i

sabokemi
cah@gmai
l.
com

SECONDARYENGLI
SHNOTES
MrI
saboke0705525657

ORALSKI
LLS
SECTI
ON1:
PRONUNCI
ATI
ON

PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFVOWELSOUNDS
I
nEngl
i
sh,
wehav
evar
iousv
owel
sounds.Weshal
lst
udyt
hem oneaf
tert
heot
her
.

Sound/
ᵆ/

Consi
dert
hel
ett
er‘
a’i
nthewor
dsbel
ow.Eachsay
sthi
ssound.

 Pan  Pat  Tr
ack  Rag

 Fan  Dad  Cr
am  Sand

 Ban  Ham  Fanned  Sl

am

 Br
ash  Mat  Fl
ash  Tag

 Cat  Rash  Pack  Man

Sound/
ᶾ˸/

 Thi
ssoundi
smor
eli
ket
hesoundy
oumakewheny
ouar
edi
sgust
ed.

 Thel
ett
ersi
nbol
dfacesayt
hissound.St
udyt
hem car
eful
l
y.

 Bi
rd  Ber
th  Cur  Per
t

 Shi
rt  Her  Fur  St
ir

 Fl
i
rt  Hear
d  Fi
rm  Bl
ur

 Tur
n  Hur
t  Her
d  Shi
rk

 Lear
n  Pur
se  Bur
n  Sur
ge

 Fi
rst  Bi
rt
h  Cur
t

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Sound/
a:/

 I
tispr
onouncedbyhav
ingamuchwi
deropenmout
hposi
ti
on.

 I
nsi
dey
ourmout
hisshowni
nthepr
ocessofsay
ingt
hissound.

 Exampl
esofwor
dsbear
ingt
hissoundi
ncl
ude:

 Far  Hear
t  Bar
d  Dar
t

 Far
m  Har
d  Car
t  Car
d

 Guar
d  Bar  Car  Par

Sound/
ə/

 Thi
ssound(
ref
err
edt
oasschwa)i
sashor
tvowel
sound.

 I
tmost
lyf
oundi
nwor
dscont
aini
ngl
ett
er‘
o’
,forexampl
e,

 Conf
use s  Condol
ence

 Cont
empt
uou  Cont
inue
 Al
soi
nwor
dssuchas:

Busi
ness

Sound/
Ʌ/

Exampl
esofwor
dscont
aini
ngt
hissoundi
ncl
ude:

 Sun  Cum  Fun  Br

ush  Dr
um

 Son  Cup  Sung  Hum  Dumb

 Some  But  Swum  Rung  Fund

 Pun  Much  Bug  Tr

uck

 Fun  Begun  Bunk  St

unned

Sound/
ɔ˸/

 I
tisal
ongsound.

 Themouthdoesn’
tmov
ewhi
l
esay
ingt
hissound,
andi
tcanbepr
onouncedasl
ongasy
ou
havebr
eat
h.

 I
tissai
dinwor
dssuchas:

 Or  More  Chores  Dorm  Pork

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 Door  Nor  For

m  Saw  Jaw

 Four  Law  Hor

n  Shor
e  Scor
n

 For
e  Cor
d  Lor
d  Chal
k

Sound/
ᶛ/

 I
tisashor
tsound.

 Themout
hdoesn’
tmov
e.

 Eachoft
hewor
dsbel
owbeart
hissound:

 Got  Boss  Cop  Pot  Swat

ch

 On  St
ock  Mop  Bl
ot

 Cost  Pl
ot  Rod  Cr
ock

 Lost  Bl
ock  Sock  Fr
og

 Odd  Cock  Shot  Swat

Sound/
ᶹ/

bosom

Sound/
u:/

Sound/
I:
/

 Longsound

 Sai
dinwor
dssuchast
heonesbel
ow:

 Sheep

 Feet

 Meat

 Tweetet
c.

Sound/
ᶦ/

I
tisashor
tsound.

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I
nwor
dssuchas:

 Fi
t

 Bi
t

 Qui
t

 Bl
i
pet
c.

Exer
cise

Thetablebel
owhascolumnswithdif
fer
entsounds.Pronounceeachofthewordsinthel
i
stand
cl
assif
y,accor
dingt
othehi
ghl
ightedlet
ter
(s)
,underthecolumnthatbearst
hatsound.

Chip Greased Sti

l
l cheat j
et
Jeep Teal Bl
ip bli
nk
Creek Hil
l Fi
ll
Wet Si
t Bed t
hri
l
l
/i
:/ /
ᶦ/ /
e/

PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFCONSONANTSOUNDS
Thesound/
ᵗᶴ
/

 Madebyr
eleasi
ngt
hest
oppedai
rthr
oughy
ourt
eet
hbyt
he`
ti
pofy
ourt
ongue.

 I
tisv
oicel
essbecausev
ocal
cor
dsdonotv
ibr
atewheny
ousayi
t.

 Mostwor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
CH’
sayt
hissound,
forexampl
e,

Chur
ch Teach Cr
unch

Chi
ps Pi
nch Much

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 Ther
ear
ethosewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TCH’
forexampl
e,

Cat
ch Bat
ch Ki
tchen

Wat
ch I
tch wi
tch

 Somear
ewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TU’
,forexampl
e,

Cent
ury

Spat
ula

TheSound/
ᵈᶾ/

 Pr
onouncedt
hesamewayas/
ᵗᶴ
/.I
tisj
ustt
hati
tisv
oiced.

 Let
ter
srepr
esent
ingt
hissoundi
ncl
ude:

(
a)Let
ter
s‘DG’

 Fudge  Budge  Br
idge  Judge

(
b)Let
ter‘
J’

 Judge  Joy  Ej
ect  Jake

 Jump  Joke  Jul

y  Pr
oject

(
c)Let
ter
s‘DU’

 Pr
ocedur
e  Gr
aduat
e  I
ndi
vi
dual

(
d)Whenl
ett
er‘
Grepr
esent
sthesound

I
tdoest
hatwheni
tisi
nfr
ontofan‘
e’
,‘
i’
,or‘
y’

(
i) Let
ter
s‘GE’
,f
orexampl
e,

 Agent  Angel  Ur
gent  Chal
l
enge

 Ger
m  Danger  Knowl
edge  Ri
dge

 Gem  Emer
gency  Lar
ge  Emer
ge

 Budget  Gent
le  Si
nge

 Gel  Bi
l
ge  Enl
arge

(
ii
) Let
ter
s‘GI
’
,forexampl
e,

 Agi
le  All
ergi
c  Apologi
ze  Cont agi
ous
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 Gi
st  Gi
raf
fe  Fugi
ti
ve  Vi
gil
ant

 Di
git
ize  Engi
neer  Legi
on

 El
i
gibl
e  Fr
agi
l
e  Or
igi
nal

(
ii
i) Let
ter
s‘GY’
,f
orexampl
e,

 Al
l
ergy  Anal
ogy  Gy
m

 Cl
ergy  Zool
ogy  Li
tur
gy

 Egy
pt  St
ingy  Panegy
ric

TheSound/
f/

 Thesoundi
sunv
oicedorv
oicel
ess.

 Airisstoppedbypushi
ngthebott
om l
i
pandt
opt
eet
htoget
her
.Theai
rist
henpushed
throughtoproducethi
ssound.

 The/
f/soundhast
hef
oll
owi
ngl
ett
erssay
ingi
t:

(
a)Let
ter‘
F’

 Four  Kni
fe  Fami
l
y  Puf
f

 Wi
fe  Li
fe  St
aff  Fi
ve

(
b)Let
ter
s‘PH’

 Phone  Gr
aph  Par
agr
aph  Phr
ase

(
c)Let
ter
s‘GH’

 Cough  Laugh  Tough

 Rough  Enough  Dr
aught

TheSound/
v/

 Thesamemout
hshapeas/
f/i
sfor
medwhenpr
onounci
ngt
hesound/
v/.

 I
tisv
oiced.

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 Yourt
opt
eet
hisputony
ourbot
tom l
i
p.

 Wor
dsbear
ingt
hissoundi
ncl
ude:

 Van  Voi
ce  Sav
e  Wol
ves

 Vehi
cle  Obv
ious  Jov
ial  Kni
ves

 Vi
ce  Pr
evi
ous  Vi
rt
ue

 Unv
oiced  Dr
ive  Car
e

TheSound/
d/

 /
d/i
svoi
ced.Thev
ocal
cor
dsv
ibr
ate.

 Thel
owofai
risst
oppedatt
hef
rontoft
hemout
hbyt
ongue.

 Pr
act
icespeaki
ngt
hewor
dsbel
ow:

 Dad  Dog  Bad  And

 Do  Mad  Done

 Di
d  Sad  Loud

Sound/
t/

 Tomaket
hissound,
yourt
onguest
opst
hef
lowofai
ratt
hef
rontofy
ourmout
h.

 I
tisav
oicel
ess/
unv
oicedsound.

 I
tsai
dinwor
dsl
i
ke:

 To  Hot  Lat
er  Tuesday

 Top  Pot  What

 Get  But
ter  Today

Thesound/
k/

Ther
ear
evar
iousl
ett
erst
hatsayt
hesound/
k/.l
et’
sst
udyt
hesel
ett
ers.

 Let
ter‘
K’al
way
ssayt
hissound.Exampl
esofwor
dsi
ncl
ude:

 Ki
l
l

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 Key

 Ki
ck

 Sake

 Let
ter‘
C’,
forexampl
e,

 Cal
l

 Cor
n

 Cane

 Campai
gn

 Camp

 Conf
usi
on

 Cucumber

 Col
i
cet
c.

 Let
ter
s‘CK’
forexampl
e

 Ki
ck

 Mock

 Tr
uck

 Backet
c.

 Let
ter‘
Q’f
orexampl
e,

 Quack

 Quai
l

 Quar
tz

 Quar
ter

 Qui
ck

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 Let
ter
s‘CH’
,forexampl
e,

 Chaot
ic

 Char
act
er

 Ache

TheSound/
g/

Foundi
nwor
dssuchas:

 Gal
axy  Gi
bbon  Gazel
l
e  Gown  Gey
ser

 Game  Gi
ve  Gecko  Gi
rl  Gar
bage

 Gat
e  Goat  Gol
d  Ghost

TheSound/
ᶴ/

 Thi
ssoundi
sunv
oiced–onl
yai
rpassest
hrought
hemout
hwhensai
d.

