Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
Fw.- Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-
ssl-µ-hX--
[-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w-
NICHE OF TRUTH
20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21
hm-b\
- °
- p-ap-ºv...-
""]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-s≥-d- \m-a-Øn¬-''-
ì"G-I- am-\-h-X-°v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-iz-m-kw'.- 1989 Un-kw-_¿- 29,- 30,-
31,- 1990 P-\p-h-cn- H-∂v- Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬- \-S-∂- Fw.-F-kv.-Fw k-tΩ-f-\{]-
ta-bw.- Cu- {]-ta-btØm-S\p-_-\v-[n-®- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- ln-µp-a-X-Øns≥-d-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂- B-{K-lw- tXm-∂n-∏n-®-Xv.-
hm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- "i-_m-_n'¬- JWv-U-iv-i- F-gp-Xn-s°m-≠p-an-
cp-∂p.- ]-p-kv-X-I-am-°-W-sa-∂v- ]-e-cpw- B-h-iy-s∏´p.- A-t∏mƒ- A¬∏w-
A-h-Km-l-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-d-®p.-
ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- ]-e- ho-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- t\m-°n-°-≠-h-
cp-≠v.- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- ho-£-W-Øn-¬- Cu- Z¿-i-\-sØ- hym-Jym-\n-®- ]e-
Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- cm-lp¬- kmwIr-Xym-b≥, Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n,-
sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥- F-∂n-h¿- {]-[m-\n-I-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- C-kv-em-an-I- ho-£
W-Øn¬- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- t\m-°n-°-≠- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- C-s√-∂v- Xs∂-
]-d-b-Ww.- A¬-_n-dq-\n-bp-sS- "In-Øm-_p¬- ln-µv'- C-¥-y-°m-cp-sS- BNm-
cm-\pjv-Tm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®dn-bm-\p-≈- Xo-{h-am-b- H-cp- {i-a-am-Wv.- C-kvem-
an-I- ho-£-W-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- hym-Jym-\-Øn-\-t±-lw- {i-an-®n-´n-√.- ]-tcX-
\m-b- Sn.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- km-ln-_n-s≥-d- "`m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn
sbmgp-°p-Iƒ'- Cu- cw-K-sØ- H-cp- hn-e-s∏-´- Im¬-sh-∏m-bn-cp-∂psh∂-
Xn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- ]-t£-,- A-t±-lw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- `m-c-Xo-b- kw-kv-Im
c-Øn-s≥-d- krjvSn-bn¬- sk-an-‰n-Iv- kw-kI v- m-cß
- ƒ- F-ßs- \- kzm-[o\n®n-
cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- N¿®-
A-t±-lw,- A-Xns≥-d- `m-K-am-bn-´p-am-{X-am-Wv- \n¿-h-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- \mw-- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\m-Wv- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p- °p-I-bpw- k-lm-bn-°-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]-c-∏-\-ßm-Sn- C-kvem-an-Iv- sse-
∂-Xv.- B-Zy-`m-K-Øv- F-¥m-Wv- C-∂p- Im-Wp-∂- ln-µp-a-X-sa-∂pw,- tZ-io- {_dn-bp-sS-bpw- A-¥-am≥- C-kv-em-an-Iv- sk≥-d-dn-s≥-d-bpw- {]-h-¿-Ø-I¿,-
b-X-bp-sS- \q-en¬- kv-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂- tjm-h-\n-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-h- kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-߃- ]-Tn-∏n-®p-X-cm≥- k-a-bw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®- lw-k-am-
Im-i-hm-Z-߃- F-{X-tØm-fw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv- ]-cn-tim-[n- kv-‰-dpw,- d-lo-a-bpw...- A-ßs\- t]m-Ip-∂p- ]-´n-I.- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \-µn-
®n-cn-°p∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-ß-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb- kw-_-\v-[n®- ]-d-tb-≠- H-cm-fp-≠v.- t]m¿-´v- ª-b¿- Nn-∑-bm-an-j-\n-se- kzm-an,- {_-lvaNm-
N¿-®-bm-Wv- c-≠mw- `m-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- aq-∂mw- `m-K-Øn-em-I-s´- ssl-µ-h cn- k-a¿-Xv-Y- ssN-X-\y;- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ]-e- km-t¶-Xn-I- i-_v-Z-ß-fpw-
Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-i-n-e-I-fpw- A-h- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmN- F\n-°v- hn-h-cn-®p-X-∂-Xv.- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw- a-‰-pw- X-∂pw- A-t±-lw- k-l
I-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-f-p-am-bn- F-ß-s\- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂p-sh-∂p- I-cn-®p.- A-t±-l-hp-am-bn- \-S-∂- \o-≠- N¿-®-I-fpw- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-sØ-
am-Wv- N¿-®- sN-bv-Xncn-°p-∂-Xv.- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.-
Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-sØ- A-dnbm≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- H-cp- F-s∂- A-£c - w- ]Tn-∏n-®- F-s≥-d- D-∏˛- ta-te- ho-´n¬- A-_Zv- p-dlnam≥˛
Im¬-shbv-]- v- am-{X-am-Wv.- C-\n-bpw- Cu- cw-K-Øv- K-th-j-W-߃- \-S-t°- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- A-√m-lp- ]-c-tem-I-ku-Jyw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-ø-s´- (B-ao≥)-
≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n¬- ssl-µh- Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- aq-ew- {]-hm-N-I-
A-√m-lp- C-sXm-cp- k¬-°¿-a-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°-s´.- (B-ao-≥)-
{]t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- h-f-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂- Dd®-
hn-izmk°m-c-\m-Wv- Cu- teJ-I≥.-
Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-
1992 em-Wv- "ssl-µ-h-X- h¿-Ω-hp-w- Z¿-i-\-hpw-'- H-∂m-w- ]-Xn-∏v- ]pdØp-
h-∂-Xv.- B- h¿-j-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \-√- C-kv-em-an-I- {K-Ÿ-Øn-\p-≈- A_q-
-Zm-_n- ap-kv-enw- ssdt‰-gv-kv- t^-m-d-Øn-s‚- A-hm¿-Upw- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn\p-
e-`n-®p.- "am-Xr-`q-an-'-sb-t∏m-se-bp-f-f- ]-e- {]-ap-J- B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpw-
]p-kv-X-I-sØ- hn-a¿-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠v- teJ-\-߃-
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- A-h-bn¬- \n-∂v- ]-e-Xpw- ]-Tn-®p-; A-dn-™p.- A-Xn-s‚-
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- th-W-sa-∂p- tXm-∂n-b- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- am-‰-߃- Cu-
]-Xn-∏n¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- {]-k-Iv-X-am-b- hn-a¿-i-\-߃-°v- hn-a¿-i-I-
sc-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-an-√m-sX- X-s∂- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-≥- {i-an-®n-´pap-≠v.-
F¶n-epw,- ]-Øp-h¿-jw- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- ]-pk -- v-X-I-Øn-s‚- c-≠-mw- ]-Xn∏mbn-
Xs∂-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-Xv- F-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v- au-en-I-am-b- am-‰-ßsf-∂pw- hcp-
Øn-bn-´n-√m-Xm-\-pw.-
ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw- B-cy˛ {Zm-hn-U- kw-kv-Im-c-ß-f-p-sS- D∞m-
\-]-X-\-ß-sf-bp-sa-√mw- kw-_-‘n-®v- C-Xn-s‚- H-∂mw- ]-Xn-∏v- ]p-d-Øp-h-
∂-Xn-\p- ti-jw- \n-c-h-[n- hn-e-s∏-´- ]-T-\-߃- \S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-h-bp-sS-
sb-√mw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- {]ta-bw- X-s∂- H-∂p-
Iq-Sn- hn-I-kn-∏n-®p- sIm-≠v- F-gp-X-W-sa-∂p-≠v.- A-√m-lp- A-\p-{K-ln-
°-s´- (B-ao≥)-
C-sX-gp-Xm≥- A-\p-{K-ln-®- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\v- k¿-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpw.- hy-
Iv-Xn-]-c-am-bn- \-µn- ]-d-tb-≠-h¿- H-cp-]m-Sp≠v.- C-sX-gp-Xm≥- k-l-I-cn-
20 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 21
Xm-fp-If
- n¬-
`m-Kw H-∂v-
[-¿-ahpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw
1. ln-µp-˛C-¥y-˛kn-\v-[p- 19
2. ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-߃- 14
3. `m-c-Xo-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- 40
4. a-X-hn-`m-K-߃- 72
5. ln-µp- sF-Iyw- 79
`m-Kw c-≠v-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃-
1. th-Z-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- 90
2. {_m-lv-a-W-߃ 109
3. B-c-Wy-I-߃- 113
4. D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- 115
5. th-Zmw-K-߃- 136
6. ]p-cm-W-߃- 139
7. kv-ar-Xn-Iƒ- 149
8. C-Xn-lm-k-߃- 157
9. `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 167
`m-Kw aq-∂v-
A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- ƒ
1. G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw 180
2. _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- 201
3. A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-∏w- 225
4. ]p-\¿-P-∑-tam- ]-c-tem-I-tam- 250
5. sh-fn-®-Øn-te-°v- 259
15
`m-Kw H-∂v-
[-¿a- hpw- kw-kI
v- m-ch
- pw-
16 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 17
°m≥- hn-j-a-ap-≠m-hp-I- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- C-u- kzm-`m-hn-I-X- tZi- F∂- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°-dp-sS-1 A-`n-{]m-bw- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂-
t{Zm-l-am-sW-∂v- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- "am-Xm- `q-anx- ]p-t{Xm- ]r-Yn- A¿-Y-an-√m-Ø-X-m-Wv.- C-kv-emw- ]p-tcm-ln-Xa-X-ß-sf-t∏m-se-
hy'-sb-∂- h-N-\w- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- a-\ n-cp-Øn- hm-bn-®p-t\m-°-s´.- P]hpw- ]qP-bpw- G-Xm\pw- I¿-a-ßfpw- am-{Xw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-
Hcp- a-X-a-√.- AXv- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns≥-d- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-fn-te-
ssZ-h-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- krjv-Sn-®-Xpw- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xpw-
°pw- hy-Iv-X-amb- sh-fn-®w- ho-ip-∂p.- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- G-sX-¶nepw-
kw-l-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-]n-°p-∂-Xp-sa-√mw-
ta-Je - - a-Xa
- p-IvX
- a
- m-°p-Is
- b-∂X
- v- ap-kve
- n-an-\v- Nn-¥n-°m≥- t]mepw-
F-∂m-Wv- aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu- \n-e-bv°v,- ssZ-
I-gn-bn-√.- C-kv-em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-cw- C-kv-em-an-I- hn-izm-k-Øns≥-d-
h-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- henb- A-\p-{K-l-Zm-Xm-hv.-- A-h-\m-Wv- \µn- sN-ø-
`m-K-a-m-Wv.- hkv-{X[m-c-Whpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bp-sa√mw-X-s∂- C-kv-
s∏-Sm≥- G-‰-hpw- A¿-l-\pw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- B-Pv-RIƒ-s°-Xn-
em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-I- ap-kv-en-
sc- kz-¥w- ]n-Xm-thm- am-Xm-thm- t\Xm-thm- kz-¥w- C-Nv-O-Xs∂-
ans≥d- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bp-sa-∂-√- ssZ-h-
bp-tam- ]-d-™m-epw- A-Xp- h-en-s®dn-™v- {kjv-Sm-hns≥-d- I¬-]
a-√m-Ø- B-sc-bpw,-- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-(k-)-sb-t∏m-epw- Bcm-[n-°m≥-
\-Iƒ- in-c-km-h-ln-°W -- -sa-∂m-Wv- a-X-ß-sf-√mw- ]Tn∏n-°p∂Xv.-
ap-kv-en-w-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-ssi-en-bn-tem- Po-hn-X-
`q-an-bn-ep-≈- k-I-e-Xn-t\-°m-fpw- h-ep-Xm-Wv- kz¿-K-sa-∂pw- B
co-Xn-bn-tem- C-¥y-°v- kz-¥amb- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- h-gn-bn¬- s]-‰-Ω-tbm- ]n-d-∂- \m-tSm- B-cp-X-
sh-∂v- Ncn-{Xw- \-sΩ- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-a-n√.- E-tKz-Z- Im-e-Øv- kv-{Xo-
s∂- hn-e-ß-Sn-®p- \n-∂m-epw- B- hn-e-ßp-I-sf- X-´n- am-‰p-I-tbm- ]n-
I-fpw- ]p-cp-j-∑mcpw- X-e-∏m-hv- [-cn-®n-cp-∂p2sh-¶n-epw- B- B-Nmcw-
gp-sX-dn-bp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xv- kz¿-K-Øn-te-°p-≈- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-cp- kzo-I-cn°m≥- C-∂p-≈-h¿- k-∂-≤-c-√.- ]-e- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-ß-
I-X-s∂- th-W-sa∂pw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- B- {k-jv-Sm-hm-Wv.- "s]‰- fpw- k-a-\z-bn-®- \m-Sm-Wv- ]-≠p-ap-X¬-t°- C-¥y.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-
Ω-bpw- ]n-d-∂- \m-Spw- kz¿K-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-cw'- F-∂- ap-{Zm-hm s∂- C-kv-em-anI- kwkv-Im-cw- h-en-s®-dn-™v- `mcXo-b- kw-kv-I-m
Iy-sØ- AXn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- e-fn-X-am-b- am-\Øn¬- t]m-epw- AwKo- cw- kzo-I-cn-®m-te- b-Ym¿-Y- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-hp-I-bp≈q-sh-∂- hm-Z-
I-cn-°m≥- hnizm-kn-Iƒ-°v- I-gnbm-Xn-cn-°-p-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Im-c-Ww- Øn-¬- bm-sXm-cp- I-g-ºp-an-√.-
CsXm-∂p- am{X-a-m-Wv.- s]-‰-Ω-tb-°m-fpw- ]nd∂- \m-Sn-t\-°m-fpw-
kz¿-K-am-Wv- alØ-c-sa∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- "ln-µp'-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Zy-Im-eØv- - A-¿-Yw- C-¥y°m-c-
sN-øp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-t\m- Iq-dn-t\m- C-Sn-hp- ]-‰psa- s\∂mbn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-°-p-I-bpw- h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h
s∂m-∂pw- kw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xn-√.- sc-√mw- B- A¿YØn¬- ln-µp-°-fm-Wv.- ]-t£,- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv
W-s\-bpw- tKm-amXmhn-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-h≥- am-{X-am-Wv- C∂-
a-s‰m-cp- {]-iv-\w- kw-kv-Im-c-Ønt≥-d-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Im-cyw- \mw- sØ- A¿-Y-Øn¬- "lnµp'.- Cu- \n¿-h-N-\-am-Wv- "ln-µp- a-Xw'F∂-
a-\ n-em-°p-I.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-߃-°p- am-{X-ta- kv-Ym-bn-bpw- kv-Ym-]-\- a-X-Øn-\v- P-∑-w \¬InbXv.-
kp-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-Im≥- I-gn-bq.- a\p
kn-\v-[p\-Zo-X-Skwkv-Im-cw-:- `m-c-Xo-bkw-kv-Im-cw- ssh-ZnI
jy-cp-sS- Pohn-X- co-Xn-bpw- cq-]-hpw F-ß-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂v- ]-Tn-∏n
kw-kv-Im-c-am-sW-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°m-\p-≈- sIm-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {i-
t°-≠-Xv- {k-jv-Smhmb- ssZ-h-amWv.- tZ-io-b- kw-kv-Im-cw- F-∂-
a߃- \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS-bm-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-I-m-c-sØ-
k-¶¬ - ]- w- X-s∂- b-Ym¿-YØ - n¬- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- hn-Im-cß - f- n¬- am{Xw-
°pdn®- hn-h-c-߃- e-`n-®-Xv.- 1856˛¬- ap¬-Øm≥-˛I-dm-®n- dq-´n¬-
k-v-Ym-]n-°-s∏-´- C-Ø-cw- an-Yy-Iƒ-°v- H-cn-°-epw- kv-Ym-bo-`m-h-a-h-
sd-bn¬-thsse≥- \n¿-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-¬- F-©n-\o-
Im-i-s∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- ap-kv-enan-\- v- ap-kv-en-ambn- \n-e-\n-∂p-sIm-
1.- tKmƒ- hmƒ-°¿-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv-:- 575 ap-X¬- 585 h-sc- t\m-°p-I.-
≠p-X-s∂- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Im-cw- kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-Sm- 2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-:- 1,- t]-Pv-:-181
26 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 27
b-dm-b- tUm¨- {_¨-S¨- F∂- Cw-•ojp-Im-c-\m-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\- ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´w- _n.-kn- 1200˛\pw- 1400˛\pw- C-S-bn-em-
Zo-XS- kw-kvI- m-cØ
- n-s≥-d- A-Sb
- m-fß
- ƒ- B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-bXv.- sW-∂mWv- {]-i-kv-X- P¿-a≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-Iv-kv-ap-≈-d-S-°w-
A-t±-l-hpw- k-tlm-Z-c≥- hn-eyw- {_¨-S-Wpw- \-K-cm-h-in-jv-S-ß- ]-e- {]-K-Xv-`c-- psSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-´-
fn-se- C-jv-Sn-I-I-ƒ- sIm-≈-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- X-ßfp-sS- sd-bn¬th- Øn-\v- ap-ºv- th-Z-ßtfm- a‰-p- B-cy-{K-\v-Y-ß-tfm- ]-Tn-°m-Ø- H-cp-
sse-\p-I-fn¬- ssa-ep-Itfm-fw- Zq-cw- C-jv-Sn-I- hn-cn®p.- 1870˛¬- B¿ k-aqlw- C-¥y-bn¬- a-l-Øm-b- H-cp- \m-K-cn-I-X- kv-Ym-]n-®p-sh-∂
°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P\dem- Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥- ssh-a-\-ky-ap-≈-,- kv-Ym-]n-X- Xm¬-]-cy-
bn-cp-∂- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- I-Ænw-Kv- lmw-,- tam-l≥-P-Zm-tcm- lm-c-∏- °-mc- m-b- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Øp-Im-cp-sS- ]pXnb- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw- ssh-
kw-kv-Im-cw- ]-T-\ hnt[-b-am-°n-sb-¶n-epw- 1921˛¬- k¿- tPm¨- Zn-Ibp-Kw- _n.-kn- 3000˛Øn-epw- ]n-d-tIm-´m-sW-∂mWv.- A-ß-s\-
am¿-j-¬- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn- ta-[m-hn-b-m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ- am-{X-amWv- kn-\[ v- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kI
v- m-cw- th-Z˛- ]p-cm-W- Im-eL
- ´- Ø
- n-s≥-d- ]n¥p-
th-≠{X- {]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS- im-k{v- Xo-bam-b-- ]-T\- w- \-S∂- X -- v.- _n.kn- S¿-®bm-sW-∂pw- {_m-lv-a-W- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- ]-cnW-Xim-J-
2500˛m-am-≠n-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- ssk-\v-[-h- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- D-®n-sb- bm-sW-∂pw- A-h¿- hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- _m-en-i-ß-fm-b- G-Xm-\pw- sXfn-
∂m-Wv- `-q-cn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw1.- A-øm-bn- hp-Iƒ- C-h¿°v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-sb-√mw-X-s∂-
c-tØm-fw- h¿-jw- ]-g-°-ap≈- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cw- \-K-c-kw-hn-[m- A-Sn-kvYm-\-cln-X-ß-fm-sW-∂v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- G-sd- ]m-Sp-s]-
\w,- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy,- I-c-Iui-ew,- sI´nS- \n¿-amWw,- ip-No-I-c-Ww,- tS-≠-Xn-√.-
Ir-jn,- I-®-hSw,- I-∂p-I-m-en- h-f¿-ج- Xp-Sßn-b- cw-K-ß-fn-se- k-n-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-k-wkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I¿- Idp-Ø-h-cm-
√mw- A-kq-bm¿-l-am-b- h-f¿-®- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p2.- Cu- kw-kv-Im-c- b- {Zmhn-U∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- ap-gph≥-
Øn-\v- ssh-Zn-I-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[hp-an-√.- _n.- ]n≥-_-e-hp-ap-≈-Xv.- {Zm-hn-U-∑m¿-°m-I-s´- B-cy∑m-cp-am-bn- F-s¥-
kn.- 1200¬-- C-¥-y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂- B-c-y-∑m-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-3 ¶n-epw- k-mZr-iy-ßtfm- A-h-cp-sS- a-X-hni-zm-k-hp-am-bn- F-s¥-¶n-
C-¥-ymN-cn-{Xam-c-w-`n-°p-∂-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂-p- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- kwkv- epw- _-\v-[-ß-tfm- D-≈-Xm-bn- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- Cu-
Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhp- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- hn-Nm-cn-°-s∏ {Zm-hn-U- kwkvIm-cw- \-in-∏n-®-Xv- B-cym-K-a-\-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√-
´ncp∂Xv.- kn\v[p\-Zn-bp-sS- K-Xn-am-‰-am-sW-∂pw- c≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠v.- H-∂m-
ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-sa-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-am- a-sØ- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-tf-sd-bp-≈-Xv.- tam¿-´n-a-¿-
Wv- `m-cX
- Ø
- ns≥-d- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kw-kvI
- m- c
- s
- a-∂- [m-cW
- °
- v- kn\v[p- hoe¿,- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K-Xv-`¿- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-
\Zo-X-S- kwkv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øw- C-f-°w-X-´n-®p.- thtZm- °m-cm-Wv.-
]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- cq]w- \¬-In-b- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- kZr- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw,- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-
i-a√mØ- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-cw- kl{km_vZ߃°v apºpXs∂ Is≠-Ø-temS-p-Iq-Sn,- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssl-µ-h- kwkv-
ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂- K-th-j-W- ^-ew- X-ß-fm-Wv- `mcX Im-c-am-Wv- `m-c-X-Øns≥-d- ]u-c-m-Wn-I- kw-kv-I-m-c-sa-∂- A-h-Im-
Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Im-in-I-sf-∂- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂-h¿-°v- i-hm-Z-Øn-\pw- ]n∂oSv- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-∂-h¿- hn-tZ-in-I
Akl-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- D¬-J-\-\-߃- A-Xv- h-kv-Xp-X- fm-Wv,- A-h¿- ]p-d-Øp-t]m-I-W-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-\pw- h-ºn-®- XI¿-
bm-sW∂v- sX-fn-bn-®p.- ®-bm-Wv- t\-cn-´-Xv.- "`m-c-X- kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-
Im-c'-sa-∂- k-a-hm-Iy-Øn-\v- sX-fn-hp-≠m-°m≥- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b-
1.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN¬-Uv-:- a-\p-jy≥- kz-bw- \n¿an-°p-∂p.-
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\- tIm-iw,-- hm-fyw-:- 2.- t]-Pv-:- 766.- h-cpsS- Du¿-[i - zm-kw- am-{Xam-Wv,- ssh-ZnI- kw-kvI- m-cs
- Ø- _n.kn
3.- tKm¿-U≥- ssN-¬-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-¥p- kw-`-hn-®p?-- t]-Pv-:- 194.- 3000˛Øn-\p- ap-ºt- Ø-°v- ]n-Sn-®p-he - n-°m-\p-≈- {i-aØ
- n-\p- ]n-∂n¬-
28 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 29
sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- \n-c-Øn- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p-≠v-1. "Nn-e-¿- B-cy-∑m-cpsS- ky-[ma1 (C-∂pw- \m-sf-bpw- C-hƒ- Xp-ey-am-bn-Øs-- ∂- h¿-Øn-
]q¿hnI- hm-k-kv-Ym-\w- D-Ø-c-bq-tdm-∏m-sW-∂pw- ]iv-Nn-a- bqtdm- °p∂p.- B- Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°v- A-hƒ- h-cp-W-s≥-d- Kr-l-Øn¬-
∏m-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n-®p.- bq-tdm-∏n¬-\n-∂pw- G-jy-bn-seØn-b- t]m-Ip∂p'-)- F-∂- EtKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- CtXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®- kq-Iv-
tKm-{X-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ- {I-ta-W- t]-gv-ky-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym≥- F-∂o- X-ßf- pw- DØ-c{- [p-hØ- nse- D-jx- I
- m-es- Ø- h¿-Wn-°p-∂h - b
- m-sW-
{]-tZ-i-߃ hgn- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- kn-≤m- ∂m-Wv- tem-Ia - m-\y-Xn-eI
- s
- ≥d- A-`n-{]m-bw.- "B- Zo¿-LI
- m-et- Ø°v-
¥w.- I-cn-¶-S-en\p- hS-°p-≈- _mƒ-°≥- {]-tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂v- t]-gv- D-j-kv- h-cp-W-`-h-\Øn¬- t]m-bn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p- F-∂p-≈-Xn-\v,-
ky-h-gn- h-∂-h-cm-sW-∂- A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- km¿-h{Xn- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- B-Zn-a-hm-k-kv-Y-eØv- B-dp- amkw- A-\v-[-Im-c-am-
Iw.- 1988˛¬- tIm-fn≥- sd≥-^yq- F-∂- ]p-cm-X-X-z-]-Wv-Un-X≥- ]p-Xn- sW-∂m-Wv- A¿-Y-am-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv'2.- B-dp- am-kw- ]-I-epw- B-dp-
sbm-cp- kn-≤m-¥-ap-∂-bn-®p.- Xp¿-°n-bn-se- A\-tØm-fn-bm- {]-tZ- amkw- cm-{Xn-bp-am-b- {]-tZ-iw- {[p--h-ß-fn-em-b-Xn-\m¬- A-hn-sS-\n-
i-Øv- Nm-X¬-l-bp-Kw- B-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-t¥m- bqtdm-]y-∑m-cp-sS- ∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww- B-c-y-∑mcp-sS- hn-hn-[- tZ-iß-fn-te-°p-≈- Ip-Sn-
bpw- A-h-cp-sS- aq-e-`m-j-bp-sS-bpw- D¬-`-h-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂pw- Duln- tb‰w- \-S-∂-Xv- F-∂pw- XneI≥- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.-
°p-∂p.- Im¿jn-I- hn-I-k-\-tØm-sSm-∏-am-W-t{X- ]p-Xn-b- `m-j- B-cy-`m-js - b-°p-dn-®v- K-th-jW
- w- \-SØ- n-b- ]-WU v- n-X∑mcpw-
Iƒ- D¬-`-hn-®-Xpw- hym-]n-®-Xpw.-- hv-fm-Zn-kv-em-hv- C-√n-®v-kv-hn-Zn-Iv,- AXn\v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- `m-j-bp-am-bp-≈- _-\v-[w- Nq-≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p≠v.-
B-d≥-Z¬- Kthm¬-kv-In- F∂o- d-jy≥- `m-jm-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- kz- "E-tKz-Z-Ønse- `m-j-sb-∏-‰n- K-th-j-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- ]m-iv-N-m-Xy-
X-{¥-K-th-j-W-Øn-eqsS- C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y-∑m-cp-sS- aq-e-tI-{µw- A- ]Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- A-Xn-\v- t]¿-jy≥,- {Ko-°v-,- e-Øo≥,- Sq-t´m-Wn-Iv,-
\-tØm-fn-b {]-tZ-i-am-Im-sa-∂v- kn-≤m-¥n-®n-cp-∂p'-2.- kv-tem-thm-Wn-Iv- `m-j-I-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-ap-s≠-∂v- I-s≠-Øn.- Ah-
{]-K-Xv-`-cm-b- C-¥y≥- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw-,- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥-y°p- s°-√mw- Iq-Sn- s]m-Xp-hm-b- H-cp- aq-e-`mj-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-
]pdØp- \n-∂p- h-∂h - c
- m-sW-∂- A-`n-{]m-b°
- m-¿X- s
- ∂-bm-Wv.- tUm. W-hc - p-sS- A-\p-am-\w.- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvI
- rX-Øn-\v- am-Xr-Xzw- I¬]n-
F-kv.- cm[m-Ir-jv-W≥,- k¿ B¿.Pn.- `-WvUm¿-°¿,- A-t£m-bv- °m-\-h¿- X-ø-m-d-√.- Im-c-Ww,-- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- ]ga- tXm-∂n-°p-∂-
Ip-am¿- a-Pqw-Zm¿,- B¿.-C.-kn.- Z-Ø-,- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥- H-∂m-W,v - Gjym-ssa-\d - n-se- t_m-Lm-kt-v Im-b-v (Bogahazkoy) F∂n-
XpSßnb- ]-Iz-a-Xn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw- C-X-s{X.- S-Øp-\n-∂v- I-s≠-Sp-Ø- in-em-tc-J-I-fn-se- `m-j'3.-
_m-eK- w-Km-[c
- X
- n-eI
- s
- ≥-d- ho-£W
- Ø- n¬- B-cy-∑m¿- D-Øc kn-\v-[p- \-Zo-X-S-Øn-se- en-J-n-X-߃- (Indus scripts) C-Xp-
-{[ph-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gpXn-:- "G-‰-hpw- {]m- hsc- hmbn-°m≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- A-Xp-hm-bn-°m≥- I-gn-™m¬ `mc-
-No-\-cm-b- Bcy≥- P-\-X-bp-sS- hm-k-kv-Y-ew- D-Ø-c-{[p--h- {]m-¥- Xo-b- ss]-Xr-Is - Ø-°p-dn-®- ]-e- A-aq-ey-hn-PvRm-\ß - f - pw- a-\
- nem-
ß-fn-se-hn-sS-tbm- B-bn-cp-∂p-.- C-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠- °m≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv- hn-Z-Kv-[¿- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fpw-
sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- B-cy-h-¿-K-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-ß-fm-b- th-Z- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-°f - p-sa-√mw- XpS-°Ø
- n¬- ]-le v- h
- n- en-]n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p-
km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw- sk≥-dv- Ah-kv-X-3bn-epw- D-s≠-∂v- hn-i-zm-k- h-t{X- F-gp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- {_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- AXn-{]-
tbm-Ky-amw-h-Æw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂m-Wv- Rm≥- I-cp- k-c-Øn¬-,- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Ø-p-- \n-∂v- F-gp-X-s∏Sp∂- ]-lv-e-hn-bn¬-
Xp∂Xv'4.- ku-io-c-Zy-k- Zr-io-cn-Zp-tizm,- Zo¿-Lw- kNt¥-h-cp-W- \n-∂v- Ah- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-te-°v- Xn-cn-™p-t]m-Ip-Ibm-W-t{X-
1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- hm-:- 2 ""B-cy-∑m¿''- t]-Pv- 269
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-,- hm-eyw- 1 ""B-cy-∑m¿''-,- t]-Pv- 180.- 1.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:123:-8.-
3.- C-dm≥-Im-cp-sS- ]u-cm-Wn-I- th-Z-{K-\v-Yw.- 2.- Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 103.
4.- Bala Gangadara Tilakan: Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 19 3.- ]n.- Zm-tam-Z-c-]n-≈-:- K-Zy-ssI-c-fn- `m-:- 4 t]-Pv- 161
32 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 33
D≠m-bXv1.- kn-\v-[n-`m-jm-en-]n- A-d-_n- A-£-c-ß-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv- Sp-∂n-√.- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-Xw- Bcy∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- Z¿i\-߃-
Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- kw-kv-Ir-X- `m-j- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°s∏´Xv- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- A-h-b-√m-Ø-sX√mw- sshtZ-in-I-hpw- ]pd-Øm-
th-Zßfn-em-sW-∂v- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Yh
- m,- B-cy- `- m-jb
- m-b- kwkv- °-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈- hm-Z-Øn-\v- bp-Iv-Xnbp-sS-bpw- hkv-
Ir-Xhpw- kn-\v-[n- `m-j-bpw- X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an√.- Cu- Xp-XIfp-sS-bpw- bm-sXmcp- ]n≥-_-e-hp-an-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em°m≥-
"_-\v-[-an√m-bv-a' bpw- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv- B-cy-∑m¿- C-¥y°p- ]p-d- th-≠n- am-{X-amWv- B-cy-∑mcpsS- B-Zn-hm-k-kv-Y-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v-
Øp-\n-∂v- h∂-h-cm-sW∂m-Wv-; A-h-cp-sS- `m-j-t]m-epw- C-¥y-°p- A¬-]w- ]-cm-a¿-in-®Xv.-
]p-d-Øp- cq-]-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂pw.- B-cy-∑m¿- `m-c-X-Øn-\v- ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂v- h-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-sIm≠v-
C-t¥m-bq-tdm-]y≥- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-Xw- kw-km-cn-®n-cp∂- A-hcp-sS- a-X-hn-i-zm-k-Øn-s≥-d- aln-a-tbm- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- Hu-Pv-
Bcy-∑m¿- t]-gv-ky-bn¬- (C-dm≥-)- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-®p-Iq-´n.- ]ns∂- P-ey-tam- Ipd-bp-∂n-√.- a-X-hpw- Z¿-i-\-hp-sa-√mw- tZ-io-b-X-Iƒ-°-
bm-Wv- C¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂-Xv.- t]-gv-ky-°m-cp-sS- sk≥-dv- Ah-kvX- Xo-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-XI-fm-Wv.- B-cyZ¿-i-\w- C-¥y-°-I-Øp-≠m-b-
F-∂- {K-\-vY-Øn-se- `m-j-°pw- ssZ-h-߃-°pw- th-Z-ß-fnse- `mj Xm-sW-¶n-epw- ]p-d-Øp-≠m-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS- D¬-t_m-
bpw- ssZ-h-ß-fp-am-bn- h-f-sc- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- C-{µ≥,- an-{X≥,- hmbp- [-\hpw- k-n≤ - m-¥ß- f- pw- D-PvP
- z-eß-fm-sW-¶n¬- AXw-Ko-Ic - n-°m≥-
F-∂o- ssZ-h-߃- c-≠n-epw- Im-Wmw2.- hn-th-I-ap-≈-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- k-∂-≤-cm-hpw.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- C-¥y-°-
C-sX-√mw- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-db - pw- sX-fn-hp-If - p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm- I-Øp-≠m-bn-t∏m-bn- F-∂- H-scm-‰- Im-c-W-Øm¬- am-{Xw- G-Xp-
\-Ønep-≈- \n-K-a-\-ß-fm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- X-d-hmSv- tæ-NO
v- am-b- hn-iz- m-kß- s- f-bpw- sN-bXv- n-Is
- f-bpw- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-°m\pw-
C¥y-bn¬- Xs∂- I-s≠-ØW-sa-∂v- \n-¿-_-\v-[-ap-≈- Nn-e-cp-≠v.- ]m-Sn-∏p-I-gv-Øm-\pw- hn-Nm-c-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-sc-sbm-∂pw- In-´psa∂v-
Cu- Nn¥m-KX - n-bpsS- P-\b
- n-Xm-hv- B-cy-ka - m-P- kvY - m-]I
- \- m-b- kzm- tXm-∂p∂n-√.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- `-K-hm≥- (?)- c-P\o-jn-s≥d-
an- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bmWv.- \yq-Z¬-ln- tI-{µ-am-°n- {]-h¿-Øn-®p- ssewKnI-X-bn-e-[njv-Tn-X-am-b- ssZ-h-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-hpw- km-bn-
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-kv- ip-≤n- k≥-kv-Ym≥- (N-cn-{X- ip-≤o-I- _m-_-bp-sS- Pme-hn-Zym-ssZ-h-m-h-Xm-c-hp-sa-√mw- P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv- `m-
c-W- kw-L-S-\)- F-∂- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-[m-\- e-£yw- X-s∂- cX-Øn-s≥-d- im-Zz-e-`qan-bn¬-X-s∂-bm-W-t√m.-
B-cy-X-d-hm-Sv- ln-am-e-b-Øn-\n-∏p-d-Øv- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°p-Ib-m-Wv.- tZ-i-ß-f-p-sS- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- B-Xv-
s{]m^.- ]n. F≥.- Hm-°v- F-∂- "N-cn-{X-Imc-'-\m-¬- \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- amhns\bpw- a-\ n-s\-bpw- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-sØ-bpw- ]-cn-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-
{]-kv-Xp-X- kw-L-S-\- tem-I-Øp-≈- t]-cp-tI-´- {]-tZ-i-߃- apgp- Ibpw- \nb-{¥n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-X-w.- H-cp- tZ-i
h≥- ssl-µ-h-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- C-Xn-\-Iw- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.- B-cy- Øp≈h¿-°v- am{Xw- tam-£w,- H-cp- - X-dh - m-´n¬- ]n-d∂
- h
- ¿-°p- am{Xw-
X-d-hmSv- C-¥y-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\v- Ip-td- "sX-fn-hp-Iƒ'- C-h¿- D-≤-cn- kz¿-Kw,-Xp-S-ßn-b- hnIrX-X-X-z-im-kv-{X-߃- a-\p-jy-s\- hn-im-e-
°m-dp-ap≠v.- ]t£,- A-h- \q-dp- i-X-am-\-hpw- _m-en-i-ß-fm-sW-∂- X-bn-te-°-√- k-¶p-Nn-X-Xz-Ø-n-te-°m-Wv- \-bn-°p-I-sb-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.-
XmWv- hmkvX - h- w.- Bcy-Xd - h
- mSv- C-¥y-°v- ]p-dØ - m-sW-t∂m- lnµp- a-l-Ømb- Z¿-i-\-߃- A-Ø-c-Øn¬- k-¶p-Nn-X-am-hp-I-bn-√.--Z¿-
a-Xw- ssh-tZ-in-I-amsW-t∂m- kv-Ym-]n-°p-I-b-√- \Ωp-sS- e-£y i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-∂h-cm-Wv- a-l-Ømb-
sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-htbmtcm-∂-p-sa-Sp-Øv- hn-a¿-in-°m≥- sa-\-s°- Z¿-i\
- ß
- s- f- k-¶p-Nn-Xh
- X
- I
v- c
- n-®X
- v.- sX-‰v- Z¿-i\
- Ø
- nt≥d-X√- ;- A\p-
bm-bn-I-fptS-Xm-sW-∂¿-Yw.-
1.- Bridgett and Raymond Alchiur: The Birth of Indian Civilization
D-≤-c-W-w- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥-:- tI-c-f-Øn-s≥-d- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw.- ln-µp-cm-j{v- Sw-:- "`m-cX
- w- ln-µp- cm-j{v- S-am-Wv'- F-∂- hm-ZØ
- nem
2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- `m-:- 1 t]-Pv-:- 180
34 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 35
Wv- ssh-Im-cn-I- ssl-µ-h-X- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu- h-[w sN-bv-Xp- sIm-√-Ww.- F-∂m¬,- iq-{Z-s\- a-‰p-≈-h¿- sIm-∂m¬-
hm-ZØn-\v- ap-sº-∂-tØ-°m-f-p-a-[n-Iw- kzo-Im-cy-X- e-`n-®p-sIm-≠n- H-cp- h¿-j-sØ- X-S-hpw- ]-{¥≠v- ]-ip-°-sf- ]n-g-bm-bn- h-kq-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ImcWw- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- Adnhn√mbva em°pIbpw- sN-bvX - m¬- a-Xn'1- Xp-Sß- n-- {_mlva- W
- \
- v- H-cp- \n-bahpw-
am-{X-am-Wv.- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- t]cn¬ cmjv{Sap≠m°p iq-{Z-\v- thsdm-cp- \n-b-a-hpw- N-Wv-Um-f-\v- a-s‰mcp- \n-b-a-hp-sa-∂-
hm≥ {ian°p∂h¿ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-b- th-Z-ß-tfm- D-] "kva- r-Xn'I-fn-se- X-Xz- i
- m-kv{- Xw- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- \n¿-an-Xn°p-
\n-j-Øp-I-tfm- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- B-cWy-I-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ß- th-≠- ASn-kvYm-\- \n-b-a-ß-f-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-amsW-∂v-
tfm- F-¥n-\-[n-Iw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-t]m-ep-tam- A-h-sc- ]-Tn-∏n-°m-t\m- ln-µp- dn-ssh-h-enkv-‰p-Iƒ- t]mepw- ]-d-bp-sa-∂p- tXm∂p-∂n-√.-
A-Xn¬- \n-∂pw- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-amW-߃- C-¥y- H-cn-°-se-¶n-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- H-tc-I-I-am-bn-cn-∂p--
D-≤-cn-°m-t\m- k-∂-≤-cm-Im-dn-√.- lnµp-cmjv-{S-sa∂- kz-]v-\-Øn\v- s√-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-£n-bm-Wv.- ap-K-f-cpw- A-^v-Km-\n-I-fpw- Cdm-
ssk-≤m-¥n-I- A-Sn-Ø-d- tX-Sn- ssl-µ-h- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-߃- \n-I-fpw- a‰pw- C-¥ybn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- ]-c-kv-]-cw-
]-c-Xp-∂-h¿-°v- \n-cm-i- am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.- t]mcm-Sns°m-≠n-cp∂- tKm-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h¿-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- PmXn-
th-tZm-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n-sem-∂pw-X-s∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{S-k-¶¬-]w- I-fpsS-bpw- \m-Sp-hmgn-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- cm-Py-Øp-
ImWpI- km[y-a-√.- I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf- ta-®p-\-S-∂n-cp-∂- \m-tSm-SnI ≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.- ln-µp-a-Xtam- Z¿-i-\-tam- kwkv-Im-c-tam- N-cn-{X-
fm-b- B-cy∑mcp-sS- `m-c-Xm-K-a-\-hpw- C-hnS-sØ- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fmb- Øn-sem-cn-°-epw- H-cp- G-Io-I-c-W- iIvXnbm-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√.- am-XrIm-
{Zm-hn-U-cn¬- \n-∂pw- t\-cn-tS-≠n- h-∂- sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-]pw,- Bcy∑m- ln-µp-cmjv-{Sw- F-∂p- ]-d-bm-hp-∂- H-cp- cm-jv-{Sw- C-¥y-bp-sS- K-X
cp-sS- {]m-Ir-X- ssZ-h-˛a-X- k-¶¬-]-ß-fp-sa-√m-am-Wv- th-Z-ß-fp-sS- Im-e- Nc-n{- X-Øn-sehn-sS-bpw- Im-Wp-I- km-[y-a√.- F-tßm-´pw- hf®v-
hn-jb - w.- Po-hm-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- ]c-am-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- Ip-dn-®- Zm¿i\n- hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂- ssl-µ-h- Z¿-i-\-sØ- kzm¿Xv-Y-Øn\p-th-
I- N¿-®-I-fm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°f-- n¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Z-im-h-Xm-c- ≠n- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-°m¿.- C-hcpsS- th-
I-Y-I-fpw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fpw- \nd™- ]p-cm-W Z-{K-\vY
- a- m-b- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°d - p-sS- "hn-Nm- c
- [
- m-c'-bp-sS- kvYnXn-
ßtfm- a-{¥-{]-[m-\-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-tfm- H-∂pw- H-cp- cmjv{S- bpw- a-dn-®√ - .- H-cp- B-Xy-¥n-I- tZ-io-bX- b - p-sS- hm-Nm-ea - mb- hmIvt[m-
k-¶-¬-]Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-Iƒ- k-a-¿-∏n-°p-∂n-√.- ]ns∂- cWn-I-f-√m-sX- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥-d- A-hn-I-e-amb- H-cp- cq-]-tcJ-
bp-≈-Xv- cm-am-b-W- a-lm-`m-c-X-ß-fm-Wv.- Cu- C-Xn-lm-k-߃- cmP- t]mepw- A-Xn¬ I-s≠-Øp-I- km-[y-a√ - .- ln-µp-cm-j{v- S-sa-∂- k¶¬-
Ip-Spw-_-sØ-bpw- hw-i-sØ-bpw- Nq-gv-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂- I-Y-Iƒ- A-h- ]-Øn-\v- sshIm-cn-I-am-b- B-th-i-a-√m-sX- ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-b
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£-,- B-[p-\n-I- cm-jv-{S- bmsXm-cSn-kv-Ym-\-hp-an-s√-∂¿-Yw.-
k¶¬-]Øn-\v- B[m-c-am-th-≠- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- tX-Sn- A-h ln-µp-sh-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- Zm-¿-i-\n-I-am-b- bm-sXm-c¿-Y-hp-ap-≠m-
bn¬- ap-ßn-Ø∏n-bm-epw- \n-cm-i- am{X-am-bn-cn-°pw- ^-ew.- ln-µp- bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- H-cp- tZ-i-°m-sc- hn-fn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-Pv-R-
cm-j-v{S-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-sX-∂pw- \mw- a-\ - n-em-°n.- ]-t£,- C-∂p- lnµp-
`-K-h-Zv-K-o-X-bp-sS kv-Yn-Xn-bpw-- X-ssY-h.- a-X-sa-∂v- ]-db -- -s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {Zm-hn-U-hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- B-cy-hn-
kv-ar-Xn-I-fn¬- km-aq-ln-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpw- cm-jv-{S-\n-b-a-ß-fpw- izm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpw- IqSn-°-e¿-∂- a-X-Øn-\m-Wv.- A-Xm-I-s´- _lp-
{]kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hyhkv- ssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- A-w-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn-e-√m-sX- a-s‰m-
Y-bn-e[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- \n-b-a-ß-fm-W-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.- "{_m
lvaW-s\- sIm-√p∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xo-bn-en-´v- Nn{X- 1.- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw-:- D-≤-c-W-w- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥y-bn-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw
36 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 37
2
ln-µp-:- \n¿-h-N-\-߃-
"ln-µp'-a-X-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- a-X-tam- Z¿-i-\-tam- `m-c-Xo-b-
Ncn{XØn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-´n-s√-∂v- \mw- a-\ n-em-°n.- F-¶n-epw- C∂v-
"ln-µp-a-Xw' Hcp- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Wv-.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- Af-hp-tIm¬- am-{Xw- sh-®p-t\m-°n- "ln-µp'- F∂-
H-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- i-cn-b√.- C-∂v- ln-µp-a-Xw- F∂p-
]-d-bp-tºmƒ- A¿-Y-am-°p∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂- A-t\-z-j-W-Øn-\v-
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- G-sd- {]-kIv-Xnbp-≠v.-
ssl-µ-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- \m-a-߃- k-Xy-{h--X-]-
t´¬- Xs‚- "lnµp-bn-kw-:- a-X-hpw- Po-hn-X-am¿-K-hpw'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-
Øn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- "B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-\m-cy-
kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ka-\z-b-Øn¬- \n∂m-Wv- A-`n-\-h- ln-µp-
a-X-X-X-z-ß-f-p-sS- ]n-d-hn-sb-¶n-epw- B-cy-∑m¿- sIm-≠p-h-∂- a-X-
sa∂- \nebv-°v- A-Xn-s\- B-cy-a-X-sa-∂v,- hntZin-I-fm-¬- ln-µp-a-
X-sa-∂v- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- a-p-tº-hnfn°s∏´p'-.-
As√¶n¬- B-]v-tXm-]-tZ-iw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- i-_v-Z-Pv-Rm-\-sa-∂- [¿-aw,- A-[¿-aw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- F∂nß-s\- C-cp-]-Øn-
\m-emw- {]-am-Ww- sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-]v-tXm-]- \mev- Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv- {Z-h-y-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.-
tZiamWv- i-_v-Z-sa-∂v- (B]v-tXm-]-tZ-ix-i-_v-Zx)-1 Ku-X-a-≥- ]-d- ssh-ti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-`m-h-\- A-
