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Article history: Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is becoming a key focus for companies and organizations
Received 1 August 2015 aiming to ensure sustainability in business. However, the adoption and implementation of SCP initiatives
Received in revised form in a supply chain can be a major challenge due to existence of several barriers. Therefore, this work aims
22 February 2016
to identify and evaluate barriers related to the adoption of SCP initiatives in the supply chain. A total of 15
Accepted 2 April 2016
barriers in adopting SCP initiatives are listed through literature and expert inputs. The listed barriers are
then evaluated to determine their relative importance using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Keywords: technique. The usefulness of the proposed work is shown by taking the case example of a plastic
Sustainable consumption and production manufacturing organization in India. According to the findings, the category of barriers related to
(SCP)
‘Government support and policies’ was attributed the highest importance among other barriers in
SCP adoption barriers
adopting SCP initiatives in the supply chain. Overall, the purpose of this work is to aid managers and
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Supply chain management (SCM) practitioners through important insights as well as support their decision-making in terms of managing
SCP implementation issues in the supply chain, in an effective and efficient manner.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001
0925-5273/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
2 S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
What is the practical applicability of the proposed research mill. They suggest that industrial symbioses can offer away of advan-
framework in the context of Indian industries? cing sustainable consumption and production. Besides, it has also been
stated that various national and international SCP policies do not
The first objective of this work is to recognize the barriers to the clearly recognize the potential of these eco-industrial parks. Thus, eco-
adoption of SCP initiatives in the supply chain. While certain barriers industrial parks need to be analyzed and developed on a life cycle
can be identified through the literature or experts' opinions, there basis taking into account their benefits.
remains the fact that different organizations may have different views Hassini et al. (2012) state that the role of the consumer should
regarding barriers in adopting SCP initiatives in a supply chain. In view be adequately addressed by managers in greening the supply chain
of this, the same SCP adoption barrier may differently impact a certain and in ensuring sustainability in business. The conventional outlook
industry and therefore hold a specific importance for that industry. of the product life cycle is considered on the sourcing of raw ma-
Thus, a set of feasible barriers needs to be proposed and evaluated to terials, the production and delivery process, customer usage and
manage the adoption of SCP initiatives in various business operations finally, the product is either abandoned to a landfill, recycled, re-
and activities of supply chain. This is the reason for which the second used, or re-manufactured for consumption. Parent et al. (2013)
objective of the present research is to evaluate the SCP adoption bar- highlighted the role of Social Life Cycle Analysis (SLCA) in the
riers.In light of this, an AHP approach is used for determining the transition towards SCP patterns and questions the relevance of Life
relative importance of the barriers to adopt SCP initiatives in supply Cycle Thinking (LCT) in this role. Various applications of SLCA have
chains (Saaty, 1980; Aouam et al., 2009). been discussed and suggest that SLCA help not only to develop LCA
A case example of the Indian plastic industry is discussed to sustainable but also assist in transforming production, consumption
reveal the practical applicability of the suggested model. It has and the economy towards sustainability (Abdallah et al., 2011).
been observed that India is among the most fast-rising economies Tseng et al. (2013) examine the opportunities for SCP in Asia by
(Luthra and Haleem, 2015) and it may well be that the country focusing their literature review on green supply chain management
develops into a leading producer of plastics in the world up to the (GSCM) design and practices. They discuss green supply practices,
year 2020. Given that there is a very wide scope of implementa- GSCM boundaries, green innovation, lean production implications, and
tion of sustainability trends for the plastics' sector, including but implementation process assessing methods. They also provide lessons
not limited to conservation of the resources, reduction of the en- learned on SCP focusing on the Asia Pacific. They conclude that the
ergy consumption, reuse and recycling, it becomes evident that focus towards sustainable production practices remains a major chal-
there is great room for advancement of sustainable practices in lenge. Diabat et al. (2014) study the enablers for sustainable im-
this industry in the context of a developing country. plementation for the case of an Indian textile company. Brizga et al.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. A review of (2014) evaluate the SCP trends in the post-Soviet republics. The au-
relevant literature discussing barriers related to the adoption of thors analyze various SCP policy instruments, indicators and measures,
SCP initiatives in supply chains is presented in Section 2. The so- development attained and the key challenges in implementation of
lution methodology is described in Section 3, while an application SCP trends in these countries. Results suggest that none of these
case example with related results is discussed in Section 4. Dis- countries was using a holistic integrated approach to develop SCP
cussions and implications of the research are given in Section 5. trends. The European Union was identified as a critical driver for ad-
Finally, Section 6 provides conclusions, limitations of the work as vancing sustainable development principles. At the same time, the
well as directions for future research. lack of adequate institutional support and funding mechanisms were
identified as top barriers to the promotion of SCP trends.
