk of having
Hazard vulnerable toward (materials) that is
disaster
the hazard? vulnerable?
Typhoon

Earthquake

Fire

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 ACTIVITY 2: RELATIONSHIP THAT LEADS TO DISASTER

Questions:
1. Describe the diagram in terms of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed element.
___________________________________________________________________
2. What may happen to the first community after the typhoon?
___________________________________________________________________
3. What could happen to the second community after the typhoon?
___________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the relationship of the concept of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed
element to disaster risk.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Explain the relationship of hazard, vulnerability, and exposed elements to the
nature of disaster risk. Be able to give examples to prove your point.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics:

CRITERIA EXEMPLARY ACCOMPLISHED DEVELOPING BEGINNING

SCORE 5 4 3 1-2
Presents relevant and Presents reasonable Analysis is basic or general Analysis is vague. Failure
CONTENT legitimate information information. to support statements.
Shows no evidence of novel
All sentences are well Most sentences are well thinking and support. Sentences lack clarity,
constructed, varied, clear, constructed, varied, clear Sentences are on the same confusing and irrelevant
precise and interesting to precise and interesting to structure but still relatively
read. read. clear.

10
POSTTEST
Directions: Look around your house or barangay. Identify 2 vulnerable situations to hazard.
Determine also an exposed element and be able to suggest ways on how to lessen the impact
of disaster.
Identify the Suggest ways to
Vulnerable Exposed elements
hazards that could lessen the impact of
Situations (materials)
strike disaster.

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ANSWER KEYS
PRETEST
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. A

TELL ME SOMETHING
ANSWERS MAY VARY
Hazards Possible exposed Element Why is it vulnerable to hazards?
Cracks in the wall of the house The cracks indicate that the house or building might
Earthquake collapse during earthquake.
Leaning electrical post During strong winds, the electrical post might collapse
Typhoon and live wire could kill humans
Open electrical wiring It can cause electric shock or start of fire when exposed
Fire to combustible materials.

ACTIVITY 1: THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THE THREE

ANSWERS MAY VARY

Who/what among in your What are the possible exposed
Suggest ways how to lessen the
Type of Hazard community is vulnerable elements (materials) that is
risk of having disaster
toward the hazard? vulnerable?
Typhoon Elderly, children, house, Ceiling, leaning electrical post, Fix loosened ceiling, contact
agricultural crops billboards electrician before typhoon
strikes.
Earthquake High building, humans, Substandard building Consult civil engineers for
animals construction, leaning electrical building maintenance
post, cracks in the wall
Fire Whole community House with light materials, Consult electrician, avoid
illegal connections/jumpers, octopus connections.
unfix open wiring

ACTIVITY 2: RELATIONSHIP THAT LEADS TO DISASTER

Questions:
5. Describe the diagram in terms of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed element.
The diagram shows a typhoon hazard. Both community is vulnerable to storm surge where their houses are exposed elements.
6. What may happen to the first community after the typhoon?
The first community might have suffered severe destruction of their houses due to strong winds and severe flooding due
clogging of canals caused by improper waste disposal.
7. What could happen to the second community after the typhoon?
The second community might have experienced less community destruction or little flooding. The mangroves could have
prevented the flooding and the proper waste disposal kept the canals in good flowing.
8. Explain the relationship of the concept of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed element to disaster risk.
The nature of disaster risk is dictated or influenced by the nature of hazard, vulnerability, and the exposed element in the
community. The degree of vulnerability and element exposed in the hazards determines the degree of disaster. Furthermore, the
move to lessen the exposure and vulnerability of a community will lessen the impact of disaster.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Explain the relationship of hazard, vulnerability, and exposed elements to the
nature of disaster risk. Be able to give examples to prove your point.
ANSWERS MAY VARY

POSTTEST
Directions: Look around your house or barangay. Identify 2 vulnerable situations to hazard. Determine also an exposed element and be able
to suggest ways on how to lessen the impact of disaster. ANSWERS MAY VARY
Identify the hazards that Suggest ways to lessen the
Vulnerable Situations Exposed elements (materials)
could strike impact of disaster.

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