bp-tºmƒ- th-Z-hm-Iy-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂pw- A-s√- Xn-s≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv.- Cu- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-≤m-¥w- {In-kv-
∂pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- A-©mw- \q‰-m-≠n¬- P-o-hn-®- {Ko-°v- X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-≥-
Ku-X-a-s≥-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-߃-°v- H-´-\-h-[n- hy-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y- U-tam-{In‰-kns≥-d- ]-c-am-Wp- kn-≤m-¥-tØ-°mƒ- a-l-Ø-c-am-sW-
ß-fp≠v.- D-tZym-Xc - I
- s
- ≥-d- \ym-bh - m¿-Øn-Iw,- hm-Nk - v]
- X- n-an-{i-s≥d- ∂m-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`-\mb- am-Iv-kv-ap-≈¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.1- ssh-
\ym-b-h¿-ØnI- Xm¬-]-cySn-I,- {io-I-Wv-T-s≥-d- \ym-bm-e-¶m-cw,- Pb- ti-jn-I-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-]©-hymJym-\-am-Wv- ]-c-amWpkn-≤m-
¥-`-´-s≥-d- \ym-b-a-Pv-R-cn,- hm-¬-kym-b-\-s≥-d- \ym-b-`m-jyw- F∂n- ¥w.- A-Xn-ß-s\- kw-{K-ln-°mw-:- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hpw- A-Xn-s≥-d-
h-bm-Wv- C-h-b-n¬- {]-[m\-s∏-´-Xv.- \ym-b-Z¿-i-\-Øns≥-d- A-Sn-kv- hn-hn-[- `m-K-߃- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂p-≠m-b-XmWv.- h-kv-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂v- `m-
Ym-\{- K-\vY
- ß
- f
- n-sem-∂m- b- n- ]-cn-KW- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- D-Zb
- \- s- ≥-d- \ymb- K-ß-sf- th¿-Xn-cn-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bpw- sN-dn-
Ip-kp-am-Pv-R-en-bn¬- h-f-sc- k-a¿-Y-am-bn- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- hy-Iv- b- sN-dn-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bpw- A-h-sb- ho-≠pw- `m-K-ß-fm-bpw- hn-`-Pn-
X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- `u-Xn-I-{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-Ww- H-cp- k-tN-X-\- °m≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-ß-s\- `m-Kn-®v- `m-Kn-®,-v- `m-Kn°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-
i-Iv-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw- A-Zr-jv-Sw- A-tN-X-\-am-b- X-Ø-z-am- A-h-kv-Y-bn-se-Øp-∂- I-W-Øn-s\--bm-Wv- I-Wm-Z≥- ]c-am-Wp-sh-
bXp-sIm-≠v- A-Xn-s\- {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°m-≥- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- B-h- ∂v- hnfn-®-Xv.- ]-c-am-Wp-hm-Wv- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- L-S-
iy-ap-s≠-∂pw- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- th-Z-ß-fn¬- sX-fn-hp-I-fp- Iw.- c-≠p- ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- H-cp- Zz-Wp-I-hpw- Zz-W-p-I-
s≠∂pw- D-Z-b-\≥- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p'2.- ߃- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v- {XzWp-I-ß-fpw- A-h- ho-≠pw- Iq-Sn-t®¿∂v- N-
ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\w-: I-Wm-Z-ap-\nbm-Wv- ssh-tijn-I- Z¿- Xp-c-Wp-I-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ip-∂p.- NXp-c-Wp-I-ß-fp-sS- hn-hn-[- A\p-
i\Øns≥-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- A-t±-lw- F-t∏mƒ- F-hn-sS- Pohn-®n- ]m-X-Øn-ep-≈- Iq-Sn-t®-c-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- hn-hn-[- h-kv-Xp-°-fp-
cp-∂psh-∂-Xn-\v- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- bm-sXm-cp- sX-fn-hp-an-√.- I-WmZ- ≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
s≥-d- ssh-tijnIkq-{X-ß-fm-Wv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-am-W-w.- sshti- ssh-ti-jn-I- kq-{X-߃-°pw- H-´-\-h-[n- hym-Jym-\- {K-\v-Y
jn-I- Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- \ymb-Z¿-i-\-tØ-°mƒ- ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂v- Duln- ß-fp≠v.- {]-ik - X v- ]
- m-Zs
- ≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y[
- ¿-ak
- w-{K-lw,- thym-ai
- n-hs≥d-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- thym-a-]-Xn,- {io-[-c-s≥-d- \ym-b-I-µ-fn,- D-Z-b-\-s≥-d- Im-c-Wm-h-en-
ssh-ti-jn-I- Z¿-i-\-{]-I-m-cw- {Z-hyw-,- Kp-Ww,- I¿-aw,- km-am- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-h-bn¬- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-h.- {]-]-©w- ]-c-am-Wp-hn¬-
\yw,-hn-ti-jw,- k-a-hm-bw,- A-`m-hw- F-∂o- G-gp- ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS- \n-∂v- ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bXn-\p- ]n-∂n¬- I-Wm-Z≥- I¬-]n-®n-cn-°p∂-
k-a-\z-bamWv- {]-]-©w.- ]r-Yzn,- P-ew,- A-Kv-\n,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw,- A-Zr-jvS- Ø
- n-\v- {]-ik - vX
- ]
- mZ≥- {k-jvS- m-hm-b- Cu-iz- c
- ≥ F-∂- A¿
Im-ew-,- Zn-°v,- B-Xv-am hv,- a-\- v- F-∂n-ß-s\- {Z-hy-߃- H-º-XmWv.- YI¬-]-\- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn s≥-d- ]-Zm¿-Y-[¿-a- kw-{K-l-
cq-]w-,- c-kw,- K-\v[w,- kv]¿ iw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-Jy,- ]-cn-am-Ww,- ]rY- Øn¬- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iyw- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ -th≠n- hn-hn-[- sX-fn-hp-I-
Iv-Xzw,- kw-tbm-Kw,- hn`mKw,- ]-c Xzw,- A-]-c-Xzw,- _p-≤n,- kp-Jw,- fp-≤-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.-
Zpx-Jw,- C-O,- tZz-jw-,- {]-b-Xv-\w,- Kp-cpXzw,- {Z-hy-Xzw,- kv-t\-lw,- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\ - w-:- I-]n-e\
- m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i\
- Ø
- n-s≥-d- kvYm-
]-I≥.- C-t±-lØ
- n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-t®m- Ir-Xn-Is
- f-°p-dn-t®m-
1.- \ym-b- kq-{X-߃-:- 1:-1:-7
1.- \ym-b- Ip-kp-amR-v-Pen-:- 1:-1:-7 1. Max Muller: Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, Page196
46 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 47
e£yw.- ]p-cp-j≥- {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- kz-X-{¥-\m- \v-[-am-bp-w sN-tø-≠- I¿-a-߃,-- C-jv-S-ap-s≠-¶n¬- sN-øm-hp-∂-
sW-∂- hnth-I-]q¿-W-am-b- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- am-{X-ta- ssI- I¿-a-߃,- H-cn-°-epw- sN-øm≥- ]m-Sn√m-Ø- I¿-a-߃.- kz¿-K-{]m-
h-ey-sa-∂- e-£yw- km-£m-XI v- c- n-°m≥- Ignbq.- tbm-Km-`ym-kØ - n\v- ]v-Xn-bmWv- bm-K-ß-fp-sS- e-£yw.- tam-£w-,- sF-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-
baw,- \n-ba
- w,- B-k\
- w,- {]m-Wb - m-aw,- {]Xym-lm-cw,- [m-cW
- ,- [ym\w,- \-∏p-d-Øp-≈- kz¿-K-Øn-se- B-\-µ-am-b- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.-
k-am-[n- F-∂n-ß-s\- F-´v- Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v.- Cu- Aw-K-ß-fn-eq-sS- ao-amw-km- kq-{X-ß-fn¬- Cu-iz-c-s\-°pdn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-߃-
IS-∂p-h-∂v- ssI-h-ey-Øn-se-Øp-tºm-gm-Wv- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn-]q¿-W- Im-Wm-\n-s√-¶n-epw- I¿-Øm-hpw- t`m-Iv-Xm-hp-am-b- H-cp- B-Xv-am-hn-
\pw- kz-X-{¥-\p-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.- a-\- n-\v- G-Im-{K-X- e`n-°m≥- s≥-d- im-iz-X-Øs-- Ø-°p-dn-®v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-]q¿-h-sa∂-
Cu-iz-c-[ym-\-amWv- tbm-Kw- \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Zr-iy-am-b- H-cp- \nKqV- i-Iv-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®pw- sP-an-\n- ao-amw-km-
ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\ - w-:- th-Zß- s- f- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\- {]-am-Wß - f - mbn- kq-{X-ß-fn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p-≠v.- I¿-a-^-ew- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv- A]q¿-
kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂- Z¿-i\- a
- m-Wv- ao-amw-km-Z¿-i\ - w.- ]q¿-ha - o-am-wk
- ,- DØ- h-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.-
c-ao-amwk- F-∂o- c-≠p-Xc - w- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i\ - ß- f - p-≠v.- ]q¿-ha - o- amwk- th-Zm-¥Z- ¿-i\ - w-:- th-ZØn-s≥-d- A-¥y-`m-Ka - m-b- D-]\- n-jØ
- p-
th-Z-a-{¥-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-f-p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\Ønep- °-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°p-∂ Z¿-i-\-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥w.- hn-hn-[- hyIv-
≈- I¿-a-߃-°v- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-tºmƒ- D-Ø-c-ao-amw-k- D-]-\n- Xn-I-fm¬- hyXy-kv-X- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
j-Øp-°f-- n-se- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf- hym-Jym-\n-°m\m- °-ƒ- Htc- co-Xn-bn-ep≈- N-n-¥m-k-c-Wn-I-f-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂Xv.-
Wv- {i-an-°p-∂-Xv.- D-Ø-c-ao-amwk- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- th-Zm¥-Z¿- hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp-≤-hp-am-b- ho-£-W-߃- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Dƒ-
i-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]q¿-h-ao-amw-k- ao-amw-kmZ¿-i-\-sa-∂pw.- s°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.- Cu- {]iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\- v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-
ao-amw-km- Z¿-i\- Ø
- n-s≥-d- D-]P- Rv- m-Xm-hv- sP-an-\n-bm-W.v- - Ct±- -fn-¬-\n-∂- v- th-Zm-¥Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p t]m¬-_-e-I-am-b- kq-Iv-X-߃-
l-Øns≥-d- Po-hn-XI - m-eh
- pw- X-¿°
- h- n-jb - a
- m-Wv.- {In-kvX
- p-hn-\v- apºv- k-am-l-cn-®v,- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-am-b- {_
\memw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- aq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-em-sW-∂pw- {In-kv- lv-a-kq-{X-߃- c-Nn-®- _m-Z-cm-b-W-\m-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Øns≥d- D-]Pv-
Xp-hn-\v- ti-j-am-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- Rm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-‰m- ≠
- n-\pw- F.Un-
ao-amw-km-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- [¿-aw,- A¿-Yw,- Im-aw-,- tam-£-w- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X- I¿Øm-hmb-
F∂n-h-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X-e-£y-߃.- Cu- Po-hn-X-e-£y-߃- t\-Sm- th-Zhym-k≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- _m-Zm-cm-b-W-s\-∂m-Wv- `q-cn-]-£w-
\p-≈- am¿-Kß - s - f-°p-dn-®m-Wv- ]-{¥-≠v- A-[ym-bß - f- n-em- b
- n- c-≠mbn- ]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS-bpw- ]-£w.-
c-Øn- A™q-tdm-fw- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- sP-an-\n-bp-sS- aoamw-km- kq{X- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- aq-e-Im-cWw {]]
߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- I¿-aw- sN-øm≥- a-\p-jy-sc- t{]-cn∏n-°p∂- ©mXo-am-b- {_lva - s
- a-∂- H-cp- tI-he
- - ssN-X\
- y-am-Wv.- \m-ev- A[ym-
hn-[n-I-fm-Wv- [¿-aw- (tNmZ-t\m- e-£-tWm f¿-tYm- [¿-ax)-1.- {]Xy- b-ß-fn-embn- A-™q-‰n- A-dp-]-Xv- kq-{X-ß-fp-≈- _m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥d-
£- PvR- m-\w-sIm-≠v- [¿-as - Ø- A-dn-bm≥- I-gn-bm-ØX - n-\m¬- [¿aw- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-Øn-s≥-d- t{]-c-W-- {_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-dn-bm-\p-≈-
A-dn-bm\p-≈- G-I- am¿-Kw- th-Z-hn-[n-I-f-\p-kcn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- I¿-a- B-{K-l-am-sW∂v- (AYm-tXm- {_-lv-a- Pn-Pv-Rm-km-1)- At±-lw- B
sa-∂- ]-Z-w-sIm-≠-v {]-hr-Øn-sb-∂- tI-hem¿-Y-Øn-ep-]-cnbm-bn- Zyw -X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p≠v.- ]-t©-{µn-b-ß-fn-eq-sS- e-`n-°p-∂-
ssh-Zn--I- hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw,- a-‰p- a-X-N-S-ßp-I- A-\p-`-h-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-∏p-dw- {]]-©-Øns≥-d- \n-Kq-V-c-l-ky-a-dn-
fp-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- I¿-a-߃- aq-∂p-X-c-am-Wv:- \n¿-_- bm-\p-≈- A-t\z-jW - a- m-Wv- th-Zm-¥Z- ¿i-\Ø
- n¬- \mw- Im-Wp∂Xv.-
1. ao-a-mw-km- kq-{X-߃- 1.-1.-9 1.- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-߃- A-[ym-bw- 1 ]m-Zw- 1 kq-{Xw- 1
50 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 51
F-∂m¬- Chn-sS- \m-em-a-sØ- h¿-Wn-I-fm-b- iq-{Z-sc- th-Zm-¥-hn- °n-hn-sS- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- F-√m-h¿-°pw- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-
Zy-°v- A-\[
- n-Im-cn-If- m-bn- {]-Jym-]n®n-cn-°p-∂p.- th-Zm-¥h - n-Zy A`y- \¿-l-X-bp-≠v F-∂m-Wv- i-¶-c-s≥-d- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d-
kn-°p-∂Xv- am-{X-a√ - - AXv- {i-hn-°p-∂X - pw- iq-{Z¿-°v- \n-jn-≤a - mWv'1.- XØ--z-sa-∂pw- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h\m- f]-c-'- F-∂- hm-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-
_m-Z-cm-b-W-s≥-d- "{i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xn-tj-[m-Xv-kv- B-Xa v- o-b- km-tlm-Zc
- y-am-Wv- A-t±-lw- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bXv- s- X∂pw-
ar-tXivN'2 F-∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-h-N-\w- hy-mJym-\n-®p-sIm-≠v- i¶- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-h¿- iq-{Z-t\m-Sv- ar-K-ß-sf-t∏m-se- s]-cp-amdW-
c≥- F-gp-Xn:- "A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-\v- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-\-v A-[n-Im- sa-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- I≠n-s√-∂v- \Sn°p-
c-an-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- kvar-Xn- A-bmƒ- th-Zw- tIƒ-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bpw- I-bm-Wv.- iq-{Z-sc- A-tbm-Ky-cm-bn- I¬-]n-°p-∂- km-aq-ln-Im-Nmcw-
A-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xns\-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[n-®ncn-°p-∂p.- th-Z-{i-h- \n-e\- n-∂- k-aq-lØn-em-Wv- Po-hn-®s - X-∂X- n-\m-em-Wv- i-¶c - \- v- Cß-
-1
W-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- thZm¿-Y-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- th-Zm- s\- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-∂-sX-∂v hym-Jym-\n-®v- i-¶-c-s\- sh-≈-]q-ip-∂-
\p-jv-Tm-\-Øns≥-d-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- iq{Z-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- kvar- Nn-e-cp≠v.- Cu- hm-Zw- _m-en-i-am-Wv.- _p-≤-ssP-\m-Zn- a-X-ß-sfbpw-
Xn-I-fn¬- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- {i-h-W{]-Xn-tj-[Øn\v- D-Zm-l-c-W- kmwJyw,- \ym-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bpw- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-
am-bn "th-Z-hm-Iyw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-bm-fp-sS- sN-hn-bn¬- Cu-bh -- pw- ≠mWv- i-¶-c≥- AssZzXw- kvYm-]n-®-Xv.- A-ssZ-z-Xw- sIm-≠v-
A-c-°pw- D-cp-°n-sbmgn-°-Ww'.- iq-{Z≥- k-©-cn-°p-∂- iv-aim-\-am- At±lw- hn-h-£-n-°p-∂-Xv- B-Xvssa-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈- kmtlm-
Ip-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- iq-{Z-s≥-d- A-Sp-Øp-sh-®v- th-Zw- A-[yb-\w- Z-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- A-∂p- \ne-\n-∂- a-X-ß-sf- hn-a¿-in-®p-
sN-øm≥- ]m-Sn-√'.- C-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- hn-[n-®n- tXm¬-]n-®-Xp-t]m-se- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-sØ-bpw- F-Xn¿-Øv-
cn°p∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- bm-sXm-cp-h-s≥-d- k-ao-]w- A-[y-b-\w- tXm¬-]n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lw- e-£yan-´Xv- km-tlm-Z-cy-
sNøm≥- ]mSn√tbm- Ah≥- kz-bw- th-Zm-[y-b-\w- sN-øp-∂-sX- Øns≥d- ktµ-iw- ]-c-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√-;- {]-Xyp-X,- krjv-Sn Pm-
ß-s\?- "A-h≥- thtZm-Nv-Om-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xm¬- Pn-lzm-tO-Zw- sNø eß-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- ]m-c-º-cy-a-X-Ø-n-\v- Xm-Øzn-I- A-Sn-Ø-d-
Ww.- th-Z-a-{¥-߃- [-cn-®m¬- sIm√-Ww'- F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v.- ]Wnbm≥- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
A-Xn-\m¬- A-bmƒ-°v- th-Zm¿-YPv-Rm\-hpw- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-hpw- ]mSn- ]-t£,- A-`n-\-h- ssl-µ-h- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-t∏m-se- ln-µp-cm-jv-
s√-∂p- kn-≤n-°p-∂p.- "i-q-{Z-\v- _p-≤n- (Pv-Rm\w) sIm-Sp-°-cp-Xv'- {S-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-sbm-∂pw- i-¶-cmNmcy¿- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-
F-∂pw- ]-d-™n-´p-≠v3.- ∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Z¿-i-\-ß-sfb-pw- a-X-ß-sfb-p-sa-
th-Z-Øn-se- ]p-cp-j-kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- B--cw-`-n-®v- `m-c-X-Øn √mw- k-a\z-bn-∏n-®v- H-cp- IpS-°o-gn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cm≥-- A-t±-lw- H-cp-
s≥-d- kmaq-ln-I-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-em-sI- C-cp-´p-]-c-Øn-b- Pm-Xn-k-{ºZm- sº-´n-cp-∂n-√.- k-a-Im-en-I- a-X-߃- ap-gp-h≥- A¿-Y-iq-\y-ß-fm-
b-Øn-\v- ]®-s°m-Sn- I-m-Wn-°p-∂- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap- sW-∂pw- thZm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-ssZz-X- hy-m-Jym-\-w- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-
1.- A-ssZz-X- [¿-aw- t]-Pv- 133 £-am¿-K-sa-∂pw- {ioi¶-c≥- hm-Zn-®p.- "tbm-Kw- sIm-t≠m- kmwJyw-
2.- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw- 1:3:38
3.- C-X-iv-N-\- iq-{Z- kym-[n-Im-c- b- Z-ky- kv-ar-tXx- {i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m¿-Y- {]-Xn- sIm-t≠m- a-X-I¿-a-߃-sIm-t≠m- sh-dpw- hn-Zy-sIm-t≠m- tam-£w-
tj-[m- `-h-Xn.-th-Z-{i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- th-Zm-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-kv-Y-X- Z¿- t\-Sm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-∂v- A-\p-`-hn-
Y-Pv-Rm-\m-\p-jv-Tm-\- tbm-iv-N- {]-Xn-tj-[x- iq-{Z-ky- `-h-Xn- {i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-
[- kv-Xm-h-Xv.- ""A-Ym-ky- th-Z-ap-]-ir-Wz-X-kv-{X- ]p-P-Xp-`ymw- t{im-X-{h-]p-cm- ®-dn-bp-I- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-£-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-Kw'-2.- k¿-
Ww''- C-Xn.- ""]-Zyp-l-hm- G-X-Xv- iv-a-im-\w- sb-Nv-O-{Z-kv-X-kv am-Oq-{Z- k-ao-
t]-\m-t[ym-X-hy''.- C-Xn-N- A-X- G-hm-[y-b-\-{]-Xn-tjx- b-ky-ln-k-aot]- ]n-
Xm-t[y-X-hyw- `-h-Xn,- k-I-e- a-{Xp-X- a-[o-bo-X,- `-h-Xn-N-th-tZm-®m-c-tW- Pn- 1. P.V. Kane: History of Dharmashasthra Vol II Part 1 Page 33
lzm-tO-tZm-[m-c-tW-i-co-c- t`-X- C-Xn.- A-X- G-h- Nm¿-∞m-Z¿-∞- Pv-Rm-\m-\p- 2.- \-tbm-tK-\- \- kmw-tJy-\- I¿-Ω-Wm- t\m-\-hn-Zy-bm
jv-Tm-\-tbmx- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- `-h-Xn.- ""\-iq-{Zm-b- a-Xn- Z-Zym-Xv''- C-Xn-˛{_-lv-a-kq- -{_-lv-am-Xv- ssa-I-Xz-tbm-tK-\- tam-£x- kn-[y-b-Xn- \m-\y-Ym'-
{X- im-¶-c- `m-jy-w 1:3:38 hn-th-I- Nq-Vm-a-Wn- 5:18
58 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 59
]-c-ky-am-bn- J-Wv-Un-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- i-¶c≥- ]-d-™Xp- ∂- hy-IX v- n-bpw-- A-dn-bs- ∏-tS-≠- hnjb-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\[ v- Øn¬-
t- ]m-se- PvR - m-\a- m-Wv- tam-£Ø - n-\p-≈- am¿-Kw- F-∂√ - - cm-am-\pP≥- \n-∂m-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.- hnj-b-hpw- hn-j-bn-bpw- H-∂m-
]-d™
- X
- v.- {]-Xyp-X- I-¿a- hpw- `-IvX
- n-bp-am-Wv- tam-£Ø- n-\p-≈- am¿K- sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- Pv-Rm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? A-PvR-X,- A-\n-
sa-∂m-Wv.- B-Xv-ao-b- kw-Xr-]v-Xn-°p-th-≠n-tbm- `u-X-nIhpw- kmº- Xy-X,- A-]q¿-W-X- F-∂n-h-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A\-¥-hp-w-
Øn-Ih - p-am-b- t\-´ß - ƒ-°p-th-≠n-tbm- D-≈- I¿-aß - ƒ- tam£{]m]v- A-\-iz-c-hpw- k-ºq¿-W-hpw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- {_-lv-a-tØm-Sv- D]-
Xn-°p- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-∂n-√.- \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-a-hpw- B-Xv-am¿∏WhpamWv- an°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- ]m-X-I-am-Wv.- {_-lv-aw- \n¿-Kp-W-\m-sW-∂- i¶-
tam-£-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-≈- am¿-Kw.- chm-Zs- Ø-bpw- a-m[ - zm-Nm-cy≥- J-WUv- n-°p-∂p.- \n¿K-pW
- \
- m-Wv- {_lv-
a-sa-∂p- ]-dbp-∂h - ¿- {_-la v- Ø
- n¬- \n¿-Kp-WX
- z-sa-∂- Kp-Ww- - Btcm-
F-√m- a-\p-jy-cpw- Cu-iz-cmw-i-ß-fm-Wv- F-∂v- hm-Zn-®- cm-am
]n-°p-I-bmWv- sN-øp-∂sX--∂pw- A-ß-s\- \n¿-Kp-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS-
\p-Ps≥d- hn-in-jv-S-m-ssZ-z-X-Z¿-i-\-hpw- km-aq-ln-I- k-a-Xz-tam- k¿h-
{_-lv-aw- t]m-epw -k-Kp-W-am-sW-∂pw- A-t±-lw- ]-d-™p.-
km-tlm-Z-cytam- {]t_m[-\w- sN-øp-∂n-√.- A-bn-Ø-hpw- sXm-´-p-
Iq-Sm-bv-a-bpw- Xo-≠n-°qSm-bv-a-bp-sa-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- h¿-Wm- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- b-m-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-Wv.- A-h- am-bb
{i-a-[¿-a-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-hpw- tam£-{]m-]v-Xn-°-p-th-≠n-bp-≈- √.- ]-t£,- A-h-°v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- \n-e-\n¬-]n-√.- {_-lv-aw- tI-h
I¿-a-ß-fn¬- Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.- F-√m- a-\pjy-cpw-˛Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw-˛Cuiz- ehpw- kz-X{¥-hp-am-b- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-sW-¶n¬- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {]]-
cmw-i-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cpw- Xmgv∂- Pm-Xn-°m-cp- ©-hpw- {_-lv-asØ- B-{i-bn-®v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ß-fm-
ap-≠m-hp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂- {]-iv-\-Øn-\v- D-Ø-cw- ImWm≥- hnin- Wv.- a-\p-jy≥- ]o-Un-X\pw- Zpx-Jn-X-\pw- A-]q¿-W-\p-sa-√mw- B-bn-
jv-Sm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-√.- a-t‰-sXm-cp- ssl-µ-h-Z¿i-\-Øn- Øo-cp-∂-Xv- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^-e-ambn-´m-sW∂- i-¶-ckn-≤m-¥-sØ-
s≥dbpw - t ]m- s e - X - s ∂- C- X m- b n- c p- ∂ p- hn- i n- j v - S m- s sZ- z - X - hn-a¿-in-®p-sI-m≠- v- am-[z≥- tNmZn-®p:- "B-cp-sS- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- ^ew?'-
Øns≥dbpw- G‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zu-¿-_-eyw.- a-\p-jy-\pw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂m-sW-¶n¬- Pohm-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- A-hn-Zy-
]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d-bpw- A-hn-Zy-bm-sW∂v- h-cpw.- A t∏mƒ- {_-lv-
ssZz-Xw-:- {InkvXm_vZw 1238˛se- hn-P-b-Z-i-an-Zn-\-Ønem-Wv-
a-Øn-\v- A-Pv-R-X-bp-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-
-I¿-Wm-S-I-Ønse- D-Up-∏n- \-K-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]-Xn-aq-∂v- In-tem-ao‰¿-
X-s∂- "A-hn-Zy'- F-∂- H-∂p-s≠-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂- {_lv-
sX-°p-In-g-°m-bn- kvYnXn- sN-øp-∂- ]-P-I- t£-{X-sa-∂- {Km-aØn-
ahpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- c-≠pw- c-≠m-sW-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-°-em-Wv.- AX√-
- v2- .- am-[z-`m-jy- w- F-∂d
¬-- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb- am-[z≥- P-\n-®X - n-bs∏Sp- A-ssZ-z-X-amWv- i-cn-sb-∂v- iTn-®m¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- k¿-h-Pv-R-
∂- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-hy-Jym\w,- `m-K-h-XXm¬]-cy-\n¿-W-bw,- a-lm`m- X- \ntj-[n-°-embn-cn-°pw.-
c-XX--Xz-- -\n¿-W-bw,- hn-jv-WpXX-z-\n¿W-bw,- k-tXzm-tZym-Xw- Xp-
Sßn-b- ap-∏-tØ-gv- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS- At±lw- th-Zm-¥-Øn-s≥-d- i-¶-c-s≥-d- am-bm-hm-Z-sØ- i-¶c-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- D-Zm-l-c-W-
ssZz-X-hym-Jym-\w- \m-Sp-\o-sf- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.- ß-f-p-]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- am-[zm-Nm-cy¿- hn-a¿-in-°-p-∂p-≠v.-
I-b¿- ]m-ºmbn tXm-∂-W-sa-¶n¬- Cu- tXm-∂-en-\p- \n-Zm-\-am-b-
Po-hm-Xva
- m-hpw- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hpw- H-∂s
- √-∂pw- P-KØ
- v- an-Yy-bs√- I-b¿- am-{Xw- t]m-cm,- AXn-t\m-Sv- k-Zr-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- ]m-ºv- F-∂-
∂p-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fp-sS- k-tµ-i-sa-∂-v am-[-zm-Nm-cy¿- i-Iv-Xn- H-cp- b-Ym¿-Y- h-kv-Xp-Iq-Sn- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- C-Xp-t]m-se- P-K-Ø-v {`
bm-bn- hmZn®p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-¶n¬- a-am-sW-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°W - s- a-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- k-Zr-ia
- m-b- H-cp- b-Ym¿Y-
]n-s∂- {_-lvasØ- A-dn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v- A-ssZz-X-kn- P-K-Øv- th-Ww.- ap-ºv- A-dn-bm-Ø-Xpw- F-hn-sS-bpw- C-√m-Ø-Xp-
≤m-¥Ø - n-s≥-d- h-IvXm-°tfmSv- am--[zm-Nm-cy¿- tNm-Zn-®p.- A-dn-hv- t\Sp amb- H-∂n-t\m-Sv- {`-a-sØ- km-Zr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- A-Xp-
62 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 63
A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- {]-]-©-Øn-∂- v- Im-c-W-an-√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂ph- f¿∂p.- A-ß-s\- ]n-f¿-∂v- ]n-f¿-∂v- _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\-´v-
t{X- _p-≤s- ≥d- hm-Zw1.- {_-la v- k
- m-£m-XIv- m-cs
- a-∂- B-ib
- s
- Øbpw- {][m\- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- A-™q-tdm-fw- D-]-h-n-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.-
tZ-h-{]m¿-Y-\sb-bp-sa-√mw- _p≤≥- hn-a¿-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- ]db- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w-:- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 599˛¬- h-Pv-Pn-bp-sS- X-e-
s∏Sp-∂p.- kv-Ym-\-am-b- ssh-im-en- \-K-cn-bn-em-Wv- ssP-\-a-X- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-
Zpx-JØ - n¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-Xß
- f
- n¬-\n-∂pw- ]q¿-Wt- am-N\ - w- t\Sn- b- h¿-[-am-\- alm-ho-c≥- `q-Pm-X-\m-b-Xv.- a-lm-ho-c-\p- ap-ºpw- ssP-
imiz-Xa - m-b- B-\µ- Ø
- n--se-Øp-∂- A-hk - vY
- s
- b-bmWv- _p-≤≥- \n¿ \-a-X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- E-j-`-tZ-h≥- ap-X¬-- B-cw-`n-®- Xo¿-
hm-Ww- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv.- Zpx-J-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Zp-cn-X-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- Y¶c- ]-c-º-c-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥- am-{X-am-Wv- h¿-
ap-Iv-Xn- t\-Sm≥- A-h-b-p-sS- `u-Xn-I- Im-c-W-ß-sf- \n¿-am¿-P-\w- [-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s\-∂p-am-Wv- hnizm-kw.- P-bn-®-h≥- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈-
sN-øm-\-√,-- {]-Xyp-X- B¥-cn-I- hn-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- kz`m- "Po-\'- -]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- hyp¬-]-∂-amb- Pn-\≥- F-∂- ]-Zw- sIm-
h- ss\¿-ae - y-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- am\knI- ]-cn-{i-aß - f
- n-eq-sS-bpw- \n¿hm- ≠v- cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-I-sf- P-bn-®h -- ≥- F-∂v- hn-h-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-
W-Ønse-Øn-t®-cm-\m-Wv- A-t±-lw- A\p-bm-bn-I-sf- B-lz-m-\w- sI-bp-≠mb- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kn≤m-¥-ß-
sN-bv-X-Xv.- sf- t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®-Xm-W-t{X- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\w.- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- B-
{_-m-lv-a-W- ta-[-m-hn-X-z-sØ- i-Iv-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂- F-Xn¿-°p- Nm-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- in-jy∑m-cnte-°v- t\-cn-´v- hm-sam-gnbm-bn-- {]-N-cn-
I-bpw- h¿-Wm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y-s°-Xn-sc- i-_v-Zn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ∏n-°-s∏-´Xn-\m¬- Cu- Z¿i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- \n¿-{K-\v-
{io-_p-≤-s\- A-k-`y-߃-sIm-≠pw- A-{I-a-߃- sIm-≠pam-Wv- Y-∑m¿- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´p.- h¿-[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-
A∂-sØ- {_ml-v-aW- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.- A-t±-l-sØ- bm-bn-cp-∂- tI-h-en- F.Un.- 57˛¬ ssP-\-Z¿-i-\- kn-≤m-¥-߃-
sIm-e- sN-øm≥- t]m-epw- Ah¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\- \-S-Øn.- A-{I-a t{Im-Uo-Ic - n-°p-Ib
- pw- kq{X-߃,- {]-Io¿-Wß - ƒ,- \n¿-bp-IvX- n-Iƒ,-
߃- sIm-≠v- _p-≤-a-Xw- \-in-°n-s√-∂v- a-\- n-em-°n-b- {_mlv-a D-]mw-i-߃,- tO-Z-߃- F-∂o- h-I-I-fn¬- F¨-]-Øn-\m-ep- {K-
W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- k-a\ - z-bØ- n-s≥-d- X{¥-߃- sI-m≠ - m-Wv- _p≤- \v-Y-߃- ssP-\-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- kw-`m-h-\- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
a-X-sØ- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-°n-b-Xv.- {i-o-_p-≤-s\- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d- ssP-\- Z¿-i-\w- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- Po
H-º-Xm-a-sØ- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- A-`n-\-h- h߃- F-∂pw- A-Po-h-ß-sf∂pw- c-≠m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-h-
ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cn-e-[n-I-hpw.- c-≠pw- imizX-ß-fm-Wv.- `u-Xn-I- ]-Zm-¿-Yw- (]p-Zv-K-ew),- kv-Y-ew,-
_p-≤-s≥-d- \n¿-hm-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Cu- Z¿-i-\-Øn¬ -A-`n Im-ew,- N-e-\w- ([¿-aw-),- \n-iv-N-eX- (A-[¿-aw-)- F-∂n-ß-s\- A©p-
{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bpw- ]m-j-Wv-U≥-am¿- F-∂- hn-`mKw- X-c-am-Wv- A-P-o-h-߃.- Cu- A-Po-h-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´m-Wv-
D-S-se-Sp°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-jw- a-lm- Poh≥- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.- Po-h≥-X-s∂-bmWv- BXv-am-hv.- ]-c-am-
kmw-Ln-I-∑m¿,- tY-c-hm-ZnIƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ho-≠pw- ]nf¿- Wp-hn-\p-t]m-epw- tN-X\ - b- p-≠v.- a-\p-jy-s≥d- C-{µn-bß
- f
- pw- a-\ pw-
∂p.- A-tim-I-s≥-d- `c-W-Im-e-Øv- A-t±-lw- _p-≤-a-X-{]-N-c-W- izm-k-hp-apƒ-s∏sS- {]-]-©-Øn-se- F-√m- {]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw- ]-c-
Øn-\p-th-≠n- b-Xv\- n-®p.- _p≤-aX- w- a-lm-bm-\w,- lo-\b - m-\w- F∂n- am-Wp-°-fp-sS- kw-tbm-Kw- sIm-≠m-Wv- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
ß-s\- c-≠p- {Kq-∏p-I-fm-bn- ho≠pw- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´p.- a-lm-bm-\w- Hm-tcm- Po-hn-Iƒ-°pw- th-sd- th-sd- B-Xv-am-hp-≠v.- A-h-°v-
ho-≠pw- am-[y-an-Iw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zw- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ]n- hyXy-kv-X- h-ep-∏-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- B-\-°v- B-\-tbm-fw- h-ep∏-ap-≈-
1. Caraws: The Gospel of Budha, Page 23
B-Xv-am-hpw- D-dp-ºn-\v- D-dp-ºn-t\m-fw- h-en-∏-ap-≈- B-Xv-am-hp-am-Wp-
66 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 67
X-ambn- ]-d™
- m¬- th-tZm-]\ - n-jØ
- p-Iƒ
- °
- v- A-{]-amZn-Xzw- I¬]n®- h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-hsc- A-Xw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p'-1.- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm¿-i-
ssh-ZnI- Z¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw.- Ch- \n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®m¬- Cu- ]-c-am-_-Zv-[w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥-
sc-bm-Wv- temIm-b-X-sØ-t∏m-epw- ]q-am-e-bn-´v- kzo-I-cn-®- alm-a- Bsf-°n-´p-I-bn-√. A-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-°mw- B-Z¿-i-tam- B-i-b-tam-
\-kv-I-cm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂- h-kv-Xp-X- F-¥p- am-{Xw- hnNn- ]Tn-∏n-°m-sX- A-\v-[-am-b- tZ-io-b- hn-Im-c-hpw- A-\y-a-X-hn-tc-m-[-
{X-a-√!- hpw- am-{Xw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p \mw- I-cp-Xp-I.-
Nm¿-hm-I- Z¿-i-\-hpw- ssh-Zn-I- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- am-{X-
a-√,- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv.- `m-c-X-
Øn-ep-≠mb- ap-gp-h≥- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬-X-Ωn¬- kw-hm-Z-ßfpw-
kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {_lv-
aw- k-Ø-pw- {]-]-©w- A-k-Øp-am-sW-∂- th-Zm-¥n-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv
Ym-\-m-Z¿-i-sØ- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z¿-i-\- kv-Ym-]-
I≥- {]-]© - w- k-Øp-Xs - ∂-bm-sW∂v- kvY - m-]n-°p-∂X- v1.- \-tS- kqNn-
∏n-®- {]-I-m-cw {io-i-¶-c≥- X-s≥-d- A-ssZzX- th-Zm-¥w- kv-Ym-]n-®
Xv- k-a-Im-en-I-ß-fm-b- Z¿-i-\-߃- ap-gp-h≥- A-_≤-ß-fm-sW-∂v-
k-a¿-Yn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.- C-ß-s\- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- kw-hmZ-
Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv- ssh-tZ-in-I-am-b- a-t‰-sXm-cp- Z¿-i-\-sØ-bpw-
t]mse -X-s∂- `m-cX-o-b- Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw- h-f¿-∂p-hn-I-kn-®-Xv.- `mc-
Xo-b- Z¿i-\Ø - n-\v- A-{]-am-Zn-Xz-w- I¬-]n-°m≥- P-\ß - t- fm-Sv- Blzm-
\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-ß-s\- a-X-hn-Im-c-Øn-t∑¬- cm-jv-{Sw- ]-Wn-bm-
sa-∂v- hymtamln-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-h¿- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ- a-d-®p-
sh-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- `m-cXo-b- Zm¿-i-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-
s≥-d-bpw- k-a-\z-b-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-∂v- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w-
sN-øp-∂-Xv.- A-h¿- F-gpXp∂p-:- "H-∂p- am-{Xw- i-cn-;- a-s‰-√mw- sX‰v'-
F-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- ho-£-Ww- A-`m-c-Xo-b-amWv.- H-cp- sk-an-‰n-Iv- "aX'-
sa-∂p-X-s∂- I-cp-Xm-hp-∂- am¿-Ivkn-k-Øn¬- hn-izkn-°p-∂- \ºq-
Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-\v- B- a-XØ - n-s≥-d- ho-£W-ap≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mWv.-
`m-c-Xo-b- ho-£-Ww- a-\p-jy≥- sX-‰n¬-\n-∂v- i-cn-bn-te-°v- ap-t∂dp-
∂p-sh-∂m-Wv-.- A-Xv- H-∂n-s\-bpw- I-Æpw-]q-´n- \n-tj-[n-°-p-∂n-√.-
B-hiym-\p-k-c-Ww- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p.- `q-Xt{]-X-߃- ap-X¬- ]c-
{_lv-aw- h-sc- I-√pw- a-c-hpw- ap-X¬- \n-cm-Im-c- \n¿-Kp-W- {_-lv-aw-
1.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 9.- 1.- ]n.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v-:- 1989 Pq¨- 11˛17
72
a-X-hn-`m-K-߃-
hn-hn-[- Z¿-i-\-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-®v- hy-Xy-kv-X- B-cm-[-\m-
k-{ºZm-b-ß-fpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- C-∂pw- \n-e-\n¬-
°p-∂p-≠v C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xpw.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- B-hn¿-`-hn-®- {]-[-m-\-
a-Xß- ƒ- thZm-¥w,- sshjvW - h- w,- ssi-hw,- im-IvX - w,- ku-cw,- KmW-
]-Xyw,- Iu-am-cw,- tbmKw,- kmw-Jyw,- a-o-amw-k,- ssP-\w,- _u-≤w-
F∂n-h-bm-Wv.- C-h-bn¬- th-Zm¥w,- tbm-Kw,- kmw-Jyw-,- ao-amw-k,-
ssP-\w,- _u-≤w- F-∂o- a-X-߃- \tS- {]kv-Xm-hn-®- Z¿-i-\-ßtfm-
S-\p-_-\v-[n-®-p-≠m-b- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fmWv.- ssh-jv-Whw,-
ssi-hw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ku-cw,- Km-W-]-X-yw,- Iu-am-cw- F-∂o- a-X-ßfpw-
Z-¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS- Dt]m¬-]-∂-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw- A-h- tI-hew- Bcm-
[-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-߃- am-{X-ta- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-≈q.- Z¿-i-\-ßsf-
°p-dn-®v- \-tS-{]-kv-Xm-hn-®- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- a-‰p- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º-Z-m-b-
ß-sf- A-Yh - m- a-Xß
- s
- f-°p-dn-®v- am-{Xw- km-am- \
- y- a- m-bn- \-ap-s°m∂v-
]-cn-N-bs∏Smw.-
ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-w-:- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- A[n-
\m-b-I-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
73 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 74
B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.- {ioIr- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- B-cm-[y-cm-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂- {io- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬-
jv-W≥,- {iocm-a≥- Xp-S-ßn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ß- X-s∂- th-Z-Kz-mfmbn-Iƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- F-∂o- c-≠p- hn-`m-K-ß-
fpw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- B-cm-[y-ß-fm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-c-m-[-\- fp-≠m-bn.- th-Z-K-zm-fm-bn-Iƒ,- e-£v-an-sb- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- k-l-
bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂v- hm-Zn hm-kn-bpw- A-\-¥-bpw- krjv-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-fp-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-
°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Ønsb- tºmƒ-,- sX-¶-fm-bn-Iƒ- A-h-sc- Znhy-Xz-ap≈-h-sc-¶n-epw- kr-jv-Sn
kw-_-\v-[n-®p-≈- sF-Xn-ly-w- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- H-cn-°¬- E-jn-am¿- bm-b-pw- a-[y-h¿-Ø-I-bm-bp-am-Wv- a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv.- cm-am-\-µ≥-
Iq-Sn- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- B-cm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\∂v- ]-co-£n-°m≥- kv-Ym-]n-®- cm-am-\-µn-I-ƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sshjvW- hn-`mK-Øn-
`r-Kp- a-l¿-jn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `rKp-hn-s\- s≥-d- B-cm-[y-∑m¿- cm-a≥,- ko-X-,- e-£v-a-W≥,- l-\p-am≥- F∂n-h
A-hK - W
- n-®p.- A-hs
- c- i-]n- ®
- v- hn-jW
v- p-hn-\S- p-sØ-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ- At±- cm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- s
- ≥-d- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b
- n-\p- ap-ºp-≈- cq-]a
- m-b- _me-
lw- tbm-K-\n-{µ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-]n-®v- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬- tKm-]m-e-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cp-{Z- k-{º-Zm-b-sa-∂- ssh-jv-W-h-
N-hn-´n-b-t∏mƒ- hn-jv-Wp- D-W-cp-I-bpw- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- Im-ep-X-S-hn- hn-`m-KØn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- h-√-`-\m-Wv.-
t£-a-a-t\z-jn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- hn-jvWp-X-s∂-
{io-I-r-jv-W-s\- ]-c-tam-∂-X-\m-bn- Im-Wp-∂- ssN-X-\y-∑m¿-
bm-Wv- ]q-Pm¿-l-s\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.- ]m-©cm-{X-sa∂pw-
F∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏Sp-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- Ir-jv-Wm-h-
`-m-K-h-X- [¿-a-sa∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-Øn-\v- t]-cp-I-fp-≠v.-
Xm-ca
- m-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- ssN-X\y- a-lm-{]-`p-hm-Wv.- `mkv-
B-≠n¬- aq-∂p- {]m-h-iyw- \-S-°p-∂- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- I-cm-Nm-cy≥- kv-Ym ]n-®- \nw-_m¿-°- hn-`m-K-am-I-s´- Ir-jv-W-t\m-
hntTm_m- D¬-k-h-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-thm¬-k-h-ß-fn¬- {]-[m-\-s∏- sSm-∏w- cm-[-sb-bpw- B-cm[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- {i-o-Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw-
´-Xv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- m-kY v- m-\a
- m-b- ku-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- Zzm-cI
- \
- m-Y- t£{X- cm[m-h√ - `
- s
- \-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- cm[m-h√ - `
- - h-n`
- m-KØ
- n-s≥-d- kvYm-
hpw- Xn-cp-∏-Xn-bn-se- sh-¶n-tS-iz-c- t£-{X-hpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Kp-cp ]-I≥- l-cn-h≥-jv- B-Wv.- am-d-Øpw- tXm-fpI-fn-epw- ssh-jv-W-h-
hm-bq¿- t£-{X-hpw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- aq-∂v- ssh-jvW- h- - t£-{X-ßfmWv.- Nnlv-\w- Np-´- C-cp-ºn-\m¬- ]-‰n-®p-tN¿-°p∂- am-[h- hn-`m-K-Øn-
sX-°v- {io-]-Xv-a-\m-`- kz-m-an- t£-{Xw- ap-X¬- h-S-°v- _-Z-co-\m-Y- s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-I≥- hm-bp-tZ-h-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- hnizkn-°-s∏-
t£-{Xw- h-sc- C-¥y-bn-ep-S-\o-fw- [mcmfw- ssh-jv-W-h- t£-{Xß-
Sp-∂- am-[-hm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv-.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX- N-c¨-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- Zm-Zp-]¥n-
fp-≠v.- cm-a-\-h-an,- P≥-am-jv-S-an,- \-h-c-m-{Xn,- Zohm-fn F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-
Iƒ,- l-cn-]-µn-I-ƒ-,- I-_o¿- ]-µn-Iƒ-,- Jm-°n-Iƒ,- ap-ep-Iv-Zm-kn-
{]-[m-\- ssh-jW v- h
- m-tLm-jß - ƒ.- F-√m- am-kß-fn-epw- c-≠v- GIm-
Iƒ,- aocm-`m-bn-Iƒ,- cm-b-Zm-kn-Iƒ,- tk-\m-bn-Iƒ,- km-Jn-_m-h-
Zin- \m-f-p-I-fn¬- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂-Xpw- Kr-lm-¶-WØn¬- hn-jv-
Iƒ,- k-[¿-a-]-µ-n-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-`m-K-߃- ssh-jv-Wh-
Wp-hn-\v- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-b- Xp-f-kn- h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xpw- hn-jv-Wp- k-l{k-
a-X-Øn-ep-≠v.-
\m-aw- sNm-√p-∂-Xpw- ]p-Wy-I¿-a-ß-fm-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv-
ssh-jv-W-h- `-Iv-X-∑m-¿.- \m-c-Z-]-©-cm-{Xw,- Pv-Rm-\m-ar-X-km-cw,- ssi-h-a-X-w-:- {]m-No-\-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- in-h-]q-P-bpw-
\m-c-Z-`Iv-Xn-kq-{Xw,- im-Wv-Un-ey- `-Iv-Xn- kq-{Xw,- a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw,- enw-K-]q-P-bpw- \n-e-\n-∂p-h-∂n-´ps≠-¶n-epw- ssi-h-a-X-Z¿-i-\-߃-
