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ANSI - IEEE Std. 1 - 1986 PDF
ANSI - IEEE Std. 1 - 1986 PDF
(Revision of IEEE
Std 1 - 1969)
Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, N Y 10017, USA
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986
(Revision of IEEE
Std 1-1969)
Sponsor
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 4,
Thermal Rating
@ Copyright 1986
(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/IEEE Std 1-1986, IEEE Standard General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Rating
of Electric Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation.)
Technical progress since 1969 revision of this standard has resulted in general agreement that a
number of service stresses or factors, influence the life of electrical insulation, in materials tests and in
systems used in electric equipment. While earlier editions of this standard made note of this fact, no
guidance was provided to equipment committees who found a need to incorporate these additional
factors into specifk test guides.
With the text of the newly revised 1969 version of this standard as a starting point, the first meeting
of International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee No 63, Insulation Systems, began
the development of IEC Publication 505, Guide for the Evaluation and Identification of Insulation
Systems of Electrical Equipment, which was published in 1974. This standard provides a guide for
equipment committees t o use in devising test procedures for insulation systems exposed in service to
aging caused by thermal, electrical, environmental, and mechanical stresses.
During the revision process of IEEE Std 1 international attention was focused on a much needed
revision of IEC Publication 85, Thermal Evaluation and Classification of Electrical Insulation. The
available 1957 edition of this IEC document was similar t o the 1954 revision of IEEE No 1. The
contributions of experts from the United States to the revision of IEC Publication 85, who were also
members of the Standards Coordinating Committee No 4, delayed work on the current revision of IEEE
Std 1. However, the experience gained by this diversion has been utilized to make this edition of
ANSI/IEEE Std 1-1986 a better standard and in harmony with the IEC publications.
At the time this standard was approved the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 4, Thermal
Rating, had the following membership:
The following persons were designated by SCC4 as the balloting committee that approved this
document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board:
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 13, 1986, it had the following
membership:
'Member emeritus
Contents
SECTION PAGE
Part I
General
Part I1
Evaluation of the Thermal Capability of Insulating Materials
TABLE
Table 1 Relationship of Temperature Index to Material Temperature Class .......................... 14
Part I11
Limiting Temperatures and Their Measurement for Electrical Insulation Systems
FIGURE
Part rv
Evaluation of Electrical Insulation Systems
Appendix A Illustration of Thermal Endurance Graph, TI, RTI, and HIC ............................. 27
Appendix B List of Important Factors of Influence ..................................................... 28
Appendix C Bibliography .................................................................................. 28
APPENDIX FIGURES
Fig A1 (a) Thermal Endurance Graph Temperature Index and Halving Interval ..................... 27
(b) Relative Temperature Index and Halving Interval ........................................... 27
An American National Standard
Part I
General
7
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
2.1.5 estimated life (performance). The ex- 2.2.6 hottest-spot temperature (hot spot).
pected useful service life based upon service ex- The highest temperature attained in any part of
perience or the results of tests performed in the insulation of electric equipment. (Difficulties
accordance with appropriate evaluation proce- in its determination are encountered. See Sec-
dures established by the responsible technical tion 4).
committee, or both.
2.2.7 limiting hottest-spot temperature. The
2.1.6 aging. The irreversible change (usually highest temperature attained in any part of the
degradation) that takes place with time. insulation of electric equipment, which is operat-
ing under specified conditions, usually at maxi-
2.1.7 thermal aging. The aging that takes mum rating and the upper, limiting ambient
place at an elevated temperature. temperature.
8
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
equipment itself, that is suitable for use in a rial for which considerable test and service
functional test. experience has been obtained. Both new and ref-
erence material are subjected to the same aging
2.3.3 accelerated test. A functional test in and diagnostic procedure in a comparative test.
which one or more factors of influence are in- See Fig Al.
creased in magnitude or frequency of applica-
tion so as to decrease the time needed for the 2.3.11 halving interval (HIC). The number
test. corresponding to the interval in "C determined
from the thermal endurance relationship ex-
2.3.4 diagnostic factor. A variable or fixed presses the halving of the time-to-end-point cen-
stress, which can be applied periodically or con- tered on the temperature of the TI or RTI. In
tinuously during an accelerated test, to measure case of graphical derivation the times corre-
the degree of aging without in itself influencing sponding to the TI or RTI (for example, 20 000 h)
the aging process. and one half that value (for example, 10000 h)
will usually produce an acceptable approxima-
2.3.5 end-point criterion. A value of property tion. See Fig A l .
or property degradation (either absolute or per-
centage change) which defines failure in a func- 2.3.12 temperature class. A standardization
tional test. designation of the temperature capability of the
insulation in electric equipment, as defined by
2.3.6 proof test. A means of evaluation in the appropriate technical committee. I t may be
which an arbitrary fixed level of a diagnostic fac- determined by experience or test and expressed
tor is applied periodically. In this case, the by letters or numbers.
number of failures among multiple test speci-
mens (rather than the magnitude of the diagnos- 2.3.13 material temperature class. The lowest
tic factor, see 2.3.4) defines the end-point of the value of a range of temperature indices for insu-
test. lating materials.