 Theteet
har
eputt
oget
herandt
hecor
ner
soft
hel
i
psar
ebr
oughtt
oget
hert
owar
dst
he
middl
e.

 Mostwor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
sh’
thi
ssound.Forexampl
e,

Shape Shop bi
shop

 Ther
ear
ewor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
CH’
thatsayt
hissound,
forexampl
e,

Br
ochur
e Chut
e Chi
cago Qui
che

Cache Chef Mi
chi
gan chai
se

Cachet Chi
ff
on Chev
rol
et

Chagr
in Ni
che Fuchsi
a

Champagne Ri
cochet Cl
i
ché

Char
ade Char
lot
te Chi
val
ry

 Somewor
dswi
th‘
SU’
alsosayi
t,f
orexampl
e,

Sugar Sur
e Pr
essur
e

Sur
mac I
ssue

 Ther
ear
eyett
hosewi
thl
ett
ers‘
TIO’
,forexampl
e,
Nati
on Moti
on Opti
on Cauti
on
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 Thent
her
ear
ethosewi
thl
ett
ers‘
SIO’
,forexampl
e,

Submi
ssi
on Commi
ssi
on Conf
essi
on

Sound/
ᶿ/

 Pr
onouncedwi
thy
ourt
onguebet
weeny
ourt
eet
h.

 I
tisunv
oiced.

 Thewor
dsbear
ingt
hissoundi
ncl
ude:

 Mout
h  Thought  Gr
owt
h  Thr
ee

 Thi
ng  Tent
h  Nor
th  Theme

 Fai
th  Mat
h  Tr
uth  Ther
api
st

 Four
th  My
th  Pi
th  Thi
gh

 Thi
ck  Thumb  Thank  Thi
ckness

 Thi
nk  Yout
h  Thor
n

 Thr
ee  Thr
ive  Thi
mbl
e

Sound/
ᶞ/

 Unl
i
ke/
ᶿ/,
iti
svoi
ced.

 I
tal
sopr
onouncedwi
tht
onguet
ouchi
ngorbet
weeny
ourt
eet
h.

 I
tisf
oundi
nsuchwor
dsas:

 Wi
th  Cl
othi
ng  Thence  Thei
r

 Ther
e  These  Then  t
hey

Sound/
s/

 Thi
sisahi
ssi
ngsoundl
i
keasnake.

 I
tisv
oicel
ess.

 Thef
ewr
ulesf
orsomeoft
hecommonspel
l
ingst
hatsayt
hesound/
s/ar
e:

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(
a)Let
ter‘
S’
,forexampl
e,

Si
t Say Boss Mi
sty

Wi
se Sad Thi
s Sunday

Dogs Sound Li
ps

(
b)Let
ter‘
SC’
,forexampl
e,

Muscl
e Descend Sci
ence Scr
eam

(
c)Let
ter‘
X’,
forexampl
e,

Fi
x Fox Next Mi
x

(
d)Let
ter‘
C’,
forexampl
e,

Face Ci
ty Fence

Pr
act
ice Ci
rcl
e Li
cense

Sound/
z/

 The/
z/i
sli
ket
hesoundofbuzzi
ngbees.

 I
tisv
oiced.

 Mostwor
dswi
tht
hel
ett
er‘
Z’say/
z/,
forexampl
e,

 Zoo  Zebr
a  Buzz  Doze

 Zi
p  Qui
z  Fr
eeze  pr
ize

 Ther
ear
ethosewor
dswi
thl
ett
er‘
S’say
ingt
hissound,
forexampl
e,

 I
s  Noi
se  Gi
rl
s  Wednesda
y
 Was  Noi
ses  Fr
iends
 Sounds
 Hi
s  Rose  Li
es
 Pose
 Her
s  Roses  Busy
 Reason
 Nose  Fr
ogs  Tuesday
 Ri
se

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 Ey
es  Ti
es  Shoes  cows

 These  Has  Vi
sit

 Day
s  Fl
ows  Those

 Say
s  Because  Bananas

 Theot
hergr
oupofwor
dsar
ethosewi
thl
ett
er‘
X’,
forexampl
e,

Exi
st

Anxi
ety

Sound/
ᵌ/

 Wor
dsbear
ingt
hissoundar
ebor
rowedf
rom Fr
ench.

 Pr
onouncedi
nthesamewayas/
ᶴ/onl
ythati
svoi
ced.

 Theexampl
esofwor
dswi
tht
hissoundar
e:

Gar
age Sei
zur
e Amnesi
a Cashmer
e

Bei
ge Lei
sur
e Col
l
isi
on Asi
a

Massage Per
sian Di
vi
sion Vi
sual

Sabot
age Concl
usi
on Ver
sion Vi
sion

Genr
e Casual Tel
evi
sion Lesi
on

Measur
e Casual
l
y Exposur
e Deci
sion

Tr
easur
e Usual Occasi
on Caucasi
an

Cl
osur
e Usual
l
y Per
suasi
on

Pr
act
icei
nsent
ences

(
a)Measur
ethebei
gedooront
hegar
age.

(
b)I
twasmydeci
siont
ofl
ytoAsi
atoseekt
rei
sur
e.

Sound/
l/

Sound/
r/

 Rai
sethebackofyourt
onguetosl
i
ghtl
ytoucht
hebackteet
honbothsi
desofy
ourmout
h.
Thecent
repartoft
hetonguer
emainsl
owertoal
lowai
rtomoveoveri
t.

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 I
tisv
oiced.

 I
tisf
oundi
nwor
dswi
thl
ett
er‘
R’e.
g.

 Red

 Fr
iday

 Wor
ry

 Sor
ry

 Mar
ry

 I
tisal
sosai
dinwor
dswi
thl
ett
ers‘
WR’
e.g.

 Wr
it
e

 Wr
ong

 Wr
ath

 Wr
y

 Wr
ing

Sound/
w/

 Yourl
i
psf
orm asmal
l
,ti
ghtci
rcl
ewhenmaki
ngt
hesound/
w/.

 Let
ter
srepr
esent
ingt
he/
w/soundar
e:

 Let
ter‘
W’

Woman New Wi
n Towel

Wi
fe Sweet Rewi
nd Wai
t

 Let
ter
sWH

Why When What Whom Whol

e

Wher
e Whi
l
e Whi
te Who

 Let
ter
s‘QU’

Qui
t Qui
ck Qui
te Qui
et

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Queer Queen Quot

a Qui
ckl
y

 Ot
her
s

One

Choi
r

Sound/
m/

 Madebypr
essi
ngt
hel
i
psl
i
ght
ly.

 Thewor
dst
hatf
oll
owcont
aint
hesound:

 Mum  Me  Far
mer  Meat

 Mi
ne  Mor
ning  Shame  My
sel
f

Exer
cise1

Readthesent
encebel
owpronounci
ngeachwor
dcor r
ect
lyandt
hengr
oupt
hewor
dsi
nthei
r
appr
opri
atecol
umns.Consi
derthehi
ghl
i
ghtedl
ett
ers.

Thesev
enst
udent
stookt
hef
ir
stt
estf
ort
hei
rdr
iver
’sl
i
cencesonThur
sday
.

/
s/ /
z/

Exer
cise2

Consi
der
ingt
hepr
onunci
ati
onofhi
ghl
i
ght
edl
ett
ers,
pickt
heoddwor
dout
.

(
a)Judge,
gest
ure,
gar
age

(
b)Jump,
gif
t,geol
ogi
cal

(
c)Fungi
,j
ust
,go

(
d)Di
git
,game,
gambl
e

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(
e)Hy
giene,
prodi
gy,
ent
angl
e

(
f)Gecko,
gem,
zool
ogy

Exer
cise3

Pronounceeachwordcorrect
lyandt
hengr
oupi
tundert
hecol
umncont
aini
ngt
hesoundt
hat
thehighl
ight
edlet
ter
(s)bear.

Ti
ssue Caut i
ous Persi
an Decision
Caucasi
an Leisure Casual Coll
ision
Div
isi
on Soluti
on Chef Sure
Passi
on Pressure Conclusion Precious
Ocean Vision Tel
evision Exposure
/ᶴ
/ /
ᶾ/

Exer
cise4

Ci
rcl
ethel
ett
er(
s)t
hatsay/
f/andunder
li
net
hosesay
ing/
v/i
nthesent
encesbel
ow.

(
a)Pl
easef
orgi
vemef
orf
orget
ti
ngt
hel
eft
overf
ood.

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(
b)Sav
ethef
ourwol
vest
hatl
i
vei
nthecav
e.

DI
PHTHONGS
 Adi
pht
hongi
sacombi
nat
ionoft
wov
owel
sounds.

 Someoft
hedi
pht
hongsi
ncl
ude:

 /
ᵊᶹ/

 /
ᵃᶸ/

 /
ᵉᶦ/

/
ᵊᶹ/

I
nwor
dsl
i
ke;

 Rol
e  Tot
al  Know  Her
o  Tol
d

 Bone  Mot
or  Mow  Zer
o  Rol
l

 Phone  Moment  Sow  Vet

o  Pol
l

 St
one  Bonus  Show  Ego  Cont
rol

 Cl
ose  Focus  Tow  Echo  Bol
t

 Not
e  Vogue  Owe  Radi
o  Col
t

 Not
ice  Soci
al  Own  St
udi
o  Fol
k

 Lonel
y  Sol
dier  Bowl  Mexi
co  Comb

 Home  Cowor
ke  Bl
ow  Pot
ato  Won’
t
r
 Hope  Gr
own  Tomat
o  Don’
t
 Most
 Open  Thr
ow  Logo  Soul
 Post
 Ocean  Go  Mot
to  Shoul
der
 Host
 Remot
e  Ago  Col
d  Road
 Ghost
 Sol
ar  No  Gol
d  Load
 Bot
h
 Pol
ar  So  Bol
d  Boat
 Low
 Modal  Toe  Sol
d  Coast

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 Coat  Appr
oac  Ok  Hot
el
h
 Oak  Obey  Mot
el
 Boast
 Soak  Omi
t

/
ᵃᶸ/
Sai
dinwor
dssuchas:

 How  Cr
owd  Noun  Count  Fl
ower

 Cow  Powder  House  Amount  Shower

 Now  Br
owse  Mouse  Mount
ain  Hour

 Al
l
ow  Loud  Mout
h  Announc  Our
e
 Owl  Pr
oud  Sout
h  Sour
 Bounce
 Br
own  Cl
oud  Couch  Fl
our
 Al
l
owi
ng
 Down  Out  Found  cowar
d
 Towel
 Town  Shout  Gr
ound
 Bowel
 Cl
own  About  Ar
ound
 Power
 Dr
own  Doubt  Pound
 Tower
 Cr
own  Foul  Sound

/
ᵉᶦ/
Thewor
dscont
aini
ngt
hisdi
pht
hongar
e:

 wai
t  t
ale  gat
e  bacon  Angel

 l
ate  bai
l  wast
e  paper  St
ranger

 bai
t  bal
e  wade  Apr
il  Basi
s

 dat
e  sal
e  baby  Danger  Lazy

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 Cr
azy  Pai
nt  Rage  Vei
n  Gr
ay

 Fai
l  Fat
e  Pat
ient  Nei
ghbo  Pl
ay
ur
 Mai
l  Rat
e  Raci
al  Lay
 Br
eak
 Sai
l  Kat
e  Nat
ion  Day
 St
eak
 Rai
l  Race  Nat
ure  May
 Age
 Rai
se  Base  Fat
al  Pr
ay
 Wage
 Rai
d  Pl
ace  Pat
ri
ot  Conv
ey
 Sav
e
 Af
rai
d  Lake  Radi
o  Sur
vey
 Cav
e
 Wai
t  Take  Vacant  St
ain
 Wav
e
 St
rai
ght  Name  Wei
ght  Change
 Ray et
c.
 Fai
nt  Ache  Ei
ght

Exer
cise

Wr
it
eanot
herwor
dpr
onouncedt
hesamewayas:

a)Gai
t e) Pai
n i
) Vai
n m)Sew

b)Made f
) Pl
ain j
) Wai
st n)No

c) Mai
l g)Sal
e k) Wai
t o)Toe

d)Pal
e h)Tal
e l
) Ei
ght p)Gr
own

MI
NIMALPAI
RS
St
udyt
hepai
rsofwor
dsbel
owcar
eful
l
y.

Fi
t–f
eet

Let–l
ate

Van–f
an

Pun–pan

 Whatdoy
ounot
ice?Your
eal
i
zet
hatonl
yonesoundmakest
hepr
onunci
ati
onofonewor
d

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di
sti
nctf
rom t
heot
her
.Eachpai
ri edami
scal
l nimalpai
r.

 Ami ni
malpairi
stheref
oreapairofwordsthatvarybyonlyonesoundespeci
all
ythoset
hat
usuall
yconf
uselearner
s,suchas/l/and/r
/,/b/and/p/,andmanyothers.

Mi
nimal
Pai
rsofVowel
Sounds

Sound/
i/and/
i:
/

1.Bi
d–bead 10.Si
n–seen/scene

2.Bi
t–beat 11.St
il
l–st
eal
/st
eel

3.Bi
tch–beach 12.Si
ck–seek

4.Bi
n–bean/been 13.I
s–ease

5.Chi
p–cheap 14.I
tch–each

6.Fi
t–f
eat
/feet 15.Ri
sen–r
eason

7.Fi
st–f
east 16.Pi
ss–pi
ece/peace

8.Fi
zz–f
ees 17.Pi
ck–peak/peek

9.Gi
n–gene 18.Mi
l
l–meal

Exer
cise

Wr
it
eanot
herwor
dinwhi
chei
thersound/
i/and/
i:
/wi
l
lmakei
tvar
yfr
om t
heonegi
ven.

(
a)Hi
t (
d)Peach (
g)Ki
p (
j)Pi
l
l

(
b)Sheet (
e)Li
p (
h)Eel (
k)Ski
ed

(
c)Ti
n (
f)Neat (
i)Gr
eed (
l)Ski
m

Sounds/
i/and/
e/

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1.Di
d–dead 7.Fi
l
l–f
ell

2.Di
sk–desk 8.Bi
d–bed

3.Bui
l
t–bel
t 9.Bi
l
l–bel
l

4.Bi
t–bet 10.Li
t–l
et

5.Li
pped–l
eapt 11.Li
st–l
est

6.Mi
ddl
e–meddl
e 12.Cl
i
nch–cl
ench

Exer
cise

Complet
ethetabl
ebel
owwi
thawor
dinwhi
chei
thert
hesound/
e/or/
i/br
ingst
hedi
ff
erence
i
npronunci
ati
on.

/
e/ /
i/

1 Head

2 Mi
ss

3 Hy
mn

4 Led

5 Fen

6 Li
d

7 Den

8 Peg

Sounds/
e/and/
ei/

Thef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsv
arybyonehav
ingt
hev
owel
sound/
e/andt
heot
heradi
pht
hong/
ei/

1.Wet–wai
t 6.Let–l
ate

2.Br
ead–br
aid 7.Met–mat
e

3.Fen–f
eign 8.Lest–l
aced

4.Bed–bade 9.Tech–t
ake

5.Get–gat
e/gai
t 10.West–wast
e/wai
st

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11.When–wane 17.Test–t
ast
e

12.Edge–age 18.Best–based

13.Gel
–jai
l 19.Wr
en–r
ain/r
eign

14.Lens–l
anes 20.Led–l
aid

15.Br
east–br
aced 21.Bl
ed–bl
ade

16.Sent–sai
nt 22.Fed–f
ade

Exer
cise

Eachwordbel
owhasanotherwordi
nwhi
chei
thert
hesound/
e/or/
ei/wi
l
lbr
ingt
hedi
sti
nct
ion
i
npronunci
ati
on.Wr
it
ethatword.

(
a)Fel
l (
d)Sel
l (
g)Rai
d (
j)St
ayed

(
b)Pai
n (
e)Wel
l (
h)Dat
e (
k)Bet

(
c)Hai
l (
f)Mat
e (
i)Men (
l)Jai
l

Sounds/
ᵆ/and/
ᶺ/

1.Bat
ter–but
ter 13.Dr
ank–dr
unk

2.Cap–cup 14.Fan–f
un

3.Cat–cut 15.Hat–hut

4.Back–buck 16.Badge–budge

5.Br
ash–br
ush 17.Hang–hung

6.Dabbl
e–doubl
e 18.Massed–must

7.Rang–r
ung 19.Rash–r
ush

8.Tr
ack–t
ruck 20.Sank–sunk

9.Bad–bud 21.Ran–r
un

10.Began–begun 22.Swam –swum

11.Bag–bug 23.Ban–bun

12.Pan–pun 24.Ham –hum

Exer
cise

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Complet
ethet
abl
ebel
owwi
tht
hemi
nimal
pai
roft
hewor
d.Consi
dert
hesoundi
ndi
cat
edi
n
eachcol
umn.

/
ᵆ/ /
ᶺ/

(
a) But

(
b) Mat
ch

(
c) Mad

(
d) Fl
ush

(
e) Cam

(
f) Dumb

(
g) Sang

(
h) Uncl
e

(
i) Cr
ash

(
j) Sack

(
k) Dump

(
l) Tug

Sounds /
ᵆ/and/
e/

l
ookatt
hel
i
stbel
ow.

1.Bad–bed 6.Sat–set 11.Pan–pen

2.And–end 7.Shal
l–shel
l 12.Sad–sai
d

3.Had–head 8.Man–men 13.Manned–mend

4.Jam –gem 9.Bag–beg 14.Land–l

end

5.Pat–pet 10.Ham –hem

Exer
cise

Compl
etet
het
abl
ewi
thappr
opr
iat
ewor
dthatv
arywi
tht
hesoundi
ndi
cat
edi
nthecol
umn.

/
ᵆ/ /
ᵉ/

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(
a) Mar
ry

(
b) Bl
end

(
c) Cat
tl
e

(
d) Vat

(
e) Sacks

(
f) Tr
ek

(
g) Tr
ad

(
h) met

Mi
nimal
Pai
rsof/
ɑ˸/and/
ᵌ˸
/

1.f
ast–f
ir
st 7.guar
d–gi
rd 13.par–pur
r

2.bat
h–ber
th/
bir
th 8.pa–per 14.par
k–per
k

3.hear
t–hur
t 9.bar–bur 15.st
ar–st
ir

4.bar
d–bi
rd 10.bar
n–bur
n 16.ar
c–i
rk

5.car–cur 11.car
ve–cur
ve

6.car
d–cur
d 12.dar
t–di
rt

Exer
cise6

Consi
der
ingt
hesounds/
ɑ˸/and/
ᵌ˸
/,wr
it
ethemi
nimal
pai
rof
:

(
a)f
ar (
c)pass (
e)shar
k

(
b)hear
d/her
d (
d)f
arm (
f)cur
t

Mi
nimal
Pai
rsof/
b/and/
v/

1.bat–v
at 4.bow–v
ow 7.bane–v
ein

2.beer–v
eer 5.gi
bbon–gi
ven 8.cur
b–cur
ve

3.bowl
–vol
e 6.bal
e–v
eil 9.bol
t–v
olt

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10.bowl
–vol
e 12.dr
ibbl
e–dr
ivel 14.j
i
be–j
i
ve

11.br
oom –v
room 13.dub–dov
e 15.r
ebel
–rev
el

Exer
cise7

Therei
sanotherwordt
hatwi
llv
arywit
htheonewr
it
tenbel
owwi
thj
ustonesound.Dependi
ng
onthesounds/b/and/v/
,wr
it
ethatword.

(
a)v
an (
c)Vest (
e)Vent (
g)Loav
es

(
b)boat (
d)Vowel
s (
f)Bur
y (
h)Ver
ve

Mi
nimalpai
rsof/
f/and/
v/

 Fan–v
an  Fi
e–v
ie  Feel
–veal

 Of
f–of  Foal
–vol
e  St
aff–st
arv
e

 Fat–v
at  Guf
f–guv  Fei
gn–v
ain/v
ein

 Fee–v  Wai
f–wai
ve  Foi
st–v
oiced

 Foul
–vowel  Gi
f–gi
ve  Fox–v
ox

 Fender–v
endor  Li
fe–l
i
ve  Reef–r
eev
e

 Ser
f/Sur
f–ser
ve  Saf
e–sav
e

 Duf
f–dov
e  Bel
i
ef–bel
i
eve

Exer
cise8

Wr
it
ethemi
nimal
pai
roft
hewor
dbel
owwi
thconsi
der
ati
onbei
ngei
thert
hesound/
f/or/
v/.