hnjv-Wp- ]pcmWw,-l-cn-hwiw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- ssh-jv-Who-b- {K\v- ]q¿-hIme- in-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- ]n-¥p-S¿-®-b-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-
Y-ß-fm-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv.- a-Xw.- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- kw-lm-c-I-\m-b- in-h-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-
ssh-jvW - h- - a-XØ- n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-Xy-kvX - - D-]- a-Xß- f - p-≠mbn- h-cm-Wv- ssi-h≥-am¿.- "inh-Pv-Rm-\-t_m-[w'- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-sa-gp-Xn-
´p≠v.- cm-am-\p-P≥- kvY - m-]n-®- {io- k-{º-Zm-ba- m-Wv- C-hb - n¬- G‰hpw- ssi-h- kn-≤m-¥-߃-°v- Zm¿-i\n-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- \¬-Im≥- {ian
]u-cmWn-Is - a-∂v- I-cp-Xs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.- hn-jW
v- p-hn-s\-bpw- e-£a v- n-sbbpw- ®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- sa-bv-°-Wv-U¿.- ip≤m-ssZz-Xw- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn
75 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 76
b-s∏-Sp-∂- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-cw- {_lv-a- -a-√- in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a- ]c-a-in-h-\p-an-S-°v- a-[y-h¿-Øn-bm-b- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tcm-ln-X-s≥-d-
am-b- k-Xyw.- `uXn-I{- ]-]©
- h - pw- Po-hm-Xva- m-hp-sa√mw- b-mY
- m¿-Yyß- B-h-iy-an-s√-∂pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s\- ]q-Pn-°-p-I,- enw-K-]q-P- \-S-Øp-I,-
fm-sW-¶n-epw- A-h- in-h-\p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- bmYm¿- sh-≈n-bp-sStbm- sN-ºn-s≥-d-tbm- X-In-Sn-\p-≈n-em°n- in-h-enwKw-
Yy-߃- aq-∂m-Wv.- ]-Xn,- ]-ip.- ]m-iw ˛kr-jv-Sn-kv-Yn-Xn- kwlm-c I-gp-Øn¬-s°-´n-Øq-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-K-
ß-fp-sS- \m-Y-\m-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a-k-Xy-am-b- ]-Xn.- A-hn-Zy- ß-sf∂pw- Xo¿-Y-bm-{X-I-fpw- bm-Km-Zn- I¿-a-ß-fpw- X-]- p-I-fpw-
bm-Ip∂- I-b-dn-\m¬- tem-I-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- Po-hm-Xv- \ncm-lm-c- {h-X-ß-fp-sa√mw- A-\m-h-iy-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- kn-≤m-¥n®-
am-hm-Ip-∂-p- ]ip,- A-hn-Zy,- I¿-aw,- am-b- F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈- Po-hm- ho- c - s si- h - ∑ m- c m- W v - 1 a- s ‰m- c p- hn- ` m- K w.- \m- K - k - \ ym- k n- a m¿,-
Xv-am-hn-s\- _-\v-[n-°p-∂- I-b-dp-I-fm-Wv- ]m-iw.- Cu- ]m-iw- A-dp- AtLmcw,- ssh-Zn-Iw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- th-sd-bpw- ssih-
Øp-I-f-™v- ]-ip- ]-Xn-bp-am-bn- H∂n-®p -tN-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- tam-£w.- h-n-`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-\pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
]-ip-hpw- ]-Xn-bpw- H-∂n-®p-tN-cp-I-sb∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- ]-ip-]-Xn- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.-
bm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-√;-- - {]-Xyp-X- ]-ip- (Po-hm-Xv-am-hv)- ]q¿-
W-X- {]m-]n-°p-I-sb-∂-p- am-{X-am-Wv- A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv.- in-h-]p- a-lm-in-h-cm-{Xn-bm-Wv- ssi-h-∑m-cp-sS- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cp-
cmWw- lm-e-ky-]p-cm-Ww- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- in-h-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I-ß-fmb- BtLmjw.- in-h-cm-{Xn- Zn-h-k-Øn¬- cm-{Xn-bn¬- {h-Xm-\p-jv-Tm-
]p-cm-W-߃.- \-tØm-sS- D-d-ßm-sX- D-]-hm-kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-I-bpw- in-h-kv-XpXn-
\-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-tø-≠-Xp≠v.- C-{]-Im-cw- {h-Xw- A-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-
Im-©o-]p-cw,- Nn-Zw-_-cw,- X-©m-hq¿,- F-t√m-d,- a-Yp-c,- ssI- h¿- in-ht- em-Iw- {]m-]n-°pw.- ]m-]nIƒ-°p-t]mepw- in-hc
- m-{Xn- BN-
em-kw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yw,- Im-io-hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- {]kn- cn-®m¬- tam-£w- {]m-]n-°m-sa-∂m-Wv- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
≤-ß-fm-b- t£{X-߃- ap-X¬- C-¥-bn-se- t£-{X-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-
£-hpw- in-h-t£-{X-ß-fm-Wv.- in-h-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- `m-h-ß- im-Iv-X-a-Xw-:- i-Iv-Xn- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- _-ew,- Hm-P- v- F-∂n
fp-≠v.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ssh°w,- G-‰pam-\q¿,- I-Sp-Øp-cp-Øn- t£-{X- ß-s\-bm-W¿-Yw.- in-h-]-Xv-\n-bm-b- t-Zh-n-bm-Wv- i-Iv-Xn.- i-Iv-Xnbp-
ß-fn¬- hn-hn-[- `m-h-ß-fn-ep-≈- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- in-h- am-bn- _-\v-[-an-s√-¶n¬- in-h≥- A-i-Iv-X-\m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- in-h-s≥d-
enw-K- {]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- {]-kn-≤-amWv.- Im-in- hn-iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw,- tkm- kr-jv-Sn- kvYnXn -kw-lm-c-ß-sf-√mw- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-
a-\m-Y-Iv- t£-{Xw,- cm-ta-iz-c- t£-{Xw,- DPv-P-bn-\n-se- a-lm-Ip-te- Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂Xv.- i-Iv-Xn-°v- Zp¿-K,- Im-fn,- `p-h-t\-iz-cn,-
iz¿- t£-{Xw,- amƒhbn-se- Hm-¶m-tc-iz-c- t£{Xw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Y- alm-am-b,- `-K-h-Xn- F-∂n-ß-s\- hnhn-[- \m-a-ß-fp-≠v.- C-ß-s\-
t£-{Xw,- a-√n-Im¿-Pp-\- t£-{Xw,- ss{Xw-_-tI-iz-c-t£-{Xw,- ssh- Cu-iz-c-s\- am-Xr-`m-h-Øn¬- Im-Wp-Ibpw- A-h-sc- B-cm-[n-°p-I-
Zy-\m-Y-t£-{Xw-,- `o-a-i-¶-c-t£-{Xw,- \m-tiz-c-t£-{Xw,- Lpjv-taiz- bpw- sN-øp-∂- a-Xam-Wv- im-Iv-X-a-Xw.- A-\m-cy-∑mcmb- C-¥y-bnse-
c-t£-{Xw- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- in-h-enw-K-{]-Xn-jv-T-Iƒ- kz-bw-`q-hm- B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- {]-Nc- n- ®
- n-cp-∂- A-Ω- ssZ-hk- ¶- ¬-]Ø - n¬-
sW-∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.- \n-∂m-Wv- tZ-hn-]q-Pm- k-{º-Zm-bw- D-Ss - e-Sp-Øs
- X-∂v- N-cn-{X-Imc∑m¿-
2
I-cp-Xp-∂p- .- A-Ω- ssZ-h-sØ- ]-c-a-in-h-s≥-d- ]-Xv\n-bp-sS- ]-Zhn-
ssi-h-a-X-Ønep-ap-≠v- A-t\-Iw- D-]-hn-`m-K-߃.- ]-c-a-in-h
bn-te-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- B-Zy-˛Z-kyp-- k-¶-e-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-bncp-
\m-Wv- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- k-Xy-sa-∂pw- tem-Iw- in-h-s≥d-
∂p-sh-∂pw- Du-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
{]-Xn-^-e-\-am-sW-∂pw- ]-c-in-h-\p-am-bn- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- Xm-Zm-Xv-ayw-
{]m-]n-°p-∂-XmWv- tam-£-sa-∂p-am-Wv- Im-iv-ao-cn- ssi-hkn-≤m-¥- a-Yp-c-bn-se- ao-\m-£n,- tI-c-f-Øn-se- `-K-h-Xn,- ssa-kq-cn-se-
Øn-s≥-d- s]m-cpƒ.- k¿-h-Pv-R-\pw- k¿-h-i-Iv-X-\pw- k¿-th-iz-c-\p- 1. IgpØn¬ enwKw sI´nØq°p∂Xn\m¬ Ch¿ enwKmbX∑m¿ F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p
am-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\-√m-sX- a-s‰mcp- ssZ-h-an-s√-∂pw- B-cm-[-I-\pw- 2. Marshall: Mohanjodara and the Indus Civilization-Page 50-51
77 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 78
Nm-ap-Wv-Un,- _w-Km-fn-se- Im-fn- F-∂n-h- {]-kn-≤-ß-fm-b- A-Ω- ku-c-a-Xw-:- k-q-cy-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- kuc-
ssZ-h-ß-fm-Wv.- i-Iv-Xn-]q-P-I-∑m¿-°v- ssew-Kn-I-{]-[m-\-ß-fm-b- a-Xw.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- {]-]u-{X-\m-b- I-i-]y-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn-ep-
hnhn-[- a-X- N-S-ß-p-I-fp≠v.- tZ-h-X-bpsS- t]-cn-ep-≈- _-en-I-tfm-S- ≠m-b- ]{¥≠v- B-Zn-Xy-∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-Wv- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\-∂m-
\p-_-\v-[n-®m-Wv- C-Ø-cw- ssew-Kn-I-ß-fm-b- a-X-N-S-ßp-I-ƒ- \-S Wv- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- B-Zn-Xy-lr-Z-b-a-{¥w- sNm-√n- kq-cy-
°p∂-Xv.- cm-{Xn-bn¬- c-lk - y-am-bn- \-S°- p∂- N-Sß - p-If
- n¬- \m´nse- tZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-®- ti-jamWv- cm-a-\v- cm-h-W-s\- sIm√m≥-
\n-eh- n-ep-≈- B-Nm-cß - ƒ- \n-jn-≤a - m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂s- X-√mw- Xn-∂pI- Ign-™-sX-∂v- B-≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-bWw- ]-dbp-∂p.- {K-lm-[n-]-\m-
bpw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib- pw- k-`y-Xb
- p-sS-bpw- a-cym-Zb
- psS-bpw- G-‰h- pw- km[m- bpw- {]-Xy-£- \-ak- vI
- m-cØ- n-eq-sS-bpw- kq-cys\- ]q-Pn-°p-∂h
- c
- p≠v.-
c-W-ß-fm-b- \n-b-a-ß-sf-t∏m-epw- e-Pv-P-bn-√m-sX- ]-c-ky-am-b-n- ew {K-l-im-¥n- F-∂- I¿-a-Øn-eq-sS- {K-lm-[n-]-\m-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂-
Ln-®p-sIm-≠v- B-Wp-ß-fpw- s]-Æp-ß-fpw- H-∂n®v- bm-sXm-cp- ASp- kqtcym-]m-k-I¿- kq-cy-s\- ]q-Pn-°p-tºmƒ- B-Zn-Xy-\-a-kvIm-c-Øn-
°pw- a-p-d-bp-an√m-sX- sI-´n-a-dn-™v- Iq-Øm-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-1.- eq-sS-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- hn-`m-Kw- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-∏n-°p-
i-Iv-Xn-]q-P- {_-lv-a-km-£-m¬-Im-c-Øn-\p-≈- am¿-K-am-bm-Wv- ∂Xv.- C-¥ybn¬- h-f-sc- Np-cp-°w- Nn-e- kq-cy-t£-{X-ß-fp-≠v.-
B[p\n-I- im-Iv-X-a-X-°m¿-t]m-epw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv.- im-Iv-X-aX-
Øn-epw- hyXy-kv-X- hn-`m-K-ß-fpw- D-]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v.-
Km-W-]-Xy-a-Xw-:- in-h-s≥-d- ]-p-{X-\pw- K-W-ß-fp-sS- \m-b-I-
\p-ambn- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- K--W-]-Xn-sb- B-cm-[n-
°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- Km-W-]-Xyw.- X-S- -߃- \o-°p-∂- Cu-iz-
c-s\-∂- A¿-Y-Øn¬- hn-Lv-t\-iz-c≥- F-∂p- h-n-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- K-W-
]-Xn- ]-c-{_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-c-am-sW-∂m-Wv- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv.- B-\-bp-sS- ap-J-ap-≈- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- sIm-ºv- ]-c-ip-
cm-a-\p-am-bp-≈- bp-≤-Øn¬- H-Sn-™p-t]m-bn.- aq-jn-I-s\- hm-l-\am-
bn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- `m-cy-am¿- kn≤n-bpw- hnZv[n
bp-am-Wv.- G-Xv- {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-tºm-gpw- K-W] - X
- n°v- \mfn-
tI-cw- D-S-®v- X-S- -߃- \o-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- Km-W-]-Xy-aXØn
s≥d-Xm-Wv.-
Iu-am-c-a-X-w-:- ap-cp-I≥,- Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥,- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy≥,-
jUm\ \≥- F-∂o- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {io-Ip-am-c-s\-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂- aX-am-Wv- Iu-am-cw.- {io-Ip-am-cm-[-\- {Zm-hn-Vk -- w-kv-
Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- `m-K-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {Zm-hn-V-kw-kv-
Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- A-hinjv-S-߃-\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-¥y≥- k-aq-l-ß-
fn-em-Wv- {io-Ip-am-c-]q-P- C-∂pw- ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu-
A-\p-am-\-Øn-\p- \n-Zm-\w.-
1. Abbe-J.A. Dubois: Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies Vol 1 Page 288
79 [-¿a
- h
- pw- kw-kvI
- m-ch
- pw- 80
√mw- A-`n-{]m-bw.--1- k-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- k-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c-߃-°pw- Øn-epw- a-‰v- ]-cn-jv-°-c-W- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fnepw- {]-h¿-Øn-®-h¿-°p-
_lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-Iƒ-°p-sa-Xn-sc- B-™Sn- ≈- {]-[m-\- sX-‰v- ap-kv-enw-Itfm-Spw-{In-kv-Xym-\n-ItfmSpw- Xm-gv-∂-
®- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- {_-lv-a-k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp- ]-cn-jv- Pm-Xn-°m-tcm-Spw- Iq-sS-bn-cp-∂v- A-h¿- `£-Ww- I-gn-°p-∂psh-∂-
°-cW - - kw-cw-`Ø - ns≥-d- `m-Ka - m-bn-cp-∂p.- kr-jvS- n-°s - ∏-´- Po-hnIsf- Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xn-:- ""Ah¿- bm-sXm-cp- hnth-
tbm- h-kvXp-hn-s\-tbm,- A-hX - m-cß- s - f-∂v- hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h - t- ctbm- N-\h - p-an-√m-sX- Xn-∂p-Ib- pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p.- bq-tdm-]y∑m¿,-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - v- i-cn-bs
- √-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- {_-la v- k
- a
- m-PØ - n-s≥-d- Imgv- ap-lΩ-Zo-b¿,- Pm-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- {`-jv-S-cm-°-s∏-´-h¿- apX-em-b-hcp-
N-∏m-Sv.- Pm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- Abn-ØØ - n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- i-IX v- a- m-bn- B™Sn- sS- Iq-sSbn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠pt]m-epw- A-h¿- Xn-∂p-Ib - pw- Ip-Sn-°p-Ibpw-
1
®- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {io-\m-cm-b-W- Kp-cp-hn-s≥-d- ap-t∂-‰-hpw- ln-µp- sN-øp-∂p'' .- Pm-Xn-Iƒ- Iq-Sn-°-e-cp-∂-Xn-s\- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a¿-in®-
aX- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s≥-d- `m-Kw -X-s∂-bmbn cp-∂p.- ""H-cp- Pm-Xn,- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kzXn- h¿-Æm-{i-a-hy-h-kv-Y-sb- \ym-b-o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
H-cp- a-Xw,- H-cp- ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-\v''- F-∂- Kp-cp-X-XzØn\p≈- {]tNm- PmXn-Iƒ- \n-e-\n¬-t°-≠-Xv- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW-∂v-
Z-\-hpw- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-b- ap-kv-enw- Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-sS- c-N\-I-fmbn- hm-Zn-°p-Ibpw- sN-bvX - p-2.- a‰p-aX- °- m-sc- ln-µp-aX
- Ø - n-te-°v- ]-cnh¿-
cp∂p-sh-∂v- kq-£v-a-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap°v- hy-Iv-X-am-hpw.- ssZ- Ø-\w- sN-øn-°m\pw- ln-µp-a-XsØ- kp-i-Iv-X-am-°m-\pw- {i-an-®-
hm-cm[\- am{XamWv- C-l-]-c-tam-£-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-®- Z-bm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xn- t]m-epw- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- D¬-Ir-jv-S-
a-lm-tZh- tKm-hnµ-dm-\-sUbpw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hpw- ln-µp-]cn- sa-∂pw- hn-{K-l-cm-[\- i-cn-b-s√∂pw- hm-Zn-®p-sIm≠m-Wv- X-s≥-d-
jv-°-c-W-{i-a-ß-fm-Wv- \S-Øn-b-Xv. kn-≤m-¥ß - ƒ-°v- A-Sn-Ød - - ]-Wn-XX- v.- Pm-Xnbpw- k-h¿-Æ- ta[mhn-
F-∂m¬- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p Xz-hpw- \n-e-\n¿-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xob- k-aq-l-Xn-\v- A`n
al¿jn - Z-bm-\µ - k- c- k
- z-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-ka - m-Pw.- Z-bm-\µ
- k
- c - k
- zXn- Im-ay-sa-∂pw- hm-Zn-®- B-cy-k-am-P-am-Wv- ln-µp-cm-jv-{S-sa-∂- k-¶¬-
a-X-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øns≥d- h-Iv-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- a-X-]-cn-jv-°-c-W- ∏-Øns≥-d- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Nm-c-I-sc-∂m-Wv- sX-fn-bp-∂-Xv.- "lnµpcm-
Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X-ß-sf- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- tZ-io-b- jv{- S'sa∂- k-ck - z-Xn-bp-sS- Nn-¥I - ƒ-°v- Po-h≥-\¬-Im≥- {i-an-°p∂-
sF-Iy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- {i-an-®-t∏mƒ- At±l hpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym- A-`n-\-h- Bcy-k-am-P-°m¿- `m-c-Xo-b- k-aq-l-sØ- F-tßm-´m-Wv-
]n-®- B-cy-k-am-P-hpw- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b-X-bpw A\y-a-X-hn-tcm-[- \-bn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kq-N-\- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- e-`n-°p-∂p.- tZim-
hp-am-Wv- {]-Nc - n-∏n-®X- v.- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- "k-Xym¿-∞{- ]Im-i'2 sa∂- `n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- s]m-bv-ap-J-a-Wn-™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- B-cy-k-am-Phpw-
]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿- ap-gp-h≥- th-Z-ßfpsS- {]-h¿-Øn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- s\-lv-dp- F-gp
A- { ]- a m- Z n- X zw- Aw- K o- I - c n- ° - W - s a- ∂ pw- A- √ m- Ø - h - s cm- ∂ pw- Xp-∂p-:- ""\niv-N-ehpw- {]-Xn-tcm-[m-Xv-a-I-hp-am-b- ln-µp-a-X-sØ- A-
C¥ybn¬- Pohn-°m≥- A¿-l-c-s√-∂pw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥- ]m-Sp-s]´n- {I-a-Wm-Xv-a-I-am-b- H-cp- an-jn-\-dn- a-X-am-°m-\p-≈- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p-
´p-≠v.- C-kvemwaXw,- {In-kv-X-p-a-Xw,- _p-≤-a-Xw,- ssP-\-a-Xw Xp- B-cy-k-am-P-Øn-t≥-d-Xv.- ln-µp-a-X- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- AXn-
Sßn-b-h- am-{X-a-√- \thm-∞m-\- kw-cw-`-ß-fm-b- {_-lv-a-k-am-Phpw- s≥-d- e-£yw.- Cu- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\v-A¬-∏w- iIv-Xn- \¬-In-b-Xv-
{]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P-hp-sa-√mw- A-kXyØn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°-fm-sW tZ-im-`n-am-\-Øn-s≥-d- \n-d-am-bn-cp-∂p.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- lnµp- tZio-
∂pw- Ahsb√mw Bcykwkv°mcØns≥d i{Xp°fmsW∂pw b-XzØn-s≥-d- X-e-s]m-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- ln-µp- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-b
B-cy--k-am-Pw- hm-Zn-®p.- {_-lv-a-k-am-P Ønepw- {]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-P- Xn-\m¬- A-Xn-\v- C-¥y≥- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-Im≥- hn-j-aw- t\cn´p''3.
1. M G. Ranede- The Rise of the Maratha Power, Page 55. 1 Swami Dayananda Saraswathy: The Light of Truth Page 433.
2.- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- The Light of Truth -F-∂- t]-cn¬- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- 2 Ibid Page 88-91.
X¿-Pv-P-a- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- 3 Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History Page 436
83 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- [-¿-a-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- 84
am-{X-am-Wv.- `m-cX
- o-b- a-Xß
- f
- psS- D-dh
- n-Sw- tX-Sn-bp-≈- A-t\z-jWw.-
`mc-Xo-b- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-se- ssZ-hn-I- kzm-[o-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\zj-
Ww,- kXyØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-kX- y-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y≥- a-Xß - ƒ- Fßn-
s\-bm-Wv- ]-cnW-an-®-sX-∂- A-t\z-j-Ww.......-
`m-Kw c-≠v-
ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃-
87 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 88
F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Z߃- {]-am-Z-a-pIv-X-ß-tfm- k¿-∆-Xpw- Dƒ-s°m- ¥-X-bn-en-cp-∂v- E-jn-am¿- th-Z-a-{¥-ß-sf- a-\-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v-
≈p-∂-tXm- A-√.- B-Xv-aob- k-Xyw,- en-Jn-X- tc-J-I-tf-°mƒ- hfsc- kv-Yn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- XØz-hn-Nm-c-am-b- B-c-W-y-I-߃- D-]m-k-\m-
D-∂-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- thZ-c-ln-X- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]-Jym-]n Im-Wv-U-Øn-epw- B-[ym-Xv-a-im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-Xv-a-kw-_-\v-
®- bm-Ym¿-∞y-ß-sf- \mw- hn-e-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- [n-bm-b- N¿-®-bp-sS-bpw- tI-{µ-ß-fm-b- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Pv-Rm-\-
sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- ]n-∂o-Sp-h-∂- \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-se- a-Xm-[ym-]-I- Im-Wv-U-Øn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- kw-ln-X,- {_m-lv-aWw,- B-c-WyIw,-
∑m-cp-sS- B-¥-cn-I-Z¿-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-te-°pw- D-]-\n-j-Øv- F-∂n-h- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv- th-Zw.- Ch- ap-gp-h≥-
\mw- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Zw,- A-Km-[-am-b- B-¥-cn-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fp- {ipXn- A-Y-hm- A-]u-cp-tj-bam-Wv- F-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h- hn-izmkw.-
sSbpw- hn-Pv-Rm-\- sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- tc-J-b-s{X''-1.- F-∂m¬- km-[m-c-W- th-Z-sa-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏--Sp-tºmƒ- kw-ln-X- am{Xsa-
kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ- th-Z hn-h-£n-°m-dp-≈q-sh-∂-Xv- i-cn-X-s∂- ]-s£, th-Z-ß-fp-sS- `mKw-
Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- sX-‰pw- h-cm≥- km-[y-X-bn-s√-∂- ]-£-°m-cmWv.- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fpw- B-c-Wy-I-ß-fpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
kzm-an- Z-bm\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xp-∂p:- ""Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- a-X- fp-sa-√mw.- F-∂m¬- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- A-t±-lw- kv-Ym-]n-®-
]-c-am-b- k-Xy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-d-hn-S-am-b- \m-ep-th-Z-߃- ssZ-h-Øn- B-cy-k-am-P-Øn-s≥-d- h-Iv-Xm-°fpw- kw-ln-X-°v- am-{X-sa- ]q¿-Æ-
s≥-d- hm°m-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- a-{¥-kw-ln-X-sb-∂dn- am-b- A-{]-am-Zn-Xzw- I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≈q.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "k-Xym¿Y-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-W-h.-sX‰mb- bm-sXm-∂pw- A-Xn-en-√.- {]-Im-i'-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ap-ºp-≤-cn-®- D-≤-c-Wn- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
Xn-I-®pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I-ß-fm-W-h''-2.- Cu- hm-Zw- ln-µp-߃- C-t∂mfw-kzo-I-cn-®p- t]m-∂- A-`n{]m-bØn-
C-hn-sS- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-ap-≠v.- th-Z-sØ- s]m-Xp-hmbn- s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥- FgpXp-∂p-:- ""th-Z-ß-sf-∂m-¬-
aq∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- eu-In-I-hpw- kw-ln-X-Iƒ- am-{X-am-sW-∂p-≈- hm-Zw- hf-sc- ]p-Xn-b-Xpw- ]-tc-X
]m-c-{Xn-I-hp-am-b- A-`o-jv-S kn-≤n-I-fpw- ku-Jyhpw- D-≠m-hp-∂-Xn- \m-b- {io- Z-bm-\-µ- kzm-an-I-fm¬- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´n ´p-≈ Xp-am-Wv.-
\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A\p-jv-Tm-\-ap-d-I-fp-≈- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- H-∂v.- C-Xv- km-[m-c-W- P-\-߃-°n-S-bn¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-X√.-
Cu-iz-cm-cm-[-\- sN-tø-≠p-∂- co-Xn-bpw- sF-ln-I-hpw- ]m-c-{Xn-Ihpw- kw-ln-X-°v- ]p-Xn-b- A¿-∞-I¬-∏-\Iƒ- \¬-In- ssh-Zn-I-kn-≤m-
]-c-am¿-∞n-I-hp-am-b- kn≤n-Iƒ-°p-≈- D-]m-b-ß-fp-a-S-ßp-∂- D-]m- ¥-sØ- ap-gph≥- hym-Jym-\n-°m-\p-≈- D-t±-iy-am-Wv- Cu- hm-Z-Øn\v-
k-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- c-≠m-a-tØXpw- Cl-tem-I- ]-c-tem-I- X-Xz-ßfpw- ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv.- hn-j-a-߃- F-∂n-´pw- A-h-km-\n-®n-´n-√.- C-∆n-[sam-
Po-hm-Xva
- m-hv- ]-ca- m-Xva
- m-hv- P-KØ
- v- F∂n-hb - p-sS- c-lk
- y-hp-aS- ß
- p∂- s°- sN-bv-Xn-´pw- {_mlv-a-W-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-te-°v- A-h-
PvRm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xp-am-Wv.- thZ-߃-s°-√m-ap-≈- ho-≠pw- \n-]-Xn°p-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp''-1.-
kwln-X,- {_m-lva - W
- w,- B-cW - y- I
- w,- D-]\
- n-jØ - v- F∂o- \m-ev- hn`m- kr-jvS- n-bp-sS- B-cw-`Ø
- n¬-Xs - ∂- th-Zw- A-hX - c- n-∏n-®p-sh∂-
K-ß-sf- Cu- aq-∂v- Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hyh- hnizm-k{]-Im-cw- {]-]-©-Øn-\v- F-{X- ]-g-°-ap-t≠m- A-{X-bpw-
l-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.- tZ-ho-tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- ]g-°w- th-ZØn-\p-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ-s≥-d- a-X-{]-Im-cw- th-Z
kwln-X-bpw- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Kq-Vm¿-∞-߃- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-I-bpw- ߃- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xv- 1310 an-√y¨- h¿-j-߃-°v- ap-ºm-Wv.-
A-\p-jT v- m-\ß
- f- p-sS- hn-[n-hn-[m-\ß - ƒ- \n¿-t±-in-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp∂- F-∂m¬- `m-jm-im-k{v- XPvR - ∑- m-cpw- h-kX v- p-\n-jT
v- - N-cn-{X-Im-c∑ - mcpw-
`m-K-amb- {_m-lv-a-W-hpw- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.- GIm- Cu- hm-ZØ - n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- {InkvX
- p-hn-\v- ap-ºv- B-bn-cm-am-≠n-\v- apºm
bn-- ]-e- Im-e-ß-fn-em-bn- cq-]w-sIm≠- E-tKz-Zw- _n.-kn.- 800\pw-
3. Dr. S Radhakrishnan: Indian Religions, Page 22.
4. Swami Dayananda Saraswthati: The Light of Truth, Page 657. 1 Letters of Swami Vivekananda, Page 96.
97 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 98
fpw- aq-∂v- A-Kv-\n-I-fp-ap-≠v''-1 F-∂v- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øn-epw- ep-≠v.- aq-e-E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- F-√mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw''1.- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬-
""B-Zn-Xy-∑m¿,- cp-{Z≥-am¿,- a-cp-Øp-°ƒ,- h-kp-°ƒ,- A-iz-\o-Ip-amc- kq-Iv-X-߃- Ip-d-hv- ImWptºmƒ- a-‰v- Nn-e-h-bn¬- IqSp-X-em-Wp≈-
∑m¿,- E-tKz-Zw,- bPp¿-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- a-{¥w,- AKv-\n,- B-Pyw,- Xv.- ''-{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- D-]-\njØp-I-fn-epw- {iu-X- kq-{Xßfn
B-lp-Xn- F-∂n-hs - b-√mw- \m-cm-bW- ≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- D-Xv`- h
- w,- kw`- epw- Im-Wp-∂- ]-e- a-{¥-ß-fpw- C-∂-sØ- E-tKz-Z-Øn-en-√.- I-≠p-
hw- C-h-bpw- Zn-hy-\pw- tZ-h-\pw- G-I-\p-am-b- \m-cm-b-W≥- Xs∂bm In-´n-b- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn-e-h-bp-≠p-Xm-\pw.- sFX-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-W-
Wv''-2 F-∂v- kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw- Øn-se- {]-Xn-I-E-jn-bp-sS- a-{¥-߃- C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.-
Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°p-∂-Im-e-Øv- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw- D-≠m-bncp- C-h-sb- F-ß-s\- \n¿-Æ-bn-s®-Sp-°mw- F-∂-Xv- I-Sp-Ø- k-a-kybm-
∂n-s√-∂pw- A-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- D-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- \ym-b-am-bn- A-\p Wv''-2.- th-Z-ß-fn¬- bm-sXm-cp- ssI-{In-b-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-´n-s√-∂- hmZw-
am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.- C-hn-sS- tNm-Zyw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-f-sS- ]m-T-t`-Z-ßfm-
""k-l-{km-_v-Z-߃-°pti-j-hpw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- hy-Xym-k-sam b- imJ-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- \-jv-S-s∏Sp-I-Iq-Sn- sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-∂v- h-cp-
∂pw- h-∂n-´n-√''- F-∂- hm-Z-°m-sc- Ip-g-°p-∂- H-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv- tºmƒ- Cu- tNmZyw- sN-ø-en-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-tb-dp-∂p.- \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-
\am-Wv- imJI-sf- kw-_\ - [
v- n-®- N¿-®I
- s
- f-√mw-Xs
- ∂. ""im-JI- fn¬- im-JI - f
- n¬-Xs
- ∂- a-{¥-kw-Jy-If- p-SsS- F-ÆØ
- n¬-t]m-epw- hyXym-
Nn-e- am-‰ß--fp-s≠¶n-epw- aq-e-]m-T-Øn¬- H-cp- hy-Xym-k-hpw- h-∂n k-ap-s≠-∂v- h-cp-tºmƒ- ep-]v-X-am-b- im-J-I-fn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- hyXym-
´n-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√,- Xo¿-Øpw- kw-c-£n-X-hp-am-Wv''3.- F-∂- {]-tbmKw- k-ß-fp-≠m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \n-tj-[n-°m≥- h-ø.- ""im-J-I-sf-
X-s∂- C-°m-cyw- hy-IvX-am-°p-∂p.- kw-_-\v-[n-®- ]-T-\w- H-´pw- F-fp-∏-a-√.- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- im-J-Ifpw-
tem-]n-®p-t]m-bn.- A-h-sb- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv- Xp-temw- hn-j-a-am-Wv''3
im-JIƒ- th-Zm-h-b-h-am-sW-∂pw- A-X-√- th-Z-hym-Jym-\ß- F-∂m-Wv- Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bnIƒ- t]m-epw- ]dbp-
fm-sW-∂pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- F-¥m-Wv- th-Z-im-J-I-sf-∂-Xns\- ∂-Xv.-
°p-dn-®v- {io.- \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""th-Zw- kr-jv-Sn-®-X√.-
A-h- \n-Xy-amWv.- A¿-∞w- \n-Xy-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-£-c-ß-fn-epw- E-tKz-Zw-:- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS- th-Z-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬-sh-®v- G-‰-hpw-
hyRvP - \- ß
- f- n-epw- A-tßm-´p-an-tßm-´pw- am-‰w-hc
- pw.- A-ßs\- am‰w- {]mNo-\h - pw- {]m-am-Wn-Ih - pw- E-tKz-Za- m-Wv.- "E-°v'- F-∂- ]-ZØ
- ns≥d-
h-∂h - b- m-Wv- Im-TI- w,- Im-em]Iw,- au-ZI
- w,- ]m-∏n-em-Zw- Xp-Sß - nbh.- A¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.- E-tKz-Zw- ap-gp-h≥- tZ-hkv-Xp-Xn- kw_-
C-hn-sS- A-£-c-ß-fn-epw- hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fn-epw- am-‰-sa-∂p-]-d-™Xv- \v-[n-bm-b- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv. E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-sbm-∂v- im-J-I-
th-Z-im-J-I-sf- D-t±-in-®m-Wv.- A-h-bn-em-W-t√m- ]m-Tm-¥-c-߃- fp-s≠-∂m-Wv- ]-XR - P v- en- X-s≥-d- a-lm-`m-jy-Øn¬- ]-d™ - n-cn-°p∂-
D-≈X- v.- A-Xn-\m¬- H-c¿-∞s - Ø- hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂h - b - m-Wv- ]m-Tm¥- Xv.- C-tX- A-`n-{]m-bw- Xs∂-bm-Wv- kzm-an-Z-bm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-°pap-
4
c-߃- F-∂v- h-cp-∂p''- .- D-®m-c-W-t`-Z-hpw- ]m-T-t`-Z-hpw- am-{X-a-√- ≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v- A-dp-]-Øn-
im-J-Iƒ-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- Im-Wmw.- Nn-e-im-J-I-fn¬- ]-e- sbm∂v- im-J-I-fp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- C∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-en-
kq-Iv-Xß-fpw- Im-Wp-∂n-√. -""E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn¬- cn-°p-∂- E-tKz-Z-kw-ln-X- im-I-e- im-J-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-sI- ]-Øv-
aqt∂m- \m-tem- a-{¥-ß-fp-sS- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ip-d-hv- Im-Wmw.- im-I-e- a-WU v- e
- ß- f- n-em-bn- 1017 kq-IX v- ß
- f- m-Wv- E-tKz-ZØ
- n-\p-≈X - v.- imIe-
im-J-bn¬- ]-e- _m-e-Jn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-√.- _mjv-I-e- imJbn- kw-ln-X-bn¬- C-√m-Ø-Xpw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-sX-∂v- Icp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- _m-eJn-√y- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn-
1.- {_-lv-a- hn-tZym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- im-¥n-]m-Tw- 5
2. kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 6:-3 1.Ibid, Page 67.
3 \-tc-{µ- `q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 38.- 2.Ibid Page 68
4.Ibid, Page 66. 3.Ibid Page 68
101 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 102
B-sI- 1500 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂v- \tc-{µ-`q-j¨-1 ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- a{¥-ß-sfmgn®v- _m-°n-sb-√mw- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- F-´pw- H≥-]-Xpw-
1900 a-{¥-ß-fp-s≠∂m-Wv- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-2 hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- Hmtcm- aW-v-U-e-ß-fn¬-\ns∂Sp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.- C-h- ]m-Sp-∂-Xn-∂p-≈- kuI-
cp-Øc - pw- A-he
- w-_a
- m-°n-bX
- v- hy-Xy-kvX
- - im-JI
- s
- f-bm-hmw.- AXm- cy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- B-h¿-Øn, -]-cnh¿-Pv-P-\w- F-∂o- am-‰-߃- km-a-
bn-cn-°-W-w- hy-Xy-kvX- F-Æ-w- a-{¥-߃- H-tc- th-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂- th-Z- a-{¥-ß-fn¬- h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- km-a-th-Z-kw-ln-X- c-≠v- B¿®n-
bp-s≠-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- Im-c-Ww.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- B-sI-bp≈- I-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-hpw- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-hpam-
\m¬-∏-Xv- A-[ym-b-ß-sf- 1975 JWv-Un-I-I-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn- W-h.- ]q¿-∆m¿-®n-I-Øn¬- BKv-t\-b-Im-Wv-Uw,- sF-{µ-Im-Wv-Uw,-
°p-∂-Xv.- 190 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- tkm-a-Im-Wv-Uw,- B-c-Wy-Im-Wv-Uw- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-`mK-ß-fm-Wp-
Ir-jv-W-b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- ssX-Øn-co-b- kw-ln-X-bv-°v- Ggv- ≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- B-sI- 650 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- ]-Ø-v A-≤ym-b-ß
AjvT-I-ß-fpw- Hm-tcm- A-jv-T-I-Øn-epw- A-©p-ap-X¬- F-´p-h-sc- fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂- D-Ø-cm¿-®n-I-Øn-em-Wv- _m-°n- 1225 a{¥-
A-[ym-b-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- 650 A-\p-hm-I-ß-fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-s\-´mbn- ßfpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv.-
c-tØm-fw- a-{¥-߃-C-Xn-ep-≠v.- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- im-J-I-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn-epw- A-`n-{]m-b-
Z¿-i-]q¿-Æ-am-kw,- Nm-Xp¿-am-kyw,- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-iz- hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.- B-bn-c-am-sW-∂pw- B-bn-c-Øn- A-dp-]-Ø-©m
ta-[w,- cm-P-kq-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- bm-K߃-°v- D-]tbm-Kn-t°-≠- a{¥- sW-∂pw- Bbn-c-Øn- F¨-]-Xm-sW-∂p-sa-√mw- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂-
ß-sf-∏-‰-bpw- bm-K-hn-[n-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- F-∂m¬- Iu-Yp-ao-bw,- cm-Wm-b-\o-bw,- ssP-an
∂- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ø-n-se- a{¥-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- h-kn-jv-T≥,- \o-bw- F-∂o- im-J-Iƒ- am{X-sa- C-∂v- In-´m-\p-≈q.-
hn-izm-an-{X≥- Xp-S-ßn-b- Ccp-∂-q-dn¬-∏-cw- E-jn-am-cm-Wv.- b-Pv-R- Km-\v-[¿-∆ th-Z-am-Wv- k-m-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]t-h-Zw.- kw-KoX-
th-Zn-bpw- A-Kv-\n-I-p-Wv-T-hpw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-tºmƒ- sNm-t√-≠- a-{¥- ˛- \-rØ- hmZym-Xn-im-k{v- X-ßf- p-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y
v- s
- a-∂d
- n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- Km\v-
߃-ap-X¬- bm-K-Ø-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- s\øv,- N-a-X,- bq-]w,- bm-K- [¿-∆-th-Z-Ønse- E-jn-am-¿- tkmta-iz-c≥,- `-c-X-ap-\n- F-∂n-h-cmWv.-
th-Zn-°p-≈- C-jv-Sn-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-tbm-Sv- {]m¿-∞n-°p∂- a-{¥-߃- D-]m-k-\m-{]-[m-\-am-b- km-a-th-Z-Øn-se- Km-\-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈-
h-sc- b-Pp¿-th-Zw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- a-{¥ß-fn¬- A-[n-Ih- pw- {]m¿-∞\- I
- fm-Wv.- A-Kv\
- n,- C-{µ≥,- tkmaw-
A-dp-]X - n-\m-bn-cw- t«m-Iß - f- pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- [\p¿-th-Za - mWv- F-∂o- tZh-∑m-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂- a-{¥-ß-fp-ap-≠v C-Xn¬.- Km-\-cq
3
bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D-]-th-Zw.- B¿.-Sn.-F-®v.- {Kn-^n-Øn-s≥-d- ip-¢- ]-Øn-ep-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- h-f-sc- kpµ-c-ß-fm-Wv.- km-
b-Pp¿-th-Z- ]-cn-`m-jb - m-Wv- {]-kn-≤a - m-bX
- v.- Cw-•o-jn¬- {Kn-^n-Øn\v- ath-Zw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- ""ssZ-h-sa!- F-s≥-d- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v-
ap-ºpw- ]-e-cpw- ]-cn-`m-jI-sfgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- b-Pp¿-thZ- \√-Xp-am-{Xw- tIƒ-°p-amdm-hp-I-bpw- t\-{X-߃-sIm-≠v- \-√-Xp-
Øn-s≥-d- a-eb - m-f- ]cn-`m-jI - s
- fm-∂pw- Cu- te-JI - s
- ≥-d- Zr-jvS- nbn¬- am{Xw- Im-Wp-am-dm-hp-I-bpw- sN-tøW-ta''-1 F-∂- kp-µ-c-am-b-
s∏-´n-´n-√.- tZ-ho-Nµ - n-s≥-d4- C-w•- o-jv- ]-cn-`m-jb - pw- ]-cs
- °- D-]tbmKn- {]m¿∞-\tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
°-s∏-Sp-∂- k-c-f-am-b- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.- km-a-th-Z-Øn-\pw- Cw-•o-jn¬2 ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-≠v.- a-e-bm-f- ]cn-
km-a-th-Zw-:- Km-\-{]-[m-\-am-b- th-Z-am-Wv- km-a-th-Zw.- B-sI- `mj-I-sfm-∂pw- Cu- te-J-I-\v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-™n-´n-√.-
1875 a-{¥-ß-fm-Wv- km-a-th-Z-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xn¬- F-gp-]-Ø-©v-
1 ""`-{Zw- I¿-tW-`n-:- ir-Wp-bm-a- tZ-hm-
1.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨-:- ssh-Zn-I-km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-:- 99.- `-{Zw- ]-tiy-am-Iv-jn-`n¿-P-b-{Xm''-
2.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-:- 182. 2 Max Muller: Sacred Books of the East (London),
3. Griffith-R.T.H-The Texts of the White Yajurveda (Benares). Pandit Satyakam Vidyalankar:
4. Devi Chanth: The Yajurveda (New Delhi) The Holy Vedas (Delhi.), Devichand: The samaveda (Delhi)
105 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 106
tZ-h≥- G-gv- Ip-Xn-c-I-sf- ]q-´n-b- c-Y-Øn¬- `q-an-°v- Np-‰pw- I-d-ßn- te¿-s∏-´-Xm-bp-≈- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-1 {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bpw- B-cy-∑m¿-°n-S-
k-©-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂1- [m-cW- th-Z-ß-fn-epw- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh- bn-se- Ip-Øgn-™- ssew-Kn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te-°p-≈- kq-N-\-I-f-√m-
¶n-epw- A-sXm-cp- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-am-sW∂v- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°s∏- sX- a-s‰m-∂pw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-√.-
´p-I-gn-™n-´p-≠v.- A-kp-c-]p-{X-\m-b- cm-lp- X-a- p-sIm-≠v- kq-cy- th-Z-ß-sf- hn-a¿in-°p-∂-Xn-∂p-th-≠n-tbm- th-Z-X-Xz-ß-sf-
s\- a-d-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- kq-cy-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pw- 2 N-{µ-s\- √mw- A\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-tbm-
cm-lp- hn-gp-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- N-{µ-{K-l-W-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂p-3ap-≈- A-√- C-{Xbpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- th-Z-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-hpw- th-Z-kq-Iv-X-
th-Z-kq-Iv-X-߃- A-°m-e-sØ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øns≥d ]cnanXnbmWv ß-fn¬- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- k-zm-[o-\-Øn-\p-≈- km-[y-X
hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- bp-w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ-X-s∂- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-hpw- k-ºq¿-
A-an-X- k-w-t`m-K-am-Wv- £-b-tcm-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-sa-∂pw- Æ-hp-am-sW-∂- hm-Zw- i-cn-b-s√-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-hm-≥-th-≠n- am{X-
AXpw- I-gpØn-ep-≠m- h - p-∂-- K-WvU
- a
- m-eb
- pw- a-{¥-߃-sIm-≠v- am‰m- am-Wv.- tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\-t∏m-ep-≈- ]Iz-a-Xn-I-fm-b- ]Wv-
4
sa-∂p-ap-≈- [m-c-W-bpw- C-tX-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv.- a-{¥-hm-Z-hpw- Un-X-∑m-cpw- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-a-s√-∂v- hm-Zn-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw-
am-c-W-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw- b-Pv-R-ß-fpw- b-m-K-ß-fpw,- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw˛ a-s‰m-∂√ - .--
tZ-h-∑m-sc-t∏m-epw-˛ \nb-{¥n-°m≥- ]-cym-]v-X-ß-fm-sW-∂- hn-izm-
k-am-Wv- th-Z-Øn-ep-S-\o-fw- ImWm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
th-Z-Øn-se- ssew-Kn-I-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- ]-e-t∏m-gpw-
«o-e-X-bp-sS- A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-I-sf-- t`-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- Ip-am-cn-am-cp-sS-
am-dn-S-sØ-bpw- Xp-S-I-sf-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-sf-bpw- h¿-Æn-°p-∂-
Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- «o-e-X-bp-sS- F-√m- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- Im-‰n¬- ]-d-
Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv5.- ]r-jv-T-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- \n-
b-{¥n-°m-≥-- s]-Æm-Sp-am-bpw- hmKvssh-`-hw- t\-Sm≥- ap-´\m-Sp-am-
bpw- ]-c-a-am-b- sF-iz-c-y-߃- e-`n-°m-≥-- Im-f-bp-am-bp-ap-≈- ssew-
Kn-I-_-\v-[w6 \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂- th-Z-߃- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-sW-∂-
A-`n{]m-bw- F-{X-tØm-fw- i-cn-bm-sW-∂v- A-Xn-s≥-d- hIvXm-°ƒ-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xam-t°-≠-Xv.- b-a-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Im-am-
Xp-c,- b-as
- \- ssew-Kn-I_
- \- v[
- Ø
- n-\v- £-Wn-°p-∂X - m-bp-≈- E-tKzZ7
kq-Iv-X-hpw- ]n-Xm-hv- kz-¥w- ]p-{Xn-bp-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I-_-\v-[-Øn-
1 E-tKz-Zw- a-Wv-U-ew- 1 kq-Iv-Xw- 50.-
2 E-tKz-Zw a-- -Wv-U-ew- 10 kq-Iv-Xw- 40.-
3.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- G-tIm-\-hnw-i- Im-WvUw-:- 9:-10.-
4. E-tKz-Zw: k-]v-X-Ia-Im-Wv-Uw-:- 76:-1˛5.-
5.- D-Zm-:- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 10,- kq-Iv-Xw- 10˛15,-
ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 23:-22˛25,-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- N-Xp¿-Z-i-Im-Wv-Uw- 2:-38.