This section presents the literature related to SCP implementa- The barrier important to the adoption of SCP initiatives in supply
tion in supply chain, SCP adoption barriers in supply chains, and chains can be known from the literature and from expert's inputs.
discusses the research highlights for the study. However, different organizations might have different views re-
garding barriers in adopting SCP initiatives in supply chains. In view
2.1. SCP implementation and supply chain of this, a barrier in one industry may not be such in another, or may
have a different impact (Diabat et al., 2013). Based on existing lit-
Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) can be understood erature, 15 important barriers to the adoption of SCP initiatives in
as ‘the use of services and related products, which respond to basic supply chains were identified. These barriers were further validated
needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of through expert inputs. In addition, these barriers were divided into
natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions of waste four categories (Management related barriers; Resource and ex-
and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to pertise related barriers; Government support and policies related
jeopardize the needs of further generations' (Oslo symposium, 1994). barriers; and Stakeholder's related barriers) through expert judg-
Berg (2011) made a comparison of national SCP programs of various ments (data collection details are given in Section 5). However, the
countries such as Finland, Sweden, and the UK. The findings obtained identified specific barriers are provided in Table 1.
in their study suggest that different SCP programs in different nations
may give emphasis to different principles. For example, the SCP pro- 2.3. Research highlights
grams in Finland and the UK highlight effectiveness theories, whereas
the Swedish program gives importance to achieve sufficiency too. In today's era, society is facing a number of serious issues and
Jones et al. (2011) in their study analyze the sustainable consumption challenges related to the environment and sustainability in terms
agendas communication with the customers within stores by taking of global warming and natural resource scarcity (Govindan et al.,
the case of the UK's top ten food retailers. Study outcomes suggest that 2014b). In addition to this, continuous growth towards innovation
food retailers under consideration are important to understand and and technological solutions has appeared to be a situation
provide information on sustainable consumption. Lehtoranta et al. that confines industries, further impeding the procedure of
(2011) make an attempt to distinguish how the ecological perfor- implementation of an effective solution for sustainability related
mance of an industrial symbiosis/eco-industrial park is influenced by issues and challenges (Lorek and Fuchs, 2013). The main reason
SCP instruments, by illustrating the case of a Finnish pulp and paper behind this could be an adoption of unsustainable initiatives of
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 3
Table 1
Identification of barriers to SCP initiatives in supply chain.
Dimensions of barriers Sl. no. Key barriers to implement SCP trends References
Management related barriers (M) 1 Lack of support from management (M1) Clark (2007), Zhu and Geng (2013), Lorek and Spangenberg (2014), Chka-
nikova and Mont (2015), Dubey et al. (2015), Luthra et al. (2015c)
2 Lack of proactive plans to adopt SCP initiatives Tseng et al. (2009), Gunasekaran and Spalanzani (2012), Reisch et al.
(M2) (2013), Schroeder (2014), Tseng et al. (2015)
3 Budgetary constraints (M3) Ageron et al. (2012), Tseng et al. (2013), de Haen and Réquillart (2014),
Luthra et al. (2015a)
4 Lack of innovative methods in SCP adoption Gaziulusoy et al. (2013), Whiteman et al. (2013); Lorek and Spangenberg
(M4) (2014); Blok et al. (2015)
Resource and expertise related 5 Lack of fundamental knowledge (R1) Berg (2011), Urban and Naidoo (2012), Tseng et al. (2013), Longoni et al.