(
a)Fer
ry (
d)Fi
ne (
g)Vei
l (
j)Faul
t

(
b)Leaf (
e)Hal
f (
h)Gr
ief (
k)Vi
l
e

(
c)Vast (
f)Pr
oof (
i)Cal
f (
l)St
ri
ve

Mi
nimal
Pai
rsofSounds/
s/and/
ᶿ/

 Mouse–  For
ce–f
our
th  Tense–t
ent
h  Saw–t
haw
mouth
 Si
ck–t
hick  Mass–mat
h  Seem –t
heme
 Si
ng–t
hing
 Si
nk–t
hink  Mi
ss–my
th  Some–
 Face–f
ait
h thumb
 Sor
t–t
hought  Pass–pat
h

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 Song–t
hong  Si
n–t
hin  Sor
e–t
haw  Sank–t
hank

 Wor
se–  Sum –t
humb  Tr
uce–t
rut
h  Sump–
wor
th thump
 Pi
ss–pi
th  Suds–t
huds
 Gr
oss–
gr
owth  Sawn–t
hor
n  Sought–
thought
 Si
gh–t
high  Symbol–
thi
mble  Moss–mot
h
Sounds/
t/and/
d/

 Town–down  Ti
ck–di
ck  Tout–doubt  Team –deem

 Touch–  Ti
ne–di
ne  Tug–dug  Tent–dent
Dutch
 Hat–had  Tal
e/t
ail
–  Toast–dosed
 Tear–dar
e dal
e
 Spent–spend  Tomb–doom
 Ten–den  Teed–deed
 Too/t
o/t
wo–  Tower–dour
 Tongue– do  Ti
er–deer
dung  Tux–ducks
 Tr
ain–dr
ain  Ti
nt–di
nt
 Tar
t–dar
t  Tamp–damp
 Ti
de–  Sheet–she’
d
 Tech–deck dy
ed/
died  Tel
l–del
l
 Wai
t–
 Ti
n–di
n  Tor
n–dawn wei
ghed  Ti
l
l–di
l
l

 Toe–doe  Teal
–deal  Ti
e–di
e  Tusk–dusk

 Tough–duf
f  Teen–dean  Tr
y–dr
y  Si
ght–si
de

 Tuck–duck  Tyr
e/t
ir
e–  Tear–dear  Beat–bead
di
re
 Tab–dab  Ti
p–di
p
 Toes–doze
 Tank–dank  Tame–dame

Exer
cise9

Eachwordbel
owhasanotherwordinwhichall
thesoundsar
ethesameexceptei
thert
he
sound/
t/or/d/i
sdi
ff
erent.Wri
tethatword.

(
a)Bat (
c)Wr
it
e (
e)At (
g)Bor
ed

(
b)God (
d)And (
f)Bed (
h)Ei
ght

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(
i)Bet (
l)Hur
t (
o)Neat (
r)Pl
ayed

(
j)Feet (
m)Mat (
p)Nod (
s)Sat

(
k)Hi
t (
n)Mend (
q)Set (
t)Dead

Mi
nimal
Pai
rsof/
k/and/
g/

I
nit
ial

 Came–game  Cour
se–  Cl
amour–  Cl
am –gl
am
gor
se gl
amour
 Car
d–guar
d  Cor
d–gor
ed
 Cr
am –gr
am  Cl
ad–gl
ad
 Col
d–gol
d  Coup–goo
 Cr
epe–gr
ape  Cr
ane–gr
ain
 Cl
ean–gl
ean  Cr
ate–gr
ate
 Cr
ew–gr
ew  Cr
eed–gr
eed
 Cr
ate–gr
eat  Cuf
f–guf
f
 Cr
oup–gr
oup  Kr
il
l–gr
il
l
 Cap–gap
 Cr
ow–gr
ow  Cunni
ng–
 Coast–ghost gunni
ng
 Key–ghee
 Kal
e–gal
e  Cab–gab
 K–gay
 Can–gone  Cape–gape
Fi
nal

 Cl
ock–cl
og br
ogue  Snuck–snug  Luck–l
ug

 Dock–dog  Cr
ack–cr
ag  St
ack–st
ag  Beck–beg

 Fr
ock–f
rog  Pr
ick–pr
ig  Whack–wag  Cock–cog

 Muck–mug  Puck–pug  Wi
ck–wi
g  Hack–hag

 Br
ick–br
ig  Shack–shag  Jock–j
og  Pi
ck–pi
g

 Broke–  Sl
ack–sl
ag  Lack–l
ag
Exer
cise10

Complet
et het
ablewi
thappr
opri
atewor
dthatonl
ydi
ff
erswi
thonesoundwi
tht
heonegi
ven.
Consi
derthesoundsi
nthecol
umns.

/
k/ /
g/

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(
a) Tack

(
b) Fl
og

(
c) Tuck

(
d) Gum

(
e) Gash

(
f) Jack

(
g) Cav
e

(
h) Sag

(
i) Leak

(
j) Cr
ab

(
k) Cl
ass

(
l) Good

(
m) Goat

(
n) Bl
og

(
o) Ki
l
l

(
p) Dug

(
q) Gut

(
r) Log

(
s) Rack

(
t) Cot

HOMOPHONES
Wordspronouncedt
hesamewaybuthavedi
ff
erentspel
l
ingsandmeani
ngsar
ethe
homophones.Theli
stbel
owi
sEngl
ishhomophones.

1.Accessar
yaccessor
y 2.Ad,
add

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3.Ai
l
,al
e 28.Bay
,bey

4.Ai
r,hei
r 29.Bazaar
,bi
zar
re

5.Ai
sle,
I’
ll
,i
sle 30.Be,
bee

6.Al
l
,awl 31.Beach,
beech

7.Al
l
owed,
aloud 32.Bean,
been

8.Al
ms,
arms 33.Beat
,beet

9.Al
tar
,al
ter 34.Beau,
bow

10.Ant
e,ant
i 35.Beer
,bi
er

11.Ar
c,ar
k 36.Bel
l
,bel
l
e

12.Aur
al,
oral 37.Ber
ry,
bur
y

13.Away
,awei
gh 38.Ber
th,
bir
th

14.Awe,
oar
,or
,or
e 39.Bi
ght
,bi
te,
byt
e

15.Axel
,axl
e 40.Bi
l
led,
bui
l
d

16.Ay
e,ey
e,I 41.Bi
tt
en,
bit
ter
n

17.Bai
l
,bal
e 42.Bl
ew,
blue

18.Bai
t,bat
e 43.Bl
oc,
block

19.Bai
ze,
bay
s 44.Boar
,bor
e

20.Bal
d,bawl
ed 45.Boar
d,bor
ed

21.Bal
l
,bawl 46.Boar
der
,bor
der

22.Band,
banned 47.Bol
d,bawl
ed

23.Bar
d,bar
red 48.Boos,
booze

24.Bar
e,bear 49.Bor
n,bor
ne

25.Bar
k,bar
que 50.Bough,
bow

26.Bar
on,
bar
ren 51.Boy
,buoy

27.Base,
bass 52.Br
ae,
bray

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53.Br
aid,
bray
ed 78.Chor
d,cor
d

54.Br
aise,
bray
s,br
aze 79.Ci
te,
sight
,si
te

55.Br
ake,
break 80.Cl
ack,
claque

56.Br
ead,
bred 81.Cl
ew,
clue

57.Br
ews,
brui
se 82.Cl
i
mb,
cli
me

58.Br
idal
,br
idl
e 83.Cl
ose,
cloze

59.Br
oach,
brooch 84.Coar
se,
cour
se

60.Bur
,bur
r 85.Coi
gn,
coi
n

61.But
,but
t 86.Col
onel
,ker
nel

62.Buy
,by
,by
e 87.Compl
acent
,compl
aisant

63.Buy
er,
byr
e 88.Compl
ement
,compl
i
ment

64.Cal
l
,caul 89.Coo,
coup

65.Canv
as,
canv
ass 90.Cops,
copse

66.Cast
,cast
e 91.Counci
l
,counsel

67.Cast
er,
cast
or 92.Cousi
n,cozen

68.Caught
,cour
t 93.Cr
eak,
creek

69.Caw,
cor
e,cor
ps 94.Cr
ews,
crui
se

70.Cede,
seed 95.Cue,
queue

71.Cei
l
ing,
seal
i
ng 96.Cur
b,ker
b

72.Censer
,censor
,sensor 97.Cur
rant
,cur
rent

73.Cent
,scent
,sent 98.Cy
mbol
,sy
mbol

74.Cer
eal
,ser
ial 99.Dam,
damn

75.Cheap,
cheep 100. Day
s,daze

76.Check,
cheque 101. Dear
,deer

77.Choi
r,qui
re 102. Descent
,di
ssent

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103. Deser
t,desser
t 128. Fl
air
,fl
are

104. Dev
iser
,di
vi
sor 129. Fl
aw,
floor

105. Dew,
due 130. Fl
ea,
flee

106. Di
e,dy
e 131. Fl
ex,
flecks

107. Di
scr
eet
,di
scr
ete 132. Fl
ew,
flu,
flue

108. Doe,
dough 133. Fl
oe,
flow

109. Done,
dun 134. Fl
our
,fl
ower

110. Douse,
dowse 135. Foal
ed,
fol
d

111. Dr
aft
,dr
aught 136. For
,for
e,f
our

112. Dual
,duel 137. For
ewor
d,f
orwar
d

113. Ear
n,ur
n 138. For
t,f
ought

114. Ewe,
yew,
you 139. For
th,
four
th

115. Fai
nt,
fei
nt 140. Foul
,fowl

116. Fai
r,f
are 141. Fr
anc,
frank

117. Far
ther
,fat
her 142. Fr
eeze,
fri
eze

118. Fat
e,f
ete 143. Fr
iar
,fr
yer

119. Faun,
fawn 144. Fur
s,f
urze

120. Fay
,fey 145. Gai
t,gat
e

121. Faze,
phase 146. Gambl
e,gambol

122. Feat
,feet 147. Gay
s,gaze

123. Fer
rul
e,f
erul
e 148. Genes,
jeans

124. Few,
phew 149. Gi
l
d,gui
l
d

125. Fi
l
e,phi
al 150. Gi
l
t,gui
l
t

126. Fi
nd,
fined 151. Gnaw,
nor

127. Fi
r,f
ur 152. Gnei
ss,
nice

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153. Gor
il
la,
guer
ri
ll
a 178. Hol
ey,
hol
y,whol
l
y