6.- ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 21:-60.-
7.- E-tK-z-Zw- a-:-10 kq-:- 10,-12.- 1.- A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- \-h-a-Im-Wv-Uw- 10:-12.-
109 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 110
{_m-la v- W
- ß
- ƒ- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia- m-b- {ip-Xn-tc-JI- f- n¬-s∏-Sp∂n-
s√∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- {_m-lv-a-Ww- {ip-X-n-b-s√-
∂pw- kv-a-r-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X∑m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\m-
Wv- "X-Øz-a-kn'-sb-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- a-e-bm-f-Øn-\v- kp-µ-cam-b-
D-]-\n-j-Ø-v hym-Jym-\w- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°mSv.-
""{_m-lv-a-Ww- kv-ar-Xn-bm-Wv.- A-Xv- {ip-Xn-bm-sW-∂- hym-Jym-\-
amWv- {_m-lv-a-W-]u-tc-m-ln-Xy-sØ- Xm-ßn- \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- {ip-Xn-
I-f√m-Ø-h- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-am-b- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-If√.- A-Xp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂- A-h- kzo-I-cn-°m≥- ssl-µ-h¿- _m-[y-kv-Y-cp-a-√.- thZm-
2 \p-_\ - [
v- Ø- n- s
- e- I-e¿-∏p-Iƒ- am-{X-am-b- {_m-la v- W
- ß
- f- n-se- bPvR-
߃- th-Z-X-Xz-߃-°v- \n-c-°p-∂-X-√.- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-b- {_m-lv-a-
W-ß-sf-t∏m-ep-≈- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf- {ip-Xn-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-®- hn-th-N
\-an-√m-bva- b
- m-Wv- `m-cX
- o-bcp-sS- B-Xva - o-bt- _m-[w- B-Zy-am-bn- ]mfw
{_m-lv-a-W-߃ -sX-‰n-ho-gm-\p-≈- Im-cW-w-'' . 1
k-ºq¿-ÆP - vR
- m-\'- '-sa-∂m-Wv- C-Xv- hn-h£
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂s
- X-∂pw- hmZn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- thZ-km-cw,- th-Z-e-£yw,-
th-Z-c-l-kyw- F-∂n-ß-s\- hn-hn-[-\m-a-ß-fn¬- D]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-
hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-p-.-
th-Z-ß-fp-sS- A-\p-_-\v-[-am-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- -A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-h- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hm-tcm-∂pw- k-z-X-{¥-Ir-
Xn-I-fm-bmWv- \-ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- Bi-
b-_-\v-[w- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- A-h-bpw- th-Z-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬-
E-tKz-Zw-:- sF-X-tc-bw,- Iu-jo-X-Io- {_m-lv-a-Ww,- \m-Z-_nµp,- ""F-√-m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-epw- sh-®v- km-c-`q-X-am-b- Cu- \q-‰n-
B-Xv-a-{]-t_m-[w,- \n¿-hm-Ww,- ap-Zv-K-ew,- A-£-am-en-I,- {Xn-]p-c- F-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw- H-cp- X-h-W-sb-¶n-epw- {i-hn-®m¬- t]m-epw-
Xm-]n-\n,- ku`m-Ky-e-£v-an,- _r-lv-hr-Nw,- (B-sI- ]-sØ-Æw-).- k¿-∆-]m-]-ß-fpw- \-in-°p-∂p''-1 sh-∂v- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- a-\- n-em-Ip-
ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw-:- Cu-im-hm-kyw,- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-Iw,- Pm_m- ∂-Xv- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- th-sd-bpw- th-Zm-¥ßƒ-
ew,- lw-kw,- ]-c-a-lw-kw,- kp-_m-ew,- a-{¥n-Iw,- \n-cm-ew-_w,- {Xnin- D-s≠-∂p-X-s∂-bmWv.- Cu- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- sshZnI-
Jn- {_mlv-a-Ww,- a-Wv-U-e-{_m-lv-a-Ww,- A-Zz-b-Xm-c-Iw,- ss]w-Kew,- {]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-µ-
`n-£p-Iw,- Xp-co-bm-Xo-Xw,- A≤ym-Xav- w,- Xm-ck
- m-cw,- b-mPvR
- h
- ¬Iyw,- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- in-jy-\m-b- \-tc-{µ-`q-j¨- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""108 D-]-
im-Sym-b-\o-bw,- apIv-Xn-Iw- (B-sI- ]-sØm≥-]-sX-Æw-).- \n-j-Øp-Iƒ- C-∂v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw- A-h-bp-sS- ssh-Zn-I-
{]m-am-Wyw- kw-i-bm-kv-]-Z-am-sW-∂-t{X- A\p-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv''-2.-
Ir-jW v- b - P
- p¿-th-Zw-:- I-Th- √
- n,- ssX-Øn-co-bw,- {_-la v- w,- ssI-
heyw,- tiz-Xm-iz-X-cw,- K¿-`w,- \m-cm-b-Ww,- A-ar-X-_n-µp,- Aar-X- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp- \nK-
\m-Zw,- Im-em-Kv-\n-cp-{Zw,- £p-cn-Iw,- k¿-h-km-cw,- ip-I- c-l-kyw,- a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥- {]-bm-k-ap-≠v.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- 700\pw- 100\pw-
tX-tPm-_n-µp,- [ym-\-_n-µp,- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy,- tbm-K-X-Xzw,- Z-£n-W- a-t[y-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-sX-∂m-Wv- \n-cq-]-I- a-X-
aq¿-Øn,- kv-I-µw,- im-co-c-Iw,- tbm-K-in-J,- G-Im-£-cw,- A-£n,- A sa-¶n-epw- AXn\v- hy-Iv-X-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fn-√.- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂-
h-[q-Xw,- I-Tc - p-{Zw,- cp-{Z-lr-Zbw,- tbm-KI - p-WvU - e
- n-\n,- ]-©{- _-lvaw,- an°- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw- c-≠m-bn-cw- h¿-j-sa-¶n-epw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-
{]m-Wm-Kv\- n-tlm-{Xw,- h-cm-lw,- I-en-k¥ - c- W
- w,- k-ck- z-Xo- clkyw- Xm-sW-∂v- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.- th-Z-Im-e-Øn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv-
(B-sI- ap-∏-Øn- c-s≠-Æw).- ]-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- P-\-\-sa-∂m-Wv- A-h-bp-sS- `m-j-bn¬-
\n-∂v- a-\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.- _p-≤-\v- ap-ºmWv- C-h-bn¬- ]-e-Xn-s≥-d-
km-a-th-Zw-:- tI-\w,- Nm-tµm-Kyw,- B-cp-Wn,- ssa-{Xm-bn-Wn,- bpw- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- D]\nj-Zv- I¿-Øm-
ssa-t{X-bn,- h-{P-kq-Nn-I,- tbm-K-Nq-Um-a-Wn,- hm-kp-tZ-hw,- a-lw,- °-sf-°p-dn-t®m- A-h-cp-sS- Im-e-sØ-bpw- N-cn-{X-sØbpw- Ip-dn-t®m-
k-∂ym-kw,- A-hy-IX v- w,- Ip-WU
v- n-Iw,- km-hn-{Xn,- cp-{Zm-£P
- m-_mew,- hy-Iv-X-am-b- [m-c-W- C-∂v- B¿-°p-an-√.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-\-
Z¿-i-\w,- Pm-_men- (B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-sd-Æw).- B¿-°p-am-Imw- F-∂- A-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Zw-:- {]-iv-\w,- ap-Wv-U-Iw,- am-W-V v- q-Iyw,- A-Y¿-∆- em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- X-Xz-Pv-Rm-\-ap-≈- B¿-°pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
in-cw,- A-Y¿-∆-in-J,- _r-l-Pv-Pm-_m-ew,- \r-knw-l-Xm-]n-\n,- \m-c-Z- Iƒ- c-Nn-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
]-cn{hm-P-Iw,- ko-X,- i-c-`w,- a-lm-\m-cm-b-Ww,- cm-a-c-l-kyw,- cm-a- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-N-bn-Xm-°-sf-°p-dn-t®m- c-N-\m-Im-e-sØ-°p-
Xm-]n-\n,- im-Wv-Un-√yw,- ]-c-a-lw-k- ]-cn-{hm-P-Iw,- A-∂-]q¿-Æm,- dn-t®m- hyIv-X-am-b- H-cp- [m-c-W-bn-se-Øm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.-
kq-cyw,- B-Xv-aw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw,- ]-c-{_-lv-aw,- {Xn-]p-cm- Xm-]-\n,- tZhn,- ap-Kƒ-N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cp-sS- Im-e-Øp-t]m-epw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS- c-
`m-h-\,- `-kv-a-Pm-_m-ew,- K-W-]-Xn,- a-lm-hm-Iyw,- tK-m-]m-e-X-]-\w,- N-\- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-Iv_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- c-Nn-°s∏´-
Ir-jvW
- w,- l-b{- Ko-hw,- Z-Øm-t{X-bw- ,- KmcpUw- (B-sI- ap-∏Ø - nsbm- A-t√m-]-\n-j-Øv- (A-Iv-_-tdm-]-\n-j-Øv)- C-h-bn-sem-∂m-Wv.- G-
s∂-Æw).- Xm-≠v- k-a-Im-en-I-am-bn-´m-Wv- {In-kv-tXm-]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- c-N\-
C-ß-s\- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p- \-S-∂-X-v.- C-hbv-s°m-∂pw- Hu-tZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Imcw- e-`n-®n-´n-s√-¶n-
∂- apIv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- X-s∂- C-h- Iq-Sm-sX-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I- epw- "D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂- t]-cn¬- C-h- \n-e-\n¬-°m≥- A-\p-
fp-≠v- F-∂- hy-w-Ky-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- 1.- ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- 1:-44.-
2.- \-tc-{µ-`q-j-¨-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw-,- t]-Pv- 22.-
119 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 120
h-Zn-®p-sh-∂X - v- D-]\
- n-jX
- v- c-N\
- °
- v- {]-tXy-I°
- m-sc- am-{X-a√
- ,- A\p- N¿-®-Iƒ- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-¥m-[m-c-I-fp-sS-
h-Zn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- X-m-c-X-tay-\- ]p-Xn-b-Xm-b- Cu- D¬-∏-Øn°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn.- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hpw- ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-hpw-
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfm-∂pw- {]-am-W-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- X-s∂- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂p.- {io- cm-lp¬-kmw-
bmYm¿-∞yw- a-\- n-e-m-°m-sX- C-h-bn¬-\n-∂pw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≤- Ir-Xym-b≥-- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""D--]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- Pv-Rm-X-cpw- A-Pv-Rm-
cn-°p-∂- A-hkv-Y-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-Xpw- C-h-°v- ]n-∂n-se- "D]- X-cp-am-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- X-Ωn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-h-cmWv.-
\n-j-Øv'- F-∂ -hm-emWv.- A-h-cn¬- Nn-e-¿- B-cp-Wn-sb-bpw- At±-l-Øn-s≥-d- in-jy≥- bm-Pv-
D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂- Imcyw- R-h¬-°y-s\-bpw- t]m-se- A-ssZz-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-
kXym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W-bm-Wv.- ssZ-hn-I-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym\- a-‰p-≈-h¿- ssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- aq-∂m-a-sXm-cp- Iq-´¿- i-co-c-cq-
t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-∏w- A-h-t_m-[-ap-≈- H-cp- P-\-X-bpsS- ]-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- P-K-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- A-ssZz-X-`m-h-sØ-
k-Xym-t\z-j-W- Xr-jv-W.- ""k-a-kv-X- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-am-b- {_-lv-aw- k-zo-I-cn-®p.- C-Øcw- Zm¿-i-\n-I≥-am-cp-sS- Nn-¥-I-sf- A-h-cp-sS-
G-Xm-Wv?- \m-sa-√m-hc - pw- G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- D¬-∏∂ - a- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?- injy-∑m-cpw- im-J-I-fpw- {K-ln-®v,- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-ap-d-°v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-
B-cp-sS- {]-`m-h-Øm-em-Wv- \mw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?- \mw- G-Xn-em- h-∂-Xn-s≥-d- kw-{K-l-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ''-1.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv-
Wv- kw-{]-Xn-jvT - n-Xcm-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v?- \Ωp-sS- kp-J˛Zpx-Jß - ƒ- Bcp D-]\n-j-Øp-I-sf-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-
1
sS- hy-h-kv-Y-b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv'?- ""Bcp-sS- t{]-c-W-sIm X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X- Dƒ-∏n-cn-hp-I-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- ssZz-X-hp-w- A-ssZz-X-
≠m-Wv- Cu- a-\- v- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv?- B-cp-sS- \n-tbm- hpw- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZz-X-hpw- ssZz-Xm-ssZz-X-hp-sa-√mw- kv-Ym-]n-°m-≥-
K-a\
- p-kc - n-®m-Wv- {]m-W≥- N-en-°p-∂X - v?- B-cp-sS- t{]-cW- sIm≠m- A-Xn-s≥d- B-Nm-cy-∑m¿- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-bm-Wv- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Wv- hm-°p-Iƒ- D-®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?- G-Xv- tZ-h-\m-Wv- t{im{X-ßsf- Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.- {io-i-¶-c-\pw,- am-[z-\pw,- cm-am-\p-P-\p-sa-√mw- D-]-\n-
bpw- t\-{X-ß-sf-bpw- \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?-''2 C--ß-s\- hn-h-[- tNmZy- j-Z] v- WvU
- - n-X∑
- m-cm-Wv.- A-h¿- Nn-¥m- ]
- c
- a
- m-bn- hn-cp-≤t- N-cn-If
- nemWv-
ß-fp-∂b - n-®p-sIm-≠v,- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- aq-eI - m-cW
- a - d - n-bm-≥- th≠n- \n¬-°p∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- C-h-cp-sS-sb-√mw- {]-am-Ww- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
bp-≈- {i-a-am-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-sØ- fm-Wv.- Ah¿- X-ß-fp-sS- hm-Z-߃-°-\p-Iq-e-am-b- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ-
°p-dn-® At\z-j-W-a-√,- {]-X-yp-X- {_-lv-a-hpw- {]-]-©-hpw- X-Ωn¬,- sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- \n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
A-s√-¶n¬- ]cam-Xv-am-hpw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ- D-]-\nj-Øp-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-h-bn¬- Iq-´n-
°p-dn-® A-t\z-jW-am-Wv- C-hb - nse- hn-jb - w.- k-ak
- X v- - P-KØ- ns≥d- t®¿-°-ep-I-fpw- am-‰-Øn-c-p-Ø-ep-I-fpw- \-S-∂n-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[yX-
bpw- Im-c-W-am-b,- C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-b- H-cp- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®- bpw- \n-tj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√.- A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥-°p-≈- {]-am-W-am-bn- D≤-
t_m-[w- D-]\ - n-jØ - p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºp-Xs - ∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- t_m[ cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""k- B-Xv-am- Xzw-
Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-em-Wv- C-h-bp-sS- c-N-\- \n¿-∆-ln-°-s∏-´n- Akn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o- Xs∂-bm-Wv)- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- ]n-∂o-Sv- IS-
cn°p-∂-Xv.- ∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- "" k- B-Xv-am- A- X-Øz-a
Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sØ-°p-dn®- kn''- (B-Xv-am-hv- \o-b-√)- F-∂m-Wp-≈-sX-∂-pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb-
am-[z≥- hmZn-®n-cp-∂p2.- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- i-¶-c\m-I-s´- X-s≥d-
1.- Inw- Im-c-Ww- {_-lv-a- Ip-X-x-kv-a-Pm-Xmx- Po-hm-a- tI-\- Iz-N-kw-{]-Xn-jv-Tmx- Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xv- _rl-
A-[n-jv-Tn-Xmx- tI-\- kp-tJ-X-tc-jp- h¿-Øm-atl- {_-lv-a- hn-tZm- hy-h-kv-Ymw-
˛tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.- Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-se- ""A-lw- {_m-lv-am-kv-an''- F∂- h-N-\-
2.- tI-t\-jn-Xw- ]-X-Xn- t{]-jn-Xw- a-\x-tI-\-{]m-Wx- {]-Y-a-x- ss{]-Xn- bp-Iv-Xx-
tI-t\-jn-Xmw- hm-N-an-amw- h-Z-¥n- N-Iv-jp-t{im-{Xw- I- D-]-tZ-thm- bp-\-Iv-Xn.- 1.- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- hn-iz-Z¿-i-\-߃,- t]-:- 559-
˛tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-1.- 2.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-¥,- t]-Pv- 400.-
121 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 124
hpw- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- ""X-Ø-z-a-kn''- F-∂- h-N-\-hp-am-Wv.- sØ- hn-h-cn-®p-h-t√m.- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-Øv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-bp-sS- {i-≤-
\-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®{]-Im-cw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬-X-s∂- ]e- ]Xn-bp-∂- h-f-sc- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠n-hn-sS.- C-t∏m-gp-≈-
Imcy-ßf - n-epw- ssh-cp-≤y-߃- {]-IS- a - m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Xa v- m-hv- F¥m- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- B-i-
sW-∂- N¿-®b - n¬-Xs - ∂- hy-IvX
- h- pw- G-Ih - p-am-b- H-cp- \n-Ka-\X - nse- b-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-¶n¬- e-`y-a-√m-Ø- D-]-\n-jØ-p-Iƒ- IqSp-
Øm≥- D-]\n-j-Øv- I¿-Øm-°ƒ-°v- I-gn-™n-´n-s√-∂p-th-Ww- a-\ X¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- B-i-b-߃- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\p-≈- km-[yX-
n-em-°m≥.- {]mW-\m-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂- \n-e-bv°m-Wv- {]-iv-t\m- \n-tj-[n-°m-≥- I-gn-bn-√.- B-sI- c-≠m-bncw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-Wv-
]-\n-j-Øv- Im-cy-߃- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- Om-tµm-Ky-Øn-se- _m- D-≈-sX-¶n¬- 1892 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`n-°m-\p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- ]-e-
em-In- a-l¿-jn-bpw- {]m-W≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xnbn- Xn-s≥-d-bpw- B-i-b-߃- "A-`n-\-h- B-cy-[¿-Ω'-Øn-s≥-d- hn-izmk-
cp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-1v- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Yhm- ß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sv- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.- A-Xm-bn-cn-
_p-≤n-bm-Wv- F-√m-‰n-s≥-d-bpw- I¿-Øm-sh-∂- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]\n- °mw- Cu- \-jv-S-s∏-S-en-\v- A-s√-¶n¬- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Im-c-W-
j-Øv- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- _p-≤n-bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-sh-∂v- hmZn-°p-∂-hcpap- am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ""A-\m-te-Jy- kc-
≠v.- F-∂m¬- hym-]I - h- pw- B-\µ- k- z- c
- q-]h
- p-am-b- ]-c{- _-lva - w- Xs∂- kz-Xn'- AY-hm- "F-gp-X-s∏-Sm-Ø- hn-Zy'-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- \jv
bm-Wv- BXv-am-sh-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn-epw- a-‰pw- S-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-j-aw- A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°m-
\ap°v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- C-tX-t]m-se-X-s∂- tem-I-kr-jv-Sn \nSbn√.-
sb-°pdn-®pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw- hn-cp-≤-ß-fp-am-b- H-H-´-\-h-[n- ]-cm- B-sI- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- e-`-y-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-h
a¿-i-߃- D-]\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- bn¬- ]-sØ-Æw- am-{X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xv.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy
k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- D-]-\n-j- cpw- A-Xp-t]mse- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-h-cpw- `m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-b- Cu- D-]-\n-j-
Øp-°-fp-sS- c-N-\-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b- ]-e- Øp-Iƒ- "Z-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ'- F-∂-d-n-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sb- \-ap
{]-kvX- m-h\- I- fpw- C-hb - pƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - v- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- D-Zml- s°m-∂v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw.-
c-WØ - n-\v,- K¿t`m-]\ - n-jØ - n¬- B¨-Ip-´n-bpw- s]¨-Ip-´n-bp-ap≠m- 1.- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\ - n-jØ - :v- - ip-¢b - P
- p¿-th-ZØ
- n¬-s∏-´- Cu-
Im-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- ]d-bp-∂-Xv- C-ßn-s\-bm-Wv.- ""ip-¢m-[n-Iy-Øm¬- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬- B-sI- ]-Xn-s\-´v- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]-
]p-cp-j{- ]-Pb- pw- c-P
- n-s≥d- B[n-Iy-Øm¬- kv{- Xo {- ]-Pb - pw- P\n°p- \n-j-ØpI-fn¬- G-‰h -- pw- sN-dp-Xm-Wv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-jsØ-
∂p.- ip-¢-c-P- p-Iƒ- Xp-√y-am-bn-cp-∂m¬- \-]pw-k-I-k-¥m-\w- P- ¶n-epw- G-‰-hpw- amlm-Xv-ay-ta-dn-b- D-]-\n-j-Øv- C-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv-
\n-°p-∂p''-2.- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬-X-s∂- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- in-iphn- `qcn-]-£w- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-X-\m-b-
s≥-d- hy-Xy-kvX - - A-hb - h- ß- f
- p-≠m-Ip-∂- {Iahpw- B-[p-\n-I- imkv- k¿-t∆-iz-c-s≥-d- k¿-∆m-[n-]Xy-am-Wv- CXnse- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.-
{X-\n-K-a-\-ß-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.- C-Xv- H-cp- DZm-l-c-Ww- ""\n-Jn-e- {]-]©
- h- pw- P-Ut- N-X\ - - kz-cq-]a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂- k¿-∆h
- ym]n-
am-{Xw.- C-ßs - \- A-\h - [- n- A-\v[- h
- n-izm-kß - ƒ- D-]\
- n-jØ- p-Ifn¬- bm-b- Cu-iz-c-\m¬- ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-am-Ip-∂p.- A-Xns\- Dt]-£n-°msX-
Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- X-s∂- Cu- hn-iz-sØ- Xym-K-]q¿-∆w- A-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-I.-
e-`y-am-b- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-Iƒ- 108 F-Æa
- m-sW-∂pw- B-sI- c≠m- A-Xym-{K-lw- ]m-Sn-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- Cu- [-\w- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv''-1
bn-cw- h-sc- D-]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- D-s≠-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂pw- t\c- CXmWv- Cu-im-hm-ky-Øn-se- {]-Y-a-t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- km-cw.-
1.- hn.-F-kv.-hn.- Kp-cp-k-zm-an- im-kv-{Xn-Iƒ-:- D-]-\n-j-±o-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2s≥-d-
A-h-Xm-cn-I- t]-Pv- 11.- 1.- Cu-im-hm-ky-an-Zw- k¿-∆w- b-Xv-Inw-N- P-K-Xymw- P-K-Xv-
2.- K¿-t`m-]-\n-j-Øv- im¥n-]m-Tw-˛2 tX-\-Xy-Iv-tX-\- `p-Rv-Po-Ym- am- Kr-[x-I-ky- kzn-≤-\w.-
125 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 126
Øn¬- ]-Xn-s\m-∂pw- hm-Iy-ß-fpw- aq∂mw- ap-Wv-U-I-Øn-se- H∂mw- a-Xnbm-Ipw-''-1 F-∂m-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- l\p-am-s\- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]-Øpw- c-≠mw- J-Wv-U-Øn¬- ]Xn-s\m-∂pw- hmIy- {]-]-©w- ap-gp-h-\pw- Hmw-Im-c-kz-cq-]-am-b- A-£-c-hpw- {_-lv-
ß-fp-am-Wv- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-hp-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-™p-sIm-≠m-W-v Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- B-cw-`n-°p-
k-I-e-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I¿-Øm-hpw- kw-c-£-I-\p-am-b- ∂-Xv.- {_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- `n-∂-a-√m-Ø- B-Xv-am-hv- hn-iz≥,- ssX-
{_-lv-am-hv- X-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X-\m-b- A-Y¿-∆m-hn-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p- P-k-≥,- {]mPv-R≥,- Xp-co-b≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- ]m-Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈-
sIm-Sp-Ø- k¿-∆-hn-Zy-Iƒ-°pw- A-[n-jv-T-m-\-am-b- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-sb- Xm-Wv.- Cu- \m-ev- A-h-kv-Y-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-
Aw-Kn-c- v- iu-\-I-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm- j-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-am-Wv- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d-
]-\n-j-Øn-s≥-d- D-≈-S-°w.- AwKn-c- n-s≥-d- D-]-tZ-iw- B-cw-`n-°p- A-kv-Xn-hm-c-an-´- D-]-\n-j-Øv.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Øn-\v- Ku-U-]m-Zm-Nm-cy¿-
∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- ""c-≠p-X-cw- hnZy-I-fp-≠v.- H-∂v- A-]cm-hn-Zy- at‰- c-Nn-®- hym-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ku-U-]-Z-ImcnI.- Cu- Im-cn-I-bm-Wv-
Xv- ]-cm-hn-Zy''-.- \m-ev- th-Z-ß-fpw- th-Zmw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- A]- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-]-Wn-X-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°v- `m-
cm-hn-Zy.- A£-c{- _-lva - s
- Ø- A-dn-bp-∂- hn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]-cm-hn-Zy.- AZr- jy-sa-gp-Xn-b- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- am-Wv-Uq-I-Øn-t\m-sSm∏-w- Ku-U-]-Z-
iy-hpw- A-{Km-ly-hpw- A-tKm-{X-hpw- A-h¿Æ-hpw- H-s°-bm-b-- BXv- Im-cn-I-°pw- hym-Jym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.- Ku-U-]m-Z-Im-cn-I- D-]-\n-
am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-Xv- Cu- ]-cm-hn-Zy-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- kI-e-`q-X-ß- j-Zv- k-am-\-am-sW-∂m-Wv- A-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.-
fp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-kv-Ym-\-am-b- BX-v-am-hv- \n-Xy-hpw- k-kq-Iv-jv-a- 7.- ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- Ir-jv-Wb-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-Wv-
hp-am-Wv.- F-´p-I-m-en- h-e- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv- A-£-cm- ssX Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv.- Xn-Øn-cn-sb-∂- a-l¿-jn-bp-sS- t]cn¬-
X-v-am-hv- {]-]-©-sØ- D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bp-∂≥- \n-∂m-Wv- ssX-Øn-co-b-sa-∂- \m-a-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]-Øn-sb-∂m-Wv-
Zpx-J-ßfpw- ]m-]-ß-fp-sa-√mw- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-km-\w- ]-c{_- `q-cn-]-£- a-Xw.- B-sI aq-∂v- h-√-n-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- H-∂mw
lv-aw- X-s∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- h√n-°v- in-£m-h-en-sb-∂pw- c-≠mw-h-√n-°v- {_-lv-am-\-µ- h-√n-sb-
h-fsc- {]-kn-≤-ß-fpw- kp-µ-c-ß-fp-am-b- Nn-e- {ip-Xn-hm-Iy- ∂pw- aq-∂mw-h-√n-°v- `r-Kp-h-√n-sb-∂p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- Hm-tc-h-√n-sb-bpw-
߃- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Ø-n-ep-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS- tZ-io-b-ap-{Z-bm-b- A-tim-I- A-\p-hm-I-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- in£m-h-√n-bn¬- ]-{¥≠-v-
N-{I-Øn-\v- Xm-sg- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂- ""k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX''- (kXyw- A-\p--hm-I-ß-fpw- {_-lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bn¬- H≥]-Xv- A-\phm-I-ß-fpw-
X-s∂- P-bn-°p∂p)- sb-∂- h-N-\w- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈- `-rKp-h-√n-bn¬- ]-Øv- A-\p-hm-I-ß-fpam-Wp-≈-Xv.-
Xm-Wv.- ""A-\v-[-∑m-cm¬- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-\-v[-sc-t∏m-se''- (A-\v- B-Nm-cy≥- A-t¥-hm-kn-bm-b- in-jy-t\m-Sv- sN-øp-∂- D-]-tZ-
t[-ss\-h- \o-b-am-\m- b-Ym-\v-[m)- F-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-a-bpw- i-ßfpw- hn-hn-[- X-cw- D-]m-k-\-I-f-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv-
Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.- in-£m-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- A-Ω-sb-bpw- A-Nv-O-s\-bpw- A-Xn-
6.-am-W-vU-yq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- am-Wv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬- tI- Yn-sb-bpw- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- Im-W-W-sa-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- D-]-tZ-iw-
h-ew- ]-{¥-≠v- a-{¥-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Z-tim-]-\n-j-Ø-p-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°¬- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.- kw-ln-tXm-]m-k-\,- ]mw-Iv-tXm-]m-k-\,- Hmw-Im-
{_m-lv-a-W-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Im-e-Øv,- tcm-]m-k-\- F-∂o- {]-kn-≤- D-]m-k-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fpw- hn-h-cn-
A-Y-hm- A-h- ap-gp-h-≥- ]-Tn-°m≥- I-gn-bm-sX-h-s∂-¶n¬- am-Wv-Uyq- °-s∏-´n-cn-°-p-∂-Xv- in-£m-h-√n-bn-em-Wv.- A-∂-abw,- {]m-W-a-bw,-
tIm-]-\n-j-sØ-¶nepw- ]-Tn-°¬- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-sW-∂v- \-n-jv-I¿- at\m-a-bw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-a-bw,- B-\-µ-a-bw- F-∂o- ]-©-tIm-i-ß-sf-
jn°s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn-\v- A-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v.- °p-dn-®- {]-Xn-]m--Z-\-hpw- {_-lv-a-{]m-]v-Xn-bm-Wv- tam-£-sa-∂-
"apapIv-jp-°ƒ-°v- ap-Iv-Xn-°m-bn-´v- amWv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-Øp- X-s∂- 1.- am-Wv-UyqIy-ta-I- ta-hm-ew- ap-ap-Iv-jq-Wmw- hn-ap-Iv-Xn-tb--˛ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:-26.-
131 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 132
kvYm]\-hp-am-Wv- {_lv-am-\-µ-h-√n-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°w.- ]n-Xm-hm-b- K¿-`-kv-Y-in-ip-hpw- am-Xm-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-hpw- ]p-\¿-
h-cp-W-s≥-d- A-Sp-°¬-sN-∂p-≈- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZ- P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-hp-am-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn¬-
in- ° m≥- t h- ≠ n- b p- ≈ - A- ` y¿- ∞ - \ - b p- s S- A- S n- k v Y m- \ - Ø - n ¬- hn-iZ- o-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v.- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hm-Wv- D-]m-ky-tZ-hs
- \-∂v- kvYm-
hcpW≥- \-S-Øp-∂- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]t-Z-i-am-Wv- `r-Kp-h-√n-bn-se- ]n-°p-I-bm--Wv- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-Øn-eq-sS- sN-
{]-[m-\- hn-j-bw.- k-I-e-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D¬-∏-Øn-°pw- \n-e- øp-∂-Xv.-
\n¬-∏n-\pw- \m-i-Øn-\pw- Im-c-W-am-b-XmWv- {_-lv-a-sa-∂m-Wv- hcp- 9.- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øv-:- km-a-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym-
tWm-]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.- ]-\n-jØv.- km-am-\yw- Zo¿-L-am-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wn-Xv.- F-´v- A≤ym-
ssX-Øn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- G-sX- b-ß-fn-embn- B-sI- \q-‰n-b≥]-Øn-\m-ev- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wv- Om-
¶n-epw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-]-\-a-√- {]-Xyp-X,- tµm-Ky-Øn-ep-≈Xv.- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- an-°- J-Wv-U-ß-fp-ap-
hy-Xy-kv-X- kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS- k¶e\amWv ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. ≈-Xv.- B-Nm-cy-\pw- in-jy\pw- X-Ωn-epw- hn-hn-[- B-Nm-c-y-∑m¿- XΩn-
kXyk\v[ambn \ncq]Ww \SØnbhsc√mw Cu hkvXpX epw- kw-hm-Z-߃- \-S-°p-∂p.- D-j-kv-Xn,- ssc-Iz≥,- Pm-X-{ip-Xn,-
Nq≠n°mWn®n´p≠v . `mcXhnPv R m\tImiw FgpXp∂p: Ku-X-a≥,- k-Xy-Im-a≥,- D-]-tIm-k-e≥,- {]hm-l-W≥,- D-±m-e-I-≥,-
""GsX¶nepw Hcp kn≤m¥a√, hnhn[ kn≤m¥ßfpsS i-I-e- tiz-Xt- I-Xp,- A-iz-]X
- n,- H-u]
- a
- \
- yp,- k-\m-XI
v- p-am-c≥,- \m-cZ- ≥,- {]Pm-
ß- f m- W v - D- ] - \ n- j - Ø p- I - f n¬- {]- X n- ] m- Z n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - s X∂- ]-Xn,- C-{µ≥,- hn-tcm-N-\≥- F-∂n-ß-s\- hy-Xy-kv-X- hyIv-Xn-I-sf-
bmYm¿∞yw- ssXØn-co-bw- sh-fn-s]-Sp-Øp-∂p''-1.- °p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-߃- D-≠v- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn¬.-
8.- sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- E-tKz-Zo-b-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-j- H-´-\-h-[n- hn-j-b-߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- _r-l-Øm-b- H-cp-
Øv.- A{_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- sF-X-tc-b-\m-W-t{X- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øn- D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wv- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Ø-v.- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X∑m-
s≥-d- I¿-Ømhv.- aq-∂v- A≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- B-dv- J-Wv-U-ß-fm-Wv- cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m-cp-sS- bp-≤-hpw- D-]m-k-\-I-fpw- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-Zn-
B-sI- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- ap∏-Øn-aq-∂v- hm-Iy-ß-fp-≈- Cu- D-]-\n-jØv- I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Uß-fn¬- k-a¿-∞-\m-bn-cp-∂- D-j-kv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-kn≤-
Xm-c-X-tay-\- sN-dn-b- D]\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.- am-b- I-Y-bp-sa-√mw- H∂mw- A-≤ym-bØ-n-ep-≠v.- "]-´n-I-fp-sS- bm-K-
D-]-\n-jØ-v- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞- Øn-s≥-d- I-Y'-bpw- H-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Ø-n-em-Wp-≈-Xv.- D-]m-k-\-Isf-
sa-¶n¬- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- D-]-\n-j-Øv- sF-X-tc-b-am-sW-∂v- ]d- °p-dn-®- hn-i-Z-am-b- hn-h-cW--ß-fm-Wv- c-≠m- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D≈-
bm≥- I-gn-bpsa∂mWv ]WvUnXm`n{]mbw.- ""{]-]-©w- D-≠m-Ip- S-°w.- aq-∂mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬- B-Zn-tXym-]m-k-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv-
∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- B-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q-''-2 F-∂v- ]-d- {][-m-\-am-bpw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Zm-\-io-e-\m-b- P-\-{ip-Xn-
™p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- D-]-\n-j-Øv- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv- X-s∂.- tem-I-ß- bp-sS- I-Y-sIm-≠v- Xp-S-ßp-∂- \m-emw- A≤ym-b-Øn¬- {_-lv-a-hn-
fp-sS-bpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- {]-Y-am≤ym-b- Zy-sb-bpw- A-Kv-\n-hn-Zy-sb-bpw-Ip-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw- a-‰v- tZhkv-
Ønse- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-w.- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- ]p-cp-j-i- Xp-Xn-a-{¥-ß-fpw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se-
co-c-Øn-te-°p≈- k-∂n-th-i-am-Wv- CtX- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se-X-s∂- {][m\- hn-j-bw- A-Kv-\n- D-]m-k-\-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-se- B-dmw- A≤ym-
Zzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.- {]-Y-am-≤-ym-b-Øn-se- Xr-Xo-bJ- bw- thZm-¥n-Iƒ-°v- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- th-Zm-¥- Z¿-i-\-
WvU - Ø- n¬- A-∂Ø - n-s≥-d- krj-Sv- n-bm-Wv- hn-hc
- n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂Xv.- Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-b- "X-Øz-a-kn'1 F-∂- hm-Iyw- {]-k-vXm-hn®n-
´p-≈X- v- Cu- D-]\
- n-jØ
- n-em-Wv.- Cu- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬- H≥-]X - v- XhW-
1.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv-:-89.-
2.- B-Xv-am-hm- C-Z-ta-I- G-hm-{K- B-ko-Xv-˛ sF-X-tc-bw- 1:-1 1.- A-Xv- \o-bm-Ip-∂p.-
133 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 134
""X-Øzw- A-kn''- F-∂v- Bh¿-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- D-±m-e-I-s≥-d- tiz- WamWv- shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- ]-c-{_-
X-tI-Xp-hn-t\m-Sp-≈- D-]tZ-i-am-Wv- Cu- A-≤ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- k- lv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v,- X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ssI-am-dn- e-`n-®- `m-c-Xo-b-
\-X-vIp-am-c˛- \m-c-Z-kw-hm-Z-am-Wv- G-gmw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- hn-j-bw.- a-\- n-s≥-d- D-]-t_m-[- a\-kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Nn-¥-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-
th-Z-ß-fn-epw- im-kv-{X-ß-fn-epw- ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \m-cZ\v- jØp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- AKm-[-am-b- X-Xzm-t\z-j-W-Øns≥d-
im-¥n- e-`n-°p-∂n-√.- A-ßn-s\- BX-v-a-Pv-Rm-\w- tX-Sn-s°m≠v- Zpx- ]m-X-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- Z¿-i-\o-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.- ssZ-hn-I-
J-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ap-Iv-X-am-Im\p-≈- am¿-§-߃- A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm- t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂p-≈- hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sS- iIe-߃- D-]-\n-j-
Wv- \m-c-Z≥.- ]-c-tem-I-sØ-bpw- ]p-\¿-P-∑-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®- hn-h-c- Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-¶n-epw- im-iz-X- k-Xy-sØ-°-p-dn-®-
W-ß-fm-Wv- F´-mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-≈-Xv.- hyIv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- Nn-{Xw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-X-n¬-
10.- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv-:- b-Pp¿-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- _rl- Ch- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-SpI-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv-.- D-]-\n-j-Øv- c-N-\m-Im-e-
Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-]-\n-j-Øm-b- C-Xn¬- Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-\v-[hnizm-k-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-ß-
B-sI- B-dv- A-≤ym-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- A-≤-ym-b-ß-sf-bpw- fn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-®v- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- ssI-am-dn-sb-Øn-b- G-I-ssZ-h-
{_m-lv-a-W-ß-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- H-∂pw- c-≠pw- A-≤ym-b-ß hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d-bpw,- kv-Y-e-Im-e-߃-°-Xo-X-\-m-b- ssZ-hn-Im-kv-
fn¬- B-dv- ho-X-hpw- aq-∂mw- A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- H≥-]-Xpw- \m-emw- Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- s]m-cp-fp-tX-Sn-bp-≈- hy¿-∞-am-b- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-
A≤ym-bØ - n¬- B-dpw- A-©mw- A≤ym-bØ - n¬- ]-Xn-\©- pw- Bdmw- s≥d-bpw- k-¶-e-\-amWv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂Xv.-
A-≤-ym-b-Øn¬- A-©pw- {_-m-l-va-W-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-eq-sS- sX-fn-™p-h-cp-∂- k-Xym-t\z-j-W-
bm-Km-i-z-sØ-°p-dn-®- h¿-Æ-\-I-fpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{X- Xrjv-W- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- hn-e-a-Xn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-se- XXz-
∑m-cmb- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- A-kp-c-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- hnh- hn-Nm-c- kw-hm-Z-߃ H-cp- ]-cn[n-h-sc- A-\p-k-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bp
c-Wh - p-am-Wv- H-∂mw- A≤ym-bØ - n-s≥-d- D-≈S- ° - w.- Km¿-Ky-\pw- APm- am-Wv.- ]t£,- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√m-
X-i-{Xp-hpw- X-Ωnepw- bm-Pv-R-h¬-Iy-\pw- k-z-`m-cy-bm-b- ssa-t{Xbn- sX-bp-≈,- ssZ-hn-I-m-kv-Xn-XzØn-s≥-d- A¿-∞-a-dn-bm-\p-≈- A-t\z-
bpw- X-Ωn-epap-≈- k-whm-Zß - f
- n-eq-sS- {_-lva- P
- vR
- m-\Ø- n-s≥-d- Npcp- j-Ww- a-\p-jy-sc- hy-Iv-X-hpw- k-Xy-k-\v-[-hp-am-b- \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-
fp-Iƒ- A-gn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv- c-≠mw- A-≤ym-bØ - n¬.- aq-∂pw- \mepw- Øn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se- {_lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ-
A-≤ym-b-ß-fn¬- P-\-I- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- b-Pv-R-ß-sf-bpw- At±- °p-dn-®- ]-ck
- ]v- c
- h
- ncp-≤ß
- f
- m-b- N¿-®I
- ƒ- hy-IX
v- a
- m-°p-∂X
- v.- ""Jp¿-
lw- \¬-Ip-∂- Zm-\ß -- -sf-bpw- I-p-dn-®m-Wv- {]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏--Sp-∂-Xv.- B≥,- ss_-_nƒ,- Xu-dm-Øv- F-∂n-h- k-{i-≤w- ]-Tn-®n-´pw- i-an-
{]-Pm-]-Xn- ]p{X-∑m-cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑-m-cpw- a\p-jy-cpw- {_-lv-a-Ncyw- °m-Ø- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Pv-Rm\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- Zm-lw- i-an-∏n
B-N-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- {_-lv-tam-]-tZ-iw- X-c-W-sa-∂v- Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn- °m≥- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ-°m-Wv- I-gn-™-Xv''- F-∂- Zm-dm-jp-°v-hm1bp-
s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- \¬-In-b- "Z'- F-∂- D-]-tZ-isØ- sS- {]-kv-Xmh\- ]-e-t∏mgpw- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-S-m-dp-≠v.- \q-‰n-sb-´v- D-]\n-
°p-dn-®- N¿-®-bpw- hn-hn-[- D-]m-k-\m-k-{º-Zmb--ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-h j-Øp-I-fp-sSbpw- km-cw- H-cp- {]m-h-iy-sa-¶n-epw- hm-bn-°p-hm-\pw-
c-W-hp-am-Wv- A-©mw- A-≤ym-b-Øn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- {]m-W-s≥-d- D¬- Z-tim-]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- A¬-]w- hn-i-Z-am-bn-X-s∂- ]-Tn-°p-
Ir-jv-S-X-bpw- tiz-X-tI-Xp-hn-s≥-d-bpw {]-hm-l-W-s≥-d-bpw- kw-hmZ- hm-\pw- A-h-k-cw- e-`n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu- te-J-I-≥.- Cu-bp-≈-
hpw- ]-©m-lv-\n- hn-Zy-sb-°p-dn-®- hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv- B-dmw- A-≤ym- h-s≥-d- hn-\o-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- Cu- ]-cm-a¿-i-w- A-¬]w- I-
b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- S-∂- I-øm-Wv.- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- kq-d-Øp-I-
D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sØ-°p-dn-®- A-t\z-j- 1 ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- jm-P-lm-s≥-d- aq-Ø- ]p-{X≥.-
135 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 136
\m-c-Zo- in-£,- iu-\-Io-b- in-£,- Ku-X-ao- in£,- ]m-Wn-\o-b- fmWv- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- O-µ- v.-
in£- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\- in-£-Iƒ.- th-ZmwK-߃- Ign-™m¬- th-Z-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- a-‰v-
b-mK- ß
- f
- p-sS-bpw- b-PvR
- ß- f - p-sS-bpw- a-‰pw- \-SØ - n-∏n¬- Zo£n- {K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv- D-]-th-Z-߃.- B-bp¿-t∆-Zw,- [-\p¿-t∆-Zw- F-∂n-h-
t°≠- B-Nm-c-{I-a-߃- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂- th-Zmw-K-am-Wv- I¬-∏w.- {]-kn-≤-ß-fWv.- Hm-tcm-tcm- th-Zhp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- D-]-th-Z-ß-
kq{X-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- I¬-∏-߃- th-Zmw-K-ß-fn¬- kp-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.- sf-°p-dn-®v- A-Xm-Xv- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-™n-S-Øv- {]-Xn-
I¬-∏k - q{X-ßs - f,- {iu-Xk
- q-{Xw,- Kr-ly-kq-{Xw,- [¿-Ωk - q-{Xw,- ip¬- ]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.-
_-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-bn- Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-°p-∂p.- imw-Jm-b\-
I¬-∏-kq-{Xw,- A-iz-emb\ -I¬-∏-kq-Xw- F-∂n-h- E-tKz-Z-Øn-s≥-d-
bpw- B¿-tj-b- I¬-∏-kq{Xw,- em-Xym-b-\- {iu-X-kq-{Xw,- {Zm-lym-
b-W-kq-{Xw- F-∂n-h- km-a-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- B-]-kv-Xw-_w,- _u-
≤m-b\- w,- k-Xym-jm-Vw,- ln-cW - y-tI-in,- am-\h - w- ,- `m-cZ- zm-Pw- F∂nh-
bPp¿-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ssh-Xm-\-kq-{Xw,- Iu-in-I-kq-{Xw- F∂nh-
A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- I-¬]kq{X{K-\v-Y-ß-fm-Wv-
th-Zß-sf-°p-dn-®v- a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬- hym-I-c-Ww- ]Tn
°¬- A-\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.- A-Sn-kvYm-\- `m-jm-kz-\-߃,- kz-\-]-cn-
Wm-aw,- ]-Z-\n-jv-]-Øn,- \m-aw,- {In-b,- hn-ti-j-Ww,- hn-`-Iv-Xn,- enwKw,-
h-N-\w,- {In-bm-cq-]-߃,- ]-cym-b- i-_v-Z- hn-Pv-Rm-\w- F-∂n-h-bm-
Wv- h-ym-I-c-W-Øn¬-\n∂v- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- ]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS- A-j-vSm-
[ym-bn-bm-Wv- hym-I-c-W- {K-\v-Y-ßfn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b-Xv.- ]-X-Rv-P-
en-bp-sS- a-lm-`m-jy-am-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- hymIc-W- {K-\v-Yw.-
ssh-Zn-I-i-_v-Z-ß-fm-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-
cn-°p∂-Xv.- bm-kI
v- s
- ≥-d- \n-cp-IX
v- a
- m-Wv- C-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂X
- n¬- G‰hpw-
]u-cm-WnIw.-
{K-l\
- n-eI- f
- pw- kqcy-N{- µ-kvYm-\ß
- f
- pw- ap-lq¿-Ø- k-ab
- ß-
fpw- t\m-°n- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-Zn- I¿-Ω-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- sN-øm≥- k-lm-bn
°p-∂- thZmw-K-am-Wv- tPym-Xn-jw.- G-‰-hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-am-b- tP-ym-
Xn-j-{K-\v-Y-am-b- tPymXn-j- th-Zmw-K-Øn¬- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ap-∏Øn-
bm-dv- t«m-Iß- f- pw- bPp¿-th-ZØ- n-se- \m¬-]Ø - n-aq-∂v- t«m-Iß
- fpw-
A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
th-Z-kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- {]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hr-Ø-ß-sf-°p-
dn®mWv- O-µ- v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.- ]nw-K-f-s≥-d- O-µ-kq-{X-ß-
139 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 140
1. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. II Page 34. 1 P.V. Kane: History of Dharmasastra volume 2, Page, 853-855.
143 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 144
]p-cm-W-߃-t°m-tcm-∂n-\pw- {]-tXy-I- hymk-∑m-cm-sW-∂- \n-K- D-]]- p-cm-Wß
- f- pw- ]-Xn-s\-´m-sW-∂v- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- ]-db
- s
- ∏Sp-
a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xv.- ∂p-sh-¶n-epw- A-Xv- G-sX-√m-am-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn-ep-ap-≠v- A-`n-{]m-
]p-cm-W-߃- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- c-≠m-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn- b-hy-Xym-k-߃.- k-\¬-Ip-am-cw,- \m-c-Z-knw-lw,- \m-c-Zo-bw,- inhw,-
°p-∂Xv.- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw.- C-h-sb-Ø-s∂- Zu¿-hm-k-kw,- Im-]n-ew,- hm-a-\w,- Hu-j-\-kw,- \-µn-tI-iz-cw,- hmcp-
{Xn-aq¿-Øn-]-c-ambn- hn-`-Pn-°m-dp-≠v.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- Ww-,- Imfn-Iw,- a-tl-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- ku-cw,- ]-m-cm-i-cyw,- I¬-°n,-
F-∂n-h-cm-W-t√m- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-a- hn-h-cn- a-m-co-Nw,- `m¿-K-hw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-
°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- {_-lv-a-]pcm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- D-]-]p-cm-W-߃.- F-∂m¬- _r-l-Zv-[¿-Ω- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- sIm-Sp-
a-ln-a- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-h-sb- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- Øn-cn-°p-∂- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- ]-´n-I- CXn¬-\n-∂pw- h-f-sc-
in-h- a-lX- zw- hn-iZ- o-Icn-°p-∂h
- s
- b- ssi-h]
- p-cm-Wß - s- f-∂pw- hnfn- hyXy-kv-X-am-Wv.- B-Zn,- B-Zn-Xyw,- _r-l-∂m-c-Zo-bw,- \m-c Zo-bw,-
°p-∂p.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h≥- F-∂n-h¿- bYm-{I-aw- c-P-kv,- \-µn-tI-iz-cw,- _r-l-∂-µn-tI-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- {In-bm-tbm-K-km-cw,-
k-Xzw,- X-a-kv- F-∂o- Kp-W-ß-fp-≈-h-cm-I-bm¬- {_-lv a-]p-cm-W- Imfn-Iw,- [¿-Ωw-,- hn-jv-Wp-[¿-tΩm-Ø-cw,- in-h-[¿-Ωw,- hn-jvWp-
ß-sf- cm-P-k- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- [¿-Ωw,- hm-a-\w,- hm-cp-W-w,- \-c-knw-lw,- `m¿-K-hw,- _r-l-Zv-[¿-Ωw-
kmXzn-I-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂pw- ssi-h-]p-cm-W-ß-sf- Xm-a-k-]p-cm-W- F-∂n-h-bm-Wh.-
ß-sf∂pw- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- B-sd-Æw- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kw-
cm-P-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- Xm-a-k-hpw- B-sd-Æw- km-Xzn-I-hp-am-Wv.- ImWn-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-
]-Xn-s\-´v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp- ´-Xpw- a-‰p- Nneh- \-jvS- s
- ∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´X
- p-am-sW-∂- h-kvX - p-Xb√msX
am-Wp-≈-sX-∂- Im-cyw- H-cp-hn-[w- F-√m-h-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-sh- as‰m∂pa√. `mcX- hn-PvR-m-\- tIm-iw- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ""]-p-cm-W-ß-
∂-Xv- t\-cm-Wv.- ]t£,- G-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-Xn-s\-´v- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-∂- fp-sS- F-Æw- ]-Xn-s\-´v- F-∂v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ßfp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-em-
Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-߃- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v-.- s]mXp- bm-epw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fps-S- Im-cy-Øn-em-bm-epw- D-d-∏-n-®p-]-d-bp-
sh- C-∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- tZ-ho-`m-K-h-X-Øn-se- ]-´n- ∂p≠v F-√-h-cpw.- F-∂m¬- A-h- G-sXm-s°- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬-
I-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-ßs - \-bm-Wv:- a¬-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- am¿-°W - tv- U-b- ]pcm- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-߃- D-≠v.- ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- Xn-cp-
Ww,- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww,- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- {_lv- In-°-b-‰-epw- Du-cn-°-f-b-epw- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- Np-cp-°-w-'-'1.- alm-]p-
am-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-ssa-- h¿-Ø-]pc-m-Ww,- hojv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww,- cm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æ-Øn-ep-≈- ]-c-kv-
h-cm-l- ]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]pcm-W-w,- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww,- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm- ]-c- hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-°p-∂X - v- ]-Xn-s\-´n-e[- n-Iw- ]p-cm-Wß - f
- p≠m-
Ww,- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-Ww,- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww,- Km-cp-V- bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- \m¬-∏-Øn-
]p-cm-Ww,- Iq¿-Ω] - p-cm-Ww,- kvI
- µ
- ]
- p-cm-Ww.- hn-jvW
- p-]p-cm-WØ- n¬- A-©n¬-]cw- a-lm-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- \q-dn¬-]-cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fp-ap-
sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W- ]-´n-I-bn¬- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-hn-´v- ]-Icw- s≠-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°p∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.- B¿.-kn.- l-{k- X-s≥-d- ""D-]-
inh-]p-cm-W-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]´n- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- ]-T\߃''2 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- \q-dn¬-∏-
I-{]-Im-cw- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm-W-Øn-\p-]-I-cw- hm-b-p-]p-cm-W-a-m-Wp-≈-Xv.- cw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p≠v.-
h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn-se- ]-´n-I-bn¬- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-W-hpw- {_-lv-am-
Wv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- hn-´v- ]-I-cw- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-hpw- \-c-knw-l-]p-cmW-
1. `mcXhnPvRm\tImiw hmeyw 2 t]Pv 259
hp-am-Wv- tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv.- 2. R.C. Hazra: Studies in the Upapuranas.