barriers (R) (2014)
6 Lack of technology developments (R2) Muduli and Barave (2011), Gunasekaran and Spalanzani (2012), Almeida
et al. (2013), Kaushik et al. (2014), Mangla et al. (2015)
7 Incompetent workforce (R3) Luthra et al. (2011), Sarkis et al. (2011), Gberevbie and Ibietan (2013), Merli
et al. (2015)
8 Communication gap (R4) De Brito et al. (2008), Wong et al. (2009), Christopher and Holweg (2011),
Lettenmeier et al. (2012), Dubey et al. (2015)
Government support and policies 9 Lack of rewards and encouragement programs Young et al. (2010), Moldan et al. (2012), Parent et al. (2013), Blok et al.
related barriers (G) (G1) (2015)
10 Inefficient policy framing (G2) Nazzal et al. (2013), Tseng et al. (2013), Brizga et al. (2014), Blok et al.
(2015), Luthra et al. (2015b)
11 Lack of governmental regulations (G3) Stevens (2010), Lehtoranta et al. (2011), Gunasekaran and Spalanzani
(2012), Lorek and Fuchs (2013), Tseng et al. (2013), Lorek and Spangenberg
(2014), Mangla et al. (2014a, 2014b)
12 Lack of promotion of ethical and safe practices Tseng et al. (2013), Subrahmanyan and Gould (2013), Sharma and Rani
(G4) (2014)
Stakeholder's related barriers (S) 13 Reluctance of consumers towards sustainable Honkanen et al. (2005), Mudgal et al. (2009), Peattie and Peattie (2009),
development practices (S1) Liu et al. (2012), Almeida et al. (2013), Luthra et al. (2014a, 2014b), Sharma
and Rani (2014)
14 Lack of promotion of sustainable products (S2) Peck and Carpentier (2008), Jones et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2013), Go-
vindan et al. (2014a), Lorek and Spangenberg (2014)
15 Lack of knowledge among stakeholders about Mangla et al. (2013), Morali and Searcy (2013), Kumar et al. (2013, 2014),
sustainable products and sustainability(S3) Lorek and Spangenberg (2014); Blok et al. (2015), Govindan (2015b), Go-
vindan et al. (2016a, 2016b)
consumption and production activities from an industrial stand- Luthra et al., 2013; Govindan, 2015a; Mangla et al., 2015).There are
point. Sustainable production and consumption is becoming a numerous additional methods, like ELECTRE and TOPSIS that have
significant need for industries to ensure sustainability in business been presented to solve the multi-criterion decision making pro-
(UNEP, 2012). This may pose major consequences to several as- blem. However, AHP is suggested as a better tool in comparison to
pects of the organization, including its people, their education and others due to its wide applicability and ease in use (Harputlugil
overall human development. et al., 2011). Therefore we implement an AHP method to evaluate
In addition, it must be noted that there is a relative lack in barriers related to the adoption of SCP initiatives in supply chains.
research on the theme ‘sustainable consumption and production’
The flow chart of this research work is illustrated in Fig. 1.
and its initiatives in business (Lorek and Fuchs, 2013). Therefore, it
The steps involved in the AHP are given as:
has been a topic of great concern for scholars and practitioners
from all over the world to explore its significance in the devel- 1. Formulation of the aim of work: Evaluating the barriers in order
opment of a sustainable business culture. to identify their relative importance in the adoption of
In view of this, the present research produces certain important SCP initiatives in supply chains, is defined as the aim of this
highlights: work.
2. Formation of the pair wise comparisons: Pair wise comparison is
The important SCP adoption barriers were finalized from the conducted by means of data collection from an expert panel and
literature and expert inputs (for details see Section 4). based on expert judgment, the pair wise comparisons among
The finalized SCP adoption barriers were evaluated to de- the factors are attained through a nine point Saaty's scale as
termine their relative importance using AHP through expert shown in Table 2.
inputs (for details see Section 4). 3. Computation of the Eigen values and Eigen vectors and relative
The implications of the research are provided to manage the importance weights: The framed pair wise comparisons matrices
SCP adoption related issues from a supply chain scenario (for were operated to determine the Eigen values and Eigen vectors,
details see Section 5) which are further analyzed to calculate the relative importance
weights of the factors.