154. Gr
ate,
great 179. Hour
,our

155. Gr
eav
e,gr
iev
e 180. I
dle,
idol

156. Gr
eys,
graze 181. I
n,i
nn

157. Gr
oan,
grown 182. I
ndi
ct,
indi
te

158. Guessed,
guest 183. I
t’
s,i
ts

159. Hai
l
,hal
e 184. Jewel
,j
oul
e

160. Hai
r,har
e 185. Key
,quay

161. Hal
l
,haul 186. Knav
e,nav
e

162. Hangar
,hanger 187. Knead,
need

163. Har
t,hear
t 188. Knew,
new

164. Haw,
hoar
,whor
e 189. Kni
ght
,ni
ght

165. Hay
,hey 190. Kni
t,ni
t

166. Heal
,heel
,he’
l
l 191. Knob,
nob

167. Hear
,her
e 192. Knock,
nock

168. Hear
d,her
d 193. Knot
,not

169. He’
d,heed 194. Know,
no

170. Her
oin,
her
oine 195. Knows,
nose

171. Hew,
hue 196. Laager
,lager

172. Hi
,hi
gh 197. Lac,
lack

173. Hi
gher
,hi
re 198. Lade,
lai
d

174. Hi
m,hy
mn 199. Lai
n,l
ane

175. Ho,
hoe 200. Lam,
lamb

176. Hoar
d,hor
de 201. Laps,
lapse

177. Hoar
se,
hor
se 202. Lar
va,
lav
a

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203. Lase,
laze 228. Mal
l
,maul

204. Law,
lor
e 229. Manna,
manner

205. Lay
,ley 230. Mant
el,
mant
le

206. Lea,
lee 231. Mar
e,may
or

207. Leach,
leech 232. Mar
k,mar
que

208. Lead,
led 233. Mar
shal
,mar
ti
al

209. Leak,
leek 234. Mask,
masque

210. Lean,
li
en 235. Maw,
mor
e

211. Lessen,
lesson 236. Me,
mi

212. Lev
ee,
lev
y 237. Mean,
mien

213. Li
ar,
lyr
e 238. Meat
,meet
,met
e

214. Li
cker
,li
quor 239. Medal
,meddl
e

215. Li
e,l
ye 240. Met
al,
met
tl
e

216. Li
eu,
loo 241. Met
er,
met
re

217. Li
nks,
lynx 242. Mi
ght
,mi
te

218. Lo,
low 243. Mi
ner
,mi
nor

219. Load,
lode 244. Mi
nd,
mined

220. Loan,
lone 245. Mi
ssed,
mist

221. Locks,
lox 246. Moat
,mot
e

222. Loop,
loupe 247. Mode,
mowed

223. Loot
,lut
e 248. Moor
,mor
e

224. Made,
mai
d 249. Moose,
mousse

225. Mai
l
,mal
e 250. Mor
ning,
mour
ning

226. Mai
n,mane 251. Muscl
e,mussel

227. Mai
ze,
maze 252. Nav
al,
nav
el

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253. Nay
,nei
gh 278. Pl
um,
plumb

254. None,
nun 279. Pol
e,pol
l

255. Od,
odd 280. Pr
act
ice,
pract
ise

256. Ode,
owed 281. Pr
aise,
pray
s,pr
eys

257. Oh,
owe 282. Pr
inci
pal
,pr
inci
ple

258. One,
won 283. Pr
ofi
t,pr
ophet

259. Packed,
pact 284. Quar
ts,
quar
tz

260. Pai
l
,pal
e 285. Quean,
queen

261. Pai
n,pane 286. Rai
n,r
eign,
rei
n

262. Pai
r,par
e,pear 287. Rai
se,
ray
s,r
aze

263. Pal
ate,
pal
ett
e,pal
l
et 288. Rap,
wrap

264. Pat
en,
pat
ter
n, 289. Raw,
roar

265. Pause,
paws,
por
es,
pour
s 290. Read,
reed

266. Pawn,
por
n 291. Read,
red

267. Pea,
pee 292. Real
,reel

268. Peace,
piece 293. Reek,
wreak

269. Peak,
peek 294. Rest
,wr
est

270. Peal
,peel 295. Ret
ch,
wret
ch

271. Pear
l,pur
l 296. Rev
iew,
rev
ue

272. Pedal
,peddl
e 297. Rheum,
room

273. Peer
,pi
er 298. Ri
ght
,ri
te,
wri
te

274. Pi
,pi
e 299. Ri
ng,
wri
ng

275. Pl
ace,
plai
ce 300. Road,
rode

276. Pl
ain,
plane 301. Roe,
row

277. Pl
eas,
please 302. Rol
e,r
oll

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303. Roux,
rue 328. Shear
,sheer

304. Rood,
rude 329. Shoe,
shoo

305. Root
,rout
e 330. Si
c,si
ck

306. Rose,
rows 331. Si
de,
sighed

307. Rot
a,r
otor 332. Si
gn,
sine

308. Rot
e,wr
ote 333. Si
nk,
synch

309. Rough,
ruf
f 334. Sl
ay,
slei
gh

310. Rouse,
rows 335. Sl
oe,
slow

311. Rung,
wrung 336. Sol
e,soul

312. Ry
e,wr
y 337. Some,
sum

313. Sav
er,
sav
our 338. Son,
sun

314. Spade,
spay
ed 339. Sor
t,sought

315. Sal
e,sai
l 340. Spa,
spar

316. Sane,
sei
ne 341. St
aid,
stay
ed

317. Sat
ir
e,sat
yr 342. St
air
,st
are

318. Sauce,
sour
ce 343. St
ake,
stoak

319. Saw,
soar
,sor
e 344. St
alk,
stor
k

320. Scene,
seen 345. St
ati
onar
y,st
ati
oner
y

321. Scul
l
,skul
l 346. St
eal
,
steel

322. Sea,
see 347. St
il
e,
sty
le

323. Seam,
seem 348. St
orey
,st
ory

324. Sear
,seer
,ser
e 349. St
rai
ght
,st
rai
t

325. Seas,
sees,
sei
ze 350. Sweat
,sweet

326. Sew,
so,
sow 351. Swat
,swot

327. Shake,
shei
kh 352. Tacks,
tax

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353. Tal
e,
tai
l 378. Tuba,
tuber

354. Tal
k,
tor
que 379. Vai
n,
vane,
vei
n

355. Tar
e,t
ear 380. Val
e,
vei
l

356. Taught
,t
aut
,t
ort 381. Vi
al,
vi
le

357. Tea,
tee 382. Wai
l
,wal
e,
whal
e

358. Team,
teem 383. Wai
n,wane

359. Teas,
tease 384. Wai
st,
wast
e

360. Tar
e,t
ear 385. Wai
ve,
wav
e

361. Ter
n,tur
n 386. Wal
l
,waul

362. Ther
e,t
hei
r,t
hey
’re 387. War
,wor
e

363. Thr
ow,
thr
ough 388. War
n,wor
n

364. Thr
oes,
thr
ows 389. War
t,wor
t

365. Thr
one,
thr
own 390. Wat
t,what

366. Thy
me,
ti
me 391. Wax
,whacks

367. Ti
c,
ti
ck 392. Way
,wei
gh

368. Ti
de,
ti
ed 393. We,
wee

369. Ti
re,
ty
re 394. Weak,
week

370. To,
too,
two 395. We’
d,weed

371. Toad,
toed,
towed 396. Weal
,we’
l
l,wheel

372. Tol
d,t
oll
ed 397. Weat
her
,whet
her

373. Tol
e,
tol
l 398. Wei
r,we’
re

374. Ton,
tun 399. Wer
e,whi
rr

375. Tor
,t
ore 400. Wet
,whet

376. Tough,
tuf
f 401. Weal
d,wheel
ed

377. Tr
oop,
tr
oupe 402. Whi
ch,
wit
ch

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403. Whi
g,wi
g 410. Who’
s,whose

404. Whi
l
e,wi
l
e 411. Wood,
woul
d

405. Whi
ne,
wine 412. Yaw,
yor
e,y
our
,you’
re

406. Whi
rl
,whor
l 413. Yoke,
yol
k

407. Whi
rl
ed,
wor
ld 414. You’
l
l,y
ule

408. Whi
t,wi
t

409. Whi
te,
wight

Exer
cise

Wr
it
etwowor
dspr
onouncedt
hesamewayaseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds.

(
a)B (
b)C (
c)I (
d)P (
e)T (
f)U

SI
LENTLETTERS

InEngli
shtherear
elet
terst
hatareusual
lynotpronouncedi
ncer
tai
nwor
ds.Letushav
eal
ook
attheselet
ter
sandwor dsi
nwhichtheyaresi
lent.