2.3.8 thermal endurance graph. The graphical This standard shall be used in conjunction
expression of the thermal endurance relation- with the following publications:
ship in which time to failure is plotted against [ 11 ANWIEEE Std 98-1984, IEEE Standard for
the reciprocal of the absolute test temperature. t h e Preparation of Test Procedures for t h e
See Fig A l . Thermal Evaluation of Solid Electrical Insulating
Materials2
2.3.9 temperature index (TI). The number
[2] ANSI/IEEE Std 99-1980, IEEE Recommended
that corresponds to the temperature in "C,
Practice for the Preparation of Test Procedures
derived mathematically or graphically from the
for the Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Sys-
thermal endurance relationship at a specified
tems for Electric Equipment.
time (often 20000 h). The temperature index
(TI) may be reported for materials and insula- [ 3 ] ANSI/IEEE Std 853-1984, IEEE Recom-
tion systems. However, for insulation systems it mended Practice for Voltage-Endurance Testing
may be preferable to make comparisons at a par- of Enameled Wire.
ticular temperature, for example, 130 "C, 155 T,
or over a range of temperatures (The TI is not [ 4 ] ANSI/IEEE Std 943-1986, IEEE Guide for
used for equipment.). See Fig Al. Aging Mechanisms and Diagnostic Procedures in
Evaluating Electrical Insulation Systems.
2.3.10 relative temperature index (RTI). The
temperature index of a new or candidate insu-
2ANSI publications are available from the Sales Depart-
lating material, which corresponds to the ac- ment of American National Standards Institute, 1430
cepted temperature index of a reference mate- Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
9
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
[5]IEEE Std 97-1969, IEEE Recommended Prac- electric equipment it is generally useful to take
tice for Speclfylng Service Conditions in Electric- into consideration constructional factors, such
al standard^.^ as method of cooling, although it is understood
that these factors are normally not included in
[6] IEEE Std 101-1972 (R 1980),IEEE Guide for
the standard proper.
the Statistical Analysis of Thermal Life Test
The ability of an insulating material, or an
Data.
insulation system to fulfill its function is also
[7] IEEE Std 119-1974, IEEE Recommended affected by the presence of other aging factors of
Practice for General Principles of Temperature influence. These factors will vary from one type
Measurements as Applied t o Electrical Ap- of equipment, or application, to another, but,
paratus. may include electric stresses, mechanical
stresses, and ambient (environmental) stresses.
4. General Concepts Mechanical stresses imposed upon the system
and its supporting structure by vibration and
differential thermal expansion may become of
The temperature limits for electric equipment increasing importance as the size of the appara-
should be selected so that the equipment will tus increases. Electrical stresses will be more
result in a satisfactory life under normal operat- significant with high-voltage apparatus, or with
ing conditions. In addition, permissable emer- equipment exposed to voltage transients. Mois-
gency temperature limits and corresponding rat- ture in the equipment environment and the
ings may be established, including the durations presence of dirt, chemicals, radiation, or other
and frequencies of emergency, or peak-load contaminents may have an injurious effect. All
operation to which these limits apply. In the such factors should be taken into account in
establishment of temperature limits, it should be establishing the standards of temperature rise
recognized that: for particular classes of apparatus.
(1) The ambient temperature is unlikely to be In choosing temperature-rise limits suitable
maintained at its minimum or maximum value for specific equipment and particular conditions,
for long periods of time the following general concepts may be followed:
(2) Load cycles are generally such that the
average load for a period of days to months is 4.1 The electric and mechanical properties of
appreciably lower than the rated continuous insulating materials are temperature dependent.
load. I n many applications where organic-based
Standards for electric equipment usually spec- materials are used, the melting point shall be
ify temperature rise rather than maximum higher than the maximum operating tempera-
temperature. While it is beyond the scope of this ture in service. In most polymeric insulating
standard to spec@ the permissable temperature materials, a sharp transition from solid to liquid
rise of insulated parts, or t o prescribe the does not occur and softening increases as the
methods by which such temperature rises shall temperature increases. Many polymeric insulat-
be determined, it should be noted that in normal ing materials will undergo a second order transi-
practice the maximum temperature (hottest tion from a partially crystalline, or hard glassy
spot) attained by an insulated part is seldom state to a softer, rubbery, or viscous state when
measured directly. The permissable temperature exposed t o rising temperatures and will experi-
rise is, therefore, generally specified to be less ence marked changes in properties over a nar-
than the differences between the temperature row temperature range. In these cases, the func-
recognized in this standard and the temperature tionally important softening temperature, which
of the ambient air or other cooling medium. is generally known as the glass transition tem-
The method of measurement to be used for perature Tg,may relate t o t h e mechanical
determining the temperature rise of insulated stresses imposed in service and the amount of
parts should be prescribed in the standards for deformation and creep that can be tolerated.
the equipment. Limits for the loss of these properties may be
When speclfylng permissable temperature rises developed through systems tests or service
and measurement methods in standards for experience.
