Water 2018, 10, 1212 4 of 17

Water 2018, 10, x 4 of 17

evaluation model of monthly runoff

distribution evenness degree

evaluation index
monthly
runoff
sequence
comprehensive diagnosis system

runoff
runoff variation points sequence
selection
for
calculating
ecological
flow

RVA

ecological
flow monthly runoff frequency
calculation

annual daily mean

flow discharge frequency

ecological flow evaluation model

intergated
ecological
flow weight calculation
calculation

integrated ecological flow

Figure
Figure2.2.Flow
Flowchart
chartof
ofthe
thestudy
studyprocess.
process.Note:
Note:RVA
RVAisisthe
therange
rangeof
ofvariability
variability approach
approach method.
method.

2.2.1. Evaluation
2.2.1. Evaluation of
of the
the Intra-Annual
Intra-Annual Runoff
Runoff Distribution
Distribution Degrees
Degrees of
of Evenness
Evenness
The Gini
The Ginicoefficient
coefficientis is
an an
index usedused
index to quantify and evaluate
to quantify the degrees
and evaluate of distribution
the degrees evenness.
of distribution
In this paper, it is used to evaluate intra-annual runoff distribution evenness degrees. The
evenness. In this paper, it is used to evaluate intra-annual runoff distribution evenness degrees.GI of runoff
The
series
GI is calculated
of runoff series isascalculated
follows: as follows:

Groupand
(1) Group andsort
sort historical
historical monthly monthly flow flow data.
data. Divide
Dividethe
the 12
12 monthly
monthly flows
flows inin the ith year
the ith year into
into a
group, and sort the monthly flows into a group in ascending order. The ascending runoff series
group, and sort the monthly flows into a group in ascending order. The ascending runoff
i12 } , where i represents the ith year, ri1 < ri 2 < ... < ri12 .
ofthe
of yearisis {{rri1,,rri2,...,
ithyear
theith , . . .r, ri12 }, where i represents the ith year, ri1 < ri2 < . . . < ri12 .
i1 i 2
(2) Accumulate the ascending runoff data in each group:
(2) Accumulate the ascending runoff data in each group:
k k

∑rij (rkij (=k 1,= 2,...,12)

RikRik= =
j =1j=1
1, 2, . . . , 12) (1)
(1)

where
where kk is
is the
the ranking
ranking order.
order.
r 2018, 10, x

Draw a Lorenz curve of the annual distribution for monthly flow. Take k/12 as the abs
Rik / Ri12 asWaterthe ordinate, and draw a Lorenz curve of the annual distribution
2018, 10, 1212 5 of 17
for monthly
The Lorenz(3)curve is shown in Figure 3.
Draw a Lorenz curve of the annual distribution for monthly flow. Take k/12 as the abscissa,
The ith year runoff
Rik /Ri12Gini
as thecoefficient GIi aisLorenz
ordinate, and draw computed as:
curve of the annual distribution for monthly flow.
The Lorenz curve is shown in Figure 3.
(4) The ith year runoff Gini coefficient GIi is computed as:
GIi = S Ai / (S Ai + S Bi )
GIi = S Ai /(S Ai + SBi ) (2)
where SAi and SBi are the area acreages of Ai and Bi, respectively.
where SAi and SBi are the area acreages of Ai and Bi , respectively.
The calculation details of GI series in each station are shown in Appendix A.
The calculation details of GI series in each station are shown in Appendix A.

0.9

0.8
Runoff Cumulative Frequency

0.7

0.6

0.5
Ai
0.4

0.3
Bi
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time Cumulative Frequency

Figure 3. Lorenz curve of annual distribution for monthly flow. Note: Ai is a region bounded by
Figure 3. Lorenz
Lorenz curve and
curve dashed diagonal,
of annual Bi is a regionfor
distribution bounded by Lorenz
monthly curveNote:
flow. and vertical diagonal.
is a region Ai bounded by

and dashed diagonal, Bi isrunoff

The smaller the obtained value, the more even the runoff distribution in a year. Conversely, the larger
Lorenz curve
the obtained value, the more uneven the
a region bounded by Lorenz curve and vertical diagonal
distribution in a year.

2.2.2. Hydrological Alteration Diagnosis System

The smaller the obtained value, the more even the runoff distribution in a year. Conversel
A single hydrological alteration diagnosis method occasionally produces unreliable results,
er the obtained value,hydrological
and multiple the more uneven
alteration the methods
diagnosis runoffproduce
distribution in a year.
different results. The hydrological
alteration diagnosis system synthetically considers the diagnosis results from multiple diagnosis
methods and examines the alteration form and alteration point holistically. The steps we followed for
2. Hydrological Alteration
alteration diagnosis areDiagnosis System
as follows. Firstly, we used the Hurst coefficient [25] method and the moving
average method to form a primary diagnosis and judge whether or not the series contains an alteration.
A single hydrological alteration
If so, then various examination diagnosis
methods were usedmethod occasionally
to conduct produces
a detailed diagnosis, unreliable
including three result
trend diagnosis methods (the correlation coefficient method, Spearman rank correlation method,
tiple hydrological alteration diagnosis methods produce different results. The hydrol
and Kendall rank correlation method) and 11 jump diagnosis methods (the Lee–Heghinan method,
ration diagnosis system
rank test, synthetically
slide F test, considers
R/S method, Mann–Kendall the Bayesian
method, diagnosismethod,results
etc.). Thefrom multiple diag
diagnosis
results were also classified into two types, trend results and jump results, and the results were
hods and examines the alteration form and alteration point holistically. The steps we foll
synthesized. Finally, efficiency coefficients were calculated for identifying the alteration form, and the
alteration diagnosis are
alteration form wasas follows.
judged Firstly,
to determine we used
if one coefficient the Hurst
was bigger coefficient
than the other one. [25] method an
ving average method to form a primary diagnosis and judge whether or not the series conta
ration. If so, then various examination methods were used to conduct a detailed diag
uding three trend diagnosis methods (the correlation coefficient method, Spearman
elation method, and Kendall rank correlation method) and 11 jump diagnosis methods (the
hinan method, rank test, slide F test, R/S method, Mann–Kendall method, Bayesian method
diagnosis results were also classified into two types, trend results and jump results, an