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math - ed ระบบจำนวนเต็ม PDF
math - ed ระบบจำนวนเต็ม PDF
math - ed ระบบจำนวนเต็ม PDF
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº ä´éá¡è 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , . . .
¨Ó¹Ç¹¹ÑºàÃÕ¡ÍÕ¡ÍÂèҧ˹֧è ÇèÒ ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁºÇ¡ ËÃ×Í ¨Ó¹Ç¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁºÇ¡ ä´éá¡è 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , . . .
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁź ä´éá¡è -1 , -2 , -3 , -4 , -5 , . . .
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁÈÙ¹Âì ä´éá¡è 0
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ áºè§à»ç¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁºÇ¡ ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁź áÅШӹǹàµçÁÈÙ¹Âì
ä´éá¡è . . . , -3 , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . «Ö§è áÊ´§º¹àÊ鹨ӹǹä´é´§Ñ ¹Õé
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
º¹àÊ鹨ӹǹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹·ÕÍè ÂÙ·è Ò§«éÒ¨йéÍ¡ÇèҨӹǹ·ÕÍè ÂÙ·è Ò§¢ÇÒ ´Ñ§¹Ñ¹é
. . . < -5 < -4 < -3 < -2 < -1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 . . .
¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóì
¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóì¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ¤×ÍÃÐÂзҧ¨Ò¡ 0 ¶Ö§ a º¹àÊ鹨ӹǹ ãªéÊ
Ñ Åѡɳì | a | á·¹¤èÒ
ÊÑÁºÙóì¢Í§ a
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
¨Ò¡ÃÙ»¨Ðä´éÇÒè |3| = 3
|-3| = 3
|0| = 0
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ã´ æ | a | = | - a |
àÃÕ¡ a ÇèҨӹǹµÃ§¢éÒÁ¢Í§ -a áÅÐ -a ÇèҨӹǹµÃ§¢éÒÁ¢Í§ a
¢éÍÊѧࡵ ¤èÒÊÑÁºÙÃ³ì ¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁã´ æ ¤×Í ¨Ó¹Ç¹·Õäè Áè¤´Ô à¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒÂ
àªè¹ | 5 | = 5 , | - 3 | = 3 , | 0 | = 0 à»ç¹µé¹
¹ÔÂÒÁ
| x | = x àÁ×Íè x > 0 હ 3 = 3 ; 5 = 5
0 àÁ×Í
è x = 0 હ 0 = 5
− x àÁ×Í
è x < 0 હ -2 = −( − 2) = 2; − 7 = −( − 7) = 7
¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµ¢Ô ͧ¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóì
1. x > 0
2. x = −x àªè¹ 5 = − 5 =5
3. x = a ¡çµÍè àÁ×Íè x = a ËÃ×Í x = -a àªè¹ x = 2 ¨Ðä´é x = 2 , -2
4. x > a ¡çµÍè àÁ×Íè x > a ËÃ×Í x < -a
5. x < a ¡çµÍè àÁ×Íè -a < x < a
6. x 2 = x2
7. xy = x y àªè¹ 5(- 6) = 5 - 6 = 5 × 6 = 30
8. x = x , y 0 àªè¹ −2 = −2 = 2
y y ≠ 3 3 3
9. x - y < x+y < x + y
10. x2 = x
ÊÁºÑµºÔ Ò§»ÃСÒâͧÃкº¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
1. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃÊÅѺ·ÕÊè ÓËÃѺ¡Òúǡ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a áÅÐ b ·Ø¡µÑÇ a+b = b+a
2. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃÊÅѺ·ÕÊè ÓËÃѺ¡Òäٳ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a áÅÐ b ·Ø¡µÑÇ a× b = b× a
3. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹¡ÅØÁè ÊÓËÃѺ¡Òúǡ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a , b áÅÐ c ·Ø¡µÑÇ (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
4. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃà»ÅÕÂè ¹¡ÅØÁè ÊÓËÃѺ¡Òäٳ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a , b áÅÐ c ·Ø¡µÑÇ (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
5. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃᨡᨧ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a , b áÅÐ c ·Ø¡µÑÇ a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
6. ÊÁºÑµ¢Ô ͧ 1
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ·Ø¡µÑÇ 1× a = a = a× 1
áÅÐ a
1 =a
7. ÊÁºÑµ¢Ô ͧ 0
(1) ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ·Ø¡µÑÇ a+0 = a = 0 + a
áÅÐ a ×0 = 0 = 0 × a
(2) ¶éÒ a à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ«Ö§è äÁèà·èҡѺÈÙ¹Âì¨Ðä´é = 0
(3) ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a áÅÐ b ã´ æ
¶éÒ a × b = 0 ¨Ðä´é a = 0 ËÃ×Í b = 0
8. ÊÁºÑµ¢Ô ͧ¨Ó¹Ç¹µÃ§¢éÒÁ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ·Ø¡µÑÇ a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0
9. ÊÁºÑµ¢Ô ͧ¡ÒÃËÒÃ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ·Ø¡µÑÇ «Ö§è ≠ 0 a =1
a
10. ÊÁºÑµ¡Ô ÒÃÊзé͹¡ÅѺ
ÊÓËÃѺ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ a ·Ø¡µÑÇ a =a
¡Òúǡź¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
1. ¼ÅºÇ¡ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁºÇ¡ 2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ËÃ×ͨӹǹàµçÁź 2 ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ¨ÐÁÕ¤Òè à·èҡѺ¤èÒ
ºÇ¡ËÃ×ͤèÒź¢Í§¼ÅºÇ¡¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóìµÒÁÅӴѺ
2. ¼ÅºÇ¡ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁºÇ¡¡Ñº¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁź¤×Í ¼ÅµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¤èÒÊÑÁºÙó췧éÑ Êͧ â´Â
ãªé¤Òè ÊÑÁºÙóìÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒà»ç¹µÑǵѧé áÅéÇãÊèà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒµÒÁµÑÇÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 1 ¡Òúǡ¡ÒÃź¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
¨§ËÒ¼ÅÅѾ¸ìµÍè 仹Õé
1. 15+(-7) =
2. 27+ 36 =
3. (- 41)+(- 9) =
4. 61 - (-4) =
5. (- 4) - (- 3) =
6. (- 10) - 7 =
7. 11 - (- 2) =
8. (- 6) - (- 13) =
9. (-13) - 4 =
10. -18 + 5 =
11. 13 - (- 7) =
12. - (-5) - (- 2) =
13. - (-6) - 4 =
14. 8 - (- 5) =
15. - 2 - 10 =
16. - 4 - (- 3) =
17. 17 + (- 4) =
18. 45 + (- 67) =
19. - 16 - 7 =
20. - ( - ( -5) - 63) =
¡Òäٳ¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ
ÊÃØ»
¡ÒäٳÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁÊͧ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ÍÒÈÑÂàÃ×Íè §¼Å¤Ù³¢Í§
¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóì¢Í§¨Ó¹Ç¹·Ñ§é Êͧ â´ÂÁÕà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒ´ѧ¹Õé
(+) × (+) = +
(+) × (-) = -
(-) × (+) = -
(-) × (-) = +
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 2 ¨§ËÒ¼ÅÅѾ¸ì¢Í§
1. 4 × (-12) = 6. (-7) × (-2) =
¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁ¡Ñº¡ÒÃËÒÃ
ÃÙ»·ÑÇè ä» µÑǵѧé = ¼ÅËÒà ËÃ×Í µÑÇËÒÃ × ¼ÅËÒà = µÑǵѧé
µÑÇËÒÃ
ÊÃØ»
¡ÒÃËÒÃÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ó¹Ç¹àµçÁÊͧ¨Ó¹Ç¹ ÍÒÈÑÂàÃ×Íè §¤èÒÊÑÁºÙóì¢Í§
¨Ó¹Ç¹·Ñ§é Êͧ â´ÂÁÕà¤Ã×Íè §ËÁÒ´ѧ¹Õé
(+) = ( + ) , (+) = ( )
(+) (−) −
(−) = ( + ) , (−) = ( )
(−) (+) −
µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·Õè 3 ¨§ËÒ¼ÅËÒÃ
1. −108
12 = 6. 5
5 =
2. −21210 = 7. 10 × ( −12) =
(-8)
3. −55 = 8. ( −102) × ( − 7) =
(-2) × 3
4. 215 = 9. [12 + ( − 4)]×[(−4) + 2] =
5 (2 +12 −10)
− 306 − 2 + 3 − (−5)
5. −17 = 10. (−(−(−2) ) ) =