Dielectric loss may also be temperature de-
31EEEpublications are available from IEEE Service Center, pendent so that, in high-voltage equipment, the
445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854.
10
ANWIEEE
EQUIPMENTAND FOR THE EVALUATIONOF ELECTRICALINSULATION Std 1-1986
dielectric loss alone at elevated temperatures insulation structures may have become em-
may lead t o a destructive thermal runaway brittled under the influence of high temperature,
condition. successful operation of the equipment may con-
tinue for years if the insulation is not disturbed.
4.2 Marked changes in the electric and mechani- Because of the effects of mechanical stress, the
cal properties of insulating materials also occur forces of thermal expansion and contraction
progressively as a result of prolonged exposure may impose temperature-rise limitations on
to high temperature. The materials may soften, large equipment even though higher temperature-
lose weight, or become brittle, and the chemical rise limits proved satisfactory in small equip-
composition and structure may change. The ment when similar insulating materials were
effects of high temperature may differ widely, used.
depending upon the particular environmental
conditions. While infant mortality may occur 4.5 The life of equipment is dependent to a con-
with equipment, insulation does not usually fail siderable extent upon the degree of exclusion of
because of immediate breakdown at some criti- oxygen, moisture, dirt, and chemicals from the
cal temperature, but rather as a result of gradual interior of the insulating structure. At a given
deterioration with time. temperature, therefore, the life of equipment
may be longer if the insulation is suitably pro-
4.3 The limiting temperature a t which an insula- tected than if it were freely exposed to industrial
tion system may be operated depends upon the atmostpheres. The use of chemically inert gases
degree and intermittency of the loading, the or liquids, as cooling or protective media, may
degree of reliability required, and the length of increase the temperature capability of a n insula-
life desired. A specific material as part of a sys- tion system.
tem may be satisfactory for use at different limit-
ing temperatures, depending upon the type and 4.6 The life of equipment also depends upon the
size of equipment in which it is used and the kind care it receives during manufacture, transporta-
of service to which the equipment is subjected. tion, storage and installation, and upon mainte-
The temperature limit for an insulation system nance during operation. Successful operation
may not be directly related to the thermal capa- cannot be expected of insulation that has been
bility of the individual material included in it. In damaged or displaced.
systems, the thermal performance of insulating
materials may be improved by the protective 4.7 The rate of physical deterioration of insula-
character of other materials used with them. On tion under thermal aging increases rapidly
the other hand, problems of incompatibility with an increase in temperature. A fairly precise
between materials may decrease the appropriate method of determining insulation life at elevated
temperature limit of the system for the individu- temperature is provided by the concept that the
al materials. logarithm of the insulation life is a function
(often linear) of the reciprocal of the absolute
4.4 The electric and mechanical properties of temperature. A straight line plot of aging d a t a
insulating materials and insulation systems may indicates that the nature, or order, of the chemi-
be influenced in different ways and to different cal reaction causing aging remains unchanged.
degrees as a function of temperature and with Departure from linearity normally suggests that
thermal aging. In some cases, the electric prop- the type of chemical reaction is changed. When
erties and mechanical strength of insulating the logarithms of the hours of life, found by
materials initially improve as thermal aging pro- thermal evaluation tests at three or more differ-
gresses. However, elongation to rupture general- ent temperatures, are plotted against the recip-
ly progressively decreases with thermal aging so rocals of the absolute temperatures, they will
that embrittlement finally leads to cracking and usually, but not always, form a straight line.
may contribute to electric failure. Individual time-temperature life curves for dif-
Thus, how long insulation is serviceable de- ferent insulating materials and insulation sys-
pends not only upon the materials used, but also tems should be determined by thermal evalua-
upon the effectiveness of the physical support tion tests.
for the insulation and the severity of the forces
tending to disrupt it. Even though portions of 4.8 The ambient temperature directly affects the
11
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
12
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
Part I1
Evaluation of the Thermal Capability
of Insulating Materials
Part I1 of this standard is intended to serve as The process of thermal aging in insulating
a guide in the preparation of IEEE standards materials is complex and the mechanisms vary
and other standards that are principally con- with different materials and under different ser-
cerned with the thermal endurance of insulating vice conditions. Typical mechanisms include
materials and simple combinations thereof. A (1) Loss of volatile constituents such as low
simple combination includes two or perhaps molecular-weight components intially present or
three materials that may be used in many types formed in the aging process
of equipment and a form that is not specifically (2) Oxidation that can lead t o molecular
related to use. Magnet (winding) wire insulation cross-linking, chain-scission, embrittlement, and
and varnish is illustrative. The scope does not the production of volatile components
include insulation systems (for insulation sys-
(3) Continuous molecular polymerization that
tems see Part IV) which are combinations of
may increase physical and electric strength at
insulating materials with related structural parts
first, but may subsequently lead to decreased
as used in specific types of electrical equipment
flexibility, embrittlement, and earlier failure
or in a form representative of such use.
under mechanical stress.
