MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS

Report 2
Submitted To:
Engr. Arhum Hassan
 Group Members:
M. Rafay Khwaja Abdul Moiz
(170301040) (170301058)

Syed Abdullah Shah Ushna Liaqat

(170301003) (170301005)
Shear Force and Bending
Moment in Beams
Literature review:
Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction
with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the
value of shear force and bending moment at a given point of a structural
element such as a beam.[ CITATION Tim12 \l 1033 ]. The moment of a force indicates
the tendency of a body to turn about an axis passing through a specific point.

Shear force refers to the force acting along on a surface. Basically, the force
forms no inclination/angle to the surface on which it is acting on. Within a
beam, the shear force at any section is basically the algebraic sum of the
lateral forces acting on either side of the section. For example, take a look at
this beam[ CITATION wik17 \l 1033 ].

Consider a beam carrying loads W1, W2 and W3 with R1 and R2 as the support
reactions. If we cut the beam at section AA, then since the resultant forces at
the left of section AA is F upwards, then the shearing force at section AA is F
downwards.

On the other hand, the bending moment refers to the internal rotational

moments that cause a section to bend. In the case of a beam, it can be
calculated as the algebraic sum of the moments about the section of all forces
acting on either side of the section, where a sagging moment will make the
beam concave (positive) upwards at that section, and vice versa for a hogging
moment (i.e. negative)[ CITATION Tim12 \l 1033 ]. Hogging is the stress which cause
its center or keel to move upward. Sagging is the stress which cause the beam
to deflect downward. Both of the phenomena’s are shown in figure below

Procedure:
  We started the experiment by adjusting the apparatus so that both parts
of the bending rod are aligned using screws on top and on bottom.
 Without putting any weight on the hangers and we aligned the bending
rods and recorded the Datom value from spring balance.
 Then, we applied load at w1=5N, w2=0 & w3=10N and again aligned the
bending rods using screws and recorded the corresponding deflection in
the spring balance.
 Similarly, we applied different loads on the hangers carefully and
aligned the bending rods to get the corresponding values of deflection in
the spring balance.
 We took four values of deflection at different weights and recorded
them in the table.

Calculation and tables:

Shear force = Spring Balance Force – No Load value
Theoretical
Balance Force Shear
Shear Force
(N) Force (N)
Load (N) at Position Indicated (N)

W1 W2 W3
a) 0 0 0 2.5 0 -

b) 5 0 10 5.5 3 3.44

c) 5 2 10 6.5 4 4.09

d) 5 10 12 12.4 9.9 9.33

Precautions
 Avoid parallax error.
  Avoid disturbance from the surroundings.
 Make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the
readings.
 Make sure that there should not be zero error in the spring balance. If
any then subtract from the final result.
 Always and every time first measure the datum value.
 It is good practice to see the balance level of the beam from a certain
distance.
 Make sure that in screwing/unscrewing your hand must not disturb the
balance level.

Neither put heavy loads first nor over load the beam.

Conclusion
We observed that increasing load near the groove increases the value of shear
force. It shows that there will be more shear near the section.

Works Cited
[1] T. Allen, "quora," 5 8 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.quora.com/What-is-shear-force-and-
bending-moment-and-why-do-we-need-to-calculate-them.

[2] "wikipedia," 5 2 2017. [Online]. Available:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_and_moment_diagram.