4. Evaluation of the consistency ratio: The consistency ratio (CR) is
3. Solution methodology computed to ensure the consistency of pair wise comparisons.
The used mathematical expression for finding the CR is given as,
AHP is used as a solution methodology in this work. AHP is an CR ¼CI/RI, where the consistency index is denoted by (CI) ¼
approach which assists in decomposing, organizing and analyzing (λmax n)/(n 1) (λmax is the maximum average value) and the
a complex problem. It converts the problem undertaken into a value of the random consistency index (RI) depends upon value
hierarchical structure consisting of various definite levels, such as of (n).The value of CR should be less than 0.10 to have better
goal, criteria and sub-criteria (Saaty, 1980; Dey and Cheffi, 2013; level of consistency (Madaan and Mangla, 2015).
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
4 S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
plant heads. After finalizing the expert panel, the next task was to
Recognition of SCP adoption barriers in supply gather the data. Finally, the expert responses were collected
chain using literature and expert inputs and data was gathered. The data collected is used in two phases,
described as follows.
M4 R4 G4 S3
In the process of data collection, a decision group of five ex-
perts is formed, consisting of a general manager, a financial Fig. 2. The developed decision hierarchy of barriers to adopting SCP initiatives in
manager, an environmental representative and two manufacturing supply chain.
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 5
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
6 S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Table 8
Global ranking of SCP barriers.
Categories of barriers Relative Specific barrier Relative Relative rank Global weights Global rank
weights weights
Management related (M) 0.3452 M1 Lack of support from management 0.356440 1 0.1230431 2
M2 Lack of planning to adopt SCP initiatives 0.193576 3 0.0668224 6
M3 Budgetary constraints 0.325727 2 0.112441 3
M4 Lack of innovative methods in SCP adoption 0.124257 4 0.0428935 11
Resource and expertise related 0.1850 R1 Lack of fundamental knowledge 0.362887 1 0.0671341 5
(R) R2 Lack of technology developments 0.326078 2 0.0603244 7
R3 Incompetent workforce 0.147996 4 0.0273793 14
R4 Communication gap 0.163039 3 0.0301622 13
Government support and po- 0.3701 G1 Lack of rewards and encouragement programs 0.161286 3 0.0596919 8
licies related (G) G2 Inefficient policy framing 0.270066 2 0.0999514 4
G3 Lack of governmental regulations 0.424863 1 0.1572422 1
G4 Lack of promotion of ethical and safe practices 0.143784 4 0.0532145 9
Stakeholder's related (S) 0.0997 S1 Reluctance of consumers towards sustainable 0.443429 1 0.0442099 10
development practices
S2 Lack of promotion of sustainable products 0.169200 3 0.0168692 15
S3 Lack of knowledge among stakeholders about 0.387371 2 0.0386209 12
sustainable products and sustainability
members is required to promote SCP initiatives in a supply chain. to other developing countries like Brazil or China, to analyze the
‘Incompetent workforce (R3)’ is last in the list. Therefore, compe- barriers in SCP initiatives' implementation. In this sense, the pre-
tent workforce should be hired and trained in adopting SCP in- sent work may serve as a benchmark study for business organi-
itiatives in supply chain. zations to address their specific hurdles and problematic issues in
The barrier related to ‘Stakeholders (S)’ comes last in the list. successful adoption of SPC initiatives in business.
There are three specific barriers within this category. It suggests
that stakeholder involvement is critical to promote SCP initiatives
in a supply chain (Mont et al., 2014). ‘Reluctance of consumers 6. Conclusions, limitations and future work
towards sustainable development practices (S2)’ is ranked first.