While the thermal capability of insulating
materials is the principal concern of this part of (4) Hydrolytic degradation in which moisture
the standard, it is recognized that other aging reacts with the insulation under the influence of
stresses or factors, that is, mechanical, electric, heat, pressure, and other factors to cause molec-
and environmental may be limitations in deter- ular deterioration.
mining the life of a material in service (Appendix (5) Chemical breakdown of constituents with
B). Single and multifactor aging and testing of formation of products which act to degrade the
insulating materials is being actively developed material further, such as hydrochloric acid. Such
in the industry. While knowledge of the response processes, once started, may become autocat-
of a material to these other factors, and their alytic.
interaction with thermal aging, may be impor- Because different insulating materials react in
tant in particular cases, there is no general clas- different ways to the various aging processes, it
sification method for these capabilities. is essentially impossible to predict the thermal
The recommendations herein are intended as performance from the chemical composition of
a guide and are not mandatory. It is recognized the material. Rapid advances in polymer chemis-
that they are not precise. Many variations will be try have produced insulating materials, which
necessary to suit the variety of requirements are so numerous and complex, that simple
imposed by a tremendous number of very differ- chemical description has become almost com-
e n t types of electric and electronic equipment pletely meaningless. Consequently,the tradition-
used under varying operating and ambient con- al procedure of dividing insulating materials into
ditions. For specific requirements, such as oper- several thermal classes based upon broad
ating temperature limits, reference should be descriptive statements according to general
made to the appropriate specifications on mate- chemical composition is inadequate, must be
rials or equipment for which specific standards deprecated, and should be discounted and dis-
are available. continued as rapidly as practical.
13
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
14
ANWIEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
relationship is linear. In many practical cases the error 4. Determination of Temperature Index
incurred by using the HIC within the temperature range of
interest remains within acceptable limits. by Test
The characterization of the material, thus,
consists of either a TI-HIC or RTI-HIC.
The temperature index is a value obtained by
test, which may be used as a guide and does not 4.1 General. Test procedures for determining
imply a thermal classification or a limitation on the temperature index of insulating materials
use in equipment. It is used most suitably for shouId be developed bythe-appropriate techrri-
comparing materials that have been evaluated cal committees. The many factors to be consi-
under controlled conditions. Temperature classi- dered and the philosophy underlying the devel-
fication for the purpose of rating electric ma- opment of material test procedures are described
chines should be defined in terms of the thermal in detail in ANSI/IEEE Std 98-1984 [ l ] .
endurance of the insulation system. This standard should be followed when pre-
Where possible, the temperature index and paring test procedures.
the relative temperature index will be based The test procedures for material cannot take
upon results obtained from standard test proce- into account all of the many different influences
dures for determining the thermal endurance. In that affect the life of insulation in different
cases where standard test procedures are not equipment and applications. The useful life of a
developed, the TI and the RTI may be assigned material in a particular electric or electronic
based on a relevant test, provided that the test equipment may be quite different from the life
method and the end point are described. Deter- determined by testing the material alone. I t is
mination by test is described in Section 4. also recognized that the life of a material used in
A temperature index may also be determined from one type of electric equipment may be different
service experience as described in Section 5. from the life of the same material applied in
An insulating material may be assigned more another type of equipment. The suitability of
than one temperature index, each of which is insulating materials in electric equipment, and in
based upon different properties or environmen- combination with other materials, is determined
tal conditions or material geometry, such as by experience or by insulation system tests.
thickness. For example, a material can be as- The test procedures for materials will, how-
signed a temperature index based upon reten- ever, provide thermal-life data that can be used
tion of mechanical properties after aging. Thus to compare the relative thermal life (RTI) of
the temperature index describes performance insulating materials. Using a relevant test proce-
characteristics that provide the designer with dure, the test life of an accepted material as a
information for the selection of materials based function of temperature can be determined.
upon engineering data, rather than arbitrary Since the nominal temperature of a material
classification. that has been accepted for a long time will have
Conditions encountered in the use of insula- been established by experience, its life-tempera-
tion, such as voltage stress, corona, mechanical ture characteristic, determined by test, provides
stress, and environmental factors may degrade a basis for comparison with the thermal endur-
and limit the life of some insulating materials ance of a new material.