145 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 146
c-Øn-\v- {]-tXy-I- {]m[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-W- a-kw-ln-X- am-{X-sa- C-t∏mƒ- e-`n-°p-∂p-≈q.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-W-Xn¬-
Øn-\pw- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-Øn\pw- D-≈-S-°-Øn¬- km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.- 17000 t«m-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- 6000 t«m-I-߃-
12.- A-K\ v- n-]p-cm-Ww-:- A-K\
v- n-`K
- h
- m≥- h-kn-jT v- a
- l
- ¿-jn-tbmSp- am-{X-sa- In-´m-\p-≈q.-
]d™- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-sX-∂v- hni- 18.- kv-I-µ-]p-cm-Ww-:- G-‰-hpw- h-en-∏-ta-dn-b- ]p-cm-W-am-WnXv.-
kn-°s∏-Sp-∂p.- ap-∂q-‰n- F¨-]-Øn-aq-∂v- A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn- ]Xn- 81100 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {io- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy-eo-e-I-fpw- Xo¿
\-øm-bn-c-Øn¬-∏-cw- t«m-I-ß-fp-≠v-˛cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p- ∞m-S\ - - kvYe - ß
- f- p-sS- am-lm-Xa
v- y-ßf
- pw- A-Sß
- n-bn-cn-°p-∂- CXn¬,-
dn-®pw- in-he - nwK-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- Zp-¿K - m-tZ-hn-sb-∏‰
- n-bp-sa-√mw- CXn¬- a-‰v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- I-Y-I-fp-sS- kw-{K-l-hp-apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-
]cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≠v. B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bp-sS- cq-]tam- A-Xn-e-S-ßp-∂- Bi-
13.- \m-cZ- o-b- ]pcm-Ww-:- \m-cZ- ≥- k-\¬-Ip-am-ct- \m-Sv- ]-dbp∂- btam- F-s¥-∂v- \-ap-°-dn-™p-Iq-S.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Xpw- C-∂v- e-`n-
IY-bp-sS- cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-Ww.- B-sI- 207 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn- °p-∂- ]p-cmW-ß-fpw- XΩn¬- H-Øp-t\m-°n,- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W-k-w-
em-bn- Ccp]-Øn- A-øm-bn-cw- t«m-I-߃- C-Xn¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-°- ln-X-tbm-Sv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- F-{X-
W-sa-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e`n°p-∂- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬- 18110 t«m- tØm-fw- \o-Xn-]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂v- ]-d-bm≥- \-ap-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- th-
I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- 6890 t«mI-߃- Im-Wm-\n-√.- Z-ßf - n-epw- D-]\
- n-jØ
- p-If
- n-epw- a-‰pw- {]Xn-]Z- n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- ]pcm-
14.- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-dv- Im-Wv-U-ß-fn-em-bn- A≥-]-Øn- W-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æ- cq-]w- C-∂v- e-`y-a-s√-∂v- am-{X-a-√- A-Xv- F-ßn-
Aømbn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- C-cn-∏n- s\-bm-sW-∂v- Du-ln-°m≥-t]m-epw- C-∂v- \-ap-°v- km-[y-a-√.- A-Xv-
S-am-b- ]-Xv-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- C-Xn-\v- ]-Xv-a- e-`y-am-Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬- ssl-µh - Z- ¿-i\ - Ø- n-s≥-d- ASnkvYm-\i - neI-
]p-cm-W-sa-∂v- t]-cv- e-`n-®Xv.- ]-{¥-≠v- am-k-ß-fp-sS- {]m-[m-\y- fn-te-°v- sh-fn-®w- ho-im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a
- m-Ip-sa-∂v- \mw- {]Xymin°p-I.-
sØ-°p-dn-®pw- c-Lp-hw-i-cm-a-s≥-d bpw- i-Ip-¥-f-bp-sS-bpw- I-Y-I- B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bn¬-\n-∂- v- F-gp-sØ-Sp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-
sf-∏-‰n-bpw- C-Xn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sW∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p
15.- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-bn-cw- t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C∂n- X-s∂- Ip-sd- `m-K-ß-fpw- t«m-I-ß-fpw- \-jv-S-s∏-´-Xm-bn- \mw- I≠p.-
Xn-ep-≈-Xv.- Cu-im-\-I¬-∏-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- D-≈-S-°w.- C-∂v- C-∂v- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂- `m-K-Øp-X-s∂- ssl-µ-h- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿°v-
e-`n-°p-∂- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww- k-ºq¿-Æ-a-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.- A-\n-jv-S-I-c-am-b- {]kv-Xm-h-\-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-sf- ]msS-
\n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv- H-cp hn`mKw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- e-`n-t°-≠- a-‰v- `mK-
16.- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-Ww-:- a-lm-h-n-jv-Wp- K-cp-V-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®-
߃- Iq-Sn- e-`y-am-bm¬- Cu- "A-\n-jv-Sw'- h¿-≤n-°-p-I-tb-bp-≈qsh-
Xm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-sa-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- 279 A-≤ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn-
∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°mw.- B-Zy-Im-e- ]WvU - n-X∑- m¿-°p-Xs- ∂- "A-\njvS'-
18000 t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-sX-¶n-epw- C-∂v- e-`n-
I-c-am-b- `m-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°mw- A-h¿- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-d-®psh-
°p-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- 11000 t«m-I-ß-tf-bp-≈q.- K-cp-V-s≥-d- D¬-∏-
®-Xv.- X-ß-fp-sS- C-O-°pw- ]m-c-º-cy- hn-izm-k-߃-°pw- B-am-ib-
Øn-bm-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]-m-Zyw.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- lnµp-
Øn-\pw- "A-\n-jv-S-I-c'-ß-fm-b- `m-K-߃- A-h¿- a-d®p-sh-°p-I-
°ƒ- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- I¿-Ω-߃- \SØp-tºmƒ- ]m-cm-b-Ww- sN-øp-
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- Cu- "\-jv-S-s∏-S¬'- \-S-∂-Xv-t_m-[-]q¿-∆-am-Im-
∂-Xv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv.-
\m-Wv- km-[y-Xs - b-∂¿-∞w.- ]p-cm-Wß - ƒ- P\-߃-°v- a-\ - n-emIp-
17.- Iq¿-Ω-]p-cm-Ww-:- Iq¿-Ω-aq¿-Øn- ]m-Xm-f-Øn¬-sh-®v- C{µ- ∂- `m-j-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬- Cu- a-d-®p-sh°-s∏-´- `m-K-߃- ]pcm-
Zyp-av-\-s≥-d- I-Y- ]-d-bp-∂- Iq-´-Øn-¬- D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- Iq¿-Ω- W-ßf - n-ep-≠m-hp-∂X- v- `m-hn-bn¬- A-]I - S-ßf- p-≠m-°p-sa-∂v- Ah¿-
]p-cm-Ws - a-∂m-Wv- hn-izm-kw- .- C-Xn-s≥-d- \m-ev- kw-ln-XI
- f
- n¬- {_lv- a-\ n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.-
149 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 150
Bt£-]n-®m¬- A-º-Xp-]-W-am-Wv- ]n-g.- ssh-iy-s\- B-t£-]n- kv-{Xo,- H-cn-°-epw- kzm-X-{¥-Øn-\¿-l-b-√''1 F-∂m-Wv- a-\p-kv-arXn-
®m¬- C-cp-]-Øn-b-©v- ]-Ww.- iq-{Z-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬- sh-dpw- ]-{¥≠v- bp-sS- hn-[n.- kv-{Xo- bu-∆-\-{]m-b-Øn¬-X-s∂- hn-[-h-bm-bm¬
]-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv- ]n-g.- iq-{Z≥- {_mlv-a-W-s\- A-]-am-\n-®m¬- Ah- t]mepw,- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- a-\p-kvar-Xn- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√2.- `¿-Øm-
s≥-d- \m-h-v A-dp-Øp-I-f-b-Ww.- Xm-gv-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn¬- P-\n-®- Hcmƒ- hv- Pm-c-hr-Øn- sN-øp-∂-h-\m-sW-¶n¬-t]m-epw- kv-{Xo- A-bm-sf--
D-b¿-∂- h¿-Æ-Øn-¬- P-\n-®-h-s\- I-tø-‰w- sNbv-Xm¬,- G-Xv- A-h ssZ-h-Xp-eyw- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂v- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂- a\p,- A-tX-
b-hw- sIm-≠m-tWm- A-Xv- sN-bX v- X
- v- B- A-hb
- h
- w- ap-dn-®p-If
- bWw.- {]-hr-Øn-- sN-øp-∂- kv-{Xo-°v- \¬-Ip-∂- in-£- ]-c-ky-am-bn- ]-´n
I-tøm- h-Sn-tbm- Hm-ßn-bm¬- ssI- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww.- Nhn´n-bm¬- Iƒ-°v- I-Sn-®p-Io-dm≥- F-dn-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv.-
Im¬- ap-dn-®p-I-f-b-Ww1.- C-ß-s\- t]m-Ip-∂p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnse- kv{Xo°v- Ip-Spw-_k - z-Øn-\v- A-hI - m-ia- n-s√-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂- a\p-
kmaqln-Ii -- n-£m- \n-b-a-߃.- A-hf - p-sS- A-≤zm-\Ø - n-s≥-d- Iq-en-t]m-epw- ]-pc - pj-t≥-dX
- n-\v- ]-IpXn-
{_m-lva - W
- s- ≥-d- H-∏w- \-S∂
- - iq-{Z-s\- NΩ-´n-sIm-≠S- n-°Ww.- bm- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂v - \n- j v - I ¿- j n- ° p- ∂ p. 3 lnµp- ]n- ¥ p- S ¿- ® m-
iq{Z≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- kzØv- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ \nbahpw- kz-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-hp-sa-√mw- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb- am-\n-®p-
Ww.- B-cy-kv-{Xo-sb- iq-{Z≥- {]m-]n-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- ]p-cp-jm-hbhw- sIm-≠m-Wv- \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
th¿-s∏-Sp-Øn- A-h-s≥-d- kz-Øp-°ƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n- A-h-s\- sIm√ \ym-bo-Ic- W
- ß- ƒ-:- kva- r-Xn-Is
- f- \ym-bo-Ic
- n-°m-\pw- hymJym-
Ww.- iq-{Z≥- th-Zw- {i-hn-®m¬- A-hs - ≥-d- Im-Xn¬- Cu-øh - pw- Dcp°pw- \n®v- Xp-ºn-√m-Xm-°m-\p-ap-≈- {i-aß-ƒ- C-∂pw- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-
D-cp-°n-sbm-gn-°W - w.- th-Zw- D-®cn-®- iq-{Z-s≥-d- \m-hv- A-dp-Øv- th¿s∏- cn°p-∂p.- h¿Æm-{i-a- hy-h-kv-Y- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-
Sp-ØW - w.- iq{Zs\- A-[n-t£-]n-°p-∂- {_m-lva - W
- \ - v- H-cp- in£bpw- s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv- H-cp- h-ym-Jym-\w.- sXm-gn¬- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn-
sIm-Sp-°m≥- ]mSn√.- {_m-lv-a-W≥- tam-jv-Sn-®m¬- A-h-s≥-d- I-Æp _-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬-X-s∂- P∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-ep-≈- Pm-Xn- hn`-
Iƒ- c-≠pw- sI-´p-I-am-{Xw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-s\- sh-dp-sX- hn-´-bbv-° P-\w- \o-Xn-bs
- √-∂v- A¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m¬- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- P-∑Ø - ns‚-
Ww.- C-sX-√m-am-Wv- B-]kv-Xw-_- [¿-Ω-kq-{X-Øn-se- \n-b-a-߃.2- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-e-√-;- I¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- PmXn-
{_m-lv-a-W-s\- sIm-√p-∂- iq-{Z-s\- aq-∂v- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xobn hn-`-P-\-sa-∂- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\- c-ln-X-amWv.- ""{_m-lv-a-W- tbm-
en´v- Ip-d-®p-Ip-d-®m-bn- Nn-{X-h-[w- sN-bv-Xv- sIm-√-W-sa-∂v- I¬-∏n \n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥'',- ""iq-{Z- tbm-\n-bn¬- P-\n-®-h≥''- Xp-S-ßn-b-
°p∂- Ku-X-a-[¿-Ω-kq-{Xw- iq-{Z-s\-sIm-√p-∂- D-b¿-∂- Pm-Xn ]cm-a¿-i-߃- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- h-sc- Im-Wmw.- C-Xv- Pm-Xn-hy-
°m¿°v\ - ¬Ip-∂- in£- H-cp- h¿-js - Ø- X-Sh - pw- ]-{¥-≠v- ]-ip°ƒ- h-kv-Y- P-∑m-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- X-∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-
]ngbpw- am-{X-am-W .- 3 ∂-sX∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
Xm-gv∂
- - Pm-Xn-°m-sc- am-{X-a√- ,- k-aq-lØ - n-s≥-d- am-Xm-°fmb- ""ho-≠pw- a-\p-kva
- r-Xn-°v- \n-ba
- {]m-_e
- yw- \¬-IW- s- a-∂v- Hcm-
kv{Xo-Is - f-°q-Sn- A-ka - X
- z-Øn-s≥-db - pw- A-Sn-aØ
- Ø- n-s≥-db - pw- Nß fpw- B-h-iy-s∏-´n-´n-√.- {K-\v-Yim-e-I-fn-ep-w- K-th-j-W-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-
e-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- _-\v[ - n-®n-Sm-\m-Wv- kva- rXn-Iƒ- s]m-Xp-sh- {i-an°p f-n-epw- s]mSn-]n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m-No-\-{K-\v-Yw- Np-´p-I-cn-°-
∂-Xv.- ""Iu-amcm-h-kv-Y-bn¬- ]n-Xm-hn-\m-e-pw- bu-∆-\m-h-kv-Y-bn¬- W-sa-∂- B-h-iyw- as‰-¥m- B-Wv- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv''4 F-∂-
`¿-Øm-hn-\m-epw- hm¿-≤I - y-Øn¬- ]p{X-\m-epw- kwc£n°s∏tS≠-
1.- ]n-Xm-c-£-Xn- Iu-am-tc- `¿-Øm-c-£-Xn- bu-∆-t\-
c-£-¥-kv-Y- ho-tc- ]p-{Xm- \x-kv-{Xo- kzm-X-{¥y-a¿-l-Xn-˛a-\p-kv-ar-Xn,- 9:-3.-
1.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 8:-279˛283.- 2.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159.-
2.- D-≤m-- -c-Ww-:- Ir-jv-Wm-\-µ-kzm-an-:- C-¥yb-n-se- h¿-Æ-k-a-cw-,- t]-Pv- 93˛95.- 3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 5:-159˛161.-
3. Ibid -t]-Pv:- 95.- 4.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v,- 1988 P-\p-h-cn- 17˛23.-
155 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 156
≠- im-]-am-Wv- cm-am-b-W-Øn-s≥-d- {]Y-a- t«m-I-am-bn- am-dn-b-Xv.- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- ]m¿-∏n-°p-∂p.- ko-X-sb- Xn-c-°n-bn-d-ßn-b- cm-a\pw-
""A-cp-Xv- Im-´m-fm.....- {Iu-©- an-Yp-\-ß-fn¬- Im-a-tam-ln-X-am e-£v-a-W-\pw- am¿-§-a-t[y- hm-\-c-t\-Xm-°-fm-b- kp-{Ko-h-s\-bpw-
b- H∂n-s\- h-[n-®- \o- G-sd-°m-ew- Po-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°-s´-''1 F-∂mWv- l-\p-am-s\-bpw- I-≠kv- p-lr-Z_
v- \
- [
v- w- kvY
- m-]n-°p-∂p.- C-hc
- p-sS- IqSn-
im-]w.- Cu- t«m-I-Øn-s≥-d- Xm-f-hpw- e-b-hpw- ku-µ-cy-hpw- h-f-sc- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- e-¶-bn-te°v- ]-S-\-bn-®v,- cm-h-W-s\- bp-≤-Øn¬-
b-[n-Iw- C-jvSs∏´- hm¬-ao-In- C-tX- cq-]-Øn¬- H-cp- a-lm-]p-cp- tXm¬-∏n-®v- ko-Xs- b- c-£n-°p-∂p.- A-t∏m-tg-°pw- ssI-tI-bn- Bh-
jm-Jym-\-Øn-\v- t{]-cn-X-\mbn.- C-∂v- Cu- tem-I-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cn- iys∏-´- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-j-sa-∂- Im-em-h-[n- A-h-km-\n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v-
°p-∂h - c- n¬-sh-®v- G‰-hpw- KpW-]q¿-Æ\ - m-b- a-\p-jy-\m-cm-Wv- F∂- cm-a-\pw- ko-X-bpw- e-£v-a-W-\pw- Atbm-[y-bn-te-°v- a-S-ßp-∂p.-
A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v cm-a-\-√m-sX- a-‰m-cp-a-√- F-∂- D-Ø-c-am-Wv- \m- `c-X≥- knw-lm-k-\w- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bpw- cm-a≥- cm-Py-`-c-Ww- Gs‰-
cZ- a-l¿-jn-bn¬ -\n-∂v- e-`n-®-Xv.- A-ß-s\-bmWv- cma-I-Ym-Jym\w- Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- C-Xm-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmam-b-W-Øn-s≥-d-
\-S-Øm-≥- hm¬-ao-In- a-l¿-jn- ap-X-n-cp-∂-Xv.- kw£n-]v-Xw.-
A-tbm-[y-bn-se- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Z-i-c-Y-s≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-am- Ir-Xbp-Kw,- t{X-Xm-bp-Kw,- Zzm-]c-bp-Kw,- I-en-bp-Kw- F-∂o-
cn¬- H-cm-fm-b- Iu-k-ey-bp-sS- ]p-{X-\m-Wv- cm-a≥.- ssI-tI-bn,- kpan bpKßfn¬- t{X-Xm-bp-K-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a-s≥-d- `-c-W-w- \-S-∂-sX
{X- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- a-‰v- c-≠v- `m-cy-am¿.- Zo¿-L-Im-ew- X-\n-°v- k-¥m- ∂m-Wv- hnizm-kw.- I-en-bp-Kw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v- 5092 h¿-j-ß-fm-sb-
\-ß-fn-√m-ØXn¬- Zpx-Jn-®v- ]p-{X-Im-tajvSn-bm-Kw- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- ∂m-Wv- I-W-°v.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw- 8,-64000 h¿-j-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
bm-K-Øn¬-sh-®v- irw-K-ap\n- b-Pv-R-]n-Wv-Uw- X-øm-dm-°n- Z-i-c-Y- Icp-Xs- ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Xn\pw- ap-ºp-≈- t{X-Xm-bp-KØn¬- 12,-99,-000 h¿j-
s≥-d- aq-∂v- `m-cy-am¿-°pw- sIm-Sp-°pI bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- Cu- ]n-Wv- ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- t{XXm-bp-K-Øn-s≥-d-
Uß-ƒ- I-gn-®v- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- K¿-`n-Wn-I-fm-bn.- Iu-k-ey- cm-a-t\- A-h-km-\-Øn-em-Wv- {io-cm-a≥- `cWw- \-S-Øn-b-sX-¶n-epw,- ]p-cm
bpw- ssI-tI-bn- `-c-X-t\-bpw- kp-an-{X- e-£v-a-W-t\-bpw- i-{XpLv- W-߃- {]-Im-cw- 8,-69,-092 h¿-j-߃°v- ap-ºm-Wv- B- Im-e-L-´w-
\-t\-bpw- {]-k-hn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Ip-sd-°m-ew- I-gn-™v- cma≥- F-∂-\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- F-´v- e-£wh--¿-j-߃°v- ap-ºv- tem-I-
ko-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-øp-∂p.- cm-a-\v- {]m-b-am-b-t∏mƒ- A-t±-l- Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn- sX-fn-hp-
sØ- cmP-]-Z-hn- G¬-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øv- cm-Py-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬-\n- I-fn-√.- Cu- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø
- n¬- cm-aI - Y- - A-Sn-kY
v- m-\c- l
- n-Xa
- m-sW∂v-
∂pw- hn-c-an-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- B-{K-ln-°p-∂p.- B- k-a-b-Øv- Xm-\p- hm-Zn-°p-∂h - c
- p-≠v.- A-hc - p-sS- A-`n-{]m-bØ- n¬ c--ma - m-bW- w- \s√mcp-
am-bn- ap-ºp-≠m-°n-b- D-S º-Sn-b-\p-k-cn-®v- F-t∏m-gm-h-iy-s∏-´m-epw- t\m-h¬- am-{X-am-Wv.
\-S-∏m-°m≥- Z-i-c-Y≥- _m-[y-X-s∏-´-Xm-b- B-{K-lw-- k-^-e-am-°n- hm-¬a - o-In- cm-am-bW- w- - Iq-Sm-sX- H-´\
- h
- [- n- cm-am-bW - ß - f - p≠v.-
Ø-c-W-sa-∂v- ssI-tI-bn- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ssI-tI-bn- X-s≥-d- A≤ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-Ww,- a-lm-cm-am-bW-w,- kw-hr-X-cm-am-b-Ww,- AK-
]p-{X-\m-b- `-c-X-s\- cm-Pm-hm-°-W-sa-∂pw- cma≥- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jw- kvXy- cm-am-b-Ww,- tem-a-k- cm-am-b-W-w,- a-Rv-Pp-f- cm-am-b-Ww,- ku-
h-\-hm-kw- \-S-Ø-W-sa-∂pw- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]n-Xmhn-s≥-d- hmKv- ]-Xy- cm-am-bW-w,- ku-lm¿-±- cm-am-b-Ww- Xp-S-ßn- Ip-sd- kw-kv-Ir
Z-Ø- ]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- cm-a≥- ko-X-tbm-Spw- e-£v-a-W-t\m-Spw- X- cm-am-bW-߃-Xs - ∂-bp-≠v.- Xp-©s - Ø-gp-ØNvO - s-- ≥-d- A-≤ymXv-
Iq-sS- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\v- t]m-Ip-∂p.- h-\-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-°-v e-¶m-cm-P- a- cm-am-bm-Ww- In-fn∏-m-´m-Wv- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap≈-
m-hm-b- cm-h-W≥- F-∂- cm-£-k≥- ko-X-sb- X-´n-s°m-≠pt]m-bn- cm-am-bW - I- m-hyw.- I-PvR - i- vi- cm-am-bW - w,- cm-aI- Y- ∏- m-´v,- cm-aN
- c- nXw-
Xp-S-ßn- th-sd-bpw- cm-a-I-Y-Iƒ- a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v.- X-an-gn¬- I-º-
1.- am- \n-jm-Z-:- {]-Xn-jv-Tmw-Xz- a- K-a- iv-im-iz-Xox- k-amx-
b-Xv- {Iu-©-an-Yp-\m- tZ-I- a-h-[ox- Im-a-tam-ln-Xw- cm-am-bW- h- pw- ln-µn-bn¬- Xpf-koZmk- cm-am-bW - h - p-am-Wv- {]-kn≤w.-
161 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 162
Cu- cm-am-b-W-ß-sf-√mw- \¬-Ip∂- cm-a-Nn-{Xw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- I-e£w t«m-I-߃- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- {_-lv-a-
]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp-≤-ß-fm-b- H-´-\-h-[n- Im-cy߃- Cu- cm-am-b-W-ß- tem-I-sØ- {]m-]n-®p-sh-∂m-Wv-'- hn-izm-kw-1.- c-N-\m-Im-e-Øv- a-lm-
fn-ep-≠v.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬-Ip-d-®v- t«m-I-ßt-- f- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
a-lm-`m-cXw-:- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®- I-Y-\-am-b- ≈q-sh-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂pw- H-c-p-
alm`m-c-X-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- a-l-Øm-b- C-Xn-lm-k-{K-\v-Y-am-bn- Adn- hn[w- F-√m- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®-sX-∂v- hn-i-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- a-lm- \y- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- ""a-lm-`m-cX-Øn-s≥-d- aq-ew- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-
`m-c-Xw,- ]-©-ath-Z-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-c-kz-Xo- \Zo- ≠n-\v- ap-ºp-X-s∂- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW¶n-epw- A-Xn¬- ]n¬-°m-e-
Xo-c-Øn-se- B-{i-a-Ønen-cp-∂v- th-Z-hym-k≥- c-Nn-®- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- Øv- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-´n-t®¿-Øn-´m-Wv- C-∂-sØ- cq-]w- ssI-h-∂-Xv.- tIh-
in-jy-\m-b- ssh-i-ºm-b-\-s\- ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ssh-i- ew- 24000 t«m-I-ß-f-S-ßn-b- H-cp- Im-hy-am-Wv- (A-Xn-s≥-d- t]¿-
ºm-b-\≥- P-\-ta-P-b-\v- D-]-tZ-in-®p-sImSp-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh- "`mc-Xw'- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.)- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp- e-£-Øn-te-sd- ]-Zy-ß-fp
∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.- "`m-c-Xw'- F-∂- i-_v-Z-Øn-se- Hmtcm- A£ ≈- a-lm-`m-c-Xam-bn-Øo¿-∂-Xv''-2.- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- aq-∂v- ]-I¿-
chpw- Hm-tcm- a-l-Øm-b- B-i-b-ß-sf- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sNøp-∂p- Øn-sb-gp-X-ep-Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂v- bm-Ym-kv-Yn-Xn-I-∑m¿-t]m-epw-
sh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- "`m'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√m- th-Z-ß- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂- Im-cy-am-Wv-3.-
fnepw- `m-kn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂pw,- "c'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F-√m- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®pw-
Pohn-I-fn-epw- cXn-bp-≈-Xv- F∂-- "X'- F-∂- A-£-cw-sIm-≠v- F√m- hn-cp-≤m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.- D-]-cn-N-c-h-kp- F-∂- cm-Pm-hn¬-\n-∂v-
Xo¿-∞-ß-sf-bpw- X-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂p-am-Wv- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-X-s{X.- K¿-`n-Wn-bmb- A-{Zn-I-sb-∂- a¬-ky-I-\y-I- {]-k-hn-®- k-Xy-h-Xn-
C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n- bn¬- ]-cm-i-c-a-l¿-jn°v- P-\n-®- Ir-jv-W-ssZz-]m-b-\m-Wv- th-Z-
te-s-d- ]-g-°-an-s√-∂m-Wv- ]-W-vUn-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- c≠mw- \q‰m- hym-k≥- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂mWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-∂m-¬ th-Z-
≠n-\pw- F.Un.- c-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- C-∂- hym-k≥- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-b-s√-∂pw- AsXmcp- kv-Ym-\-\m-aw-
sØ- cq-]-Øn-em-b-sX-∂m-Wv- Un.-Un.-sIm-kmw-_n-1bpw- tUm. cm[m- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-°pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-s≠∂v- \-
I-a¬-ap-°¿-Pn-bpw-2 ]-db - p-∂X - .v - hn≥-d¿\n-‰k -v n-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ
- n¬,- tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿,- t]m-∏v,- ]m-{Xn-bm¿-°o-kv- Xp-
a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-\v- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[n-Iw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-X- S-ßn-b-h-t]m-se-bp-≈- kv-Ym-\-t∏-cv- am-{X-am-Wv- I-W-z≥,- hym-k≥-
tbm- F.-Un.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-e-[nIw- B-[p-\n-I-X-tbm- \¬-Im-≥- F-∂n-h-sb-∂m-Wv- Kp-cp-\n-Xy- ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-4 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- hym-k≥-
I-gn-bn-√.-3 hy-m-k≥- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- tI-h-ew- 8800 t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "Pb'- F-∂ \m-aØn\v- kw-hn-[m-b-I≥,- {]-km-[-I≥- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-Iv-
F-∂- Im-hyw- am-{X-am-sW-∂pw- ssh-i-ºm-b≥- A-Xn-s\- 24000 t«m- Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- A¿-∞-ß-fp-s≠-∂pw- th-Z-߃- k-am-l-cn-®- hy-Iv
I-ßf - p-≈- "`m-cX- w'- F-∂- {K-\vY - a- m-°n-sb-∂pw- kq-X≥- F-∂- BNm- Xn- th-Z-hym-k-\pw- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- k-am-l-cn-®-h¿- hy-
cy-\m-Wv- `m-cX- k- w-ln-Xs - b- Ip-d® - p-Iq-Sn- hn-]p-es- ∏Sp-Øn- H-cp- e£w- Xy-kv-X- hym-k-∑m-cpw- B-Im-\m-Wv- km[y-X-sb-∂m-Wv- am¿-K-c-
t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- "a-lm-`m-c-Xw'- B-°n-b-sX-∂pw-4 A-`n{]m-b-ap-≠v.- ‰pw- sP-bnw-kv- kv-s‰-Uv-se-Kpw-5 A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
F-∂m¬- "th-Z-hym-k- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- aq-e-`m-c-X-Øn¬- A-t\- - H-t∂Im¬- e-£w- t«m-I-ß-fp-≈- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn¬- ]-Xn-
1.- sI.- ]-c-ttiz-c≥-]n-≈-:- ln-µp-[¿-Ω- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 216.-
1. D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Page 133. 2. Krishna Chaithanya: A New History of Sanskrit Literature Page, 200.
2. Radha Kamal Mukharjee: The Culture and Art of India. Page 214. 3.- sh-´w-am-Wn-:- ]-p-cm-Wn-Iv- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b,- t]-Pv- 875.-
3. Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. 11 Page 17. 4. Nithya Chaithanya Yathi- The Bhagavad Gita, Page 1.
4. B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 53. 5. Margerette and James Stutleg: A Dictionary of Hinduism, Page 151.
163 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 164
A-Xv- b-mZ-h-cp-sS- \m-i-Øn\v- \n-Zm-\-am-Ip-sa-∂pw- {Ip-≤-\m-b- ap\n- ´m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]-kn-≤w.- hym-k-`m-c-X-tØm-Sv- \o-Xn- ]p-e¿-Øn-
i-]n-®p.- ]n-t‰-∂p-X-s∂- kmw-_-h≥- C-cp-º-p-e-°- {]-k-hn-°p-Ibpw- s°m-≠m-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d- c-N-\- \-S-∂-sX-¶n-epw- Ihn-I-fp-sS- `m-h-\-
sN-bv-Xp.- A-h- D-c-®p-c-®v- s]m-Sn-bm°n- I-S-en-te-s°-dn-s™-¶n- A-h-sb- kzm-[o-\n-®n´p-≠v.- {io-h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-m-cm-P-h¿-Ω- F-gp
epw,- I-c-bv-°v- ASn-®p-I-b-dn- tIm-ep-I-fm-bn- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂p.- bm-Zh¿- Xp-∂p-:- ""`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Ø-n-\pw- F-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- In-fn-∏m-´n\pw- H-cp-
Cu- C-c-t¶m-epIƒ-sIm-≠v- ]-c-kv-]-cw- t]m-c-Sn-®v- acn®p.- Cu- C-cp- {]-[m-\- h-y-Xym-k-ap-≈-Xv- k-hn-ti-jw- kv-a-c-n-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.-
ºn-s≥-d- H-cp- `m-Kw- th-S-\p-In-´n.- A-bm-f-Xv- A-º-p-ap-\bmbn- D-]- hymk-hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- C-Xn-lm-k-Øn¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b-
tbm-Kn-®p.- X-] - v- sN-bvX
- p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- {io-Ir-jvW - ≥- am-\m-sW∂v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- `-Iv-Xn-°v- kv-Ym-\w- I¬-
sX‰n-≤-cn-®v- B- th-S≥- A-sº-bv-Xp.- A-ºp-sIm-≠v- ho-W- {io-Ir- ∏n-®n-´p-≠v.- A-Xv- A-{][m-\w- A-s√-¶n¬- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- Xm-sg-bm-
jv-W\Sp-Øv- h-∂- th-S≥- £-am-bm-N-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- A-t±-lw- Ip-∂p.- k¿-∆-{X- Kn-cn-in-J-cw-t]mse- {]-tim-`n-°p-∂-Xpw- A-sXm-
s]m-dp-Øp- sImSp-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX
v- p.- Zn-°p-If
- n-te-s°-√mw- {]-Imiw- ∂p-X-s∂.- In-fn-∏m-´n¬- a-lm-`-Iv-X-\mb- Xp-©-ØmNm-cy≥- aq-eØn-
hn-X-dn-s°m-≠v- IrjvW-≥- kz¿-§-Øn-te-°v- bm-{X-bm-bn.- s≥-d- B- kv-Yn-Xn-°v- A¬-∏w- H-cp- am-‰w- hcpØn-bn-´p-≠v''-1.-
a-lm-`m-c-Xw- H-cp- kw-`-h- I-Y-b-s√-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-
cp-≠v.- A-Xv- sh-dp-sam-cp- I-Y-bm-sW-∂pw- Ir-jv-W≥,- A¿-Pv-Pp-\≥-
F-∂n-h¿- I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfm-sW-∂p-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- ]-£w.- th-Z
km-ln-Xy-Øn-sem-cn-S-Øpw- a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-
i-ß-fn-se-∂-Xpw- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-X-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºp-≈- H-cp- IrXn-
bn-epw- a-lm-`m-cX- s- Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™
- n-´n-s√-∂X- p-am-Wv- A-Xv- \ntj-
[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Im-c-W-am-bn- ]-db-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-bn¬- a-lm-
`m-cX
- b
- p-≤w- \-S∂ - p-sh-∂v- ]-db
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂- Im-eØ - v- h-en-b- cm-Py߃-
\n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-hn-sS-sb-√mw- hnI-kn-X-am-b- \m-K-cn-I-
X-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈-
ssk-\n-I- i-Iv-Xn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-cp-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- kp-e-
`-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnX-
am-sW-∂pw- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tUm.- kn.-kn.- k¿-°m¿,- tUm.- F®v.-
Un.- k-¶m-en-1 Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw-
C-Xm-Wv.-
hym-k-s≥-d- aq-e- a-lm-`m-c-X-sØ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n- hn-hn-
[- C¥y≥- `m-j-I-fn¬- a-lm-`m-c-X- `m-jy-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- hymk-a-lm-`m-c-X-Xn-s≥-d- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z- a-e-bm-f- ]-
cn-`m-j-bm-Wv- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´≥- X-ºp-cm≥- \n¿-h-ln-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- Xp-©-sØ-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw- In-fn-∏m-
1. Quoted by B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 4,5 1. h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-Ω-:- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw,- t]-Pv.- 15.-
167 ln-µp-a-X- {K-\v-Y-߃- 168
ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥,- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hv,- {]-Pm-]-Xn- Xp-S-ßn-b- \m-a A-h-\m-Wv- k¿-∆- `p-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-[o-im-[n-Im-cn.- A-h≥- `qan-
ß-f-n-se-√mw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- ssZ-hw- kw-t_m-[-\- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.- sb-bpw- kz¿-§-sØ-bpw- AXXv- kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- kv-Ym-]n-®p.- A-h-
Cu- {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- k-I-e- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-apºv- \n¬- \n-∂m-Wv- k¿-∆- Ncm-Nm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-b-Xv.- tem-Iw- ap-gp-h≥-
H-cp- i-Iv-Xn- C-hn-Sw- ap-gp-h≥- hym-]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ln-cW- y-K¿
- `
- s
- ≥-d- I¬-∏\
- I- f
- \
- p-kc
- n-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h\p-
kr-jSv- n-Ko-Xw- hyIvX - a- m-°p-∂p.- ""At∏mƒ- A-kØ - pw- k-Øpw- C√m- 1
am-{Xw- l-hn- ¿-∏n-°p-I'' .- km-a-th-Z-hpw- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- ln-cWy-
bn-cp-∂p.- hm-bp-a-Wv-U-ehpw- A-Xn-\p-ap-I-fn¬- B-Im-i-hp-an-√.- K¿-`≥- F-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
Fs¥m-∂-m-W-Xv?- F-hn-sS-bmWXv- aq-Sn-°n-S-∂-Xv?- G-sXm∂m-W- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ-X-s∂- hn-hn-[- \m-a-ß-fn¬- hn-fn-°p-∂- k{º-
Xn-\v- c-£- \¬-In-b-Xv?- A-hn-sS- K-l-\hpw- A-Km-[-hp-am-b- P-e- Zmbw- ap-ºp-ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-
∏c-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-thm?- ar-Xyp-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Aa-c-Xz-hp-ap-≠m- °m-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`-s≥-d- A-tX- kz-`m-h-߃-X-s∂-
bn-cp-∂n-√;- - cm-∏I - e
- p-If - p-sS- Nn-l\ v- ß
- s- fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.- GI- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-epw- Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- C-h- c-≠pw- H-tc-
am-b- A-Xv- kz-¥w- B-¥c - n-Ii- I
- vX
- n-sIm-≠v- hm-bp-hn-√m-sX- izmka- ssZ-h-sØ-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hn-hn-[- \m-a-߃- am-{X-am-
1-
b-®p'' .- Cu- h-N-\w- \o-≠pt]m-bn- Cu- i-Iv-Xn-sb- B-cm-Wv- krjvSn- bn-cn-°mw.- ""{]-]-©-ß-sf-bpw- tZh-∑m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xpw- kz¿-
®-sX-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- A-Xpw- G-I-am-b- B- §-hpw- `q-an-bpw- a-‰pw- \n¿-Ωn-®-Xpw- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-Wv.- k¿-∆-hym-
iIv-Xn°v- am-{X-ta- A-dn-bq-sh-∂- k-¶-¬∏ -- -Øn-em-Wv- F-Øn-t®-cp- ]n-bm-b- A-h≥- F-√m-hn-[- kp-J-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.- A-Xn-
∂-Xv.- ""aq-eI - m-cW
- t- a-sX-∂pw,- kr-jSv- n-bp-sS- D-dh - n-Ss
- a-s¥-∂pw- B¿- \m¬- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hn-s\- h-µn-°p-I''2.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- X-s∂- hn-cmSv-
{]-Jym-]n-°pw?- tZ-h-∑m-cpw- a-‰pw- kr-jv-Sn-°v- ti-j-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.- - \-bpw3 B-Zn-bpw- A-¥h
]p-cp-js - p-an√m-Øh - \
- m-bn- hm-gvØn-bX - mbn-
A-t∏m-gsX--ßn-s\- Bhn¿-`-hn-®-sX-∂v- B¿-°-dn-bmw?- A-Xn-s\- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- G-Is - sZ-hØ- n-s≥-d- a-s‰mcp- t]cp-
B¿- kr-jvS- n-®p?- B¿- krjvS- n-®n-√?- D-]c - n-tem-IØ - v- kvY
- n-Xn- sNøp- X-s∂-bm-Wv- hn-cm-Sv- ]p-cp-j≥- F-∂v- \-ap-°q-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-
2
∂- A-Xn-\v- am-{X-a-dn-bmw''- .-
b-Pp¿-th-Z-Ønepw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-sb-∂- t]-cn-epw- hniz-I¿-Ωm-
B-Zn-bpw- A-¥-hp-an-√m-Ø- G-I-ssZ-h-sØ- l-n-c-Wy-K¿-`≥- sh∂ t]cn-epw- Cu- G-Is - sZ-hw- kw-t_m-[\ - - sN-øs
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.-
F-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- ]-e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw- kw-t_m-[-\- sNbv-X-Xm-bn- ""Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- tem-Im-cw-`-Øn¬-
Im-Wmw.- ""BZn-bn¬- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`≥- am-{X-sa- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.- Cu- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- D-]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- Cu- hn-im-e-
1.- \m-k-Zm-ko-t∂m- k-Zm-ko-Ø- Zm-\o
kr-jv-Sn-sb- P-\n-∏n-®- hn-iz-I¿-Ωm-hm-b- {]-Pm-]-Xn- `q-an-sb-bpw-
∂m-ko-{Z- tPm-t\m- thym-am- ]-tbm-c-X-v A-¥-co-£m-Zn-I-sf-bpw- c-Nn-®v- A-h-sb-sb-√mw- k-z-¥w- i-Iv-Xn-bn¬
Io-am- h-co-h-x- Ip-l- I-ky- i¿-a∂w-`x-
In-am-ko-Zv- K-l-\w- Kw-`o-cw- s]m-Xn-™p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p-''4.- Cu- {]-Pm-]-Xn- k-I-e- N-cm-Nc-ß-
\-ar-Xyp- cm-ko-Z-ar-Xw- \- X¿ln- fp-sS-bpw- \m-Y-\m-W-∂v- Im-Wn-°p-∂- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\- t\m-°p-I-:-''-
\-cm-{Xym- A-lv-\- B-kn-Xv- {]-tI-Xx-
B-\o- Z- hm-Xw- kz-[-bm-X-tZ-Iw- 1.- ln-c-Wy-K¿-`x- k-a-h¿-Ø-Xm-t{K-
X-kv- am-≤ym-\y-∂- ]-cx-Inw-N-\m-k- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-129:1,-2).- `q-X-ky- Pm-Xx- ]-Xn-tc-I- B-ko-Xv-
2.- tIm- A≤m- thZI Cl{]tam-NXv- k-Zm-[m-c- ]r-Yn- how,- Zym-ap-tX-amw-
Iq-X BPm- Ip-X Cbw- hn-kr-jv-Snx- I-kv-ssa- tZhm-b- l-hn-jm- hn-t[-a.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-121:-1).-
A¿-hm-K-vtZ-hm- A-ky- hn-k¿-P-t\- 2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-81:-1.-
\m-Ym- tIm-th-Z- b-X- B-_-`q--h- 3 E-tKz-Zw 10:90:2.
C-bw- hn-kr-jv-Sncy--X- B-_-`q-h- 4.- Inw- kzn-Zm- ko-Z-[n-jv-Tm-\- am-cw-`W-w-
b-Zn- hm-Z-t[- b-Zn-hm-\- I-X-a-Xv-kzn-Xv- I-Ym-kzo-Xv-
tbm- A-kym-[y-£x- ]-c-ta- thym-a b-tXm- `q-aow- P-\-b-
≥- Xv- tkm- Aw-K-th-Z- b-Zn- hm- \- th-Z.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:129:-6,-7).- \w-hn-iz-I¿-Ωm- hn-Zym-au¿-tWm≥- a-ln-\m- hn-iz-N-£m-x- (ip-¢-b-Pp¿-th-Zw- 17:-18).-
184 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 185
D¬-∏Ø - n-°pw- hr-≤n-°pw- tl-Xp-`q-X\-mb - n-cn-°p-∂h- \- pw- k¿-∆m[n ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\v- C-{µn-b-ß-fn-√.- ]-s£,- A-h≥- Im-Wp-I-bpw-
]-Xn-bpw- k¿-hP- vR
- \pw- B-Zy-am-bn- ln-cW - y-K¿-`s- \- k-rj
- vS- n-®h\p- tIƒ-°p-I-bp-sa-√mw- sN-øp-∂p-≠v.- "" B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- I-c-N-c-W-c-
am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- \-sΩ- ip-`-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-cm-°n-Øo¿-°-s´''1.- ln-X-\m-sW-¶n-epw- k-a-kv-X- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- {K-ln-°p-∂-h-\pw-
{]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- hy-Xy-kX
v- - {]-Xn-`m-kß
- ƒ-t]m-epw- kw-`h
- n°p- A-Xn-th-Kw- k¿-h{- X- K-an-°p-∂h - \- pw- I-Æp-IƒIq-Sm-sX- k¿-∆hpw-
∂Xv- Cu- ]-c-{_-lv-a-sØ- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv-.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv- Im-Wp-∂-h-\pw- ImXp-Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- F-√mw- tIƒ-°p-∂-h-\p-am
hm-bp- N-en-°p∂Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂m-Wv- kq-cy≥- D-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-.- CXn- Ip∂p.- A-h≥ - - A-dn-tb-≠X - m-bn-´p-≈X - v- F-√mw- A-dn-bp-∂p.- F∂m¬-
s\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bmWv- A-Kv-\n-bpw- C{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp A-h-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-´v- Bcp-an-√.- Pv-Rm-\n-Iƒ- A-h-s\- alm-
hpw- I¿Ω-߃- A\p--jvTn-°p-∂-Xv''-2.- s\-∂pw- B-Zn-]p-cp-j-s\-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂p''1.-
-P-K-Øn-s≥-d- Im-c-W-sa-¥m-Wv?- kz-`m-h-am-tWm-?- Im-e-am C-{µn-bm-Xo-X-\m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv.- A-h-s\- Im-Wp-hm≥- I-gn
tWm?- A√-X-s∂.- P-K-Øns≥-d- Im-c-Ww- ]-c-tK-iz-c≥- am-{X-amWv.- bn-√.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- cq-]w- Zr-jv-Sn-°p- hn-j-b-a√.- Cu-
""Cu- P-K-Øn-\v- Im-c-Ww- kz-`m-h-amsW-∂v- Nn-e- _p-≤n-am-∑mc-pw- ]c-am-Xva- m-hns\- amw-kN - £- p- p-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- Im-Wp-hm≥- km
Im-e-am-sW-∂v- a-‰p-Nn-ecpw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-h¿- tam-l-{K-kv-X-cm-b-Xn- [y-a-√.- km-[-I-∑m¿- lr-Z-b-kv-Yn-X-\pw- A-¥-cym-an-bp-am-b- ]-c-am-
\m¬- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-sa-s¥-∂-dn-™-p-Iq-Sm.- k¿-∆-i-Iv-Xn-am-\m-b- ]c- Xv-am-hn-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp -IqSnb- l-r-Z-b-tØm-Spw- \n¿-Ω-e- a-\-t m-
ta-iz-c-s≥-d- a-lm-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s≥-d- a-ln-a- Spw,- C-{]-Im-cw- A-dn-bp-∂h - ∑m-cm-bn- `-hn-°p-∂p''2- .- C-°mcyw-
- ¿- A-ac
sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu- {_-lv-a-N-{Iw- I-d-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv''-3.- X-s∂- I-tTm-]-\n-j-Øv- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- hy-IvX-am-bn- hnh-cn-°p-∂p.-
""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- hm-°n-\pw- Im-Xn-\pw- _p-≤n°pw- A-{]m-]y-amWv.-
kq-cy-N{- µm-Zn-Iƒ- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X
- v- ]-c{- _-la
v- Ø
- n-s≥-d- I¬]- F-∂m¬- B-cp-sS-ta¬- A-h-\v- Ir-]-bp-t≠m- A-h-\v- B-`m-Kyw- e`n-
\-bm-em-Wv- ""A-hn-sS- kq-cy≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- N-{µ-\pw- \-£{X- °p-∂p.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-h≥- Ir-]m-]m-{X-Ø-n¬- am-{X-sa- kzbw-
ß-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- Cu- hn-Zyp-Øp-°-fpw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂n-√.- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q''3.-
]n-s∂- Cu- A-Kv-\n- F-hn-sS?- tX-tP-m-a-b-am-b- B- ]-c-{_-l-va-sØ-
A-\p-k-cn-®v- as‰√mw- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- tim-`-sIm-≠p- I-Æpw- Im-Xpw- a-\ - p-sa-√mw- {_-lva
- s- Ø- t\-cn¬- A-dnbm≥-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-]-©w- apgp-h≥- {]-Im-in-°p-∂X-v''-4.- Ai-Iv-X-sa-¶n-epw- C-h-sb-√mw- i-Iv-Xn- t\-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-Øn-\m-
em-sW-∂v- D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- ""A-hn-sS- I-tÆm-
1.- tbm- tZ-hm-\mw- {]-`-h-iv-tNm-Zv-`-h-iv-N- hmt°m- a-\-t m- FØp-∂n-√.- A-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]-d-
hn-izm-[n-t]m- cp-t{Zm-a-l¿-jnx- tb-≠s- X-∂pw- \-ap-°d
- n-™p-IqSm.- a-‰p-≈h
- c- n¬- \n-∂pw- tI-´v- a\ n-
ln-c-Wy-K¿-`w- P-\-b-m-am-k- ]q¿-∆w-
k- t\m- _p-≤ym- ip-`-bm- kw-bp-\-Iv-Xp- (AtX{K\v-Yw 3:4)
2 `o-jm- kv-am-Xv-hm--Xx- ]-h-tX,- 1.- A-]m-Wn-]m-tZm- P-h-t\m- Kr-lo-Xm-
`o-tjm-tZ-Xn- kq-cyx- ]-iy-Xy-Iv-jpx- k- i-r-tWm-Xy- I¿-Æx-
`o-jm- kv-am-Z-Kv-\n-iv-tN-{µ-iv-N.- k-th-Øn- th-Zyw \-N- X-kym-kv-Xn- th-Øm-
ar-Xyp-¿- [m-h-Xn- ]-©-a- C-Xn- (ssXØn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:8:-1)- X-am-lp- c-{Kyw- ]p-cp-jw- a-lm-¥w- (tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-19)-
3.- kz-`-m-h-ta-tI- I-h-tbm- h-Z-¥n- 2.- \- kw-Zr-ti- Xn-jv-T-Xn- cq-]-a-ky
Im-ew- X-Ym-t\y- ]-cn-ap-ly-am-\mx- tZ-h- - \- N-Iv-jp-jm-]-iy-Xn- I-iv-N-ss\-\.-
ssky-j- a-ln-am-Xp-tem-t-I- lr-tZm-lr-Zn-kv-Yw- a-\-km- b- G-\
tb- t\-Zw- {`-m-ay-tX- {_-lv-a-N{I- (tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 6:-1)- ta-hw- hn-Zp-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-¥n- (tiz-tXm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Ø-v 4:-20)-.-
4.- \- X-{X- kq-tcym-`m-Xn- \- N-{µ-Xm-c-Iw- 3. \m-b-am-Xv-am- {]-h-N-t\-\- et`ym
t\-am- hn-Zyp-tXm- `m-¥n- Ip-tXm -f-b-a-Kv-\nx- - \- ta-[-bm- \- _-lp-\m- {ip-Xt-\-
X-ta-h- `m-¥-a-\p- `m-Xn-k¿-∆w- b-ta- ssh-j- hr-Wp-tX- tX-\- e-`y-
X-ky-`m-km- k¿-h- an-Zw- hn-`m-Xn- (ap-Wv-W-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv- 2:-2:-11)- kv-X-ssky-j- B-Xv-am-hn-hr-Wp-tX- X-\qw- kzmw- (I-tTm-]-\n-jØ-v- 1:2:-23).-
192 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 193
em-°p-hm-\pw- I-gn-™n-´n-√.- F-s¥-∂m¬- A-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-´-h-bn¬- ∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- {]m-W-\v-
\n-∂pw- `n-∂a
- m-Wv.- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Sm-Øh
- b
- °
v- pw- AXoX-am-Wv.- C°mcyw- D-]m-k-\m-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''1.-
\-sΩ- hym-Jym-\n-®v- tIƒ-∏n-®- \-Ωp-sS- ]q¿-∆n-I-∑mcn-¬-\n-∂pw- G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-a-kv-X- i-Iv-Xn-I-fn-epw- B-[n-]-Xyw-
tI-´-Xm-Wv''-1.- hln-°p-∂p.- ""F-{]-Im-c-am-tWm- Cu- kq-cy≥- F-√m- Zn-°p-I-sfbpw,-
""hm-°p-I-fn¬- ]-d-b-s∏-Sm≥- A-km-[y-am-b-Xpw- hm-°p-Iƒ- ap-I-fn-epw,- Xm-sg-bpw,- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- A-hn-sS-\n-∂pw,- C-ß-s\-
D-®-cn°-s∏-Sm≥- Im-c-W-am-b-Xpw- G-sXm-∂m-tWm- A-Xp-X-s∂-bm- F-√m- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw- {]-Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- kz-bw- {]-Im-in-°p∂
Wv- {_-lv-asa-∂v- \o- a-\- n-em-°-Ww.- hm-°-p-I-fm¬- D-]m-kn°- Xv,- A-Xp-t]m-se- htc-Wy-\pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''2.- GI\m-bn-Ø-s∂- k-a-kv-X-Im-cW-ß-fm-Ip-∂- k-z-i-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬-
""G-sXm-cp- {_-lv-aw- a-\- p-sIm-≠v- a-\- n-em-°-s∏Sp-hm≥- B[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-°p-∂p''-2.-
km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- a-\- v- G-sXm-∂n-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xnbm¿-Pv-Pn®n- ]-c{- _-lva
- s
- Ø-°p-dn-®v- A-dnbm-Øh
- \
- v- th-Zß
- ƒ-sIm-≠v- bm-
´m-tWm- A-d-b-s∏-´-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv,- A-Xn-s\- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- sXmcp- {]-tbm-P-\-hp-ans√-∂v- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-
a-\- n-em-°p-I.- D-]m-k-\m- hn-j-b-am-b-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-3 ""k-a-kv-X- tZh-∑m-cpw- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- A-\-iz-c-am-b- ]-c-a-thym-a-
bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- I-Æp-sIm-≠v- Im-Wm-≥- km-[n-°m-Ø-Xv,- Øn¬- h-kn-°p-∂- ]c{_-lv-a-sØ- A-dn-bm-Ø- a-\p-jy-\v- th-Z-ß-
F-∂m¬- I-Æn-\v- Z¿-i-\w- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww- bm-sXm-∂m fm¬- bm-sXm-cp- {]tbm-P-\hpw- kn-≤n-°p-I-bn-√.- F-∂m¬- C-X-dn-
tWm-,- A-Xn-s\-Øs∂- \o- {_-lv-a-sa-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- I-Æp- bp-∂-h≥- A-hn-sS- k-ay-Iv-co-Xn-bn¬- kvYn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p''3.-
sIm-≠v- Im-Wp-∂- G-sXm-∂n-s\-bm-tWm- a-\p-jy≥- D-]m-kn-°p∂- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bp-∂-h¿- A-a-c-Xz-hpw- A-X-dn-bmØ-
Xv-;- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-4.- h¿- im-iz- X- Z- px-Jß- f
- n-epw- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- ""B- ln-cW
- y-K¿-`s
- \-°mfpw-
""bm-sXm-cp- i-_Zv- s
- Ø- Im-Xp-sIm-≠v- B¿-°pw- tIƒ-°phm≥- DXv-Ir-jv-S-am-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- A-cq-]-\pw- A-\m-a-b-\p-am-Wv.- B-
km-[y-a-√-tbm,- F-∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂m-tWm- t{imtX-{µnb- ]-ca
- m-Xa
v- m-hns\- A-dn-bp-∂h - ¿- A-ac
- X
- z-sØ- {]m-]n-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬-
Øn-\v- {ih-W-i-Iv-Xn- e-`n-°p-∂X-v- A-Xn-s\-Ø-s∂- \o- {_-lv-a Cu- c-lk - y-ad - n-bm-Øh - Ø- {]m]n°p∂p''4.-
- ¿- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- Zpx-Js
sa-∂v- a-\
- n-em-°pI.- Im-Xp-Iƒ-°v- D-]m-k\ - m- hn-jb
- a
- m-bn-cn- °
- p∂ Cu- G-I-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-am-Wv- B-cm-[-\-Iƒ-°¿-
Xv- {_-lv-a-a-√''-5.- l-s\∂pw- tZ-h-]n-Xr-am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- B-cm-[n°p-∂-Xv- im-iz-X- \jv-
""bm-sXm-∂m-tWm- {]m-W-≥- ap-tJ-\- t{]-cn-X-am-Im-Ø-Xv,- S-Øn-te-°v- am{X-sa- \-bn-°p-I-bp-≈q-sh-∂pw- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-
F∂m¬- bm-sXm-∂n¬- \n-∂p-amtWm- {]m-W-\v- t{]-c-W- e-`n-°p- \n-jØ
- v- hy-IvX
- a
- m-°p-∂p.- ""hn-Zy-bm-Ip-∂- PvR
- m-\X
- X
- z-hpw- A-hnZy-
1. \- X-{X- N-Iv-jp¿- K-Nv-O-Xn- \- hm-Kv-K-Nv-O-Xn- t\m-a-t\m- 1.- b-Xv- {]m-tW-\- \- {]m-Wn-Xn-tb-\- {]m-Wx -{]Wo-b-tX-
\- hn-Zv-tam-\- hn-Pm-\o-tam- b-ssY-X- Z-\p-in-jymXv-˛- X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z-ap-]m-k-tX- (tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:8)
A\y-tZ-h- X-Zzn-Zn-Xm- Z-tYm- jmx- A-hn-Zn-Xm-Z-[n.- C-Xn- 2.- k¿-hm-Zn-ix-- Du¿-≤z-a-[-iv-N- Xn-cy-Iv-
ip-{ipa- ]q¿-th-jmw- tb-\- kv-X-Zv- hym-N- N-Iv-jn-tc- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Xv- 1:-3)-.- {]-Im-i-b≥- {`m-P-tX- b-Zz-\-Uv-hm≥-
2.- b-Zv- hm-N-m-\- `yp-Zn-Xw- tb-\- hm-K-`yp-ZytX- X- tZ-h- G-hw- k-tZ-thm- `-K-hm≥- h-tc-tWym-
{_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX.- (tI-t\m-]-\n-j-Øv- 1:-4)- tbm-\n- kz-`m-hm-\- [n-Xn-jv-T-tXy-Ix- (tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 5:-4)-
3. b≥- a-\-km- \- a-\p-tX- tb-\m-lq¿- at\m -a -Xw- 3.- EtNm- A-£-tc- ]-c-ta- thym-a≥
XtZ-h- {_-lv-a- Xzw- hn-Zv-[n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (tIt\m-]-\n-jØv- 1:-5).- b-kv-an≥- tZ-hm- A-[n-hn-ti-z-- \n-tj-Zpx
4. b-®- £p-jm-\- ]-iy-Xn- tb-\- N-jv-jyw-jn- ]-i-y-Xn- b-kv-Xw- \- th-Z- In-ar-Nm- I-cn-jy-Xm-- b- C-Xv-
X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- bZn-Z- ap-]m-ktX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:6) b-Zv-hn-Zp-kv-X- C-t-a- k-am-k-tX- (tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-8).-
5. b-Xv- t{im-t{X-W- \- {ip-tWm-Xn- tb-\- t{im-{X- an-Zw- {ip-Xw 4.- X-tXm- b-Zp-Ø-c-X-cw- X-Z- cq-]-a-\m-a-bw.