Tseng et al. (2015) revealed that uncertainty about market demand Sustainable consumption and production is an important
of green/sustainable products due to high costs is a key barrier in practice that requires implementation at a global level rather than
adopting SCP initiatives in a supply chain. ‘Lack of knowledge just a national level, as it is absolutely essential to formulate an-
among stakeholders about sustainable products and sustainability ticipatory ecological strategies associated with products, processes
(S3)’ comes next. The current consumption levels are too high and and services to enhance efficiency, but also to decrease the nega-
are unsustainable. This could be understood as the majority of the tive impact on the environment and society. This work proposes a
stakeholders still lack ‘green/sustainable’ knowledge in many parts structural model for evaluating the barriers associated with the
of the world especially in non-developed countries (Lorek and adoption of SPC initiatives in a supply chain. Initially, four cate-
Spangenberg, 2014). Last, in the importance order list the barrier gories of barriers and 15 specific barriers related to the adoption of
of ‘Lack of promotion of sustainable products (S2)’ is ranked. There SCP initiatives were identified from the literature and from ex-
is lack of information with regards to a coordinated approach of perts' inputs. Then, and Analytical Process Hierarchy (AHP) ana-
promotion of sustainable products to society (Jones et al., 2011; lysis is used to evaluate these barriers in order to determine their
Lorek and Spangenberg, 2014). Therefore, there is a need to be relative importance order. The importance order of recognized
aware and empower customers in taking action and making a categories of barriers for adopting SCP initiatives is given as
significant contribution in sustainable development decisions G–M–R–S. According to the findings, the category ‘Government
(Markkula and Moisander, 2012). support and policies’ possesses the highest importance, which im-
plies that it requires focused attention from governmental bodies.
5.1. Managerial and practical implications This work also presents a case example to illustrate the real life
applicability of the proposed network model. The findings of this
The current research sets forward several implications for so- research can be particularly useful for the case of companies
ciety and science; the major contribution among them is to facil- aiming to become more capable in analyzing the SPC im-
itate industry experts and mangers to become aware of the bar- plementation related barriers. This work may also help regulatory
riers with regard to the adoption and implementation of SCP in- bodies, policy makers and SC practitioners/managers to prioritize
itiatives in a supply chain scenario. After acquiring a basic un- the elimination of barriers to promote SCP initiatives from the
derstanding on these barriers and issues, the concerned autho- supply chain scenario.
rities are better able to eradicate the barriers to implementing SPC This study has certain limitations. The AHP based structural
initiatives in business. They are also better able to recognize the model that is proposed in this work consists of four main barriers
most important barriers and to formulate strategies to coordinate and 14 specific barriers to the implementation of SPC initiatives in
their efforts in a most effective way. This research work ultimately the supply chain. The identification of barriers related to the im-
assists decision makers to prepare and practice well for the plementation of SCP initiatives may be challenging. Further, the
widespread adoption of SCP initiatives. AHP based analysis uses expert inputs, thus, it is recommended for
The AHP based model may facilitate decision makers and carrying out the procedure carefully. The adapted methodology
managers not only to determine the relative importance of SCP AHP has several weaknesses such as vagueness, uncertainty and
adoption barriers and but also enable them to enhance the sus- bias. In future research, fuzzy AHP may be used to remove the
tainability of the business organizations in implementing SPC in- inherent vagueness and uncertainty (Govindan et al., 2015a). This
itiatives.The findings obtained in this work may provide guidelines work presents a single case study. Multiple case studies may be
Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i
S. Luthra et al. / Int. J. Production Economics ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 7
conducted in the future perspective. The proposed AHP based development, going beyond the mine. Resour. Policy 37 (2), 175–178.
analysis model may also be extended to different industry sectors Gaziulusoy, A.İ., Boyle, C., McDowall, R., 2013. System innovation for sustainability:
a systemic double-flow scenario method for companies. J. Clean. Prod. 45,
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known for having a substantial impact on the environment and on Gberevbie, D.E., Ibietan, J., 2013. Federal character principle and administrative
society. Finally, in future studies, the identified barriers in the effectiveness in the Nigerian public service: challenges and prospects for sus-
tainable development, 1999–2012. 15. Ife Center for Psychological Studies/Ser-
adoption of SCP initiatives can be analyzed using other decision vices, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, pp. 46–61.
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Please cite this article as: Luthra, S., et al., Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production
initiatives in a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.04.001i