irrespective of thermal degradation. These ef- The severity of the tests and their duration are
fects and the physical and chemical properties of arbitrarily chosen for convenience, accuracy, and
insulating materials shall be evaluated separate- economy in testing. Therefore, the life expec-
ly to ensure the suitability of insulating mate- tancy under test conditions may be shorter than,
rials, for a particular application. The evaluation and may have no uniform relation to, the life
of these other aging factors is beyond the present expectancy of the material in actual service.
scope of this part of the standard although the Materials of a given temperature index may be
development of such standards is encouraged. used as components of complete insulation sys-
See ANSI/IEEE Std 853-1984 [3] as an example. tems that are assigned widely different limiting
However, other factors of influence (for example, temperatures, depending upon the results of
voltage stress) may be combined with thermal thermal evaluation tests of the insulation system.
aging, possibly in nonlinear, cumulative fashion, Appropriate technical or standards groups
to determine the temperature index under the may wish to establish the time for use in estab-
applied environment. lishing the temperature indices.
15
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
4.2 Statistical Criteria. Thermal aging tests are comparison, but is not a design temperature
used to evaluate the thermal capability of insu- value.
lating materials as described in ANSI/IEEE Std It is recognized that it is not practical or even
98-1984 [ l ] . Normally, test results at several possible to make thermal-aging tests on every
higher temperatures are extrapolated to lower insulating material to represent every condition
temperatures. The TI or RTI for insulating mate- of use. It is also apparent that the service life of
rials is derived by the application of mathemati- electric and electronic equipment does provide
cal operations, including appropriate statistical the most significant basis for determining the
analysis, to the test data. Care needs to be exer- thermal capability of insulating materials. The
cised so that projections, estimations, extrapola- analysis and evaluation of service life is difficult
tions, and other procedures are based on valid and time consuming. Truly quantitative informa-
statistical processes. However, the derivation of tion is seldom obtained. Moreover, the equip-
a temperature index often should be permitted ment user with the most direct and immediate
even if all of the statistical criteria, such as line- knowledge of service life may not transmit such
arity and equality of variances are not satisfied. information adequately to the equipment manu-
In this way the loss of useful information, facturer or to the maker of insulating materials.
obtained with a substantial economic invest- Nevertheless, after several years of extensive use,
ment, can be avoided. In this case the TI or RTI a qualitative knowledge of the thermal capability
should include a notation that specified statisti- of an insulating material is developed. More
cal requirements have not been met. often such knowledge is based on comparison
Detailed considerations for the preparation of with information of insulating materials that
test procedures for the thermal evaluation of have been used in service for even longer periods
insulating materials are given in ANSI/IEEE Std of time. Thus it becomes possible t o compare the
98-1984 [ l ] ,and the statistical aspects are con- thermal capabilities of new insulating materials
sidered in IEEE Std 101-1972 (R1980) [5]. with older established ones and thereby group
them in preferred temperature categories.
4.3 Acceleration of Thermal-Aging Tests. The determination of a material temperature
Acceleration is obtained by intenslfylng the test class for an insulating material from service ex-
parameters. Rules enabling estimation of the perience is qualitative. The adequacy of such a
acceleration factor can be deduced when the determination depends on the amount of expe-
mechanism of the aging process is known (for riences and the reliability of the source. Such
example, that the logarithms of life-time is pro- factors are difficult to define or to specify, but
portional to the reciprocal absolute tempera- the service experience is preferred.
ture). Thermal aging tests on insulation systems also
For long-life applications, a high acceleration are useful in determining the thermal perfor-
is desired to obtain a relatively short test time, mance of insulating materials and provide
but the correlation between test and reality another type of experience. The results from
becomes increasingly uncertain with increasing such tests can be used in much the same way as
acceleration. service life in establishing material temperature
classes for insulating materials. Tests on systems
(see Part IV) gives more quantitative results but
5. Determination of Material Temperature the correlation with service life is subject to
Class by Experience interpretation.
A knowledge of the chemical nature and struc-
ture of insulating materials by experienced indi-
5.1 General. Thermal aging tests of insulating viduals also provides additional information for
materials, as described in Section 4, provide the comparison of thermal capability. Such ex-
quantitative data. However, the relationship of perience alone does not provide a n adequate
such d a t a to the life of electric or electronic basis for establishing a material temperature
equipment or the results of thermal-aging tests class but it may be supplemental to other
on insulation systems is always to some degree information.
qualitative. For this reason the temperature Experience becomes most useful for establish-
index for insulating material is expressed simply ing material temperature classes for insulating
as a number that provides a useful basis for materials when service experience, the knowl-
16
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL NSULATION Std 1-1986
edge of chemical structure, tests on systems, and Before service experience can be treated in a
tests on materials are compared and interrelat- quantitative way it is necessary that data collec-
ed. To establish a reliable and material tempera- tion be restricted to closely similar systems
ture class by experience, data should be collect- employed in essentially indentical functions.
ed from many sources; these data need to be Although presentation of detailed d a t a is
evaluated by experienced and responsible in- desirable it must be recognized that presentation
dividuals. of precise numerical data will not be possible in
5.2 Service Experience Data. When service ex- the majority of practical cases. It may be better
perience data are used to establish the material in such cases to use all available information
temperature class of an insulating material the regarding service experience which provide a
data should include all relevant service condi- frank assessment of its positive aspects and
tions to which the insulating material is exposed. limitations.