X-tZ-h- {_-lv-a-Xzw- hn-≤n- t\-Zw- b-Zn-Z- ap-]m-k-tX- (AtX{K\v-Yw-- 1:7) - b- G-X- Zhn--Zp-ca - r-Xm-kvt- X- `-h¥
- n-At- Y- X-tc- Zpx-Jt- a-hm-]n-b¥
- n- (AtX{K\vY- w 3:10).
194 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 195
_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°v-
lnµp-°-sf- sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\v- {i-an-®- \-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\ß-
fp-sS- ]-e-Xn-s≥-d-bpw- X-I¿-®-bm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- \ap°v-
Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bn-bp-sS- "{_-lv-a-kam-
Pw'- C-s∂-hn-sS-?- dm-\s - U-bp-sS- "{]m¿-∞\ - m-ka - m-P'-sanhn-sS?- cmam-
\-µs - ≥-db
- pw- I-_o- d
- ns≥d-bpw- "`-IvX - n-{]-kvY - m-\'-sa-hn-sS?- Cu- {]kv-
Ym-\-ß-sf-√mw- G-I-ssZh-hn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øm≥- {ian-
®p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- `m-c-XØn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d-
GSp-I-fn¬- am-{X-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- {]-k-IvXn.- {]m-tbm-KnI-
Po-hn-XØn¬ \ - n-∂v- A-h- ]q¿-Æa - m-bpw- ]-dn-®p-am-‰s - ∏-´p.- F-¥n\[n-
Iw-,- Zbm-\-µ- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- B-cy-k-am-Pw-t]m-epw- AXn-s≥-d-
2
Xo-{hhpw- k-¶p-Nn-Xh - p-am-b- tZ-io-bX- - am-{Xw- A-ht- i-jn-∏n-®v,Z- m¿i
\n-Iamb- G-I-ssZ-h-kn-≤m-¥-tØm-sSm-∏w- `m-c-X-a-Æn¬- N-c-aw-
{]m]n®XmWt√m- \mw- Im-Wp-∂Xv-!.- _lp-ssZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w-
F-∂m¬,- I-√v ap-X¬- Im-™n-c-Ip-‰n-h-sc-bp-≈- k-I-e-X-ns\-
bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-X- {io-i¶c-
s≥-d- AssZzX- Z¿-i\ - Ø
- n-\m-Wv- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ssl-µh - - \-thm∞m- hn-iZ- mw-iß
- f - n¬- hy-Xy-kvX - s- a-¶n-epw- {]-]© - Ø - n-s≥-d- \nb-
\-sa-∂- A-≤ym-b-Øn-\v- Io-gn¬- kv-Ym-\-ap-≈-Xv.- i¶--cm-Nm-cy-sc- {¥-W-®p-a-X-e-bp-≈- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw- G-sd-°p-sd-
]m-Sn-∏p-Ig - vØ
- m-≥- F-∂pw- B-fp-If- p-≠v.- At±-ls- Ø- ]n-¥p-Sc- m\pw- F-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-ƒ- Cu-
B-i-b-߃- {]-N-cn-∏n-°m-\pw- P-∑-hm¿-jn-I-߃- sIm-≠m-Sm-\pw- iIv-Xn-I-sf- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- a-e-°p-Isf-∂pw- am-em-J- (Angels)am-sc-
\n-co-iz-c- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-- h-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-t]m-epw- ap≥\ncbn ∂p-am-Wv.- {Ko-°p-Im¿- Yn-tbm-kv- (Theos) F-∂pw- tdm-a° - m¿ sUbq-
¬- X-s∂-bp-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- G-sd- hnNn{X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- kv- (Deus) F-∂pw- t]¿-j-y-°m¿- b-kv-Xm-s\- (Esthan)∂pw- hnfn-
th-Z-ß-fn-se-bpw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-se-bpw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm- °p-∂X - v- Cu- i-IvX- n-Is - f-Øs - ∂-bm-Wv.- a-e° - p-Iƒ-°v- G-sX-¶nepw-
k-Øn-e[ - n-jvT
- n-Xa
- m-b- X-Xz-kw-ln-XI
- ƒ-°v,- A-hb
- p-sS- am-{Xw- ASn- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- Zn-hy-Xz-ap≈-Xm-bn- apkv-enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-√.-
kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- {]m-tbm-Kn-I- cq-]-w- \¬-Im≥- km-[y am-em-Ja- m-cn¬- {]-ap-J\ - m-b- ]-cn-ip-≤m-Xa v- m-hv- ssZ-hn-I- {Xn-Xz-Ønse-
a-s√-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-\-thm-∞m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-PbØn aq-∂m-a-sØ- B-f-Xz-am-bn-´m-Wv- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.-
¬- \n-∂v- a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-m-Z¿-i-Øn-s≥-d- {]mtbmKn- am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- s]¨-a-°-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- a-°-bn
I-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-b- ssZhn-I- t{km-X p-Iƒ-t°- se- _-lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS- hn-izm-kw.- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- ]ptcm-
I-gn-bq-.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- am-\p-jn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-I-fn¬- W-ß-fn-se- Yn-tbm-kpw- sU-bq-kpw- kz-¥-am-b- A-Xo-im-[n-Im-c-
\n-∂v- ap-‡-am-b- k-am-lm-c-ß-ƒ-t°- km-[n-°q.- A-Øcw- kv-JenX- ß-fpw- kz-X-{¥-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-hp-ap-≈-h-cm-W-v.-
c-ln-X-amb- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X- m-bn- tem-I-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- A-hXcn- ssl-µh- - ]p-cm-Wß- f
- n-se- "tZ-h"- k-¶¬-∏w- sk-an-‰n-Iv- aXß-
∏n-°m-≥ -]-‰p-∂- G-I-{K-\v-Yw- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥- am-{X-am-Wv.- fnse- am-em-J-am-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn- XmXzn-I- s]m-cp-Øw-
202 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 203
{]-I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p-≠v.- ]-t£,- am-em-J-am¿- ssZ-h-I¬-∏-\-I-f-\p-kcn- kr-jv-Sn-°v- ap-gp-h-\pw- sh-fn-®w- \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬- kq-cy≥,- N-{µ≥,-
®v- am-{Xw- {]-h¿-Øn°m≥- hn-[n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-sW-∂- hn-izm-k-hpam- A-¥-co-£w- F-∂n-h-bpw- tZ-h≥-am¿-X-s∂.- ANv-O - ≥-,- A-Ω-,- Kp-cp-
bn- s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥- Bcy-tZ-h- k-¶-¬-∏-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- thZ- °-∑m¿- F-∂n-h-cpw- tZ-h≥-am-cm-Wv- (am-Xr-tZ-thm- `-hx-]n-Xr-tZ-thm-
]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p∂- tZ-h-∑m-cn¬- ]-e¿-°pw kz-X{¥- `-hx- B-Nm-cy-tZ-thm-`-hx)''- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cp-Iv-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.-
am-b- \n-b-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-Ør-Xz-hpw- I¬-∏n°- kz-X-{¥- ssZ-h-ß-f-√-:˛-- tZ-h-∑m¿- H-m-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- kzX-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.- {¥∑m-cpw- B-cm-[ym-¿l - c
- p-am-bm-Wv- th-Zß - f - pw- ]p-cm-Wß - f
- pw a‰pw-
a-XN - c
- n-{X-sØ- ]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-bb - p-sS- `u-Xn-I- ho-£W - Øn- A-hX- c- n∏n-°p-∂X - v.- F-∂m¬,- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-√m-hc - pw- X-s∂- {]-h¿Øn-
eqsS- am-{Xw- t\m-°n-°-≠- K-th-j-I¿- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k- ]q-Pbpw- °p-∂X - v- G-I\- m-b- ssZ-hØ - n-s≥-d- B-PR v- {- ]-Im-ca - m-sW-∂v- hyIvX-
]n-Xp-cm-cm[-\b - p-am-Wv- Cu- _-lp-tZ-hX - m- k-¶¬-]Ø - n-\v- A-SnØd- am-°p-∂- D-]-\n-j-Xv-kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-≠v.- ssX-Øn-cn-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- ]d-
]-m-In-b-sX-∂pw- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- G-I-Xz-hn-`m-h-\- bp-∂p.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´m-Wv- hm-bp- N-en-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `b∂m-
_lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- \n-∂- v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-≠m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- Wv- kq-cy≥- DZn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-∂n-´p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- A-Kv-\nbpw-
hm-Zn-°p-∂p.- `m-cX - o-b- a-Xß
- f- p-sS- aq-ew- G-Is - sZ-hh- n-izm-kØ
- nem- C-{µ-\pw- ]-©-a-\m-b- ar-Xyp-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- I¿-Ω-߃- A-\pjv-Tn-
sW-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- Cu- G-I-ssZh- hn-izm-k-tØmsSm-∏-w- `m-c-X °p-∂-Xv''-2
Øn¬-h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- {]t_m-[-\w- sNbvX- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- C-{µ-≥,- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-sc
hn-izm-k-am-Wv- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-Ød-bm-bn- h-¿-Øn-®- √mw- ssZ-h-kr-jv-SnI-fm-sW-∂v-3 D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-
sX-∂v- kq-£v-a- hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm≥- Ignbpw.- a-e- °p∂p≠v.- A-h-sc- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h-\pw- {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
°p-I-sf- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂1- k-aq-l-ß-sf-t∏m-se- `m-c-Xo-b-cpw- tZhm- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂-√mw- tZ-h-∑m-sc-√mw-X-s∂- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- krjv-
cm-[-\-bn-te-°v- h-gn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-hpw- Sn-I-fp-w- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h¿-Øn-I-fp-am-Wv- F-∂pw- A-h¿-°v- k-z-X-{¥-
a-‰pw- \-ap-°v- X-cp-∂-Xv.- am-b- ssI-Im-cy-I¿-ØrXz-an-s√-∂pw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥-
tZ-hi
- _- Z-v Ø
- n-s≥-d- D¬-∏Ø
- n-:˛- Xn-fß
- p-I- F-∂¿-∞w-hcp∂- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
"Znh'- i-_v-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn.- {]-I- D-Xv-`-h-Im-c-W-߃-:-˛ tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-]Øn- ae-
in-°p-∂-h-s\-∂m-Wv- tZ-h-i-_v-Zw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-sX-∂v- °p-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- \mw- a-\ n-
tUm-Iv-S¿- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥-2 Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- {]-Im-iw em-°n.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- _-lp-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-
sIm≠v- kr-jvS- n-°s - ]-´h
- ≥- F∂- A¿-∞Ø - n-em-bn-cn-°mw- "tZh≥'- te-°p-≈- ssl-µ-h-X-bp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- Imc-
F-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- a-e-°p-Iƒ- {]Im-i-Ø-m-em-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-°- Wß-fp-≠v.- B-cy-Z-kyp-- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-hk-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥d-
s∏-´-Xv-3 F-∂m-W-t√m- C-kv-em-a-n-I- hn-izm-k-w.- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- k-¶¬-∏n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- {]-Ir-Xn-
F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- Cu- ]-ZØ - n-\pw- A¿-∞h - y-Xym-ka
- p-≠mbn.- ]q-P-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏w- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´-sX-∂v-
"a\p-jy-\v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-h\m-Wv- tZ-h≥'- F-∂m-Wv- \n-cpIvX hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.- Z-kyp-°-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- B-cy-∑m-cp-sS-
Øn¬- \n¿-∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- ""a-‰v- a-\p-jy¿-°v- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂- hn-izm-k-ß-fpw- Iq-Sn- \-S-∂- k-¶e-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-am-Wv-
hn-Zzm-\m-b- a-\p-jy-\pw- tZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv- (hn-Zzmw- tkm-ln- tZhx)- tZ-h-∑m-cn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sa-∂- A-`n-{]m-b-hpw- Nn-e¿-°p-≠v.- Cu-
1.- Jp¿-B≥- 43:-20.- 1. Quoted by: Drs. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52.
2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52 2. ssX-Øo-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øv- 8:-4.-
3.- k-lo-lp- ap-kv-enw.- 3.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 4:-12
204 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 205
∂-Xv,- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- in-h-\pw- H-scm-‰- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- H-cn-°¬- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- X-ß-fn¬- B¿-°m-Wv-
aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-If
- m-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√,- {]-Xyp-X- aq∂v- tem-I]- meI∑m al-Xzw- Iq-Sp-X-se-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- X¿-°-ap-≠m-bn.- in-h≥- am-[y-
¿- am-{X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-,- B-Zy-Im-e- ssl-µh - h
- n-izm-ks- a-∂mWv.- kv-Y-Øn-s\-Øn.- in-h-s≥-d- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw- {_-lv-am-hv- in-h-enw-
ssi-h-˛ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm-[o-\w- D-]-\nj- K-Øn-s≥-d- ap-Iƒ-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- ap-I-fn-te-°pw- hn-jv-Wp-
Øp-I-fn-se- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√- inhenw-K-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- Io-tgm-´pw- A-Xn-Zq-cw-
D-≈-Xv.- A-h-sc {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fm-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂- ]p-cm-W-߃- k©-cn-®p.- hn-jv-Wp- X-s≥-d- ]-cm-P-bw- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- ssI-X-∏q-hns\-
X-s∂,- C-h¿- aq-∂p-t]-cpw- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]ß
- f
- ms-W∂pw- km-£n-bm-°n,- Xm≥- P-bn-®-Xm-bn- {_-lv-am-hv- kz-bw- {]-Jym-]n®p.-
A-X-√- in-h-s≥-d- aq-∂v- cq-]-ß-fm-sW-∂pw- ]-d-™-v X¿-°n-°p-∂- X¬-£-Ww- A-hn-sS- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- i-n-h≥,- I-≈w-]-d-™- {_-lv
Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""ssh-jv-W-h- a-Xw- Cu- aq-∂v- aq¿-Øn-I-fp-sS-bpw- am-hn-s≥-d- A-©m-a-sØ- X-e- \p-≈n-°-f-™p-sh-∂m-Wv- tZ-ho-`m-K-
]n-∂n-ep-≈- G--Ii-Iv-Xn- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v- h¿-j-߃-°p-ti-jw- {_-lvam-
ssi-h]p-cm-W-ß-fpw- Xm-{¥n-I- {K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- Cu- Kp-W-ß-sf-√mw- hv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- e-bn-°p-sa-∂pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-t\-Iw- {_-lv-am
in-h-\pw,- im-Iv-X-]p-cm-W-߃- i-Iv-Xn-°pw- tZ-hn-°p-am-Wv- B-tcm- hp-Iƒ- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- \n-∂v- D-≠m-bn- hn-jv-Wp-hn¬- hn-e-bw- {]m]n-
]n-°p-∂-Xv''-1 F-∂m-Wv- B-cy-cm-a-N-{µ- Xn-hm-cn- k-a¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xv.- °p-sa-∂pw- `m-K-h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.-
Cu- aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw- ]p-I-gv-Øn- ]p-I-gv-Øn- hn-jWv- p-:˛- Po-hn-XØ - n-s≥-d- A-[n-\m-bI- \
- m-b- hn-jW - v- p,- ]m¬-
h-f-sc- hn-I-e-hpw- hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-b- H-cp- k-¶¬-∏-am-Wv- ]pcm-W߃- °
- S- e
- n¬- A\-¥i - b
- \- Ø- n¬- tbm-K\n-{Z- sN-øp-Ib - m-Wv.- e-£vanbpw-
\-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- `q-an-bp-am-Wv- ]-Xv-\n-am¿.- K-cp-V-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- hm-l-\w.-
A-[¿-Ωs - Ø- kw-lc - n-°p-hm-\pw- [¿-Ωw- kvY
- m-]n-°p-hm-\pw- bpKß
{_-lv-am-hv-:-˛ {]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- ap-gp-h-≥- {k-jv-Sm-hm-b- {_-lv- ƒ- tXm-dpw- hn-jv-Wp- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv- ssl-µ-h-hn-izm-kw.-
am-hv- P-\n-®-Xv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- \m-`n-bn¬-\n-∂p-b¿-∂p-h-∂-
Xm-a-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- A-t\-Iw- h¿-j-ß-fp-sS- I-Tn-\-X-]- n-\p-ti- H-cn-°¬- } E-jn-am¿- Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂v- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-I-fn¬- BcmWv-
j-am-Wv- {_-lv-am-hv- k-]v-X¿-jn-I-sf-bpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-I-sf-bpw- krjv- ]q-Pm¿-ls - \-∂v- kw-hZ- n-®p.- `r-Kp-al
- ¿-jn-sb- C-°m-cyw- ]co£n°m
Sn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-h-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-‰v- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv.- kz-¥w- ≥ -th-≠n- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `r-K-p-hn-s\- A-hKWn-
i-co-cØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-≤` - m-Kw-sIm-≠v- kr-jvS- n-®- i-Xc - q-]bm-Wv- {_lv- ®-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- A-h-sc- i-]n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tbm-K-\n-{Z-bn¬- kvYn-
am-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy.- X-s≥-d- `m-cy-sb- ap-Jw- Xn-cn-°m-sX- GXp-`m-K- Xn- sN-øp-∂- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- sN-∂-Xv.- tIm-]n-®v- `r-Kp-al¿-
Øp-\n-∂pw- Im-Wp-∂X - n-\m-bn- X-eb - p-sS- ]m¿-iz-ßf - n-epw- ]p-dI- nepw- jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n¬- N-hn-´n.- hn-jv-Wp- D-W¿-∂v- `r-Kp-hn-
Hm-tcm- ap-J-߃-Iq-Sn- kr-jv-Sn-®v- NXp¿-ap-J-\m-bn- am-dn.- i-X-cq-]- s≥-d- Im-ep-XS- h
- n- t£-aa - t- \z-jn-®p.- hn-jvW
- p-Xs
- ∂-bm-Wv- ]qPm¿l-
B-Im-iØ - n¬-Iq-Sn- k-©c - n-®t- ∏mƒ- ap-If- n¬- H-cp- ap-Jw- Iq-Sn- - krjv- s\-∂v- ap-\n-am¿- \n-iv-N-bn-®p.- `r-Kp-hn-s≥-d- N-hn-´p-sIm-≠- ]m-Sm-W-
Sn-®p.- ]p-cm-W-߃- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- `m-cy-bm-bn- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-°qSn- s{X- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- s\-©n-se- {io-h¬-kw.- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- GI-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- k-c-k-z-Xn-bpw- i-X-cq-]-bpw- H-cm-fm-tWm,- AX√- ssZ-h-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h≥-am¿.-
hy-Xy-kv-X- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fm-tWm-sb-∂- Im-cyØn¬- ]p-cm-W-߃- in-h≥-:-˛ kw-lm-c-aq¿-Øn-bm-b- in-h-s≥-d- P-\-\-sØ-°p-dn®v-
XΩn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-Xym-k-ap-≠v.- hy-Xy-kX-v m-`n-{]m-bß
- f
- p-≠.v - A-Xn¬- G-‰h
- pw- {]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- A-`n{]mbw-
hnjv-Wp-]p-cm-W-Øn-te-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {_-lv-amhns\-
1 Tiwari-Arya Ramachandra G: Evolution of Brahmanical Pantheon,
Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol II Page 76. h-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- a-[p,- ssI-S-`≥- F-∂o- c-≠- A-kp-c-∑m-¿-
210 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 211
]m-s™-Øn.- Cu- A-{I-aw- I-≠v- tIm-]n-jv-T-\m-b- a-lm-hnjv-Wphn- ≈-Xv.- Hm-tcm- a-\z-¥-c-Øn-epw- C-{µ-\pw- tZ-h-am-cpw- th-sd-th-sdbm
s≥-d- s\-‰n-bn¬-\n-∂pw- in-h≥- iq-e-]m-Wn-bm-bn- P-\n-®p.- in-hs≥d- Wv.- C-\n-bpw- G-gv- a-\z-¥-c-߃-Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ- C-t∏m-g-sØ-
s\-‰n-ØS- Ø- n-se- k¿-∆Z- m-lI- a
- m-b- aq-∂mw- I-Æv- A-S™
- n-cn-°p∂p.- {_-la v- m-hv- \-in-°p-Ib
- pw- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la - pw- sNøpw1.-
v- m-hv- P-\n-°p-Ib
`-kv-aw- ta-em-sI- ]-q-ip-I-bpw- k¿-∏-sØ- am-e-bm-bn- k-zo-I-cn-°p C-{µ≥-:˛- E-tKz-ZØ - n-se- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- H-cp- tZ-h\
- m-Wv- C{µ≥.-
Ibpw- sN-øp-∂- ]-c-a-in-h≥- th-Z-ß-fn¬- cp-{Z-s\-∂- t]-cn-em-W- v- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS- A-[n]-\m-b- C-{µ-≥,- I-iy-]-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn¬- P-\n-®-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-{X-\m-Wv.- A-jvS- Z- n-Iv]
- m-eI
- c
- n¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- C-{µ-s\-∂v- EtKz-
in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- A-`n-{]m-b-h-y- Zw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- tZ-th-{µ-k-t¶-X-am-b- A-a-cm-h-Xn- k¿-∆- sF-izcyß-
Xym-kß - f - p-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-eqw- A-]q¿-∆a - m-tb- kw-L´- \ - ß
- f - p-≠m- fp-sS-bpw- C-cn-∏n-S-am-Wv.- C-{µ-\v- Ip-¥n-bn¬- P-\n-®- ]p-{X-\m-Wv-
bn-´p-≈q.- A-hb - n¬- {]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- c-≠v- kw-L´- \- ß
- s - f-°p-dn-®v- ]pcm- A¿-Pp-\-s\-∂v- ]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂p.- Ku-Xa-s≥-d- ]-Xv-\n-bm-b-
W-߃- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-h-bn¬- H-sc-Æw- in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp- A-l-ey-sb- {]m-]n-®-t∏mƒ- Ku-X-a≥- C-{µ-s\- i-]n-®p.- A-ß-s\-
hpw- t\-cn-´m-Wv- \-S-∂-sX-¶n¬- a-t‰-Xv- in-h-\pw- hn-jv-Wp-A-h-Xm-c- tZ-th-{µ≥- k-l-{k-enw-K-\m-bn.- im-]-tam-£w- e-`n-®-t∏mƒ- kl
am-b- \m-cm-b-W¿-jn-bpw- X-Ωn-em-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.- A-Xn¬- in-h-\pw- {km-Iv-j-\p-am-bn.- C-{µ-s\- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-\m-bpw- k-¶¬-∏n-°-
hn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-Ωn¬- \-S-∂- kw-L-´-\-Øn-s≥-d- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬- s∏Sp∂p.-
\n∂v- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-b- am-em-J-am¿-°v- am-\p-jn-I- cq-]w- I¬-∏n-°- D-Ø-a-cm-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-tbm-K-Øn-
s∏-´t- ∏mƒ- F-{X-am-{Xw- hn-Ir-Xa- m-b- k-¶¬-∏ß - f - m-Wp-≠m-bs - X∂v- \p-ti-jw- A-h¿- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-Øv- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-≈- hyIv-
a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bpw.- X-am-sbm-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- tZ-th-{µ≥.- E-tK-Z-kq-Iv-X-߃- kq£v-
in-ht- \-m- hn-jvW
- phn-t\m- B¿-°m-Wv- _-e° - q-Sp-Xs
- e-∂v- ]cn- a-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- C-{µ≥- H-cp- B-cy-cm-Pm-hmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
tim-[n-°m≥- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- X-ß-fp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-sØ- t_m-[y-s∏-Spw.- C-{µ≥- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- D¬-∏-Øn- "C≥',- "{Z'-
°p-dn-®v- A-h¿- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bn-®p.- {_-lv-am-hv- G-j-Wn-Iƒ- F-∂o- A-£c - ß
- f
- p-sS- k-a\
- z-bØ
- n¬- \n-∂m-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-WU - v- nXm-
]-d-™-v in-h-s\-bpw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-bpw- X-Ωn¬- ]n-W-°n.- A-h¿- `n-{]m-b-w.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥- `m-j-bn¬- "C≥'- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d-
X-Ωn¬- bp-≤w- Xp-S-ßn.- {_-lv-am-hv- c-≠p-t]¿-°pw- hn-√p-≠m-°n- A-¿∞ - w- tbm-≤m-hv- F-∂pw- "{Z'- ]-ZØ - n-s≥-d- A¿-∞w a-pJ - yw- F∂p-
s°m-Sp-Øv- kw-L-´-\-sØ- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.- {]kv- am-Wv -.- C-Xn¬-\n-∂pw- C-{µ≥- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-h-£- ap-Jy
Xp-X- bp-≤-Øn¬- A-h-km-\w- ]-c-a-in-h≥- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh-∂mWv- tbm≤m-sh-∂m-sW-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.-
]p-cm-W-߃- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-ß-fn-se- tZ-h-m-kp-c- kw-L-´-\-߃- C-¥ybn-se- B-Zn
{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ-°pw- \m-i-ap-≠v.- B-bn-cw- N-Xp-¿-bp-Kw- Iq-Sp hm-kn-I-fm-b- Z-ky-p-°-fpw- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-h-∂- B-cy-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈-
∂-Xm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Hcp- Zn-h-kw.- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- B-bp-jv- kw-L-´-\-ß-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- {]-K¬-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cm-b- Un.-Un.-
Im-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- C-{µ-∑m-¿- kz¿-§-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ho-Wv- a-cn-®p- sImkmw_n,- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥,- cm-lp¬- kmw-Ir-Xym-b-≥2 F-∂n-h
t]mIpw.- C-ßs - \- c-≠v- {_-la v- m-bp- v- Iq-Sn-bX
- m-Wv- hn-jW v- p-hns≥d- cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-
B-bp-j° v- m-ew.- hn-jW
v- p-hn-s≥-d- B-bp- n-s≥-d- C-c´- n- b - m-Wv- inhmbp- °-fn¬- ]-e-cpw- B-c-y˛Zkyp- kw-L-´-\-ß-fn-se- B-cy-`m-K-Øp-\n-
v1- .- C-t∏m-gs- Ø- {_-la v- m-hv- \-in-®m¬- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la v- m-hv- P\n°pw.- ∂p-≈- tP-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v,-
C-t∏m-g-sØ- {_-lv-am-hn-s≥-d- Im-e-Øv- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\z-¥-c-ß-fmWp 1.- hn-jv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww-.- Aw-Kw- 2 A-[ym-bw- 1.-
2 D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥-:- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hv,- cm-lp¬-
1.- tZ-hn-`m-K-h-Xw-:- ]-©-a-kv-I-\v-[w.- kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥-:- km-aq-ly-tc-J- C-h- t\m-°p-I.-
212 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 213
Cu- kw-L´- \
- Ø
- n- s
- e- Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°∑
- m-sc-sb-√mw- A-kp-c∑
- m-cmbn- B-Zm-\-h-s\- B¿- sIm-∂p-ho-gv-Øn-tbm-;- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-l-a-m-Wv-
k-¶-¬-∏n-®-Xm-bpw- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hpw.- C-{µ≥''.- ""hm-\q-gn-Iƒ- B-sc- h-W-ßp-∂p-thm-;- ]¿-∆-X-߃- Bcp-
E-tKz-ZØ
- n-se- kq-IX v- ß
- f
- n¬- ]-eX
- pw- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pmhns\- sS- _-e-sØ- t]-Sn-°p-∂p-thm- tkm-a-]m-\pw- Zr-V-Km-{X-\-pw- h-{P-
kvXp-Xn-®p-sIm-≠pw- A-t±-lØn-s≥-d- sN-bX v- n-Is
- f- ]p-Ig
- Ø
v- n-s°m- Xp-√y-_m-lp-hpw- h-{P-]m-Wn-bpw- B-tcm- B-fp-I-tf- A-t±-l-am-Wv-
≠p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.- B-{in-X¿-°p-th-≠n- bp-≤w- sN-bm≥- k-∂-≤-\m- C-{µ-≥''1- .-
b-Xm-Wv- C-{µ-\v- C-{X-tb-sd- {]m-_-eyw- e-`n-°m-\p-≈- Im-c-W-sa∂v- A-Xn-i-tbm-Iv-Xn-bpw- cm-P-{]o-W-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A-am
k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-1 Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.- \p-jn-I- Ignhp-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-]-W-ß-fpw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂p-sh-
C-{µ-\v- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- _-\v-[p-hm-b- Xzm-jv-Sm-hv- \¬-In-b- ¶n-ep-w- Cu- kq-Iv-X߃- cm-P-`-Iv-Xn-bpƒ-s°m-≠v- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-h-
{]-tXy-IX - c
- w- h-{Pm-bp-[a
- p-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- A-t±-lw Zm-k\
- K
- c
- ß
- ƒ- bm-sW-∂v- H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬-X-s∂- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-∂p-≠v.- C-{µ≥-
\-in-∏n-®-sX-∂pw- H-Sp-hn¬- Zm-k-t\-Xm-hm-b- hr-X-s\- h-[n-®p- B‰nse- P-ew- Ip-d-®v- kp-Zm- - cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- tk-\-Iƒ-°v- X-c-Ww-
sh∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- A-kp-c-cm-Pm-°-∑-m-cm-b- hr-On,- sN-øm-dm-°n-sb-∂pw- kp-{i-h- v- \n- -lm-b-\m-b-t∏mƒ- tX¿- N{Iw-
Ir-jv-W≥,- ip-iv-W≥,- ]n-{∏p,- E-Pn-izm-hv- F-∂n-h-sc-bpw- C-{µ-≥- sIm-≠v- 20 cm-Pm-°∑m-sc-bpw- 60099 ]-Sbm-fn-I-sf-bpw- \-in-∏n-®p-
tXm¬-]n-®-Xm-bpw- ]-´-W-ß-sf- ]n-f¿-°p-∂-h≥- F-∂¿-Yw- h-cp∂- sh-∂pw- E-tKz-Zw- ]-db
- p-∂p.- C-{µ≥- Xz-jvS- m-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- hniz-
]pc-\v-[-c≥- F-∂- t]-cp-Iq-Sn- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- e-`n-®-Xm-bpw- E-tKz-Zw- cq-]s
- \- ]p-tcm-ln-X\
- m-°p-Ib - pw,- hn-πh
- `- b
- Ø
- m¬- A-bm-sf- sIm√p-
]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v- E-tKz-Z-Øn-epw- b-Pp¿-th-Z-Øn-epw- {]-kv-Xm-
hn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\-°p-dn-®- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- t\m-°pI.-
""B¿- Cu- `p-h-\-ß-sf- ho-gm-Xm-°n-tbm,- B¿- Xm-∂- ap-Sn-b-∑m-sc- C-{µ-t\m-Sp-≈- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fpw- A-t±-lw- Hcp-
Ip-gn-bn¬- aq-Sn-tbm-;- e-£y-sØ- sh-√p-∂-h-\m-b- B¿- i-{Xp-hns≥d- tk-\m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- hy-IvX - a- m-°p-∂X
- v.- ""_p-≤n-bn-√mØ-
k-ar-≤n-sb- H-cp- th-S-s\-∂-t]m-se- ssI-°-em-°n-tbm-,- B-fp-Itf- ZpjvS- ∑
- m-cm-b- Z-ky- p-°ƒ- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-If- n¬-\n-∂pw- R-ßs - f- h-f™n-
A-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- k-º-∂-\p-w,- B¿- Z-cn-{Z-\pw,- B¿- cn-°p-∂p.- A-h¿- a-\p-jy-Xz-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.- sX-‰m-b- \n-b-a-߃-
bm-Nn-®p- kvX
- p-Xn-°p-∂- {_lva - P
- R
v- \
- pw- [-\w- A-b®
- p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.- A-√-tbm- i-{Xp-kw-lm-c-I-! Zm-k-s≥-d-
thm-;- A-g-sIm-Ø- in-c- p-≈- B¿- tkm-aw- A-Ωn-°p-g-sIm-≠v- B-bp-[-ß-sf- C-Sn-®p-X-I¿-°p-I''-2.- "ap-t∂-dp-I,- i-{Xp-h- t\-cn-Sp-I,-
NX®p-]n-gn-™-h-s\- c-£n-®-cp-fp-tam,- B-fp-Itf-,- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ss[-cy-im-en-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-,- \n-s≥-d- C-Sn-sh-´v- A-P-ø-a-m-Wv.- C-{µ-!-
C{µ≥''- ""B-fp-Iƒ- B-sc-°q-Sm-sX- P-bw- t\-Sn-√-tbm-;- s]m-cp-Xp- ]u-cp-ja - m-Wv- \n-s≥-d- _-ew-;- hr-Xs- \- B-´n-tbm-Sn-°p-I.- \-Zn-IfpsS-
∂-h¿- c-£-°v- B-sc- hn-fn-°p-∂p-thm-;- k¿-∆-tem-I-Øn-\pw- {]-Xn ta¬- B-[n-]-Xyw- t\S-p-I!- kz-cm-Pyw- D¬-tLm-jn-°p-I''-3.-
\n-[n- B-tcm-;- B¿- ho-gm-Ø-h-tb-bpw- hogn-bv-°ptam-;- B-fp-I-tf,- B-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- C-{µ≥- a-Zy-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-{µ≥- am-{X-a-√,-
A-t±-l-am-Wv- C-{µ-≥''.- ""X-∂-Øm-\-dn-bm-Ø- h-f-sc- a-lm-]m-]n-I- a-‰v- ]-e- tZ-h∑
- m-cpw- "tkm-aw'- F-∂- a-Zy-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-aI
- f
- m-bncp∂p.-
sf- B¿- h-{Pw-sIm≠v- h-[n-®p-thm-;- B¿- D-¶p-Im-c-\v- D-Ø-a-I¿-Ωw- tkm-a-c-kw- Ip-Sn-®v- A-h¿- a-tZm-∑-Ø-cm-b- I-Y-Iƒ- th-Z-ß-fn¬-
sIm-Sp-°n-√-tbm-;- B¿- ap-Sn-b-s\- ap-Sn-°p-tam,- B-fp-Itf- A-t±-l- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""C-{µ≥- A-`n-π-hn-I-Zn-\-ß-fn¬- tkm-a-c-kw-
am-Wv- C-{µ≥''.- ""B¿- a-e-b-I-fn-sem-fn-®- iw-_-c-s\- \m¬-∏-Xmw-
kw-h¬-k-c-Øn¬- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-thm-;- sI¬-s∏-Sp-Øp-s]m-cp-Xn-b- 1.- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 2 kq-Iv-Xw- 12¬-\n-∂v.-
2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-22:-8.-
1.- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿-:- h-≈-tØm-fn-s≥-d- E-tKz-Z- kwln-X-:- B-ap-Jw- t]-Pv-:- 16.- 3. EtKz-Zw-: 1:80: 3,4
214 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 215
Ip-Sn-®p.- A-Xn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- hrX-s\ h-[n-®p''-1sh-∂m-Wv- C-{µ-s≥d- ssI-°-em-°m-≥-- {i-an-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- hr-Øn-tI-Sp-I-tfm?- E-tKz-Z-
Kp-WK - W
- ß- ƒ- h¿-Æn-®p-sIm-≠v- Kp¬-ka - Z- - E-jn- ]-db
- p-∂X
- v.- tkm- Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- C-{µ-s\-∂- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am
a-c-k-Øn-s≥-d- a-Øn¬- C-{µ-≥,- B-Im-i-Øn¬ tZym-hn-s\- D-d-∏n-® Wv- H-cp- k-Xym-t\z-jn-°-v Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[p-
Xm-bpw- h-en-b- A-¥-co-£-sØ-bpw- hm-\q-gn-I-sf-bpw- \n-d-®-Xmbpw- hn-s\- kzm-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tk-\m-[n-]-Xn-bm-b- C-{µ≥- a-\p-jy-
`q-an-sb- Xm-ßn- hn--kv-Xm-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-n-b-Xm-bpw- \-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-h-i- \m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xn-\v- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬-X-s∂- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v''1
ß-sf- h-{Pw-sIm-≠v- s]m-fn-®-Xm-bpw- Z-Zo-Xn-sb- ]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠p- F-∂m-Wv- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- ""k-]v-X- kn-\v-[p-
t]m-Ip-∂-h-tcm-sS-Xn¿-Øv- A-h-cp-sS- B-bp-[-ß-sf-√mw- I-Øp-∂- tZ-i-Øn-s≥-d- ]q¿-Æm-[n-Im-cw- e-`y-am-b-ti-jw- a-[y-ln-µp-kv-Ym\w-
Xo-bn¬- F-cn-®-Xm-bpw- a-lm-\-Zn-bn-se- sh-≈w- Np-cp-°n-b-Xm-bpw- C-{µ-s≥-d- e-£y-am-bn- am-dn.- tZ-hI - o-\µ
- \
- m-bn-cp-∂,- tI-he - w- tKm°-
kn-\v-[p-hn-s\- h-S-t°m-s´m-gp-°n-®X -- m-bpw- D-j- n-s≥-d- h-≠n- h{Pw- sf- ]-cn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- C-{µ-
sI-m-≠v- X-hn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-°n-bXp-sam-s°- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- c-≠m-w- s≥-d- b-Pv-R- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- B-[n-]-Xy-hpw- k-Ω-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥-
a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- ]-Xn-\-©mw- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn°p- H-cp-°-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- C-{µ≥- A-t±-l-sØ- F-Xn-cn-´p.-
∂p.- tkm-ac - k
- s
- a-∂- D¬-Ir-jvS- - (?)- a-Zyw- tk-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-cyt\Xm- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d- I-øn¬- Ip-Xn-c-∏-S-bn-s√-¶n-epw- A-t±-lw- C-{µ-s\-
hm-b- C-{µ-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.- F-Xn¿-Øp-\n¬-°m≥- I-gn-bm-Ø-h-Æ-ap-≈- H-cp- \n-e-bn-se-Øn-®p.-
_r-l-kv-]-Xn-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- C-{µ≥- F-ßn-s\-tbm- Po-h
C{µ-s≥-d- B-fp- I - ƒ-°v- F-¥v- s\-dn-tI-Spw- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-sa∂-
t\mSp-Iq-Sn- ]n≥-hm-ßn.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- (8:-36:-13˛15)- Im-Wp-∂- Nn-e-
A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°m-Wv- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-߃- \-sΩ- \-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- Iu-
E-Xp-°-fp-w,-- `m-K-h-Xw- ap-X-em-b- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- h¿-Æn-®n-´p-≈-
j-XI - o- D-]\- n-jØ - n¬- C-{µ≥- ]-db
- p-∂p-:- ""F-s∂- A-dn-bp-I!- AXm-
sF-Xn-ly-ßf - pw- Cu- A-\p-am-\s- Ø- A-Xy-¥w- _-es - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p''2.-
Wv- a-\p-jy¿-°v- ln-X-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- F-s∂- F-ßs\-sb-¶n-epw-
A-dn-b-W-w!- Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- {Xn--io-¿-j-s\- Rm-\m-Wv- th-Z-Øn-se- C-{µ-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-sS- D-d-hn-Sw-
sIm-∂-Xv.- A-cp-W-a¿-K- F-∂p-t]-cp-≈- H-cp- b-Xn-sb- Rm-≥- ]-´n A-t±-lw- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ- sIm-´m-c]- W
- vU
- n-X¿- \-SØ
- n-b- {]iw-
sb-s°m-≠v- Xo-‰n-®p.- A-t\-Iw- k-Xy-ew-L-\-߃- sN-bv-Xv- Zn-hy- k-I-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- cm-Pm-hn-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-
tem-I-Øn¬- {]-Àm-Z-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬- tºmƒ,- B-e-¶m-cn-I-am-bn- A-t±-l-Øn¬- A-am-\p-jn-I-X- B-tcm-
]utem-a∑m-sc-bpw- `q-an-bn¬- Im-e-Im-iy-∑m-sc-bpw- Rm-≥- \n-{K- ]n-®-Xm-bn-cn-°mw- ]n-∂o-Sv- tZ-h-\m-bn- am-dm-\p-≠m-b- Im-c-Ww.-
ln-®p.- A-Xp-sIm-s≠m-∂pw- F-s≥-d- H-cp- tcm-aØ - n-\p-t]m-epw- lm\n- [¿Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n- F-gp-Xp-∂p" ""k¿-∆-`u-a-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-
kw-`h - n-®p-an-√.- - Cu- hn-[Ø
- n¬- F-s∂- B-cd - n-bp-t∂m- A-h≥- amXr- b-Pv-R-Øn¬- £-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v- tkm-aw- \¬-Ip-∂- co-Xn- _m-
h-[w-,- ]n-X-r-h-[w,- tam-j-Ww-,- {`q-W-l-Xy- ap-X-em-b- ]m-]-߃- _n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B- A-h-k-c-Øn¬- A-h-cp-sS-
sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂m-epw- A-h-\v- bm-sXmcp- kv-Xp-Xn- ]q¿-Æ-ß-fm-b- Km-\-߃- ]m-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- C{µ-
s\-∏-‰n-bp-≈- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpw- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p''3.-
i-¶-bp-ap-≠m-I-cp-Xv.- A-h-s≥-d- ap-J-`m-h-Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- hm-´-hpw-
D-≠m-hp-I-bp-w- A-cp-Xv''2-.- h-cp-W≥-:˛- th-Zß
- f- n-se- kp-{]-[m-\n-bm-b- a-s‰m-cp- tZ-h\
- mWv-
h-cp-W-≥.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- cm-Pmhm-
C-sX-√mw- C-{µ≥- F-∂- k-\m-X-\- kw-c-£-I-\m-b- tZ-h-
bn-´m-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kv-Xp-Xn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-cp- tem-I-ßf-- pw- X-Ωn-eI‰n-
s≥d- h-r-Øn-I-fm-tWm-;- A-X-√- G-Xv- am¿-§-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v- cm-Pyw-
1. AtX]p-kv-XIw- Page 57,
1 EtKz-Zw- 2:15:4 2 AtX]p-kv-XIw 62,
2 [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-: D≤cn-®Xv- `-Kv-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 57,- 58.- 3.- [¿-Ωm-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n-:- ln-µn- kw-kv-Ir-Xn- B-Wn- A-lnw-k,- t]-Pv- 56.-
216 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 217
B-Im-i-sØ- ap-I-fn-te-°p-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- kz¿-§-hpw- `q-an-bpw- th¿- cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- H-cp- B-cy-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- \n-K-a-\-am-Wv- Iq-SpX¬-
Xn-cn-®v- sh-®-Xpw- \-Zn-Iƒ- I-S-en¬-sN-∂v- tN-cp-∂-Xpw- h-cp-W-s≥d- {]-k-Iv-X-sa-∂m-Wv- tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.-
i-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- k-¶¬-∏w.- E-tKz-Z-{]-Im-cw- an-{X-\pw- A-Kv\- n-:˛- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-kß - f- pw- h-kvX- p-°f- pw- A-ht- bmSp-
h-cp-W-\pw- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- ]-e- kq-Iv-X-ß- ≈- `-bw-sIm-t≠m- B-Z-c-hp-sIm-t≠m- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°-
fn-epw- C-{µ-t\-°mƒ- i-Iv-Xn-tb-dn-b- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- h-cp-W≥- {]Xy- s∏-´X- n-\p-≈- D-Zm-lc - W
- ß- f - m-Wv- A-Kv\
- n,- D-jk
- v,- kq-cy≥,- tkma≥-
£-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- A-Y¿-∆-th-Z-Øn-epw- a-‰pw- Xm-c-X-tay-\- iIv- F-∂o- tZ-h∑ - m-sc-°p-dn-®- th-Zt- «m-Iß - ƒ.- C-h- B-Zy- I - m-eØ
- v- BZ-
Xn-Ip-d-™- tZ-h-\m-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- c-hn¬- \n-t∂m- `-b-Øn¬- \n-t∂m- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw.-
a-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- I-iy-]- {]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- A-Zn-Xn-sb-∂- `m-cybn¬- ]t£,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sb-°q-Sn- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- A-h-kvY-bn-te-°v-
P-\n-®-h-\m-Wv- h-cp-W≥-1.- I-iy-]-{]-Pm-]-Xn-°v- ap-\n-sb-∂- `m-cy- h-gn-am-dp-∂-Xm-bm-Wv- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- Kw-Km-X-S-Øn-epw- Xp-S¿-∂v-
bn¬- P-\n-®,- tZ-h-K-\v-[¿-∆-\m-b- a-s‰m-cp- h-c-p-W-s\-°p-dn-®pw- alm- In-g-t°m-´v- \o-ßp-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw- B-cy-∑m-cm-b- Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿-
`m-c-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v- 2.- {_-lv-a- k-`-bn-se- H-cp- km-am-Pn-I-\p-am-Wv- t\-cn-´- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- I-Tn-\-am-b- Im-em-h-kv-Y-bp-≠m-°n-b-
a-lm-`m-c-X-{]-Im-cw- hcp-W-≥-3.- In-g-°v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- sX-°v- b-a-s\ {]-iv-\-ß-fpw- B-Xv-a-hn-izm-kw- sISp-Øn-b- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn-embn-
bpw- h-S-°v- ssh-{i-h-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-cm-bn- \n-b-an-®- {_-lv cn-°-Ww- {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃- tZ-h-∑m-cm-sW-∂- [m-c-W- hf¿-
am-hv- ]-Sn-™m-dv- h-cp-W-s\-bpw- Zn-Iv-]m-e-I-\m-bn- \n-b-an-®-Xm-bn- Øn-bs - X-∂m-Wv- F-®v.- U - n.- {Kn-kv- thmƒ-Un-s≥-d-1- A-`n-{]m-bw.- Bcy-
D-Ø-a- cm-am-b-Ww- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿- t\-cn-´-- {]-Xn-_-\v-[-ß-fpw- Im-em-h-kv-Ym- {]-iv-\ß-
h-cp-W-s\-°p-dn-®- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- H-cp- kq-Iv-Xw- t\m-°p-I-:- fpw- am-{X-a-√,- A-h-bp-sS- D-]tbm-K-ß-fpw- B-Z-c-hpw-Iq-Sn- {]-Ir-Xn-
""h-cp-W≥- Im-´n¬- a-c°
- q-´ß
- f
- p-≠m-°n.- ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Hm-P
- pw- ]ip- {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf- tZ-h-∑m-cm-bn- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n¬- {]h¿-
°ƒ-°v- ]m-epw- lr-Z-b-߃-°v- hn-th-I-hpw- \¬-In-;- P-e-Øn¬- Øn-®n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv- a-\- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.-
A-Kv-\n-sb-bpw- B-Im-i-Øn¬- kq-cy-s\-bpw- ]¿-∆-X-ß-fn¬- tkma- A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏w- `o-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂p-w- `-Iv-Xn
sØ-bpw- \n-t£-]n-®p''-4.- bn¬- \n-∂pw- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-c-y-Øn¬- kw-i-b-an-√.- AKv-
C-{µ-s\-t∏m-se,- h-cp-W≥- B-cy-tk-\m-\n-bmbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- \n-bm-cm-[-\- sk-≥-dv- A-sh-kv-sX-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-b- C-dm\n-
]-db
- m≥- J-WvU - n-Xa
- m-b- sX-fn-hp-Is
- fm-∂p-an-√.- F-¶n-epw,- A-t±lw- I-fn¬- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Im-e-w- ap-X¬-X-s∂- \n-e-\n-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥-
B-cym-{I-a-W- I-m-e-tØm- A-X-n-\p-ap-tºm- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- B-Z-cn-°- I-gn-bp-w.- A-h-cn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-°mw- B-cy-∑m¿- A-Kv-\n-bm-cm-[-\-
s∏-´- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn¬- H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂-Xn¬- sX-‰n√.- k-zo-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-S-Xq¿-∂v- \n¬-°p-∂- h-\-ß-fn-te-sX-¶n-epw- A-Kv\n-
am-em-J- ]-cn-W-an-®v- a-\p-jy-\m-b-Xm-tWm,- A-X-√- a-\p-jy≥- ]-cn °n-c-bm-b-Xn-\m¬- B-cy-∑m¿-°v- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂- {]-bm-k-ß-fmbn-
W-an-®v- tZ-h-\m-b-Xm-tWm-sb-∂v- J-Wv-Un-X-am-bn- ]-d-bm≥- km-[n- cn-°mw A-Kv-\n-sb-°p-dn-®- `-b-Øn-\pw- A-Xn-s\- {]o-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øn-
°m-Ø- A-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv- h-cp-W-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-®- kqIv-X-߃- ]cn- AKv\ - n-t£m-`ß- f - n¬-\n-∂v- c-£s - ∏-Sm-sa-∂- [m-cW - °- pw- Im-cW - am-
tim-[n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmgp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se-bpw- b-Pp¿-th- bn-Øo¿-∂-Xv.- `-b-Øn¬-\n-∂- v- Xp-S-ßn- {I-ta-W,- B-Im-i-sØ-bpw-
Z-Øn-se-bpw- a-‰pw- kq-Iv-X-ß-fpsS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬,- hcp-W≥- B-Z `q-an-sb-bpw- A-I‰ - n-\n¿-Øp-∂- H-cp- i-IvX - n-sb-∂- \n-eb- n-epw- tZh∑m
¿-°pw- a-\p-jy¿-°p-an-Sb - n-se- a-[y-kYv- s- \-∂- \n-eb- n-ep-am-Wv- AKv\n-
1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- B-Zn-]-¿-∆w- A-≤ym-bw- 65 ]-Zyw- 15.- Iq-Sp-X¬- "ssZ-hn-IX - '- ssI-hc - n-°p-∂s - X-∂v- tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥2
2.- AtX]p-kv-XIw-]-Zyw- 42.-
3. AtX]p-kv-XIw k-`m-]¿-∆w- 11:-51 1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page: 88.
4.- E-tKz-Zw- 5:-85:-2.- 2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 62.