Let
ter‘
A’

 Logi
cal
l
y  Romant
ical
l
y  Ar
ti
sti
cal
l
y

 Musi
cal
l
y  St
oical
l
y

Let
ter‘
B’

 Apl
omb  Cr
umb  Li
mb  Succumb

 Bomb  Debt  Numb  Thumb

 Cl
i
mb  Jamb  Pl
umb  Tomb

 Comb  Lamb  Subt

le  Womb

Let
ter‘
C’

 Ascend  Consci
ence  Descend  Fasci
nat
e

 Abscess  Consci
ous  Descent  Fl
uor
escent

 Ascent  Cr
escent  Di
sci
pli
ne  I
soscel
es

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 Lumi
nescent  Obscene  Scenar
io  Scent

 Muscl
e  Resusci
tat
e  Scene  Sci
ssor
s

Let
ter‘
D’

 Wednesday  Pl
edge  Handker
chi
ef

 Hedge  Gr
udge

 Dodge  Sandwi
ch

Let
ter‘
E’

 Hat
e  Li
ke  Lessen

 Name  Hope  Sur

pri
sed

Let
ter‘
G’

 Al
i
gn  Champagne  Gnash  Rei
gn

 Assi
gn  Col
ogne  Gnaw  Si
gn

 Beni
gn  Consi
gn  Gnome

 Campai
gn  Gnar
l  Gnu

Let
ter‘
H’

 Honest  Ar
cheol
og  Chol
era  Echo
y
 Hour  Char
isma  Loch
 Ar
chi
tect
 Hei
r  Chemi
cal  Shepher
d
 Ar
chi
ves
 Honour  Chemi
st  Monar
ch
 Chaos
 Ache  Chor
us  Scheme
 Char
act
er
 Anchor  Choi
r  psy
ch

Let
ter‘
I
’

 Busi
ness

 Par
li
ament

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Let
ter‘
K’

 Knock  Kneel  Kni

ght  Know

 Knapsack  Knel
l  Kni
t  Knowl
edg
e
 Knav
e  Knew  Knob
 Knuckl
e
 Knead  Kni
cker
s  Knock

 Knee  Kni
fe  Knot

Let
ter‘
L’

 Cal
m  Wal
k  Cal
f  Fol
k

 Hal
f  Woul
d  Sal
mon  Bal
k

 Tal
k  Shoul
d  Yol
k

Let
ter‘
N’

 Aut
umn  Condemn  Hy
mn

 Col
umn  Damn  Sol
emn

Let
ter‘
O’

 Lesson

Let
ter‘
P’

 Psy
chol
ogy  Psy
chi
atr
ist  Recei
pt

 Pneumoni
a  Psy
chot
her
apy  Cor
ps

 Pseudo  Psy
chot
ic  Coup

Let
ter‘
S’

 I
sland  Apr
opos

 Ai
sle  Bour
geoi
s

Let
ter‘
T’

 Apost
le  Bust
le  f
ast
en  hust
le

 Br
ist
le  Cast
le  gl
i
sten  j
ost
le

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 l
i
sten  nest
le  t
rest
le

 moi
sten  r
ust
le  whi
stl
e

 mor
tgage  t
hist
le  wr
est
le

Let
ter‘
U’

 baguet
te  di
sgui
se  gui
l
lot
ine  gui
tar

 bi
scui
t  guess  gui
l
t  r
ogue

 bui
l
d  gui
de  gui
l
ty  si
l
houet
te

 bui
l
t  gui
l
d  gui
l
ty  col
l
eague

 ci
rcui
t  gui
l
e  gui
se  t
ongue

Let
ter‘
W’

 awr
y  wr
eak  wr
iggl
e  wr
ong

 pl
aywr
ight  wr
eat
h  wr
ing  wr
it
he

 swor
d  wr
eck  wr
inkl
e  wr
ong

 wr
angl
e  wr
eckage  wr
ist  wr
ought

 wr
ap  wr
en  wr
it  wr
ung

 wr
apper  wr
ench  wr
it
e  wr
y

 wr
ath  wr
etched  wr
ote

Exer
cise

I
dent
if
ythesi
l
entl
ett
er(
s)i
n:

i
. debt
or v
ii
. pat
ios xi
i
i. Chr
ist
mas xi
x. Ri
cochet

i
i
. i
sl
e v
ii
i. t
hyme xi
v. Whet
her xx. Cl
othes

i
i
i. mock i
x. handsome xv
. Rappor
t xxi
. Cupboar
d

i
v. depot x. sandwi
ch xv
i. Bal
l
et xxi
i
. Faux

v
. acqui
t xi
. gov
ernment xv
ii
. Chal
et xxi
i
i. Mnemoni
c

v
i. womb xi
i
. l
i
sten xv
ii
i. Apl
omb xxi
v. Numb

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xxv
. Rendezv
ous xxv
ii
. Veget
abl
e xxi
x. mont
hs

xxv
i. Cat
alogue xxv
ii
i. Ast
hma xxx. debr
is

STRESS
Notall
syl
labl
esi
nawordaregivenequal
emphasi
s.Byt
hesamet
oken,
notal
lwor
dsi
na
sent
encearesai
dwi
thequall
ength.

Therel
ati
veemphasi
sthatmaybegivent
ocer
tai
nsy
ll
abl
esi
nawor
d,orcer
tai
nwor
dsi
na
sent
enceiswhatweref
ertoasst
ress.

Yousayasy
ll
abl
eorawor
disst
ressedwheni
tissai
dlouderorl
ongert
hant
her
est
.

St
ressi
sst
udi
edi
ntwol
evel
s:

(
a)Wor
dlev
el;
and

(
b)Sent
encel
evel
.

St
ressatt
heWor
dLev
el

Apar
tofacer
tai
nwor
dwhensai
dlouderorl
ongert
heni
tisst
ressed.

Rul
esofWor
dSt
ress

1.Fort
wo-
syl
l
abl
enounsandadj
ect
ives,
str
esst
hef
ir
st,
forexampl
e

Cl
oudycar
ton t
abl
e

2.Forver
bswi
tht
wosy
ll
abl
esandpr
eposi
ti
ons,
emphasi
zet
hesecondsy
ll
abl
e,f
or
example

3.Wor
dswi
tht
hreesy
ll
abl
es.

(
a)Thoseendi
ngi
n–er
,-l
y,emphasi
sputont
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
e,f
orexampl
e,

(
b)St
resst
hef
ir
st,
fort
hoseendi
ngi
nconsonant
sandi
n–y
,forexampl
e,

(
c)St
resst
hel
astsy
ll
abl
eift
hewor
dendsi
n–ee,
-ese,
-eer
,-i
que,
-et
te,
forexampl
e,

(
d)Lookatt
heoneswi
tht
hesuf
fi
xesbel
ow,
wher
est
ressi
spl
acedont
hesecond,

-
ary
:li
brar
y

Ci
al:
judi
cial
,commer
cial

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-
cian:
musi
cian,
cli
nici
an

-
tal
:capi
tal
,reci
tal

Str
essisimport
antinst
udy
ingt
heheteronyms.Apair
,orgr
oupofwordsi
srefer
redtoas
het
eronym whenthosewor
dsarespel
ledthesamewaybuthavedi
ff
erentpr
onunciat
ionand
meaning.Wehavetwomaincat
egori
esofheterony
ms:

(
a)Noun-v
erbpai
rs;
and

(
b)Ver
b-and-
adj
ect
ivepai
rs.

West
resst
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
eifnounandt
hesecondi
fver
b.

Exampl
esofnoun-
and-
ver
bpai
rsar
eincl
udedi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:

Noun Ver
b Noun Ver
b

Abuse Gr
aduat
e

Recor
d Cement

Conv
ert Wi
nd

Abuse Si
n

Cont
est Pr
oduce

Dupl
i
cat
e Excuse

Pol
i
sh I
nsul
t

Rebel Per
mit

I
nsent
ences;

(
a)Manyf
act
ori
espr
oducet
hepr
oducewei
mpor
t.

(
b)Al
l
anbecameaconv
ertaf
terdeci
dingt
oconv
ertt
ochr
ist
iani
ty.

Sent
enceSt
ress

Sent
encest
ressi
saccentoncer
tai
nwor
dswi
thi
nasent
ence.

Mostsent
enceshav
etwobasi
cwor
dty
pes:

(
a)Cont
entwor
dswhi
char
ethekeywor
dscar
ryi
ngt
hesenseormeani
ng-message.

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(
b)Str
ucturewordswhi
chjustmaket
hesent
encegr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.Theygi
vet
he
sentencei
tsstr
uct
ure.

Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Buymi
l
kfeel
i
ngt
ir
ed.

Thought
hesentenceisi
ncomplete,
youwi l
lprobablyunder
standthemessagei
nit
.Thef
our
wordsar
ethecontentwor
ds.Verbs,nouns,adject
ives,
arecontentwor
ds.

Youcanaddwor
dst
othesent
encet
ohav
esomet
hingl
i
ke:

Wi
l
lyoubuymemi
l
ksi
nceIam f
eel
i
ngt
ir
ed?

Thewords:
wil
l
,you,me,si
nce,
I,ar
ejustmeantt
omakethesent
encecor
rectgr
ammat
ical
l
y.
Theycanal
sobestr
essedtobri
ngtheint
endedmeani
ng.

Nowl
et’
sst
udyt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
.

Eachwor
dint
hesent
encecanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ngasi
l
lust
rat
edi
nthet
abl
e.

Sent
ence Meani
ng

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shedoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,butsomeoneel
sedoes.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. I
tisnott
ruet
hatJoant
hinkst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joandoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,sheknowst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. NotAki
nyi
,butsomeoneel
se.Pr
obabl
y
Nj
ugunaorAdhiambo.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
didsomet
hingt
othegr
een
ski
rt
,maybewashedit
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
stol
esomeoneel
se’
sgr
een
ski
rt
,butnotmi
ne.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shet
hinksAkiny
ist
olemyr
edski
rtwhi
chi
s
al
somissing.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joant
hinksAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenshi
rt
.She

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mi
spr
onouncedt
hewor
d.

Exer
cise1

1.Thewordsthatfol
l
owcanbenounsorverbsdependi
ngont
hest
ressedsy
ll
abl
e.Useeach
asbot
ht hever
bandnouni
nasinglesent
ence.

(
a)Cement (
b)Addr
ess (
c)Per
mit (
d)Cont
ent

2.Under
li
net
hepar
toft
hewor
dinbol
dfacey
ouwi
l
lst
ressi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

(
a)Theboyhasbeenaskedt
ode.
ser
tthede.
ser
t.

(
b)Myhandsomees.
cor
twi
l
les.
cor
tmet
othedance.

(
c)Af
terupdat
ingmyr
e.sume,
Iwi
l
lre.
sumemyj
obsear
ch.

(
d)Theyhav
etocon.
test
int
heannual
Mat
hcon.
test
.

(
e)I
fyoucon.
vi
ctme,
Iwi
l
lremai
nacon.
vi
ctf
or5y
ear
s.

Exer
cise2

Eachwor
dint
hesentencesbel
owcanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ng.Whatwi
l
lbet
he
meani
ngwheneachwordisstr
essed?

(
a)Il
ovey
oursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing.

(
b)Youcamel
atet
oday
.

I
NTONATI
ON
 I
tist
her
iseandf
all
ofv
oicei
nspeaki
ng.

 I
ntonat
ioni
scr
uci
alf
orcommuni
cat
ion.

 I
nEngl
i
sht
her
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ytwoki
ndsofi
ntonat
ion:
risi
ngandf
all
i
ng.