17
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
Part I11
Limiting Temperatures and Their
Measurement for Electrical Insulation Systems
Fig 1
Derivation of A Value of Limiting Insulation
'
Temperature for Equipment-Rating Purposes
LIMITING INSULATION
tk
TEMPERATURE ( 1 )
HOTTEST SPOT TEMPERATURE
ALLOWANCE (4)
LIMITING INSULATION
TEMPERATURE RISE (3)
OBSERVABLE TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE (2)
++
I I ' 1
18
ANSVIEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Std 1-1986
2.2 Ambient Temperat~re.~ The time, location, (6) Relative locations of heat generation and
and methods of measurement shall be standard- dissipation
ized for each type of equipment under consider- (7) Method of temperature measurement
ation. Under varying load conditions, the time lag of
Experience indicates that ambient outdoor-air the measured temperature behind the actual
temperatures at most locations where electrical temperature is also an important factor.
equipment is operated seldom exceed 40 "C. The Experience and reasoning indicate that an
average outdoor-air temperature during any embedded detector, properly placed, should give
24 h period is usually 5 "C-10 "C lower than the the highest obtainable temperature indication.
maximum. For purposes of assigning a rating Temperature measurements by the resistance
when the temperature of the outdoor air is taken method give the average temperature of the
as the ambient, 40 "C normally is chosen as the winding, which should be lower than the tem-
value of the maximum ambient temperature. perature obtained by a well-placed embedded
When daily average ambient air temperature is temperature detector.
specified, 30 "C is generally recommended. In view of these variable factors, no single
For self-ventilated (self-cooled) equipment, the value of the hottest-spot temperature allowance
ambient temperature is the average temperature will apply exactly to different types or sizes of
of the air in the immediate neighborhood of the equipment. Therefore, it is recommended that
equipment. the organization responsible for each standard
For self-ventilated equipment operated in an covering each specific type of equipment select
enclosure as a complete unit, the ambient tem- the hottest-spot allowance method of tempera-
perature is the average temperature of the air ture measurement most appropriate for the
outside the enclosure in the immediate neigh- conditions and determine the limiting observable
borhood of the equipment. temperature rise from this value.
For equipment with a heat exchanger that is
not integral with the equipment, the ambient 2.4 Observable Temperature Rise. To arrive at
temperature is that of the ongoing cooling medi- the observable temperature rise for use in a par-
um to the equipment. ticular standard it is necessary to determine the
For equipment completely buried in the earth, method or methods of temperature determina-
the ambient temperature is the temperature of tion that are most suitable. It is desirable, where
the earth near the equipment but sufficiently practicable, to standardize on one method for
remote so as not to be affected by the heat dissi- each type and size of equipment so that mea-
pated. It also is the temperature of the earth surements will be comparable.
adjacent to the equipment when the equipment The selection of an observable temperature
is not contributing heat to the surrounding rise for rating or testing a particular type of
medium. equipment depends largely upon practical expe-
rience obtained in the application and upon the
2.3 Hottest-Spot Temperature Allowance. Lim- considerations mentioned in Part I, Section 3.
iting values of insulation temperature rise are Different values-may be appr~priatefar di€ferent
not usually applicable for use as standards for types of equipment using the same insulating
rating or testing because the observable temper- materials. For example, in the case of small, low-
ature rise is less than the actual temperature voltage coils, higher temperature rises are rec-
rise by a n amount that may be widely different ognized than are recognized for insulating con-
for equipment of various types and sizes. Some ductors (cable) in general, using the same
factors that cause the observable temperature insulating materials. Also, low-voltage, firmly
rise to be different are as follows: contained mica-flake insulated coils have been
(1) Inaccessibility of the hottest spot found suitable in service at materially higher
(2) Nonuniformity of cooling temperatures than is suitable for large, high-
(3) Kind and thickness of insulation voltage coils. Further, some insulating materials
(4) Form of winding enclosed in a nitrogen atmosphere have been
( 5 ) Rate of heat flow found to withstand higher temperatures than
they do in air.