218 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 219
hn-i-Zo-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Kvt- \,- H-en-sIm-≈p-∂- `-hm≥- R-ßf - p-sS Cu- bm-Kw- tZ-h∑ - mcn¬-
1
E-tKz-ZØ- n-se- ]-e- kq-IX v- ß
- f- n-epw- A-K\ v- n-sb- A-cW - n-Ifn¬- F-Øn-®m-epw''- F-∂p-ap-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- bm-K-sØ- tZ-h-∑m-
(a-c-°-jv-W-߃)- \n-∂pw- P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- Iq¿ cn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp- C-Sb - m-f≥- am-{X-am-bm-Wv- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°p∂-
Ø- Xm-Sn-sb-√p-If - pw- ]nw-Kf - - h¿-ÆØ - n-ep-≈- Xm-Sn-bpw- I-Ønsbcn- Xv.- F-∂m¬- a-‰p-Nn-e- {]m¿-∞-\-I-fn¬- A-Kv-\n-sb- H-cp- tZ-h-\m-bn-
bp-∂- ]-√p-I-fp-ap-≈- A-Kv-\n-sb- am-co-X-cn-izm-hv- kz¿-K-Øn¬- \n∂v- Ø-s∂-bm-Wv- k-¶¬-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v.- ""A-Kv\- n- F-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-sh∂v-
- sIm-≠p-h-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- B-cy-hn-izm-kw-1.- A-Kv-\n-tb-m-Sp-≈- H-cp- Rm-≥- I-cp-Xp-∂p.- A-Kv-\n- F-s≥-d- Pv-Rm-Xn-bpw- Zm-Xm-hpw- k-Jmhp-
th-Z{- ]m¿-∞\ - - t\m-°p-I:- - ""A-√t- bm- tX-tPm-ab - !- - \o-bm-Wv- NncRv- am-sW-∂v- Rm≥- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂p''2sh-∂- t«m-I-Øn¬- A-Kv-\n- Hcp-
Po-hn-bm-b- kq-cy-s\- B-Im-ib - m-{X-b° v- v- X-øm-dm-°n-bX - v.- \o- a\pjy- tZ-h≥-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- C-cp-´n-s\- A-I-‰p-∂-h-\pw- Zp-cm-Xv-am-°-sf-bpw-
\v- {]-Im-iw- \¬-In.- A-√-tbm- tPm-Xn-¿-a-b-!- \o- P-\-ß-fp-sS- sh- Zp¿-a-{¥-hm-Z-sØ-bpw- Xp-c-Øp-∂-h-\p-am-bn- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- th-Z-߃-
fn®-am-Wv.- R-ß-fp-sS- ap-∂n¬- \o- k¿-∆-t{i-jv-T-\pw- k¿-∆-{]n-b A-Kv-\n-sb- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v-3.-
\p-am-Wv.- Km-b-I-\m-b- F-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- Z-b- Im-Wn-°p-I.- F-\n-°v- D-j- pw- kq-cy-\pw-:-˛ {]-Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃-°v- A-aq¿-ØX-
Po-h≥- \¬Ip-I''-2 I¬-∏n-®X - n-s≥-d- hy-IXv- a- m-b- D-Zm-lc- W
- ß
- f- m-Wv- D-j
- pw- kq-cy\pw.-
A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\-°p-dn-®- k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬- `-Iv-Xn-tb-°m-tf-sd- th-Z-ß-fn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- kv-{Xo- ssZ-h-am-Wv- D-j- v.-
`-ba
- m-Wv- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂s- X-∂m-Wv- E-tKz-Z- kq-IvX
- ß
- ƒ- hmbn- Dj- v- ku-µ-cy-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- ku-ay-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- tZ-h-X-bm-bm-Wv-
°p-tºmƒ- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-hp-I.- ""A-hn-Sp-∂v- h-\-ß-fn¬- Zm-lw- th-Z-ß-fn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- th-Z-Im-hy-ß-fn-se- A-Xn-a-t\ml-
]q-≠-h-\t∏m-se- D-Pv-Pz-en-°p-∂p.- sh-≈w-t]m-se- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- tX¿- c-am-b- H-cp- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- D-j-s -∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-IvsUm-
°p-Xn-c-t]m-se- a-p-c-fp-∂p.- B- s]m-≈n-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W-h¿-Ωm-hv- W¬-4 A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´n-´p-≈X - v.- D-j
- n-s\-°p-dn-®- kq-IvX
- ß - ƒ- cu{Z-
\£-{X-ß-fm¬- ]p-©n-cn-bm-Sp-∂- \-`- p-t]m-se- {]-Im-in-°p-∂p.- X-tbm- `-btam- A-√- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv-;- {]-Xyp-X,- lr-Zy-X-bpw-
B- tX-P-kzn-bm-b- A-Kv-\n- \m-\m-cq-l-bm-bn- kv-Y-n-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.- ku-µ-cy-hp-am-Wv.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- D-j- n-s\-°p-dn-®- H-cp- kq-Iv-Xw-
`qan-bn-se-ßpw- h-f-cp-∂p.- h-c-≠-h-sb- F-cn-®pw- t\m-hn-°p-∂-hsb- t\m-°p-I-:- ""D-j- v- C-cp-fn-s\- H-cp- £p-c-I-s\-t∏m-se- h-Sn-®p-I-
I-cn-®pw- [m-cm-fw- Ip-Sn-°p-∂-t]m-se-bm-bpw- C-S-b-\n-√m-Ø- H-cp- fbp-∂p.- am-dn-S-sØ- H-cp- ]-ip-hn-s≥-d- A-In-Sn-s\sb-∂-t]-m-se-
\m¬-°m-en-sb-t∏m-se- kz-bw- ta-™pw- \-S-°p-∂p''3.- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- tKm-°ƒ- sXm-gp-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se- In-g-°p-`mK-
Ø-W™ - p- tem-IØ- n-s\-√mw- sh-fn-®w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- A-\[ v- I
- m-csØ-
I¿-Ω-Im-Wv-U-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- bm-K-ß-fn-ep-≈- {]-[m-\- h-kvXp- A-I-‰p-∂p''- 5
hm-b- bm-Km-Kv-\n-tbm-Sp-≈- _-lp-am-\-hpw- A-Xn-t\m-Sv- {]m¿-∞n°p-
∂- A-h-kv-Y-bn-te-°v- \-bn-®n-cn-°mw.- E-tKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- ]-e kq-cy≥- ]p-cp-j-tZ-h-\m-Wv.- kq-cy-t\m-Sp-≈- H-cp- {]m¿-∞-\-
Xn-epw- bm-Km-Kv-\n-sb- a-[y-kv-Y-\m-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""tl....- t\m-°p-I:- - ""tl- kq-cy-!- A-\v[
- I- m-cs- Ø- A-I‰ - n-°f
- b
- p-Ib
- pw- temI
A-Kv-t\- R-ß-fp-sS- Cu- bm-K-Øn-te-°v- h-cp-W-s\- B-\-bn-°p-I;- Øn-sem-Sp-°pw- sh-fn-®w- ]-cØ - p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- \n-s≥-d- D-PvP
- zeam-
tZym-hn¬-\n-∂v- C-{µ-s\-bpw- A-¥-co-£-Øn¬-\n-∂v- a-cp-Øp-°sf b- {]-Im-iw- R-ß-fp-sS- Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ-bpw- kzm¿-Y-sØ-bpw- F√m
bpw- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I''-4sb-∂pw- ""_e-hm-\pw- tim-`-\-I¿-Ωm-hp-am-b- X-cw- th-Z-\-I-s-f-bpw- Zq-co-I-cn-°-s´.- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- Zp-kz-]v-\-ß-sf-
1. -E-tKz-Zw 10:7:4.
1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page 163. 2. -E-tKz-Zw 10:7:28.
2.- -E-tKz-Zw- 10:-150:5- 3. -E-tKz-Zw 7:15:2,4:1:9, 31:7,3:5:1 C-h- t\m-°p-I.-
3. -E-tKz-Zw 2:4:15-18. 4. Macdonell: Mythology in Grundiss, Page 46.
4. -E-tKz-Zw 10:70:17. 5. E-tKz-Zw- 1:-92:-14.-
220 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 221
cn-°W - w- A-Xn-s\- B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - n-te-°v- a-\p-jy-sc- \-bn-®s - X∂m ∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xn-t\-°m-f-[n-Iw- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-߃- B-cy-a-X-Øn¬-
Wv- {]-K¬-`-cm-b- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- hn-‰v-\n- A-kp-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-\p-jy-cn¬-s∏-´- D-Ø-a-
F-gp-Xp-∂p-" ""{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-ß-fm-b- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- ∑m-sc- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- A-[-a-sc- A-kp-c∑m-
{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-bpw- ]q-Pn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn¬- a-X-k-¶¬-∏w- ap-gp-h≥- cm-bn- Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®X
- m-bpw- \m-w- th-Zß
- f
- n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mse-
A-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂- k-c-f-lr-Z-b-∑m-cm-b- B-cy-∑m¿- B-Xv-tam≥-ta-j- X-s∂,- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L´- \ - Ø
- n¬,- B-cy-t\-Xm-°∑ - m¿- tZ-h∑ - mcm-
sØ- D-b¿-Øp-hm-\pw- km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬- sN-øm≥- I-gn-bm-Ø- bn- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Z-kyp-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿- A-kp-c-∑m-sc-∂v-
{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ- sN-øm-\p-≈- t{]-c-Wb -- pw- I-gn-hpw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fn-ep-f- hn-fn-°s- ∏-´p.- Z-kyp-°s - f- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-tc-°m-fpw- \o-Nc- m-bn-°≠-
hm-°p-∂- Xm¬-°m-en-I-am-b- H-cp- X-c-w- e-l-cn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m\pw- B-cy-∑m¿,- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-h-sc- A-Sn-a-I-fm-°n-b-Xm-bm-Wv- C-¥ym- Ncn-
H-cp- {Zm-h-I-Øn-\v- I-gn-hp-s≠-∂v- I-≠-tXm-sS- Zn-hy-am-b- F-t¥m- {X-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
H-∂m-Wv- A-sX-∂v- I-cp-Xp-hm≥- Xp-S-ßn.- Xm≥- {]-th-in-°p-∂- hyIv- ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-sf-bpw-
Xn-Iƒ-s°-√mw- tZ-thm-Nn-X-am-b- i-Iv-Xn-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂- D¬-∏-Øn-Im-c-W-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \mw-
Hcp- tZ-h-X-bm-bn-Øo-¿-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- B- ]m-\o-bw.- I-≠-Xv.- a-lm-Xv-am-°-tfm-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-hpw- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- {]-o
A-Xp-≠m-°p-∂- sN-Sn-bm-I-s´- A-h-sc- kw-_\v-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Hu- Wn-∏n-°m-\p-≈- A-`n-hm-Rv-O-bp-am-Wv- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-sb-
j-[n-I-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hpw- A-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]m-\o-bap-≠m-°p-∂- {]-{Inb- √mw- D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≈-sX-¶n-epw- A-h-bp-sS-bpw- ASn-
hn-ip-≤-am-b- H-cp- b-Pv-R-hpw- A-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- D-]-I-c-W- kv-Ym-\-am-bn- h¿-Øn-®-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Wn-bm-fp-I-fm-b-
߃- ]m-h-\-hp-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p.- Cu- B-cm-[-\m- k-{º--Zm-bw- h-f-sc am-em-J-am-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- {]-Ir-Xn-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf
b[n-Iw- {]m-No-\-am-sW-∂v- t]¿-jy≥- A-sh-kv-X-bn¬- A-Xn-s\- bpw- a-l-Øp-°-sf-bpw- am-em-J-am-cp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Ønb-
∏-‰n- Im-Wp-∂- kq-N-\-Iƒ- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p.- F-¶n-epw- C-¥y≥- `q{]- t∏m-ƒ-X-s∂,- am-em-J-am-sc- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xo-I-am-b-
tZ-i-Øv- F-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-Xn-s\m-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Po-h≥- h∂- a\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-te-°v- C-d-°n-sh-®-Xm-bpw- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- X-e-I-
Xm-bn- Im-Wp-∂p-''1.- fp-sS-bpw- ssI-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-‰v- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw- F-Æw- Iq-Sp-X-
tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se-X-s∂- th-Z-Øn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- ep-≈- tZ-h-∑m-sc- k-¶¬-∏n-®-Xv- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[o-
as‰m-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-∞-am-Wv- kp-c.- ""kp-c-b-√m-sX- a-‰v- a-Zy-߃- I-cn-°m-\m-sW-∂v- Du--ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-sØ-
{_m-lv-a-W≥- Ip-Sn-®p-Iq-Sm''2sb-∂m-Wv- t_m-[m-b-\- [¿-Ω-kq-{Xw- °p-dn-®pw- A-t\-Iw- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-≈-h-\m-bp-≈- hn-h-c-Ww- D-]-\n-
\n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.- ]-t£,- kp-c- tkm-a-sØ-t∏m-se- Zn-hy-h¬-°- j-Øp-I-fn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ""F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- I-ÆpI-
cn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√.- th-Z-Øn-tem- a-t‰m- kp-c-tbm-Sp-≈- {]m¿-∞-\-Iƒ- fp-≈-h-\pw- k¿-∆-{X- ap-Jap-≈-h-\pw- F-√m-`m-K-Øpw- _m-lp-°-fp-
Im-Wp-I- km-[y-hp-a-√.- ≈-h-\pw- F-√m- `m-K-Øpw- ]m-Z-ß-fp-≈-h-\pw- B-Im-i-sØ-b-pw-
Akp-c-∑m¿-:-˛ sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-߃- ]n-im-Np-°ƒ- F-t∂m- `qan-sb-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-®-h-\pw- B-b- G-I-am-{X-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xm-hv,-
km-Øm-∑m¿- F-t∂m- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- D-≈- hn-h-£- X-s∂-bm-Wv- a-\p-jym-Zn-I-sf- c-≠v- ssI-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\pw- ]-£n- ap-X-em-b-h
B-cy-a-Xw- Akp-c-∑m-sc-∂pw- cm-£-k-∑m-sc-∂pw- ]-d-bp-tºm-gp-ap- °v- Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ- {]-Zm-\w-- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-p''-1.- C-sX-√mw- ssZ-h
≈-Xv.- sN-Ip-Øm≥-am-sc-°p-dn-®v- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fn¬- IS- Øn-s≥-d- i-Iv-Xn-sb- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥-th-≠n-bp-≈- hn-h-c-W-am-b-
Xp-t]m-se- tZ-h-i-Iv-Xn-sb- hy-Iv-X-am-°m-\m-bn-cn-°mw- A-h-b-h-
1. Whitny: Journel of American Oriental Society-iii:292.
Quoted by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I page 62.
2.- t_m-[m-b-\-[¿-Ω- kq-{Xw- 1:-1:-10.- 1.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øv- 3:-3.-
224 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 225
bn-´p-≠v.- A-h-cn¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I-_o¿.- ""{]-]-©-Øn-s≥-d- D-S-a- A-sXm-cp- N-cn-{X- Ir-Xn-b-s√-∂v- F-\n-°v- tXm-∂n-bn-cp-∂p.- imcocn-
kv-Y-\m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp¿-∫-e-∑m-cpw- {]-_-e-∑m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-k- I- bp-≤-Ø-n-s≥-d- _-m-l-y-`m-h-tØm-sS- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- D-≈n¬- \-S
a-Xzw- I-≠n-´v- {io-cm-a\
- m-bn- A-hX- c
- n-®p-sh-∂v- ln-µp-°ƒ- ]-db
- p∂p.- °p-∂- A-\¥ - a- m-b- Zz-¥b
- p-≤a
- m-Wv- C-Xn¬- hn-hc
- n-°p-∂X
- v.- a-\ n¬-
I-_o¿- ]-d-™p-:- ""P-\n-°p-I-bpw- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- bm-sXm- \-S-°p-∂- Cu- bp-≤-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-
cm-fp-sS- ap-ºn-epw- in-c- v- Ip-\n-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-d-bp-∂- bm-Wv- i-m-co-cn-I- bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- I-Y-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv''-1.-
Z-im-h-Xm-c-hp-am-bn- F-\n-°v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-√''-1.- A-h-Xm-c-hpw- A-ssZz-X-hpw-:-˛ A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏w- {io- i¶-
hn-izm-kn-bpw- ssh-jv-W-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp- c-s≥d- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- ssh-cp-≤yw- ]p-e¿-Øp
am-b- \-Ωp-sS- cmjv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- ho-£-Ww- C-Xn¬- ∂p.- "{]-]-©-Øn-em-sI- Fs¥-√mw- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-t≠m- A-sX
\n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gp-Xn:- ""ssZ-hw- H-cp- hyIv- √mw- {_-lv-aw- am-{X-amsW'-∂m-W-t√m-2 A-ssZz-X-Øn-s≥-d- ASnkv
Xn-b-√.- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂- Ym-\-hm-Iyw.- Rm-\pw- \n-ß-fpw- \-ap-°v- Np-‰p-ap-≈- A-tN-X-\-hpw-
Xn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-tb k-Xy-ap-≈q.- A-Ø-cw- hy--Iv-Xn-Iƒ- ssZ-h-tØmSv- ktN-X-\-hp-am-b- k-I-e-Xpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- F-ß-s\-
A-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- am-{X-sa- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≈q.- bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- hy-IvX
- n-bn¬- am-{Xw- A-hX- c- n-°p∂Xv?-
k¿-∆-hym-]n-bm-b- ssZ-hw- F-√m- a-\p-jy-cn-epw- h-kn-°p-∂p.- AXp- GsXmcp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n-epw- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥d- Aw-iw- \n-e-\n¬-
sIm-≠v,- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- B-sc-∏-‰n-bpw- ]-d-bw.- CXv- °p∂psh-¶n¬- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-®p-X-
\-sΩ- F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-°p-I-bn-√.- cm-a≥,- Ir-jv-W≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- cm≥-th-≠n- ssZ-hw- (ssZ-h-hpw- \mw- X-s∂-!)- a-s‰m-cp- ]p-cp-j-s\-
sc- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- A-h¿-°v- Nn-e- Znhy- A-b-°p-∂-Xv-!?.- "Po-h≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-3sa-∂- A-ssZz-X-h-
Kp-W-߃- \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬- A-h¿- a-\p- N-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-h-sc-bp-≈- A-h-
jy-`m-h-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-f-m-Wv.- A-h¿- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-thm- C-√-tbm- Xm-c-߃-°v- \-Ωn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-X-
sb-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-a-\- n¬- A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈- Nn-{X-ß-sf- _m-[n- bm-Wp-≈X - v?- A-h¿- ssZ-hØ- n-s≥-d- A-hX - m-cß- ƒ.- \-Ωt- fm- ssZhw-
°p-∂n-√.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-j-∑m-c-m-°m≥- X-s∂-bpw-!- ]n-s∂- \-ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-°m-\-h¿- A¿-l-cm-tWm?-
{i-an-®m¬- ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-\m- A-h¿-°v- F-¥v- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-\v- F-¥v- {]-
Im-sX- hn-ja - n-t°-≠n-hc - pw''-2.- ""F-s∂- kw-_\ - v[
- n-®n-St- Øm-fw- alm- k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?-
`m-cX
- w- H-cp- A-Km-[a - m-b- a-X{- K-\vY - a
- m-Wv.- {]-Xn-cq-]m-Xva - I
- a
- m-b- AXv- A-h-Xm-c- kw-Jy-:-˛ "A-h-Xm-tc-ly- kmw-tJy-b- l-tcx- k-
H-c¿-∞-Øn-epw- N-cn-{X-tc-J-b-√.- \-Ωp-sS-bp-≈n¬- A-\-¥-am-bn- Xz-\n-t[¿-Zzn-Pm'- F-∂- `m-K-h-X- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- `-K-hm-s≥-d- A-h-
\-S-°p-∂- Zz-µ-bp-≤-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-W-Xv.- \-ap-°v- Nn-¥n- Xm-c-߃- A-kw-Jy-am-sW-¶n-epw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ku-I-cy-Øn-\v- A-Xv- a-\p-jy¿- \-S-Øn-b- ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv- km-[m-c-W- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv.- a-Xv-kyw,-
Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw.- \-Ωp-sS- I-øn¬- C-t∏m-gp-≈- Iq¿-Ωw,- h-cm-lw,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a\-≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- {io-cm-a≥,-
alm-`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-‰-a-‰- {]-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- I-cp-Xp {io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _ecm-a≥4 I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- Z-im-h-Xm-c-߃.-
∂n-√.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v- A-Xv- \n-c-h-[n- Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-b-am-bn- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]-Im-cw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-bmdv5
´p-≠v''-3.- ""Rm≥- Ko-Xb- p-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn-Nb - s- ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂-
1. M.K. Gandhi: The Teaching of the Gita, Page 18.
2.- {_-lv-ssa- th-Zw- hn-izw- k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw- P-K-Zv-
1. Dr. Thara Chand: Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page 163. 3.- Po-thm- {_-v-ssa-h- \m-]-cx-
2. Harijan-22-6-1947. 4.- Nn-e¿- _-e-cm-a-\p- ]-I-cw- {io-_p-≤-s\-bm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv-.-
3. Young India 1-10-1925. 5.- {io-a-lm-tZ-hn- `m-K-h-Xw-˛kv-I-\v-[w- 1 A-≤ym-bw- 3.-
230 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 231
A-hX - m-cß
- f- p-≠v.- k-\I
- ≥,- k-\µ- ≥,- k-\m-X\- ≥-,- k-\¬-Ip-amc≥,- h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw.- ko-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- \-S-Øn- A[¿-
h-cm-lw,- \m-c-Z≥,- \-c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m¿-,- I-]n-e≥,- Z-Øm-t{X-b≥,- Ω-Øn-s≥-d- ]-Xm-Im-hm-l-I-\m-bn- am-dn-b- cm-h-W-s\- \-in-∏n-°pI-
b-Pv-R≥,- E-j-`≥,- ]r-Yp,- a¬-kyw,- tam-ln-\n,- Iq¿-Ωw,- K-cp--V≥,- bm-bn-cp-∂p- {i-o-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-Ωw.- Iu-c-h- ]m-Wv-U-h-
[-\z-¥-cn,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a-\≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- hym-k≥,- {io-cma≥,- bp-≤-Øn¬- £-{Xn-b-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- A¿Pv-Pp-\
_-e-`-{Z-cm-a≥,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥,- _p-≤≥,- I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-W-h¿.- s\- D-]t- Z-in-°p-Ib
- pw- k-lm-bn-°p-Ib- p-am-bn-cp-∂p- Ir-jvW
- m-hX - mc-
]-tØm- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-tdm- am-{X-a-√- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp- Øn-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw.- Po-hI- m-cp-Wy-Øn-s≥-d- a-ln-Xm-ib - ß
- f - p-sS- {]N-
≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- ]-W-vUn-X-∑m-cp-≠v.- "X-Xz-a-kn'- c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- {io-_p-≤m-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- I-en-bp-K-]m-c
sb∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-eq-sS- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hym-Jym-\-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤n-t\Snb- ay-Øn¬- Zp-jv-S- P-\-a¿-±-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°pw- I¬-°n-b-hX-
kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sn-s≥-d- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n¬- tb-ip-{In-kvX- p- apX¬- cn-°pI.
a-lm-Xv-Km-\v-[n-h-sc- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W1v- .-
hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv- H-cp- im-]w- sIm
a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-hs - c-bp-≈h
- c
- p-sS- A-hX - m-tcm-t±-iyw- ≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-1 ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- I-iy-]-]p-{X-\m-b-
[¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- ]p-cmW- I-in-]p- tZ-hm-kp-c-bp-≤-Øn¬- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-jw,- hn-jv-Wp-
I-Y-Iƒ- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww- hn-s\-bpw- C-{µ-s\-bpw- H-cn-°¬- tbm-K-i-Iv-Xn-sIm-≠v- ip-{I-a-l¿-
sN-øp-∂- k-Xy-hr-X-cm-Pm-hn-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-ky-cq-]-Øn¬- jn-bp-sS- A-Ω- kv-Xw-`n-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.- D-S-s\- hn-jv-Wp- kp-Z¿-i-\w-
{]Xy-£s - ∏-´X
- v.- ]n-∂o-Sp-≠m-b- {]-fb- Ø
- n¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- c-£n°p- sIm-≠v- ip-{I-am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- in-c- v- tO-Zn-®p.-- C-Xp-I-≠v- tcm-jw-
I-bpw- l-b-{Ko-h-s\- l\-n-®v- th-Z-ß-sf- D-≤-cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p- ]q≠- `r-Kp-a-l¿-jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- i-]n-®p-.- ""`q-an-bn¬- A-h-Xm-c-
a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tZ-hm-kp-c-∑m¿- ]m-em-gn- I-S-™v- ß-fm-bn-°-gn-bm≥- C-S-h-c-s´''.- Xp-S¿-∂v- hn-jv-Wp- ssI-s°m-≠-
A-a-r-Xw- e-`n-°m-≥- {i-an-°-sh,- I-St-Im-em-bn-cp-∂- a-µ-c-]¿-∆-Xw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W-s{X- Z-im-h-Xm-c-߃.-
Xm-Wp-t]m-b-t∏mƒ- B-iv-N-cy-I-c-amw-h-Æw- h-en-sbm-cp- B-a-bpsS-
A-h-Xm-c-hpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw-:˛ Z-im-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏sØ- B-
cq-]w- ssI-sIm-≠v- ]m-em-gn-a-Y-\-sØ- k-^-e-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- k-a-\-z-bn-∏n-°m-≥- C-∂v- Nn-e- A{im-
Iq¿-Ωm-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p- krjv-Sn-°p-th-≠n-
¥-]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _m-h-Sv-kv-In- ap-X¬- Pn\-
D-Zyp-Iv-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ- I-S-en-sem-fn-°-s∏-´p- Im-Wm-Xm-b- `qan-
cm-P-Zm-k≥-h-sc-bp-≈- Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-‰p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-Xn-b-
sb- ln-c-Wym-£- h-[w- \-S-Øn- ho-s≠-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-cmlm-
hymJym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-t_m-[-I¿.- B-‰-Øn-s≥-d- \n-Kq-VX -- -I-fn¬-
h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- [¿-aw.- Cu-iz-chn-izm-k-sØ- ]m-sS- X-S-™- ln-c
\-S-cm-P-\r-Øw- Z¿-in-®- {^n-tPm-^v-Im-{]-bp-sS-2 Ir-Xn-I-fpw- Z-im-h
Wy-I-in-]p-hn-s\- Xq-Wn¬-\n-∂v- \-c-knw-l-aq¿-Øn-bm-bn- ]p-d-Øp-
Xm-c- ]-cn-Wm-a- k-¶e- \
- - kn-≤m-¥ß - f - pw- H-cp- "\-h- C-¥y≥- tkmjy-
h-∂v- \-in-∏n-®v- {]-lv-fm-Z-Ip-am-c-s\- k-am-iz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv- \-c-
en-k'-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Im≥- ]-cym-]X v- a- m-hp-sa-¶n-epw- A-hb
- pw- kXy-
knw-lm-h-Xm-cw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- ]n-Xm-hm-b- P-a-Z-Kv-\n-bp-sS- in-c-tO-Zw-
hp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂v- H-c¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m-¬-- t_m[y-
sN-bv-X- Im¿-Ø-ho-cm-¿-Pv-Pp-\-s\-bpw- £-{Xn-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-bpw-
am-Ipw.- Z-im-h-Xm-c- ]c-n-Wm-a- k-a-\z-b- kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬-\n-∂pw-
l-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-c-ip-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tI-c-f-
{]tNm-Z-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≠v- tUm.- B¿.- tKm-]n-a-Wn- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv
\m-´n¬- kp-J-kp-µ-c-am-b- `-c-Ww- Im-gv-N-sh-®- a-lm-_-en-sb- ]-co
N-∏-Xn-∏n¬- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-߃-°v- ap-sº-gp-Xn-b- "]-cn-Wm-a-Øn
£-W-Øn-eq-sS- `q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°v- Xm-gv-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-m-a\m-
1.- {io-a-lm-`mK-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.-
1.- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv-:- X-Øz-hp-w- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 74˛84.- 2. Fritjoph Capra: The Tao of Physics.
232 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 233
s\-Xn-sc- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ'-1 F-∂- te-J-\w- X-s∂- Cu- hm-Z-Øns≥d- jy≥- ]-∂n-bm-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy-\m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- a¬-ky-hp-am-bp-
A-]l - m-ky-X- h-yI - Xv- a
- m-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Zyw- P-eØ - n-se- a¬-ky-ambpw- sa-√mw- ]-cn-W-an-®-p-sh-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.-
]n-s∂- I-c-bn-epw- P-e-Øn-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- h-kn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈- B-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-߃-:-˛ ssZ-hw- P-Uw- kzo-I-cn-®p- `q-anbn-
Iq¿-Ωa - m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]m-Ir-Xa
- m-b- h-cm-la- m-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy\pw- en-d-ßp-I-sb-∂- B-i-bw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY-m-\-
ar-K-Øn-\pw- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- \-c-knw-l-am-bpw- H-Sp-hn¬- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- {ip-Xn-I-fm-b- th-Z-ß-fn-tem- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-tem- H-∂pw- Im-Wp∂n-
X-s∂- ]-e- kw-kv-Im-c-`m-h-ß-sf-bpw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥- √.- "A-h-Xm-c'-sa-∂- ]-Zw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-∂n-√.-
sXm-´v- {io-_p-≤≥-h-sc-bp-≈- a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bpw- _p-≤-o-izc- ]t£,- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- C-h-bn-se-
\m-b- hn-jv-Wp- Cu- `q-ap-J-Øv- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- Z-im-h-Xm-c- I-Y- √mw- D-≠p-Xm-\pw.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-
Po-h-]cn-Wm-a-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥ tKm]n- j-Øn-epw- a-‰p-Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-ep-sa-√mw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bn-
a-Wn- h-√m-sX- ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-√m-sX,- {]-kv-Xp-X- te-J-\-Øn- C-∂v- hy-hl- c- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂- Nn-es
- c-°p-dn-®v- ]-db
- p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ah-
eq-sS- Xm≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂- B-i-b-߃- k-a¿-∞n- bn¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- C-h¿-- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v-
°m-≥-t]m-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- A-h-X-m-tcm-t±-iy-am-b- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.-
[¿-Ω- kw-k-vY-m-]-\-hpw- Um¿-hn-\n-k-Øn-se- "h¿-§-ß-fp-sS- D¬-
∏-Øn'-bpw- X-Ωn¬- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v- hn-i-Zo- ""F-√m- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-s\- A-b-®n-´p-≠v''-1
I-cn-°m-≥- tKm-]n-aW - n-t°m- At±lsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h¿-t°m- F-∂- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- `m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- {]-hmN-
km--[n-°p-∂n-√.- I-∑m¿- \n-bp-Iv-X-c-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-a-t√m.- A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-bn¬- \nbp-
Iv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-h-Xmc-
a-\p-tjym¬-∏Ø - n°-v- ap-ºv- a-Xvk
- y-hpw- Iq¿-Ωh - pw- h-cm-lhpw- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂Xm-
\-c-knw-l-hp-ap-≠m-bn- F-∂m-W-t√m- hm-Zw.- F-∂m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß- Wv.- ln-µp-aX - Ø- n-se- A-hX - m-cØ - n-\v- ]m-ivN- m-Xy-aX - ß
- f - n-se- {]hm-
fn-se- a¬-ky- Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fn- N-I-s≥-d-tbm- a-lm-t\-Xm-hn-s≥-d-tbm- kv-Ym-\-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-Wv-
se-√mw-X-s∂- A-h-Xm-c-߃-°v- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-bn- a-\p-jy-cp-ap-≠m- kzm-an- - hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥2- ]-d™- n-´p-≈X- v.- ssZ-ha - √
- m-sX- a-s‰m-cp- Bcm-
bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- {]-Y- [y-\p-an-s√-∂- D-ds - °- {]-Jym-]n-®- {]-hm-NI - ∑- m-cn¬- ]-ec - pw- ]n∂oSv-
a-\m-b- a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥d- I-Y- t\m-°p-I.- Akp-c-∑m-cp-sS- ssZ-h-]p-{X-]-Z-hn-bnepw- B-cm-[y-]-Z-hn-bn-epw- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°-s∏-´-
cm-Pm-hv- th-Zw- X-´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-kym-h- t]m-se- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑ - m-cn¬- Zn-hy-Xy-am-tcm-]n-°s - ∏-´X - mhmw-
Xm-c-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- I¬-]-Im-e-Øn-se- k-Xy-hr-X-s\-∂- cm-P-m-hv- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-Xv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬-
Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww- sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv- hn-ti-j-s∏-´- {]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-sW-∂-√-
a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-w-- Z¿-in-®-Xv-2.- ]n∂o-Sp-≈- a¬-ky-]p-cm-W- I-Y-I-fn- CXp-sIm-≠v- \mw- A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-Xyp-X- "[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-
se-√mw- X-s∂- a-\p-jy-sc- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- am-{X-hp-a-√,- {io-a-lm- I-\m-bn- bp-K-߃- tX-m-dpw- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-h≥'- F-∂- A-h-Xm-c-
tZ-hn- `m-K-h-X-Øn-se- H-∂mw- kv-I-\v-[-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈- C-cp-]-Øn- k¶¬-∏Ø - n-s≥-d- th-cp-Iƒ- `m-cX - o-b- {]-hm-NI - ∑- m-sc-°p-dn-®- hnizm-
bm-dv- A-hX - m-cß
- f
- n¬- BZy-sØ- \m-epw- (k-\I - ≥,- k-\µ - ≥,- k\m- k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v- am-{X-am-Wv- C-hn-sS-
X-\-≥,--- k-\¬-Ip-am-c-≥-)- a-\p-jy-cm-Wv.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c- hnh£n-°p-∂-Xv.-
ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- ]-cn-Wm-a-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- a-\p-
1.- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏v- ]p-:- 64,- e-°w- 36,- 37.- 1.- Jp¿-B≥- 16:-36
2.- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-9˛13.- 2.- km≥- {^m≥-kn-kv-tIm- {]-kw-Kw- 8:-4˛1990
234 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 235
th-Z-ß-sf- \m-em-bn- hy-kn-®- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-cma¿- e-N-c-aw- {]m-]n-®- X-s≥-d- a-I-s≥-d- i-h-hpw- Np-a-∂v- cm-a-s≥-d- sIm-
i-߃- C-Xn-s\m-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Im- ´m-c-hm-Xn-en¬- h-∂v- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W-≥- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sm≥- Xp-S-ßn.-
cw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-\pap-ºm-bn h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]-Wv-Un-X- k-Z- p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®p.- A-t∏mƒ-
th-Z-hy-m-k≥.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hym-k≥- B-Zy- \m-c-Z-a-l¿-jn,- cm-Py-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- [¿-Ω-hn-cp-≤-am-bn-
Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂- Im-cyw- {]-tXy iq{Z≥- X-]- v- sN-øp-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-d-™p.- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]pjv-
Iw- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hym-k≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I- ]-I-hn-am-\-Øn-te-dn- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥- Np-‰n.- Z-£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw-
\m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- I-Æp-a-S-®v- X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.- A-I-se- tLm-c-h-\-Øn¬- D-S-tem-sS- kz¿-§w- ]p¬-I-W-sa-∂- Bi-
a¬-ky-Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-Iƒ,- C-kv-em-an-I- hnizm- bp-am-bn- iq-{Z-\m-b- iw-_q-I≥- X-]- -v sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥-
k-{]-Im-cw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-Im-≥- bm-sXm-cp- km-[y-X-bp-an-√m-Ø- Ign-™p.- C-Xv- I-≠-bp-S-s\- cm-a≥- iw-_q-I-s≥-d- X-e-b-dp-Øp.-
h-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- A-am-\p-jn-I- XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- Po-h≥- Xn-cn-®p-In-´n.- C-Xp-I-
Zr-jv-Sm-¥-ß-fp-sS- h¿-Æ-\-bm-bn-cn-°mw- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- A-h-Xm-c- ≠- tZ-h-∑m¿- cm-a-s\- A-\p-tam-Zn-®v- B-Im-i-Øp-\n-∂v- ]p-jv-]-hr-
ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kØ- n-\v- \n-Zm-\a
- m-bs - X-∂q-ln-°mw.- t\-cs - Ø- jv-Sn- \-S-Øn.-
kq-Nn-∏n-®- B-cy-˛Z-kyp- kw-L´- \
- ß- f - pw- A-hX- m-c- I-YI
- ƒ-°v- \ndw- Cu- I-Y-bn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kvYm-
]-I-cm≥- k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏´- ]-I-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm?- A-X-√,- {_mlv-a-Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-
bp-≤-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L-´-\-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap- \pw- A-h¿-Æ-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-dn-hv- A-I-se- \n¿-Øm-\pw-th-≠n- ]cn-
≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- {i-an-®-h-cp-sS- k-¶¬-∏-kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- B-Zy-tØ-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-¶n¬-
A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-Iƒ-:-˛ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-se- A-h-Xm-c- cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- iq-{Z-sc- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- a-\- n-em-
ß-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS,- hn-in °n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.-
jy-m-- a-\p-jy-k-a-q-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-I-fm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- cm-as
- \-∂- `¿-Øm-hv:- ˛- am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bmWv-
{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f
- m-sW-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°p-Ih- ø
- .- A-h- b-Ym¿-∞Ø- n¬- cm-a-s\- hm¬-ao-In- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- `m-cym-`¿-Xr-_-
[¿-Ω- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- I-S-∂p-h-∂- A-h-Xm-cß-fp-sS- \-v-[-Øn-s≥d- hn-ip-≤n-°pw- sI-´p-d-∏n-\pw- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- ]-e-Xpw-
eo-e-I-fm-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-an-√.- Im-e-߃- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ- [¿- hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂p.- cm-h-W-s≥-d- ko-Xm-
Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- X-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- `m-h-\°pw- ]-lc - W
- Ø- n-\p-ti-jw- tLm-ca - m-b- bp-≤Ø- n-eq-sS- ko-Xs - b- c-£n®-
C-jv-S-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®v- ]p-I-gv-Øn-b-Xm-hmw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sS- cm-a≥- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-s£,- A-Xn-\p-tij-
D¬-∏-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- {]-[m-\n-I-sf- A-h- ap-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- {Iq-c-at√-sb-∂v- B-sc-¶n-epw- tNm-Zn-®m¬-
Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sS- A-Xn¬- sX-‰p-Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- F-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\Ø - n-\v- th-≠nbm-
kr-jv-Sn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.- Wv- \n-s∂- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-®s
- X-∂v- ]-db - p-∂- cm-a≥,- cm-hW- ≥- koXsb-
iw-_q-I- h-[w-:-˛ G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- F-√m-hcpw- B-kz-Zn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°p-Iq-Sn- sN-øp-∂p.- X-s≥-d- \n-c-]-
k-a≥-am-cm-sW-∂- X-Xz-am-Wv- {]-hm-N-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- kp{]- cm-[n-Xz-hpw- ]-cn-ip-≤n-bpw- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ko-X- A-Kv-\n]-co
[m-\-am-b- H-∂v.- Cu- X-X-z-Øn-\v- Xo-sc- A-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- {]-h¿ £-°v- hn-t[-ba - m-hp-Ib
- pw- A-Kv\- n-bn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- t]m-de - p-ta¬°m-
Ø-\a - m-Wv- iw-_q-I- h-[Ø- n-eq-sS- {io- cm-a≥- sN-bX v- X
- m-bn- tcJs∏ sX- ]p-d-Øv- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xn-\p-ti-jw- am-{X-am-Wv- cm-a≥-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X- v.- A-Im-e- N-ca
- a
- n-√m-Xn-cp-∂- cm-as
- ≥-d- Im-eØ- v- AIm- Ahsf- A-tbm-[y-bn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
236 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 237
A-tbm-[y-bn-se-Øn-b- ko-X- am-kß - ƒ-°I - w- K¿-`n-Wn-bmIp- H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-ep-≠m-hm-≥- ]m-Sn-√m-Ø- ]-e- kz-`m-hß-
∂p.- P-\w- K¿-`-Øn-s≥-d- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- cm-h-W-\n¬- B-tcm-]n°p- fpw- \mw- Ir-jv-W-\n¬- Im-Wp-∂p.- tKm-]n-Im- h-kv-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- ap
I-bpw- ko-Xs - b- k-zo-Ic
- n-®- cm-as
- \- A-ht- l-fn-®- v- kw-km-cn-°p-Ibpw- X¬- Ir-jvW - h- nhm-lß
- ƒ-hs - c- H-cp- [¿-Ω- kw-kvY
- m-]I
- s
- ≥-d- hyIv-
sN-bv-Xp.- A-]-am-\-Øn¬- \n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- cm-a≥- kzo-I-cn-®- Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-a-s√-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.-
am¿-§-w- ko-X-sb- D-t]-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.- B-{i-a-{]m-¥-Øn¬- I-gnbm- h-kv-{X-ß-sf-√mw- I-c-bn¬- Du-cn-sh-®v- Ip-fn-°m-\n-d-ßn-b-
s\-∂- hym-tP-\- cm-a-k-tlm-Z-\m-b- e-£v-a-W-t\m-sSm-∏-w- c-Y-Øn¬- tKm-]n-I-am-cp-sS- h-kv-{X-߃- A-]-ln-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- A-h-bp-
Im-´n-te-°v- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sc- A-hn-sS- D-t]-£n-®v- e-£v-a am-bn- H-cp- a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- tKm-]n-I-am¿- h-kv-{Xw- Xncn-
W≥- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.- sI- sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Hm-tcm- tKm-]n-I-am-cpw- \-Kv\-
hm¬-ao-In-bp-sS- B-{i-a-Øn¬- A-`-bw- tX-Sn-b- ko-X,- Ahn- cm-bn- h-∂v- h-kv-{Xw- B-h-iy-s∏-´m¬- am-{X-sa- A-h- \¬-Ip-I-bp-
sS-sh-®v- e-h≥,- Ip-i≥- F-∂o- C-c-´-Iƒ-°v- P-∑w- \¬-Ip-∂p.- e-h- ≈q-sh-∂v- im-Tyw- ]n-Sn-°p-∂p.- A-ßn-s\- tKm-]n-I-am¿- Hm-tcm-cp-
Ip-i≥-am-cp-sS- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b- n-\p-ti-jw- cm-a≥- \-S-Øn-b- bm-K Ø-cm-bn- I-S-∂p-h-∂v- Ir-jv-W-t\m-Sv- h-kv-{Xw- hm-ßn- I-S-∂p-t]mIp
Øn¬-sh-®v- cm-am-b-Wam-e-]n-®- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw- A-t\z- ∂- cw-K-߃- F-√m-hn-[- h¿-Æ-\-I-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-
jn-°p-I-bpw- ko-X-bp-sS- ]p-{X≥-am-cm-Wv- A-h-sc-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-bpI- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- ko-X-bp-sS- ]m-Xn-{h-Xyw- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- k-`-bp-sS- A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- X-s≥-d- hn-hm-l-߃-°p-
ap-∂n¬- h-∂v- {]-XnPv-R-sb-Sp-°m≥- cm-a≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hm¬- th-≠n- kzo-I-cn-®- am¿-§-߃- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-p-Iq-Sm.- C-
ao-In-tbm-sSm-∏w- cm-P-k-Z- n¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- ko-X,- Xm≥- ]-Xn- h-sbm-∂p-X-s∂- H-cp- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-se-∂-√,- [¿-Ω-Øn¬-
{h-Xbm-sW-¶n¬- `q-an- am-Xm-hv- ]n-f-¿-∂v- F-s∂- Ip-gn-®p-aq-S-s´-sb∂v- hn-i-z-kn-°p-∂- H-cp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wm≥- ]m-
I-Tn-\-am-bn- {]m¿-∞n-°p-∂p.- D-S-s\-X-s∂- `q-an- ]n-f¿-∂v,- ko-Xsb- Sn√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm-
kp-h¿-Æ- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- B-cq-V-bm-°n- D-≈n-te-°v- sIm-≠p- ∂p-∂n-√.-
t]m-hp-I-bpw- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- in-c- n¬- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn- \-S-
a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-th-f-bn-epw- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- [¿-Ω-Øn-\v- hncp-
Øp-I-bpw- sN-b-vXp-sh-∂m-Wv- I-Y1.-
≤-am-bn- A-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-{I-a-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- h-©-\-bp-sS-bpw-
am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bn- Po-hn-®v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm- am¿-§-߃- kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\v- H-´-\-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-߃- tUm.- _n.-
Sp-t°-≠- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm- C-Xv?- A-X-√,- B¿.- Aw-t_-Zv-°-¿- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- {]-tl-fn-
kv{Xo-sb- sh-dp-sam-cp- ku-µcy-h-kv-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-°-≠- ]p-cp-j- IIƒ'-1 F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- A-°-an-´v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s≥-d- hy-Iv-
A-hX - m-cß- f- pw- ap-kve
- nw-If
- pw-:- tKm-hmƒ-°¿- tNm-Zn-°p∂p:-
Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- C-Xp-t]m-ep-≈- ]-e- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw- ""cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Cu-i-z-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-izkn-
cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-Z-y-Øn-epw- a-Zn-cm-£n-bn-epw- °m-Ø- A-t\-Iw -t]¿- ln-µp-[¿-Ω-Øn-\-I-Øp-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿-
X¬-∏-c-\m-b- H-cp- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmamb- F-√mw- A-\p-Ic - W- o-bc
- m-b- a-lm]p-cp-j∑ - m-cm-sW-∂v- C-°q-´¿- hniz-
Ww-2 \-ap-°v- h-c-®p-Im-Wn-®v- X-cp-∂-Xv.- kn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- Cu-iz-c-≥- A-h-X-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂v- ap-kv-enw
Ir-jW
v- e
- o-eI
- ƒ-:˛- a-lm-`m-cX
- Ø
- n-se- Ir-jW
v- N
- c
- n-XØ
- nepw- Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬- A-Xn-se-¥p-≠v- Im-cyw.- A-Ø-cw- al-
Zz-IXv- n-Is
- f- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- A-h¿-°v- kz-¥w- tZ-io-b- ]p-cp-j∑ - mcmbn-
1.- hm¬-ao-In-c-m-am-b-Ww-:- bp-≤-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 115.-
2.- hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- D-Ø-c-Im-Wv-Uw- k¿-§w- 42,- t«m-Iw- 8.- 1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Riddles in Hinduism. Appendix III: Riddles of Rama and Krishna.