 Wecanusearrowst
oshowtheint
anotion–whet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ng.↘ r
epr
esent
sfal
l
ing
i
ntonat
ionwhi
l
e↗ repr
esent
stheri
singone.

Fal
l
ingI
ntonat
ion

 Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ioni
swhenwel
owerourv
oiceatt
heendofasent
ence.

 Thi
susual
l
yhappensi
n:

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(
a)St
atement
s,f
orexampl
e,

 Il
i
ke↘ bananas.

 I
tisni
cewor
kingwi
th↘y
ou.

 Shet
rav
ell
edt
o↘ El
dor
et.

(
b)W/
HQuest
ions

 Whati
syour↘name?

 Wher
edoy
ou↘l
i
ve?

 Howol
dar
e↘ y
ou?

 Whoi
sthi
syoung↘ man?

(
c)Commands

 Getout↘now.

 Gi
vemet
he↘money
.

 Cl
osey
our↘books.

(
d)Excl
amat
orysent
encese.
g.

 Whatawonder
ful
↘pr
esent
!

 How↘ni
ceofy
ou

Ri
singi
ntonat
ion

 Whenwel
owerourv
oice.

 Usedi
n:

 Gener
alQuest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouv
isi
tthem↗ of
ten?

Hav
eyouseen↗her
?

Ar
eyour
eadyt
o↗st
art
?

Coul
dyougi
vemea↗ pen,
please?

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 Al
ter
nat
ivequest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouwant↗cof
feeor↘t
ea?

Doeshespeak↗ Ki
swahi
l
ior↘Engl
i
sh?

 Bef
oret
agquest
ionse.
g.

Thi
sisabeaut
if
ul↘pl
ace,
↗isn’
tit
?

Sheknows↘ hi
m,↗ doesn’
tshe?

 Enumer
ati
nge.
g.

↗One,
↗two,
↗thr
ee,
↗four
,↘f
ive.

Shebought↗br
ead,
↗cheese,
↗or
anges,
and↘appl
es.

Exer
cise

Usi
nganar
row,
det
ermi
newhet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ngi
ntonat
ioni
susedi
nthesent
ences.

(
a)Thi
smusi
csoundsgood.

(
b)Il
ovewat
chi
nghor
rormov
ies.

(
c)Mysi
ster
’snamei
sAmi
na.

(
d)Bl
uei
smyf
avour
it
ecol
our
.

(
e)I
sthatt
vgood?

(
f)Doy
oul
i
ket
hatmov
ie?

(
g)Ar
eyouhungr
y?

(
h)Getmemyshoes.

(
i)St
udyy
ourl
essonsnow.

(
j)Ar
eyoui
nsane?

(
k)Howmanymor
ehour
sbef
orey
ouar
edonewi
thy
ourwor
k?

(
l)Whi
chnov
eli
sthebestf
ory
ou?

(
m)Hei
sal
i
ttl
ebi
tner
vous,
isn’
the?

(
n)Youshoul
dli
stent
oyourpar
ent
s’adv
ice.

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(
o)Di
dyouf
ini
shy
ourhomewor
k?

(
p)Wat
eri
sgoodf
ort
hebody
.

(
q)Thi
sisgood!

(
r)Whatacr
azyshow.

SECTI
ON2:
SHORTFORMS

PUNS/
WORDPLAY
Apunisafor
m ofwor dpl
ayt
hatsuggest
ssever
almeani
ngs,byei
therexpl
oit
ingthemulti
ple
meani
ngsofawor d,
orsubst
it
uti
ngawordforanot
hersi
mil
arsoundingword,theresul
tof
whi
chishumorous.

Apuni
sal
soknownaspar
onomasi
a.

Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesofpuns:

(
a)Homophoni
cpuns

Thi
siswher
eawordi
ssubsti
tutedf
oranot
hersi
mil
arsoundi
ngwor
dorwor
dpr
onounced
al
mostint
hesameway.Forexample,

Fi
sher
menar
ereelmen.

Expl
anat
ion:
Ther
eisat
wistont
hewor
d‘r
eel
’whi
chi
sor
igi
nal
l
ysupposedt
obespel
t‘r
eal
’
.

Cany
ounowexpl
aint
hepuni
nthef
oll
owi
nghomophoni
cpuns?

1.Whatdoseamonst
erseatf
orl
unch?Fi
shandshi
ps.

2.Iam onaseaf
ooddi
et.Ev
eryt
imeIseef
ood,
Ieati
t.

3.Di
dyouaboutt
heI
tal
i
anchefwi
tht
ermi
nal
il
lness?Hepastaway
.

4.Beaut
yisi
ntheey
eoft
hebeerhol
der
.

5.Whatt
eadohockeypl
ayer
sdr
ink?Penal
tt
ea

6.Whatdoghost
sser
vef
ordesser
t?Iscr
eam.

7.Whatdi
dthet
reesy
atot
heaut
umn?Leafmeal
one.

8.Whatdi
dtheboycatsayt
othegi
rlcatonv
alent
ine’
sday
?You’
repur
r-
fectf
orme.

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9.WhatdaydoesanEast
eregghat
ethemost
?Fr
y-day
s.

10.Whydi
dthesci
ent
isti
nst
all
aknockeronhi
sdoor
?Hewant
edt
owi
ntheNo-
bel
lpr
ize!

(
b)Homogr
aphi
cpuns

Homographicpuni
sfor
medbyusingawor
dthathasmul
ti
plemeani
ngs.Youmi
ghtnott
ell
whatexact
lywhatt
hespeakermeans.

Forexampl
e;

Rosei
sthef
lowerofmyl
i
fe.

Expl
anat
ion:
Thewor
d‘Rose’
isaf
emal
ename.i
tcoul
dbet
heper
sont
hespeakerl
oves.

I
tisal
soat
ypeoff
lower
.

Theot
herexampl
esar
e;

1.Mymat
hteachercal
l
edmeav
erage.Howmean!

2.Whatdopr
isoner
suset
ocal
leachot
her
?Cel
lphones.

3.Nomat
terhowmuchy
oupusht
heenv
elope,
it’
l
lremai
nst
ati
oner
y.

4.Hav
eyouev
ert
ri
edt
oeatacl
ock?I
t’
sver
yti
meconsumi
ng.

5.Awai
sti
sat
err
ibl
ethi
ngt
omi
nd.

6.Iam r
eadi
ngabookaboutant
i-
grav
ity
.It
’si
mpossi
blet
oputdown.

7.Whatpar
toff
oot
bal
lgr
oundi
snev
ert
hesame?Thechangi
ngr
oom.

8.Iwantt
otel
lyouachemi
str
yjokebutIknowIwi
l
lnotgetar
eact
ion.

9.Whydi
dthebeegetmar
ri
ed?Becausehef
oundhi
shoney
.

10.Di
dyouhearaboutt
heguywhogothi
tint
heheadwi
thacanofsoda?Hewasl
uckyi
t
wasasof
tdri
nk.

Feat
uresofPuns

Punsar
echar
act
eri
zedby
;

1.Theyar
eshor
t.

2.Theyar
ehumor
ous.

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Funct
ionsofPuns

Theyser
vef
unct
ionssuchas:

(
a)Teachi
ngpr
onunci
ati
on.Forexampl
e,homophones.

(
b)Enhanci
ngcr
eat
ivi
ty.Onehast
othi
nki
nor
dert
ofor
mthei
rpuns.

(
c)Ent
ert
aini
ng.Whensai
donewonder
swhatt
hespeakeri
ntends,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

Exer
cise

Expl
aint
hepuni
n:

(
a)Iusedt
obeabankerbutIl
osti
nter
est
.

(
b)Abi
cycl
ecan’
tst
andoni
tsownbecausei
tist
wo-
ti
red.

(
c)Idon’
ttr
ustt
hesest
air
sbecauset
heyar
eal
way
supt
osomet
hing.

(
d)Sant
a’shel
per
sar
eknownassubor
dinat
ecl
auses.

(
e)Themanwhodr
ankbat
ter
yaci
dgotchar
ged.

TONGUETWI
STERS
 Aphraseorasent
encewhichishar
dtospeakf
astbecauseofal
l
iter
ati
onorasequenceof
near
lysi
mil
arsoundsi
sthetonguetwi
ster
.

 I
tiswort
hnoti
ngthatther
eisusual
l
ytheuseofmnemoni
cfeat
ure(
sounddev
icesorsound
pat
ter
ns)int
hetonguetwist
ers.

 Letusr
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
onguet
wist
ersf
ast
.

 Shesel
l
sseashel
l
sont
heseashor
e.

 Anynoi
seannoy
sanoy
sterbutnoi
synoi
seannoy
sanoy
stermor
e.

 Ki
ndl
yki
tt
enskni
tt
ingmi
tt
enskeepkazooi
ngi
ntheki
ng’
ski
tchen.

SoundPat
ter
nsi
nTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Readt
het
onguet
wist
erbel
owf
ast
.

Shesawaf
ishont
heseashor
eandIam sur
ethef
ishshesawont
heseashor
ewasasaw-
fi
sh.

I
nt hewor ds:she,
shor eandsure,
thereist
herepeti
ti
onoftheconsonantsound/
ᶴ/att
he
beginningofthewor ds.Thi
sisall
i
terati
on.
All
iter
ationistherepeti
ti
onoftheini
tial
consonantsoundi
nthenearbywords.

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Cany
ouidenti
fyanyotheri
nst
anceofall
it
erat
ioni
ntheabov
et onguetwist
er?
2.Readthi
sothertonguetwi
sterandt
akenoteofthehi
ghl
ightedl
ett
ers.

Askunksatonast
umpandt
hankt
hest
umpst
unk,
butt
hest
umpt
hankt
heskunkst
unk.

Thesoundpat
ter
nher
eisconsonance.

Consonanceistherepet
it
ionoftheinnerconsonantsoundi
nthenear
bywor
ds.Ani
nner
soundisthatwhichcomesafterthefi
rst
.

Ther
eisanot
heri
nst
anceofconsonance.Cany
oui
l
lust
rat
eit
?

3.Repet
it
ion

 I
nmosttonguetwister
s,t
hereisrepet
it
ionofwor
dsorphr
ases.I
n(1)abov
e,t
hewor
ds
‘
saw’
,‘
fi
sh’
,etc.havebeenrepeat
ed.

