Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Faculty Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and

Science
Department: Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering
Unit Code and Name UEME 2123 Fluid Mechanics 1
Experiment No.: 2
Title of Experiment: Impact of Water Jet
Laboratory Room No. and Name: KB731 Thermofluids Lab
Experiment Duration (hour): 3 hours
Number of Student per Group 5 students

Objective
To demonstrate the application of the momentum equation as applied to the impact of a jet of
water on to 3 defectors of different angles of deflection.

Theory

Newton’s Second law state that

The applied forces is equal to the rate of change of momentum

𝑑𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠
∑𝐹 = = ∑ 𝑚̇ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 − ∑ 𝑚̇ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆

F   Fx i  Fy j

Latest updated: 14th January 2016

 𝑚̇ 𝑜 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂
𝑚̇ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑖 𝑗̂
−𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃
−𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚̇𝑣𝑖

Newton' s Second Law of Motion states that

The Applied Force is equal to the Rate of Change of Momentum
Fy  QV y 2  QV y1
  QV y1 1  cos( )  if we assume V2  V1  V y1
where  is the density of water
V y1 is the inlet jet velocity in the y direction
Vy2 is the outlet jet velocity in the y direction
Q is the volumetric flow rate
 is the angle of deflection of jet flow measured from the vertical
The negative sign means the Applied Force is opposite to the direction of the inlet jet stream

Nozzle diameter = 8 mm
Nozzle-impact distance = 15 mm

Quantity estimation
Item Description *Item category (e.g. per set/group of
student)
Impact of Jet Apparatus E 1
Jockey Weight (4×20 g, 3×50 g, and 2×
W 1
100g)
Target plates 36 mm diameter flat, 120° cone,
W 1
180° hemisphere nylon
Hydraulic Bench LS-1801 E 1

*Item category
SP Sample or specimen
C Consumable
CH Chemical
W Labware, glassware, tool, and
components
E Equipment
S Software

Latest updated: 14th January 2016

Procedures

1. Open the top cover of the impact jet assembly.

2. Install the flat deflector plate (angle = 90 degrees).

3. Replace the top cover and tighten the wing nuts to secure the cover tightly on to the
impact jet chamber.

4. Adjust the pointer on top of the cover so that it is pointing to the central groove on
the side of the base plate that is used to hold the weights.

5. Apply the 0.5 N weight on top of the base plate. The base plate is now lower than the
pointer.

6. Keeping the main input water flow valve fully open, adjust the bypass water valve to
control the volume flow rate until the pointer points to the central grove at the edge
of the base plate.
7. Take the volume flow rate reading and enter it into the spreadsheet in the computer
provided for the purpose.

8. Repeat the procedure with applied loads of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 N.

9. Repeat steps 1 – 8 for deflector cup with angles = 130 degrees.

10. Repeat steps 1 – 8 for deflector cup with angles = 60 degrees.

Results and discussions

1. Compare the actual Applied Force with the calculated Applied Force using the
momentum equation.

2. Discuss any disagreement between the experimental Applied Load and that calculated
using the momentum equation. From the results of your experiment, what can you
deduce on the selection of the optimum shapes of deflectors for impulse hydraulic
machinery.

Latest updated: 14th January 2016

Laboratory Report

1. Print out the spreadsheet containing your own experimental data and use it as the results
of the experiment.

2. Provide a sample of all calculations.

3. Your report must consist of Objective, Introduction, Procedures, Results, Discussion,

Conclusions and References.

4. In your discussion, include:

o Discuss about the graph of load/Fy and explain the deviation.

o Prove that v 0  vi  2 gs and derive the equation for v0 not equal to vi and for
2

v0 = vi.
o What is the optimum shape (deflection angle) of deflectors that gives highest
impact?

Latest updated: 14th January 2016