In selecting the final value of temperature rise
5See IEEE Std 97-1969 (41 for a particular type of equipment and service, it
19
ANWIEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
20
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
Table 2
Methods of Temperature Determination
Method Description of Method
Thermometers (Thermometers normally provide the poorest accuracy and
should be limited to applications where only general infor-
mation is required.) The thermometer method consists in
t h e determination of the temperature by mercury or spirit
thermometers or other suitable temperature measuring
instruments when applied t o the hottest parts accessible to
ordinary mercury thermometers without alteration of the
structure.
NOTE: When the thermometer method of temperature
determination is called for, it is intended t h a t t h e temper-
ature-measuring instrument used shall indicate substan-
tially t h e same temperature as obtained by a liquid-in-glass
thermometer in t h e same location.
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ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
The increase in temperature rise with altitude generally considered that the increase in tem-
as determined in various investigations' varies perature rise with altitude may be neglected in
from approximately one percent per 1000 ft for the operation of standard equipment up to
certain air-cooled equipment, where a large part 3300 ft (1000 m) in altitude. For some stationary
of the cooling is by radiation, to approximately equipment for which the percentage increase is
5% for other machines where the cooling is low it may be negligible at any altitude normally
almost entirely by forced-air convection. It is encountered.
22
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
Part IV
Evaluation of Electrical Insulation Systems
23
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
and the service environment. Therefore, the objective of these test procedures is to enable the
length of useful life of the insulation system performance of new and old insulation systems
depends on the arrangement of individual com- to be compared directly in a practical way and in
ponents, the interactions upon one another, the a reasonable time, thus providing a sound basis
contribution of each component to the electric for introducing new insulation systems into
and mechanical integrity of the system, and the service.
process used in manufacturing the equipment. The test for the evaluation of insulation sys-
tems should be chosen so that each component
2.2 Insulation System Classes. Most equipment of the system will perform under the test condi-
standards have previously classified the insula- tions in a manner similar to its operation in ser-
tion in one or more insulating material classes vice. However, the severity of the tests should be
and include appropriate limiting temperature substantially greater than the conditions en-
rise standards for equipment using each of these countered in service to enable the performance
classes. Although this classification has nominal- of the system to be determined in a reasonable
ly been by material classes, the wide divergence time. Prolonged exposure to high temperature is
in expected performance and in both observable the single accelerated aging factor employed in
temperature and hottest-spot temperature be- these tests. Other factors, such as exposure to
tween different types of equipment using the moisture and voltage are chosen in such a way as
same material class indicates that the real classi- to develop and disclose promptly any significant
fication was by insulation systems. weakness or deterioration of the insulation sys-
Insulation system classes may be designated tem. So far as practicable, the atmospheric and
by letters, numbers, or other symbols and may be other environmental conditions should be sim-
defined as assemblies of insulating materials in ilar to those usually encountered in service.
association with equipment parts. If numbers When such conditions are made more severe, at
are used, the use of material identlfylng numbers the discretion of the responsible technical com-
should be avoided. These systems may be as- mittee, the effect on acceleration of the test
signed a system temperature rating based on should be considered.
service experience or on an accepted test proce- The chief criterion of life expectance is the
dure that can demonstrate an equivalent life elapsed time-at-temperature, whether the tem-
expectancy. Existing insulation systems have perature is the result of continuous or cyclic
generally been service-proven. New or modified loading, overload, or operation at other than
systems may be evaluated by accepted test normal ambient temperature.
procedures and when so evaluated, shall have 2.3.1 Acceleration of Thermal Aging Proce-
equal or longer thermal endurance than a dures. The test temperature-exposure condi-
service-proven system of the same class at the tions should be chosen to cover a reasonable
prescribed test conditions. A new insulation sys- range of temperatures to facilitate reasonable
tem may also be classMed in a higher class by extrapolation of data. The severity of the test
test if it has equal or greater thermal endurance exposures should be selected to provide reason-
at appropriately higher test temperatures when able acceleration and positive determination of
compared to a service-proven insulation system insulation system life. In evaluating and compar-
under the same test conditions. ing life expectancies determined by tests, the
regression analysis methods given in IEEE Std
2.3 Thermal Evaluation Functional Test Proce- 101-1972 (R 1980) [5] should be employed.
dures for Insulation Systems. It is the responsi- 2.3.2 Test Procedure Outline. For the sake of
bility of each technical committee to develop test uniformity and standardization, it is suggested
procedures suitable for the temperature-life eval- that technical committees use the following out-
uation of the insulation systems used in their line in preparing the test procedures for the
equipment. These test procedures should be in thermal evaluation of the insulation system used
general accord with the principles outlined in the equipment. ANWIEEE Std 99-1980 [2],
herein, but, they may differ for the various types explains in more detail the following consider-
of equipment, in whatever ways are appropriate, ations.