238 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 239
{]-hm-NI- \
- m-Wv.- I-en-bpKw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂X- v- _n.-kn.- 3102em-sW∂m- bn¬- P-\n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bm-sW-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-WvUn-
Wv- hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-t∏mƒ- ap-l-a-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®-Xv- I-en-bp-K X-∑m-cp-≠v.- Cu- \n-K-a-\-{]-Im-cw- A-[¿-Ω-Øn-s≥-d- kw-lm-cm¿∞w-
Øn-s≥-d- ]m-c-ay-Øn¬- X-s∂-bm-Wv.- A- h - k m- \ - s Ø- A- h - X m- c - h pw- Atd- _ y- b n¬- h- ∂ p- I - g n- ™ n-
c-≠v,- I¬-°n- - A-hX
- c
- n-°p-I- knw-^m-es
- b-∂- a-W¬-Zzo-]nem cn°p∂p.-
Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- P-\-\-hp-w- A-td-_y≥- a-W-em-c-Wy- a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- hn-izm-Nm-cy≥-:-˛ `m-hn-sb-°p-dn-®- {]-h-N-\ß-
ØnemWv.- f-S-°n-b- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv- `-hn-jy¬- ]p-cm-Ww.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-Øn¬-
aq-∂,v - I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- \m-aw- hn-jW
-v p-`K
- Ø
- -v F∂m- ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®- hy-IvX
- a
- m-b- Nn-e- ]-cm-a¿-iß
- ƒ- Dƒs°m-
bn-cn-°pw.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-cw- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cm-Wv- ≈p-∂p.- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W-w- {]-Xn-k¿-§- ]¿-∆-Ø-n¬- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv-
hn-jv-Wp.- `K-Øv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿-∞w- Zm-k≥- F-∂m-Wv.- ap-lΩZv- t\m-°p-I-:- ""A-t∏mƒ- a-lm-a-Zv- F-∂- t]-cn¬- hn-tZ-in-bm-b- H-cp-
\-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cpw- A-_v-Zp-√m- A-Y-hm- ssZ-h-Zm-k≥- B-Nm-cy≥- X-s≥-d- A-\p-N-c-∑m-tcm-Sv- Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s]-Spw''-1.- Cu-
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. kq-Iv-X-Øn¬- "a-lm-a-Zv'- F-∂v- t]-sc-Sp-Øv- X-s∂- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-
Xn¬-\n-∂p-w- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-h-N\
\m-ev,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- a-m-Xm-hn-s≥-d- t]-cv- "kp-a'Xn-sb-∂m-Wv.-
߃- F-∂v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.-
im-¥n-sb-∂- [m-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂p-≠m-b- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-∞w-
hn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂-s{X.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- am-Xm-hv- B-an-\- A-Yhm- `-hn-jy-¬- ]p-cm-Ww- Xp-S-cp-∂p-.- ""ssZ-h-Zq-X- k-Zr-i-\m-b- Cu-
hn-iz-kv-X-sb-∂- t]-cp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-.- a-cp-`q-\n-hm-kn-sb- cm-Pm-hv- Kw-Km-P-e-Øn-epw- a-‰v- A-©p-X-cw- ip≤o-
I-cW- - P-e- (]-©K - h- yw)-ßf - n-epw- kv\
- m-\w- sN-øn-®v- `-IvX
- n-hn-izmk-
A-©,v - I¬-°n- ]-ci- p-cm-a\
- n¬-\n-∂-v a-eb - n¬-sh-®-v hn-Zy- - kzoI-
k-a-\zn-Xw- ]q-Pn-®v- C-{]-Im-cw- {]m¿-∞n-°pw.- "A-√-tbm- a-\p-jy-
cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d™
- n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i߃-
h¿-§-Øn-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\-kv-Xw-`-am-bn- ]n-d-∂- a-lm-\p-`-hm-!- Zp-jv-S-
B-Zy-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- H-cp- a-e-bn¬-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p.-
\n-{K-l-Øn-\p-≈- Zn-hy-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- am-lm-Xv-ay-Øm¬- i-{Xp-]o-U-
B-dv,- I¬-°n- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- \mev- Iq-´m-fn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS- I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£-{]m-]n-®p- ]-cm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xy-£-e-£-W-
\n-∂v- A-[¿-Ω-sØ- \-in-∏n-°p-sa-∂v- {]-h-Nn®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-ΩZv- am-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-°p-∂- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-th-!- A-ß-bp-sS- ]m-Z-N-c-W-ß
\-_n-bpw- X-s≥-d- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- \m-ev- Ip-´p-Im-tcm-Sv- (A-_q-_-°¿,- fn¬- A-Sn-]-Wn-bp-∂- Cu-bp-≈-h-s\- A-ßp-∂v- H-cp- A-Sn-a-bm-bn-
D-a¿,- D-kv-am≥,- A-en- (d)-)-Iq-sS-bm-Wv- A-k-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- kacw- kzo-I-cn-®-\p-{K-ln-®m-epw''2.-
sN-bv-X-Xv.-
h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂- {]-hm-N-I-s≥-d- A-\pbm-bn-I-fp-sS- kz-`m-h-
G-gv,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- B-Im-im-tcm-lW - s- Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-d™ - ncn- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-w- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- Nnlv-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-
°p-∂p.- ap-lΩ
- Z- v- \-_n-bpw- B-Im-im-tcm-lW- w- (an-Avd
- m-Pv)- \-SØn.- t]m-epw- `-hn-jy¬-]pcm-Ww- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-:- "A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- A\p-
F-´v,- I¬-°n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- P-\-\-Øn-\p- 1 G-X-kv-an-∂-¥-tc- tæ-O- B-Nm-tcy-W- k-a-\zn-X-
ap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®p- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- I-gn-™pw- a-c-W-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- a-lm-a-Z- C-Xn-Jym-Zx- in-jy-im-Jm- k-a-\zn-Xwx- (`-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-Ww- 3:-3:-3:-5)-
2.- \y]m-iv-tN-h- a-lm-tZ-h- a-cp-kv-Y-e- \n-hm-kn-\pw-
{]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t±-l- K-w-Km-Psse-iv-N-kw- kv-\m-]yw- ]-iv-N-K-hy- k-a-®n-Xm
Øns≥d- P-\-\-Øn-\v- ap-ºpw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-®v- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-߃- Nw-Z-\m-Zn- Z-cn-Zy¿- Ny- Xp-jv-S-h- a-\k-w-lm-cw-
t`m-P-cm-P- D-hm-Nx-\-a-kvsX- Kn-cn-Pm- \m-Ym- a-cp-kv-Y-e-\n-hm-kn-t\-
°p-ti-j-hpw- C-l-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-Sn-™p. {Xn-]p-cm-kp-c-\m-im-b- _-lp-am-bm- {]-h¿-Øn-\w-
tæ-ssO-Kp-]v-Xm-b- ip-≤m-b- k-®n-Zm-\-µ- cq-]n-ssW-
Cu- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- I¬-°n,- A-td-_y Xzw- amw- ln-In-¶-cw- hn-≤n- i-c-Wm-Xv-Y-ap-]m-K-Xw- (AtX{K\v-Yw-: 3:3:3:6-8)
242 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 243
bm-bn-Iƒ- tN-em-I¿-Ωw- sN-øpw.- A-h¿- Ip-Sp-a- sh-°p-Ib - n-√.- Ah¿- D]e_v[a√. Ct∏mƒ ]pdØndßp∂ ]cn`mjIfn¬ an°Xpw
Xm-Sn- h-f¿-Øpw.- A-h¿- hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.- {]m¿-∞-\-°v- {]km[IcpsS CNvOm\pkcWw am‰ßƒ hcpØns°m≠mWv
h-cm≥- A-h¿- D-d-s°- B-lzm-\w- sN-øpw.- ]-∂n-sb- H-gn-®v- a-‰v- an-°- ]pdØnd°p∂sX∂mWv a\ nemhp∂Xv. Ahbn¬ Nneh
ar-K-ß-sf-bpw- A-h¿- `-£n-°pw.- ip-≤n-sN-øm≥- Z¿-`- D-]-tbm-Kn°p aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v hymkal¿jn ]d™Xmbn
∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- k-a-cw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h¿- ]-cn-ip-≤-cm-hpw.- a-X-sØ- D≤cn°s∏Sp∂ t«mI߃ A∏Sn hn´pIfbpIbmWv sNbv
aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-cp-am-bn- bp-≤w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬- ap-ssk-e-h- Xncn°p∂Xv. XßfpsS CjvSm\pkcWw ]pcmX\ {K\vYßsf
\-∑m¿- F-∂h - ¿- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Spw.- Cu- amw-k`- p-°p-If
- p-sS- B-hn-¿`mKw- hymJym\n°p∂XpXs∂ sX‰msW∂ncns°, Ahbn¬\n∂v
F-∂n¬-\n-∂m-bn-cn-°pw''-1.- ad®psh°pIbpw Iq´nt®¿°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv alm]m]am
Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn-eq-sS- `-hn-jy¬-]p-cm-W- I¿-Øm-hm-b- hym sW∂v am{Xw kqNn∏n°s´.
k-ap-\n- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-s‚- B-K-a-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- {]-h-Nn-®n-´p-≈-sX- `hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d B[nImcnIXsb \ntj[n°p
∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-an-√m-sX-s∂- a-\- n-em-°mw.- C-Xn¬- \n-∂v- aq∂v- hm≥ lnµpaX ]WvUnX∑m¿s°m∂pw Ignbn√. AXpsIm≠p
h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv- \-ap-°v- ap-∂n¬- sX-fn™p-h-cp-∂-Xv-˛ Xs∂, aplΩZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[n®v Cu ]pcmWØn¬
1.- ln-µp-°ƒ {]-Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- I-en-bp-Km-h-Xm-c-am-b- ]d™n´p≈ Imcy߃ ]n∂oSv ASpØ ImeØv FgpXnt®¿Ø
I¬°n- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- P-\n-®n- XmsW∂mWv ]et∏mgpw hmZn°s∏Smdp≈Xv. CXn¬ Igºn√.
cn°p-∂p.- ]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ apkvenwIƒ°v GXmbncp
∂mepw Ignbn√t√m. kwkvIrX `mjm ]T\hpw thZPvRm\
11.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-IXz-
kºmZ\hpw {_mlvaWcpsS am{Xw IpØIbmbn IcpXs∏´n
-sØ-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
cp∂ ImeØv hntZinIfmb apkvenwIsf AhcpsS CNvO{]
111.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-h-Nn-®- th-Z-hym-k≥- H-cp- Imcw XßfpsS aXhnizmkØn\v A\pKpWamb Imcy߃
{]-hm-N-I-\m-hm-\p-≈- km-[y-X-bp-≠v.- ]pcmWßfn¬ ISØn°q´phm≥ {_mlvaW¿ A\phZn®psh∂v
Hcp Imcyw ChnsS {]tXyIambn kqNn∏nt°≠Xp≠v. ]dbp∂Xv IÆS®v Ccp´m°p∂Xn\v XpeyamWv. aplΩZv \_n
Cu {]hN\ßfSßp∂ `hnjy¬]pcmWØns≥d tIm∏n (k)sb°pdn® ]cma¿i߃ ISØn°q´phm\mbn `hnjy¬
t_mws_ sh¶ntSizc {]kn¬ A®Sn®XmsW∂ Imcyw CXv ]pcmWsØ°pdn®v Adnbmhp∂ ]WvUnX∑msc√mw HcnSØv
D≤cn®ncn°p∂ F.F®v. hnZym¿∞n, bp. Aen F∂nh¿ Ah HØpIqSnsb∂v hnNmcn°p∂Xpw ip≤ Akw_\v[a√msX
cpsS {K\vYØn¬ hyIvXam°nbn´p≠v. (A.H. VIDYARTHI & as‰m∂pa√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu `mK߃ {]£n]vXam
U. ALI: Muhammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures, Page sW∂p ]dbp∂Xv Xosc \ymboIcWa¿ln°p∂n√.
36). `hnjy¬ ]pcmWØns≥d HdnPn\¬ tIm∏nIƒ C∂v
AY¿-∆ thZØn-se Ip-¥] kq-Iv-Xw-: AY¿-∆ thZw-
1.- e-nw-K-tO-Zn-in-Jm- lo-\x-iv-a-{ip-[m-cn- k-Zp-j-I- hnwi (Ccp-]Xv)- Im-Wv-Uw- 127˛mw- kq-Iv-XØn-se t«m-IßfmWv-
D-®m-e-]o- k¿-∆-`-£n- `-hn-jy-Xn- P-\-tamw- Ip-¥]kq-IXv- w- F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- Cu- kq-IX v- w- kp-{][m-\ßfm
hn-\-Iu-i-ew- N-h-i-h-kv-tXm- jmw- `-£-bm- a-Xm-amw-
ap-ssk-sse-\-h- kw-kv-Im-cx- Ip-ssi-cn- `-h-hn-iz-Xn- b bPv-RthZn-Ifn¬- ]p-tcm-ln-X∑m¿- Be]n-°m-dp-s≠¶n-epw-
X-kv-am¬- ap-k-e- h-t¥m-ln- Pm-X-tbm- [¿-Ω- Zq-j-Ix-
C-Xn-ss]-im-N- [¿-Ω-iv-N- `-hn-jy-Xn- ambm-Ir-X-˛ CXn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- hfsc \n-Kq-Vam-sW∂m-Wv- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿-
Ibid 3:3:3:25-28. Quoted by A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in ]dbm-dp-≈Xv.- kp-{]kn-≤ C≥-tUm-fPn-k‰ v- p-Ifm-b {Kn-^n-Øv,- amIv-
Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.
244 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 245
kv-ap-≈¿,- ssh‰v-\n,- ªq-^o¬-Uv- Xp-Sßn-bhcpw- Ip-¥] kqIv-Xw- c≠v-: Chn-sS "kv-Xp-Xy¿-l\m-bh≥-'- F∂v- ]cn-`m-js∏Sp-
Hcp- {]tlfn-Ibm-sW∂v- Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≠v.- `m-cXo-bam-b kml Øs∏´n-cn-°p-∂Xv- ""\cm-iw-k'-'-sb∂ kw-kv-Ir-X ]Zam-Wv.- Cu-
Ncy-߃- sh®p-sIm-≠v- Cu- kq-Iv-XsØ hym-Jym-\n-°p-I Zp-jv- ]ZØn-\v- "kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- {]iw-kbpw- bYm¿-YØn¬- A¿-ln-°p-
Icam-sW∂Xn-\m-em-Wv- Chsc√mw- Xs∂ CXn-s\ AXn-\n-Kq- ∂h≥-'- F∂ A¿-∞w- ]dbmw.- "ap-lΩZv-'- F∂ Ad_n- kw-Pv
Vam-bn- I≠n-´p-≈Xv.- Rm-\m-aØn-s≥-d A¿-∞w- kv-Xp-Xn-°s∏Sp-∂h≥- F∂p-Xs∂bm
Ip-¥] kq-IvX
- Øn-se H∂p- ap-X¬- aq-∂p- hscbp-≈ t«mI Wv.- AYhm- ap-lΩZv- F∂ Ad_n- kwPvR - m-\m-aØn-\v- Xp-eyamb
߃- Im-Wp-I: kw-kvI- r-X ]Zam-Wv- "\cmiw-k'.- AXp-sIm-≠v- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-߃- _lp-am-\ ]p-c cw- {i≤n°p- (k)-sb°p-dn-®m-sW∂v- a\ n-em-°mw.-
I.- kvX
- p-Xy¿-l\mbh≥ hm-gØ v- s∏Spw-.- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sØm aq-∂v-: \cmiw-ksb∂ kw-Pv-Rm-\m-aØn-\p- tijw- {]tbm
Æqdv- i{Xp-°fp-sS a[y-Øn¬-\n-∂v- \mw- At±lsØ kzo-Icn°pw.- Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ "kv-Xhn-jy-tX'- F∂ ]Zw- Hcp- kw-kv-Ir-X `m-hn-
At±lØn-s≥-d hm-l\w- Ccp-]Xv- B¨-s]¨- H´Ißfm-bncn Im-e {In-bbm-Wv.- "Ah≥- hm-gvØ - s∏Sp-w'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn\¿-
°pw.- At±lØn-s≥-d alXzw- kz¿-Ktem-Iw-hscsbØn- AXns\ ∞w.- AY¿-∆thZIm-eØn-\p- tijw- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cmb
Xm-gv-Øpw.- Ah≥- amam-Ejn-°v- ]Øp- NXp-cßfpw- \q-dp- kz¿-W Bsc¶n-epw- tem-INcn-{XØn¬- hm-gvØ - s∏´Xm-bn- \mw- Im-Wp∂n-
\m-Wbßfpw- ap-∂q-dv- Ad_n-°p-Xn-cIfpw- ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- ]ip°fpw- √; ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-b√m-sX Cu- t]¿-Xs∂ `m-cXØn-tem-
\¬-Ipw1 Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)sbbm-W- v- ]cm-a¿-in-°p- at‰sX¶n-epw- tZitØm- {]Nm-cØn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xm-Wv- hm
∂sX∂v- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂ ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿-2 Xm-sg∏dbp-∂ hkv- kv-Xhw.- "\cm-iw-k'-sb∂p- t]cp-≈ Hcm-sfbpw- \ap-°v- ]p-cm-
Xp-XIfm-Wv- Ahcp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn-\v- Dt]m¬-_eIam-bn- D≤cn- tWXn-lm-kßfn-sem-∂pw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bp-∂n-√.- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
°p-∂Xv.- (k)-°v- ap-ºv- Atd_y-bn-epw- B¿-°pw-Xs∂ B t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-
H∂v-: Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- hy-Iv-Xam-b Hcp- {]hN\apƒ-s°m-≈p- ∂n-√.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ "\cmiw-k kvX - hn-jy-tX'- F∂ hN\w-
∂p-sh∂v- CXn-se kw-t_m-[\co-Xn- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p.- ""CZw- P\m- sIm-≠v- a{¥{Z-jv-Sm-hv- A¿∞am-°n-bXv- "ap-lΩZv- hm-gv-Øs∏Spw'-
D]{ip-Xm''- (A√tbm- P\ßtf,- \n-߃- _lp-am-\ ]pc cw- F∂m-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Cu- {]hN\Øn-
{i≤n-°p-I)- F∂p- ]d™p-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv- Xp-Sßp-∂Xv.- NXp-¿- \p-tijw- P\n-®hcn¬- G‰hpw- A[n-Iw- hm-gv-Øs∏´n-´p-≈Xpw-
thZßfn-sehn-sSbpw- CtXt]m-se P\ßsf {]tXy-Iam-bn- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)- Xs∂.- e£°W°n-\v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- Zn-t\\
kwt_m-[\sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- Hcp- Im-cy-hpw- ]d™n-´n-√.- AXp- \akvI - m-cßfn-epw- A√m-sXbpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS t]scSp
sIm≠p-Xs∂ Cu- kqIv-Xw- P\߃- ap-gp-h\pw-- Adn-tb≠ Hcp- Øv- ]d™v- hm-gv-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- kXy-k\v-[am-bn- Ncn
{]hN\ apƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh∂v- CXn-s≥-d kw-t_m-[\m-co-Xn- hyIv- {XsØ kao-]n-® Aapkv-enw- _p-≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw- ap-lΩZv- \_n-
Xam°p∂p.- (k)-sb ]p-IgvØ - n-bn-´p-≠v.- tem-INcn-{XsØ G‰hp-a[n-Iw- kzm[o-
1. CZw- P\m- D]{ip-Xm- \cm-iw-k kv-X hn-jy-tX \n-® alZvh - y-IXv- n-Ifn¬- {]Ya KW\o-b\m-bn- ]p-IgvØ - s∏Sp∂Xv-
jjv-Snw- kl{km- \hXnw- N Iu-ca Acp-j tajv-T ZZv-atl ap-lΩZv- (k)-bm-sW∂ Im-cyw- kp-hn-Zn-Xam-Wt√m.-
Djv-Sm- bky- {]hm-ln-tWm- h[p- at¥m- Zzn¿- Zi
h¿-jv-a cYky- \n- Pn-lo-UtX Zn-h Cu-jam-Wm- D]m-kv-]r-ix- \m-ev-: Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-sXm-Æqdv-
Gjm- -Ejtb am-atl iXw- \n-jv-Im≥- Zi {kPx-
{Xo-Wn- iXm-\y¿-hXmw- kl{km-Zi tKm-\mw- i{Xp-°sf°p-dn-®v- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂p.- {]hm-NI Im-eL´Øn-se
(AY¿-∆ thZw- hnw-iIm-Wv-Uw- kq-Iv-Xw- 27,- t«m-Iw- 1˛3)-
2. A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures. a°bn-se P\kw-Jy- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn-\pw- Fgp-]Xn-\m-bn-
246 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 247
cØn-\pw- CS°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂m-Wv- hnZKv-[m-`n-{]m-bw-.- Ahcn¬- t√m.- (Cu- kq-Iv-XØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn- Hcn-°epw- Hcn-
an-°hcpw- i{Xp-°ƒ-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m.- i{Xp-°fp-sS kwJy- ¥y-°m-c\m-Im≥- km-[y-Xbn-s√∂ hkv-Xp-X hy-Iv-Xam-hp-∂Xv-
bm-bn- AY¿-∆ thZØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cØn- Chn-sSbm-Wv.- ln-µp-°ƒ-°n-Sbn-¬- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂ \n-ba{]Imcw-
sXm-Æq-dv- F∂ kw-Jy-t]m-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bn¬- ]q¿Øo- H´Ibm-{Xbpw- ]m-epw- {_m-lva- W¿-°v- \n-jn-≤am-bn-cp-∂p.- "H´I∏p-
Icn-°s∏Sp-∂p-sh∂v- km-cw.- dtØm- Igp-X∏p-dtØm- bm-{X sNøp-∂Xpw- \Kv-\\m-bn- kv-\m\w-
A©v:- Ip-¥]kq-IX v- Øn-se H∂m-asØ t«m-IØn¬- "\cm- sNøp-∂Xpw- {_m-lv-aWs\ Aip-≤am-°p-w'(a\p-kv-ar-Xn- 11:201)-
iw-k'-sb hn-tijn-∏n-°p-hm≥- th≠n-bp-]tbm-Kn-® ]Zam-Wv- "Iu F∂m-Wv- a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n).- \_n- (k)- Xs≥-d `m-cy-am-tcm-
ca'.- Cu- ]Zw- Hcp- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS \m-aam-sW∂ cq-]ØnemWv- sSm-∏w- H´I∏p-dØv- bm-{X sNbv-XXm-bn- \ap-°dn-bm-hp-∂XmWv.-
"`m-cy-am¿-'- F∂ {]tbm-Kw- {]tXy-Iw- {it≤bam-Wv.- \_n(k)-
]et∏m-gpw- ]cn-KWn-°s∏Sm-dp-≈Xv.- bYm-¿-YØn¬- Iu-ca F∂
bp-sS _lp-`m-cy-Xzw- {]kn-≤am-Wt√m.- Cu- kq-Iv-XØn-\v- \¬Im-
]Zw- Hcp- \m-ahn-tijWam-Wv.- "kam-[m-\sØ t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-
hp∂ c≠¿-∞{]Im-chpw- CXv- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hn-
°p-Ibpw- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂h≥'- F∂m-Wv- Cu- ]ZØn-
Xhp-am-bn- ]q¿-Wam-bn- tbm-Pn-∏v- {]ISn-∏n-°p-∂p.-
\¿-∞w.- F√ A¿∞Øn-epw- ap-lΩZv- \_n(k)-°v- tbm-Pn-°p∂
Hcp- hn-tijWam-Wn-sX∂Xn¬- kw-iban-√.- Pm-Xo-bhpw- h¿Ko- Ggv:- "Ahs≥-d alXzw kz¿-Ktem-Iw- hscsbØn- AXns\
bhpw- h¿-W]chp-am-bn- \n-e\n∂n-cp-∂ kv-]¿-ZIsf√mw- C√mbv- Xm-gv-Øpw'- F∂v- ]d™Xv- H∂p-In¬- ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS
asNbv-Xv- ]ckv-]cap-≈ km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- Dd∏p-hcp- alXz-sØ Db¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°p-hm-t\m- AXs√¶n¬- At±lØn-
Øp-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw- hn-Pbn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-X s≥-d BIm-im-tcm-lW(an-Av-dm-Pv)-sØ°p-dn°p-hm-t\m- Bbn-cn-
hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wt±lw.- B A¿-∞Øn¬- "kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n- °m-sa∂v- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
®h≥'- F∂v- ap-lΩZv- \_n-(k)-sb hn-fn-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- "Ckvemw'- F´v-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn-s≥-d aq-∂m-asØ a{¥Øn¬- Ejn-
F∂ ]ZØn- \ v - "ka¿- ∏ Ww',- "kam- [ m- \ w'- F∂n- ß s\ bp-sS t]cv- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv- "am-am-Ejn'-sb∂m-Wv.- `m-cXo-b
A¿∞ßfp-≠v.- k¿-∆iIv-X\v- kz-¥sØ kºq¿-Wam-bn- ka¿- ]p-cm-Wßfnsem-∂pw-Xs∂ am-am-Ejn-sb∂ t]cp-≈ Hcp-BNmcy
∏n-°p-Ihgn- IcKXam-Ip∂ kam-[m-\am-Wv- Ckve - mw- F∂v- ]dbm- s\°p-dn-®v- ]cm-a¿-ißsfm-∂pw-Xs∂bn-√.- AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂
hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Ckv-em-am-Ip-∂ kam-[m-\sØ {]Ncn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw- `m-cXo-b Ncn-{XØn-¬- am-am-Ejn-sb sXcbp-∂Xv- hy¿-∞am-Wv.-
]q¿-Øo-Icn-°m-\pw- th≠n- BKXam-bh≥- F∂ A¿∞Øn-em- ap-lΩZv- F∂ ]Zam-bn-cn-°mw- a{¥{Zjv-Sm-hm-b Ejn- am-am-Ejn-
bn-cn-°mw- thZa-{¥-Øn-s‚- {Zjv-Sm-hv- "Iu-ca'sb∂v- hn-fn-®sX∂v- sb∂Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-h£n-®sX∂v- \ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-
\ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- ∂Xm-Wv.- skan-kv-‰n-Iv- \m-a߃- `m-cXo-b `m-jIfn-te°v- ]cmh¿-
Bdv-: Ip-¥]kq-Iv-XØn¬- c≠m-asØ a{¥w- "\cm-iw-k'- Ø\w- sNøp-tºmƒ- D®m-cWam-‰ßƒ- D≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-Iam-
s\°pdn-®v- ]dbp-∂Xv- "h[q- at¥m- Zzn¿-Zi'-sb∂m-Wv.- CXn-s\ Wt√m.-
c≠p- cq-]Øn¬- ]cn-`m-js∏Sp-Øm-sa∂v- ]Wv-Un-X∑m¿- A`n- HºXv-: am-am-Ejn-°v- \¬-Is∏Sp-∂Xm-bn- Ip-¥]kq-Iv-
{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.- H∂v-,- At±lsØbpw- `m-cy-am-scbpw- H´Iw- ]q´nb XØn¬- BZy-w- ]dbp-∂Xv- ]Øp- NXp-cßfm-Wv.- CXv- ap-lΩZv-
cYw- hln- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂m- W v - . - c≠m- a tØXv , - At±lsØ \_n-(k)-bp-sS G‰hpw- ASp-Ø ]Øv- A\p-Nc∑m-sc°pdn-®m-
H´IsØbpw- CWsbbpw- ]q-´n-b cYw- hln-°p-∂p-sh∂m-Wv-.- Imsa∂v- A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- kz¿Kw-sIm-≠v- kt¥mj
ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS {][m-\s∏´ hm-l\w- H´Iam-bncp∂ hm¿Ø Adn- b n- ° s∏´ alm- ∑ m- c m- b ]Øv - klm- _ n- I ƒ- . -
248 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 249
"Zi{kPx'sb∂ {]tbm-KØn-\v- "]Øp- lm-c߃-'- Ft∂m-- "]Øv- bncw kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®psIm≠mbncn°mw ]Xn\mbncw
NXp-c߃-'- Ft∂m- A¿-∞w- ]dbm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- {]hm-NIs≥-d ]ip°ƒ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv. Ah¿ A∂v kuaycpw im¥cpam
Po-hn-XØn-\v- Xm-ßpw- XWep-am-bn-cp-∂ Ckv-em-an-\p- th≠n- bncp∂ht√m. ]iphn\p≈ kwkvX]Zamb "tKm' \njv]∂ambn
XymK߃- kln-® ]Øp- t]¿- Xs∂bm-hWw- Zi{kPx- F∂Xp- cn°p∂Xv "bp≤Øn\p t]mhpI'sb∂v A¿∞w hcp∂ "Ku'
sIm-≠v- Dt±in-°s∏´Xv.- F∂ {Inbbn¬\n∂msW∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv.
]Øv: amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xmbn ]n∂oSv ]dbp∂Xv Bcybp≤ßfpsS e£yw ]ip°sf kz¥am°embXp
\qdv kz¿W\mWbßfmWv. aplΩZv \_n (k)tbmsSm∏w sIm≠mbncn°Ww ]iphn\v "tKm'sb∂ t]cp h∂sX∂mWv
XymK߃ kln® BZyIme kJm°sf kqNn∏n°phm≥ ]WvUnXaXw. "]Xn\mbncw ]ip°ƒ' F∂ {]tbmKw F√m
A¿∞Ønepw tbm≤m°fmb ]Xn\mbncw kzlm_nIƒ°v
th≠nbmhWw \qdv kz¿W\mWb߃ F∂p {]tbmKn®Xv.
tbmPn°psa∂¿∞w..
F√mhn[ {]bmkßsfbpw AXnPohn°phm≥ t]m∂ BXvao
b iIvXnsb kqNn∏n®psIm≠v kz¿Wsa∂ {]tbmKw `mcXob C∂s\, \nKqVsa∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂ AY¿∆thZØnse
kmlnXyØn¬ km[mcWbmbn ImWs∏Sp∂XmWv. XßfpsS Ip¥]kqIvXØn¬ ]d™n´p≈ Imcyßsf√mwXs∂ aplΩZv
BXvaob iIvXnsIm≠v i{Xp°fpsS ]oU\ßsfbpw A{Iaß \_n(k)bn¬ ]q¿ØoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xmbn \ap°v a\ nem
sfbpw AXnPohn°pIbpw kz¥w \mSpw hoSpapt]£n®v °m≥ Ignbp∂p. "Ip¥]'sa∂ ]ZwXs∂ aplΩZv \_nbpambn
A_v k o\nbbnte°v ]emb\w sNbv X v kz¥w BZ¿iw _\v[ap≈XmsW∂XmWv hmkvXhw. "DZcØnse {K\vYn'
kwc£n°pIbpw sNbv X \qdp kzlm_nIsf Dt±in®p sb∂mWv Cu ]ZØn\¿∞w. aplΩZv \_n(k)bpsS P∑\mSn
sIm≠pXs∂bmhWw \qdp kz¿W\mWb߃ F∂p {]tbm s≥d t]cmb "a°'sb∂ Ad_n]ZØn\v "DZcw' F∂pIqSn
Kn®sX∂v A\pam\n°mhp∂XmWv. A¿∞ap≠v. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ "Ip¥]kqIvXw' F∂Xn\p
]Icw "a°mkqIvXw' F∂p]dbp∂Xp sX‰√. AY¿∆ thZ
]Xns\m∂v: lmcßfpw kz¿W\mWbßfpw IqSmsX
Ønse a°mkqIv X Ønse ]cma¿i߃ aplΩZv \_n
ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXncIsfbpw amamEjn°v \¬Ipsa∂v Ip¥]
(k)bpsS {]hmNI PohnXhpambn tbmPn°p∂Xv XnI®pw
kqIvXØn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂p. {]hmNI Ncn{XØnse {]kn≤ bmZrNvOnIambmsW∂v IcpXp∂Xv XnI™ A\v[Xb√msX
amb {]Ya bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØ hoccmb kJm°sf Dt±in®p as‰m∂pa√.
sIm≠mbncn°Ww Ad_n°pXncIƒ F∂v a{¥{ZjvSmhmb
Ejn ]d™Xv. _Zv¿ bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØXv ap∂q‰n ]Xnaq∂v [¿-Ω-kw-kv-Ym-]-\m¿-∞w- h-∂- A-h-km-\-sØ- {]-hmNI
kzlm_nIfmbncp∂pht√m. CXn¬ AhnNmcnX ImcWßfm¬ \pw- I-gn-™p- t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-t±-lØ- n-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs
- Ø-°pdn®-
bp≤w sNøm≥ IgnbmXncp∂ F´p t]scbpw bp≤amcw`n°p hy-Iv-X-am-b- en-Jn-X- tc-J-Iƒ- C-∂pw- e-`y-am-Wv.- \-ap-°v- am-XrI-
∂Xn\p apºv sIm√s∏´ Hcmsfbpw \mep _me∑mscbpw Ingn bm-°m-≥- ]-‰p-∂- Po-hn-Xw-!- A-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS-
®m¬ _m°n FÆw IrXyw ap∂qdpXs∂. ap∂qdv Ad_n°pXnc A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- A-\p-I-cn-°m≥- ]-‰p-∂-Xv.- k¿-∆iIv-X\m-b
Iƒ F∂ {]tbmKw Ahsc°pdn®pXs∂bmIm\mWv km[yX. Xºp-cm≥- ]-d-bp-∂Xv- t\m-°p-I: ""B¿-°- v- \mw- th-Zw- \¬-In-bn-´p-
t≠m,- A-h¿- X-ßf - p-sS- k-¥m-\ß
- s
- f- a-\
- n-em-°pw-t]m-se-Xs∂-
]{¥≠v: Ahkm\ambn amamEjn°v \¬Is∏Sp∂Xv ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb-bpw- a-\- n-em-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-hcn-sem-cp- hn-`m-K-
]Xn\mbncw ]ip°fmsW∂mWv Ip¥]kqIvXw ]dbp∂Xv. °m¿- bmYm¿-∞yw- {K-ln-®p-I-gn-™n-´p-a-Xv- a-d-®p-sh-°p-I-bm-Wv''1.-
a°mhnPbkabØv {]hmNIt\msSm∏ap≠mbncp∂ ]Xn\m 1.- -Jp¿-B≥- 2:-146.-
250 A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- ƒ- 251
∂- A-hk - Y v- b
- m-Wv- C-∂v- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂X
- v.- ""bn-{km-bo-te- tIƒ°,- b-Pv-R-hpw- Pm-Xn-bp-sa-√mw- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o-\w-
\-Ωp-sS- ssZ-h-am-b- I¿-Øm-hv- G-I- I¿-Øm-hv''1- F-∂v- D-ss®-kv- sIm≠v- In-fn¿-Ø-Xm-sW-∂v- A-h¿- ]-d-bp-∂p.- I-¿-Ω-Im-Wv-Ukw-
Xcw- {]-Jym-]n-®- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂v- A-h-Im-i- _-\v-[n-bm-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- am-{X-a-√,- Zm¿-i-\n-I-hpw- hn-izm-k-]-c-
s∏-Sp-∂-h¿,- C-∂-t±-l-sØ- ssZ-h-]p-{X-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥- hp-am-b- hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw- ]u-tcm-l-n-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-
kp-hn-ti-jw- {]-kw-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ - s
- °- bn-´p-≠v.-
Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-am-bn- s]m-cp-Xn-b- C-{_m-lnw- \-_n-bp-sS- hn-{K-l-am- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- I¿-Ω-sØ-bpw- Pv-Rm-\-sØ-bp-
bn-cp-∂p,- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- I-Av-_-bn¬-sh-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- \-in-∏n®Xv.- sa-√mw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-∂- bm-Y¿-∞yw- a-\- n-em-°n-b- sN-Ip-
G-I-\m-b- {k-jv-Sm-hn-s\-b-√m-sX- B-cm-[n-°-m≥- ]m-Sn-s√-∂v- i-Iv- Ø-m≥,- X-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- {]-Y-a-am-bn- tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xv- hn-izmkw-
X-hpw- hy-Iv-X-hp-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- (k)-t]m-epw- Po¿-Æn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-em-Wv.- A-Xn-eq-sS- a-\p-jy-cm-in-sb- ap-gp-h≥- ]ng-
A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- Nn-e-cm¬- {]m¿-∞n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p- ∏n-°p-hm-\pw- A-h-sc- \-c-I-Øn-te-°v- A-b-°p-I-sb-∂- A-h-s≥-d-
sh-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- Cu- "X-e-Xn-cn-®n-en'-s≥-d- `o-I-c-X-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-X- D-t±-iy-]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-am-W-v Ah≥- {i-an-®-Xv.- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿i-
am-°p-∂-Xv.- \-Øn-se-∂-√,- a-t‰-sXm-cp- X-Xz-im-kv-{X-Øn-epw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-
C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- `m-c-Xo-b-N-cn-{X-Øn-epw- kw-`-hn®- ´p-≈-Xv- I¿-Ω-ß-fp-sS- \-thm-∞m-\-a-√,- {]-Xyp-X- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥d-
Xv.- ip-≤-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b-Z¿-i-\Øn \-thm-∞m-\-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm-\p-≈- Im-c-W-hpw- C-X-m-Wv.- hnizm-
s≥d- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]-Wn-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-e-°p-I-fn-ep-≈- hnizm-k-ambn- kw- \-∂m-bm¬- am-{X-sa- I¿-Ωw- \-∂m-hq.- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-ap-X¬-
cn-°-Ww- _-lp-tZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-sX-∂v- \mw- a\ n B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y- t\-cn-Sp-∂- {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- `m-c-X-Øn-
-em-°n.- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-∏Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- {]-hm-N-I-∑mcn s≥d- ss]-Xr-I-sa-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- _-lp-ssZ-h- k-¶¬-∏-Øn-
ep-≈- hn-izm-k-Øn-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v- \mw- I≠p. s≥-d- Zp-jSv- k
- ¥
- X- n-If
- m-Wv.- C-Xv- a-\
- n-em-°m-sXbp-≈- \-thm∞m-
ssZ-h-Øn¶¬-\n-∂pw- {K-\v-Y-߃- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂- \- kw-cw-`-߃- ]m-gv-th-e-bm-bn- A-h-ti-jn-°p-I- kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv.-
hnizm-k-Øn-\v- Xp-ey-am-bn- "{ip-Xn'-I-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-k-sØ- KWn hn-π-hw- th-≠-Xv- hn-izm-k-Ø-n-em-Wv;- AXv- am-{X-sa- a-\p-jy-sc-
°mw.- {ip-Xn-I-fm-bn- C-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h- kv-J-en-X-ap-IvXa im-iz-X- tam-N-\-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°q.-
s
- √-¶nepw- {ip-Xn-Is
- f-∂- B-ib - w- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\vY
- ß- f
- n-ep≈- hnizm- `m-c-X-Øn¬- F-∂v- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b
k-Øn¬-\n-∂v- D¬-`-hn-®-Xm-sW-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- `m-c-Xo-b- Po-hn-X-Z¿-i-\w- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-t∂m- A-∂n-hn-sS- km-tlm-Z-cy-
Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cp-Iƒ- sN-∂p-\n¬-°p-∂Xv- a-c-Wm-\-¥cw- ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-t\-l-hpw- I-cp-W-bpw- k-a-`m-h-\-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-∏n-\v- ti-j-ap-≈- ]-c-tem-I-sa-∂- B-i-b-Ønem- ∂p.- D-®-\o-N-Xz-ß-tfm- Pm-Xn-Nn-¥-tbm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-bt_m-[-
sW-∂pw,- ]p-\¿-P-∑- kn-≤m-¥w- {_m-lv-a-W- ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- tam- `m-c-Xo-b-sc- kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- ""k¿-t∆-]n- kp-Jn-\-k-¥p-;-
kr-jv-Sn-bm-sW-∂pw- \mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hmN- k¿-t∆-k-¥p- \n-cm-a-bm''- (k¿-∆-cpw- k-¥p-jv-S≥-am-cm-I-s´-;- k¿-∆
I-∑m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[\ - ß
- fn-em-Wv- `m-cX
- o-b- Z¿-i\- Øn-s≥-d- ASnkv- cpw- k¿-∆- Zo-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- hn-tam-Nn-X-cm-h-s´)-sb-∂- v- {ip-Xn-I-
Ym-\- in-e-I-sf-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-\n- kw-i-bn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m?- fm¬- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- A-∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-hw!-
ssl-µ-hm-Nm-c-ß-fnep-≈-- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- Zp--kzm-[o\- A-hs - ≥-d- kr-jvS- n-If
- m-b- a-\p-jy¿- ap-gp-h\- pw- k-tlm-Zc- ∑
- m¿!- F∂-
sØ-°p-dn-®v- G-Xm-s≠-√m- ]-WU
v- n-X∑
- m-cpw- ]-d™
- n-´p-≠v.- bmKhpw- kp-µc - a
- m-b- k-¶¬-∏w- {]-tbm-Kh - ¬-°c - n-°s- ∏-´- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kwkv-
1.- a¿-t°-m-kv- 12:-29 °m-c-Øn-te-°v- \-ap-°v- H-∂n-®v- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-Imw.-
262 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-Iƒ- 263
`m-cX
- o-bc
- S- °
- a
- p-≈- {]-hm-NI
- ∑
- m-sc- ]n≥-]‰
- p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- C-¥ybn- D-]\ - n-jØ
- p-If - n-ep-≠v.- Om-tµm-tKym-]\
- n-jØ
- v- ]-db- p-∂X
- v- t\m°p-
se- h¿-§o-b- {]-iv-\-߃-°p-≈ bYm¿-∞am-b ]cn-lm-cam¿§w.- I-:- ""kz¿-Æw- tamjv-Sn-®-h≥,- a-Zy-]≥,- Kp-cp-]-Xv-\o-X¬-∏-c≥,- {_lv-
ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-∂n¬- am-{Xw- in-c- p-Iƒ- Ip-\n-bp-∂- k-aq-l-Øn¬- a-l-Xy- sN-bv-X-h≥- F-∂o- \m-ev- hn-[-Øn-ep-≈-h-cpw- ]-Xn-X≥-am-
h¿-Ko-btam- Pm-Xo-btam- Bb- {]-iv-\-߃-°v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp- cm-Ip-∂p.- C-h-cp-am-bn- kw-k¿-§w- sN-øp-∂- A-©m-a-\pw- ]-Xn-X≥-
≠mhn√.- X-s∂-bm-Wv''1.- tkm-a-c-kw- ]m-\w- sN-bv-Xv- a-Ø-\m-b- C-{µ-s\bpw,-
H-cp- Kp-cp-X-c-{]-iv-\-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv- tKml- a-Zy-]n-®v- kv-{Xo-I-fp-am-bn- k-√-]n-°p-∂- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-bpw- kr-jv-
Xy-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- C-Xpw- ssZ-h-Øn-s\-b-√m-sX- ]-£n- ar-Km-Zn- Sn-®- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-Øn-t≥-d-X-√- Cu- h-cn-I-sf-∂v- hy-Iv-Xw.- `m-c-X-
I-sf- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- ]-ip-l- Øn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- {]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-sS- A-h-in-jv-Sß-
Xybm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- sN-øp-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tZ-i-t{Zm-l-{]h¿- fm-Wn-h-sb-∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.-
Ø-\s - a-∂m-Wv- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-t]m-epw- hm-Zn-°p-∂X - v.- D-]\
- n-jØp- tam-£-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- e-£yw.- A-Xn-te-°p-≈- am¿-§w-
I-fn-epw- {_m-lv-a-W-ß-fn-epw- \n-d-™p-\n¬-°p-∂- bm-Pv-h¬-Iy-\v- Im-Wn-®p-X-cm-\m-Wv- {]-hm-N-I-am¿- A-b-°-s∏-´-Xv.- ]-c-º-cm-K-X-
]-ip-hn-s\- `-£n-°m-sa-¶n¬- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- ap-kve - nw-Iƒ-°v- `-£n®p- am-b- hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ß-tfm- k-¶p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b- Nn-¥-I-tfm- a-\pjy-
Iq-Sm-sb-∂- tNm-Zyw- {]-kI - vX
- a
- m-Wv.- i-X]
- Y
- {- _m-lva
- W- w- ]-db - p∂p:- sc- im-iz-X- hn-Pb - Ø - n-te-°v- \-bn-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂p-d∏ - m-Wv.- \mw- ]n¥p-
""]-ip-hn-s\-bpw- Im-f-sb-bpw- `-£n-°-cp-Xv- F-∂-h¿- ]-d-bpw.- F∂m- S-tc-≠-Xv- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- ]m-X-bm-Wv.- A-h-cm-Wv- tem-I-Øn-
¬-- bm-Pv-R-h¬Iy≥- ]-d-™p.- i-co-cw- amw-k-f-a-m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- Rm≥- s≥-d- h-gn-Im-´n-Iƒ.- A-h¿- C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂n-cn-°mw-˛]p-d-Øv- P-\n
h-sb- `-£n-°pw''-1.- th-Z-Im-e-Øpw- ti-j-hpw- ]-ip- `-£n-°-s∏-´n- ®n-cn-°mw.- P-∑-kv-Y-e-a-√,- Ah¿- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-øp-∂- B-i-b-
cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- G-sd- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-ip-hn-s\- ß-fm-Wv- {]-[m-\w.- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-ß-fm-b- I¿
B-cm-[n-°m≥- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv- A-Xn-s≥-d- amw-kw- Xn-∂m≥-- Ωß-fp-am-Wh - ¿- {]t_m-[\ - w- sN-bvX - X - v.- C-Xv- {]-t_m-[\ - w- sNbvX-
]m-Sn-s√∂- hn-izm-kw- h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv.- Cu- Ip-g-∏-߃-°p-ap-≈- {]-hm-N-I- irw-J-e-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- I-Æn-- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-‰m-
Im-c-Ww- GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- h-gn-sX-‰n,- ar-Km-cm[\- ≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- A-td-_y-bn¬- Po-hn-®- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)-B-Wv.- B-
kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-sW-∂¿-∞w.- A-¥n-a {]-hm-N-I-\n-eq-sS- am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th-
{ip-Xn-I-fn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-ep-sa-√m-w- C-∂v- Im-Wp-∂- I¬-∏- ≠n- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°s - ∏-´- {K-\vY - a - s
- {X- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B≥.- A-Xv- GsX-
\-I-fn¬- knw-l-`m-K-hpw- {_m-lv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xyw- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n°m≥ ¶n-epw- H-cp- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s≥-d- {K-\v-Y-a-√.- am-\-h-cm-in-°v- ap-gp-h-\p-
th-≠n- am-{X-w- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®-t]m-se- kpc- ap-≈- am¿-§-Z¿-i-\-am-W-Xn-s≥-d- Im-X¬.- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®-
bpw- tkm-a-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W¿-°v- {]n-b-s∏-´- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fm-bn- Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´,- A-{]-am-Zn-X-am-b,- am-‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-
cp-∂psh∂m-Wv- a\ n-em-Ip-∂Xv.- - C-h- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v- ssZhnI- °v- hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø- {K-\v-Yam-WXv-.- Jp¿-B\p-am-bn- tem-IØn-
a-Xw- hn-tcm-[n-®ncp-∂n-t√-sb-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- {]k- te°v- IS∂p-h∂ ap-lΩZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw- a\p-jy¿°v-
Iv-Xn-bp-≠v.- C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- a-Zy-]m-\-sØ- F-Xn¿- ap-gp-h≥- am¿-KZ¿-i\hpw- im-iz-X im-¥n-bn-te°p-≈ hgn-Im-´nbp-
Øn-cn-°W - w.- A-hc - p-sS- {]-t_m-[\- ß
- f- p-sS- A-hi
- n-jSv- ß
- ƒ- C∂pw- am-bn- \n-esIm-≈p-∂p.- Po-hn-XØn-s≥-d kIecw-Kßfpw- ssZhnI
am¿-KZ¿-i\{]Im-cw- Fßs\ hn-aeo-Icn-°m-sa∂v- Jp¿-B\pw-
1.- X-kv-tam-Zv-t[z-\- kp-l-tbm¿- \m-iv-\o-bm-Xv- {]hm-NINcy-bpw- hc®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.- GIssZhm-cm-[\bn-
X-Zp-tlm- hm-Nm-bm-Pv-R-hm¬-tIym-
iv-\m-tay- hm-lw- amw-k-ew- tN-Zv-`-h- Xo-Xn''- (i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-aW-w- 3:-1:-2:-21).- e[njv
1.- kv-tX-- T
\n-xln-
Xam-c-Wb
y-ky-Po-kp-h n-X]n-Z¿-
cmw- _i ≥- \Øn- tXe°v
N-Kp-tcmx- ¬-∏-a- m-h
P\ßsf
-k≥- {_-lv-alm-£Wn- N- GtX- ®
Quoted by [¿-Ω-m-\-µ- sIm-kmw-_n˛`-K-hm≥- _p-≤≥,- t]-Pv- 404.- ]-X-¥n- N-Xzm-c˛x-]
{]hmNI∑m¿- -©-ax-N-B
Ah¿- -N-cI
tem- -≥Øv
- ssXx- C-Xn- }(O-
- Fhn- sS tP\n-
µm-tKym- ]-\n-j
®hcm- b-Ø
n-cv- p-5:-∂
10:-9m-).-epw˛
ap-gp-h≥- ]Tn-∏n-® ]m-Xbn-te°m-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- a\p-jy-sc £Wn°p
∂Xv.- B ]m-Xbn-eq-sSbm-Wv- \ap-°v- im-iz-X im-¥n-bn-seØn
t®cm≥- Ign-bp-I.-
266 ssl-µ-hX-- [-¿-a-hpw Z-¿-i-\hp-w- 267
Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m≥-:-
U-b-d-Iv-S¿-
\n-®v- Hm-^v- {Sq-Øv-
I-em-`h≥- tdm-Uv-
sIm-®n≥ -˛ 682 018
t^m¨-:- 0484 ˛ 2367810,- 2352421
^-m-Iv-kv-:- 0484 ˛ 380746
Website: www.nicheoftruth.org
E-mail: islam@nicheoftruth.org