to allow for differences in their insulation sys- (1) Purpose
tems and for the many conditions to which the (2) Scope
equipments are exposed in service. A principle (3) Models-construction and number
24
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
25
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986 IEEE STANDARD FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS IN THE RATING OF ELECTRIC
equipment or parts thereof, or models. In the taneous acceleration of several aging stresses.
present state of the art, such tests are based on Moreover, simultaneous application of stresses,
comparisons with a known (reference) insula- in many cases, make functional tests unaccepta-
tion system, which is service-proven in similar bly complicated and expensive.
equipment. More than one test level will usually Therefore, simplified procedures may have to
be required to provide the data necessary for be adopted, even though it is known that simul-
extrapolation. taneously acting stresses may cause interactions
For short-life equipment, tests may be made or synergisms that change the aging mechanisms.
on equipment or models without acceleration or The absence of such interactions during tests
extrapolation of the test results. In such cases, when only single stresses are applied prevents
one test level corresponding to the specified ser- the results of such tests from exactly represent-
vice conditions may be sufficient. ing the results of simultaneous application of
3.2.2 Test Specimens. When practical, the those stresses.
equipment itself should be used for the determi- 3.2.4 Acceleration of Functional Tests. Accel-
nation of the estimated performance of the insu- eration is obtained by intenslfylng the aging
lation system. However, insulation systems may stress. In some cases, transformation rules en-
be evaluated by models rather than by full-size abling estimation of the degree of acceleration
equipment when required because of economy. can be deduced when the mechanism of the
Models should be made to embody the essential aging process if known (for example, that the
elements of the equipment they simulate, taking logarithm of life-time is proportional to the
care to provide that aging processes similar to reciprocal absolute temperature, if aging takes
those in service can be imposed. In many cases, place by a first order chemical reaction).
the behavior of the insulation system depends In the present state of the art, test accelera-
significantly on the design of the essential ele- tion is usually obtained by intenslfylng or accler-
ments (for example, design of the cooling ducts ating only one of the several aging stresses ap-
in the slot of the stator of air-cooled generators). plied simultaneously. For long-life applications, a
All relevant characteristic details should be high rate of acceleration is desired to obtain a
represented in the model. relatively short test time, but the correlation
3.2.3 Aging Procedure. A characteristic of between test and reality becomes increasingly
multifactor functional testing is the applications uncertain with more rapid acceleration.
of all relevant factors of influence to the test 3.2.5 Test Procedure Outline. The outline in
model. Ideally, stresses that act at the same time 2.3.2 is preferred for most tests. Special consid-
in service should be applied simultaneously. eration shall be given to (5), (7), ( 8 ) , (9), and
I t is recognized that the rigorous application of (1 1) as they relate to simultaneous application
this general rule may not always be possible of each type of stress, (for example, peak-to-
because sufficient technical knowledge may not peak or average stress level, or both) and which
be available to permit the interpretation of type of stress predominates for a given ap-
results of functional tests involving the simul- plication.
26
ANSI/IEEE
EQUIPMENT AND FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION Std 1-1986
Appendixes
(These Appendixes a r e not a part of ANSI/IEEE Std 1-1986, IEEE Standard General Principles for Temperature Limits in the
Rating of Electric Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation.)
Appendix A
Illustration of Thermal Endurance Graph, Temperature
Index, Relative Temperature Index, and Halving Interval
The temperature index is deduced from the If any time other than 20000 h is used for
graph,at thedesired time,forexample,at 20 000 h obtaining the index, the number of thousands of
a n d is expressed as follows: TI/ 1 2 8 (see hours so used shall prefix the index. This will be
Fig A l ) . expressed, for example, TI 5 kh/ 151.
Fig AI
(a) Thermal Endurance Graph, Temperature Index and Halving Interval
(b) Relative Temperature Index and Halving Interval
100 000
10 000
,ENDURANCE GRAPH
1000
100
10
100
li
120)
b
140 1 iao 200
ACCEPTED TEMPERATURE INDEX
OF REFERENCE M A T E R I A L
J
R E L A T I V E TEMPERATURE INDEX
OF CANDIDATE
MATERIAL
i TEMPERATURE-C
-F(HICb
I , , 1 I , I , # I
l l I I I ' I ( I
0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
27
ANSI/IEEE
Std 1-1986
Appendix B
List of Some Important Factors of Influence and Duty
Relevant to Insulation in Electrical Equipment
Appendix C
Bibliography
For an annotated Bibliography refer to BRAN- Critical Review. IEEE Transactions Electrical
CATO, E. L., Insulation Aging, a Historical and Insulation vol EI-13, no 4, Aug 1978.
sMaximum refers to the hottest part of the insulation sys- "Indicates kind and length of storage, if unusual, for
tern of a particular type of equipment. example very humid, very hot, twelve months.
gLmuambient is meant for temperature below 0°C.
12Also takes into account stresses occurring during trans-
portation.
10Includespartial discharges inside insulation and along
outside surfaces.
28