 Nowpi
ckoutt
hewor
dsandphr
asesr
epeat
edi
ntheset
onguet
wist
ers.

(
a)I
fyoutel
lTom t
otel
lat
onguet
wist
er,
hist
onguewi
l
lbet
wist
edast
onguet
wist
er
t
wist
stongues.

(
b)Thesi
xthsi
ckShei
k’
ssi
xthsheep’
ssi
ck.

4.Assonance

Let
’sl
ookat
:

Howmuchwoodcoul
dawoodchopperchop,
ifawoodchoppercoul
dchopwood?

Ther
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
he/
u:/i
nthewor
ds;
wood,
coul
d.Thi
sisassonance.

Assonancei
sther
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
ds.

Feat
uresofTongueTwi
ster
s

At
onguet
wist
erwi
l
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

(
1)i
tisshor
tandbr
ief
.

(
2)I
tisal
l
iter
ati
ve.

Funct
ionsofTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Theyent
ert
ain.Whenoneconf
usest
hepr
onunci
ati
onofsounds,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

2.Theyt
eachpr
onunci
ati
on.Wecan,
forexampl
e,l
ear
nthepr
onunci
ati
onoft
hesounds/
f/
and/v
/,/
s/and/ᶴ
/etc.

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3.Enhancecr
eat
ivi
ty.

Exer
cise1

Wi
thi
l
lust
rat
ions,
ident
if
ythesoundpat
ter
nsi
n:

(
a)I
t’
snott
hecought
hatcar
ri
esy
ouof
f,i
t’
sthecof
fi
ntheycar
ryy
ouof
fin!

(
b)I
ftwowi
tcheswer
ewat
chi
ngt
wowat
ches,
whi
chwi
tchwoul
dwat
chwhi
chwat
ch?

(
c)I
fabl
ackbugbl
eedsbl
ackbl
ood,
whatcol
ourofbl
ooddoesabl
uebugbl
eed?

(
d)Iwi
sht
owashmyI
ri
shwat
ch.

Exer
cise2

Readt
hei
tem bel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t:

Wesur
elyshal
lseet
hesunshi
nesoon.

(
a)I
dent
if
ythegenr
e.

(
b)Whi
cht
wosoundshast
hei
tem beenusedt
oteach?

RI
DDLES
 Ar
iddl
eisast
atementoraquest
ionwi
thv
eil
edmeani
ngposedasapuzzl
etobesol
ved.

 Ther
iddl
espl
ayf
unct
ionssuchas:

 Theyboostt
hecr
eat
ivi
tyofki
ds.

 Theyent
ert
ain.

 Someexampl
esofr
iddl
esi
ncl
ude:

 Whatget
swet
terandwet
tert
hemor
eitdr
ies?At
owel
.

 Whatcany
oucat
chbutnott
hrow?Acol
d.

 Whatgoesar
oundt
hewor
ldbutst
aysi
nacor
ner
?Ast
amp.

 Gi
vemef
ood,
andIwi
l
lli
ve;
giv
emewat
er,
andIwi
l
ldi
e.Whatam I?Fi
re.

Ri
ddl
i
ngPr
ocess

 Ther
ear
etwopar
ti
esi
nvol
ved:
theaudi
ence(
respondent
s)andt
hechal
l
enger
(ort
her
iddl
er)
.

 Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
l
yfourst
agesofar
iddl
i
ngpr
ocess,
butatt
imessi
x.

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 Thepar
tsoft
her
iddl
i
ngpr
ocessar
e:

(
1)Ther
iddl
erchal
l
engestheaudi
ence.Thechal
lengediff
ersfr
om communi
tyt
ocommuni
ty.
Somephrasesusedherei
ncl
ude:ri
ddler
iddl
e!,Ihav
ear i
ddle!Et
c.

(
2)Ther
espondent
sacceptt
hechal
l
enge.Thei
nvi
tat
ionsi
ncl
ude:
riddl
ecome!Thr
owi
t!Et
c.

(
3)Ther
iddl
ert
henposest
her
iddl
e.

(
4)Theguessorguesses.Theaudi
encet
ri
est
ocomeupwi
tht
hesol
uti
on.I
ftheyar
eunabl
e,
thent
henextpartf
oll
ows.

(
5)Thechal
lengerasksforapri
ze.Thepr
izecanbeat
ownorci
ty,
oranyot
hert
hing.The
chal
l
engeracceptsthepri
ze.

(
6)Thent
hesol
uti
oni
sgi
venbyt
hechal
l
enger
.

Exer
cise

Readt
her
iddl
i
ngconv
ent
ionbel
owandt
heni
dent
if
yit
ssi
xpar
ts.

Chall
enger:
Ihav eari
ddle!
Respondent:Throwit
.
Chall
enger:
Whatcomesdownbutnev ergoesup?
Respondent:Wind
Chall
enger:
no, t
ryagain.
Respondent:Bi
rd
Chall
enger:
Whatwi ll
yougivemeifIoff
erthesolut
ion?
Respondent:Youwill
havetheent
ir
efir
etoy our
self
.
Chall
enger:
Theansweri srai
n.

SECTI
ON3:
SOUNDPATTERNSI
NPOEMS

ASSONANCEANDALLI
TERATI
ONI
NPOEMS
Assonanceandalli
terat
ionaresoundpat
ter
nsusedinthepoem.Whi l
eassonancemakesuse
ofvowelsounds,al
lit
erati
onmakesuseofconsonantsounds.Thesesoundsar
erepeat
edint
he
wordsclosetooneanot her.

Nowr
eadt
hepoem bel
owal
oudbySt
evenHender
son.

Pat
hChoi
ces

Best
,Boy,
Beli
eve
That
,Ther
e,Two

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Pl
aced,
Possi
ble,
Pat
hs
Will
i
ng,Want i
ng, Wait
ing
Apprai
sing,Asking,Appl
ying
Lessons,Learned,Leads
Compass,Chosen,
Cour
se
Fool
s,Fi
nd,Fat
e
Si
n,Str
eet,
Set
Dri
v en,Determi
ne,Desti
ny
Sear ching,
Seeki
ng,Seei
ng
Offer i
ng,Openl
y,Oft
en
I
nt hepoem y oureal
izether
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
hebegi
nni
ngconsonantsounds.Lookatt
he
i
ll
ust rati
ons:

 Best
,Boy
,Bel
i
eves–sound/
b/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

 Pl
aced,
Possi
ble,
Pat
hs–sound/
p/i
srepeat
ed

Thi
srepet
it
ionofi
nit
ial
consonantsoundsi
sal
l
iter
ati
on.I
ll
ust
rat
eot
heri
nst
ancesofal
l
iter
ati
on
i
nthepoem.

Therei
sal
sor
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthewor
dscl
oset
oeachot
her
.Exampl
eswehav
e
seenar
e:

 Seeki
ng,
seei
ng–t
hesound/
i:
/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

 Openl
y,Of
ten–t
hesound/
e/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

Thi
srepet
it
iononv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
dsi
sassonance.

Fur
therPr
act
ice

Pi
ckoutal
lthei
nst
ancesofassonanceandal
l
iter
ati
oni
nthepoem t
hatf
oll
ows.

MyPuppyPunchedMei
ntheEy
e

Mypuppypunchedmei ntheeye
Myrabbitwhackedmyear
Myferr
etgaveaf r
ightf
ulcry
Androundhousekickedmyr ear

Myli
zardfl
i
ppedmeupsidedown
Mykit
tenki
ckedmyhead
Myhamstersl
ammedmet otheground
Andl
eftmenearl
ydead

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Somyadv i
ce?Avoidregr
ets;
Nomatterwhatyoudo
Don’
teverl
etyourfamil
ypets
Takel
essonsinkungFu

CONSONANCE

Justli
kealli
ter
ati
on,
consonancemakesuseofconsonantsounds,onl
ythatt
hesesoundsar
ein
i
nt heinnerpart
softhewords(mi
ddl
eorend,butnotbeggi
ning).

Ther
eareil
l
ustr
ati
onsfort
hisinthetwopoemswehav
eread.I
nthepoem ‘
MyPuppyPunched
meintheEye’
ther
earetheil
lust
rat
ionsasfol
l
ow.

 r
abbi
t,wacked–t
hesound/
t/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

 hamst
ersl
ammed–t
her
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
hesound/
m/

Note:Al
li
ter
ati
on,assonance,
andconsonancedon’
thav
etohav
ethesamel
ett
ers–i
tist
he
soundthatmustber epeat
ed.

Rol
ePl
ayedbyAl
l
iter
ati
on,
Assonance,
andConsonance

1.Pr
ovi
demusi
cal
rhy
thm.

2.Makepoem i
nter
est
ing.

3.Maket
hepoem easi
ert
omemor
ize.

Exer
cise

Readthepoem bel
owandt
heni
dent
if
y,wi
thi
l
lust
rat
ions,
inst
ancesofal
l
iter
ati
on,
assonance
andconsonance.

BLACKBREWRI
ESBRAVENES

ByJohnChi
zuba

Bl
ackbr ewer i
esbr aveness
I
ninki ncorporativ
ei ndiv
idual
ism
Thoset i
nnyt racersticki
ngTime
Be-l
it
tleblackbr avenessbasel essly
Mirr
ormymot ionmov esmoment ousl
y
Dir
ecteddi agonal deeply
Hurthumanshear theav y
Becausebet t
erblackbel i
eves
Dedicati
on, determineddest i
nies

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Ofouroddity,
obviousl
yoccupied
Wewel comewor ldwordswit
hwar rant
Blacksbui
ltbrav
enessbuxom but terf
li
es
Enli
ghtmentenchanti
ngegoenl arged
Decadebravenessdebutdeli
ghtfully.

RHYME
 Rhymi
ngwor
dsar
ethewor
dst
hatsoundt
hesameatt
heends.Exampl
esofr
hymi
ngwor
ds
ar
e:

 Whenapoem hasr
hymi
ngwor
dsatt
heendofi
tsl
i
nes,
thesear
ecal
l
ed‘
endr
hymes’
.Look
att
heset
woli
nes:

Thatkeepmel ockedupt i
ght
All
ofthet hi
ngst hatmakemef eelnotr
ight
Thewor ds‘t
ight’and‘r
ight’
rhy
me.
 Bycontrast,
internalr
hyme/mi ddlerhyme,i
sar
hymet
hatoccur
sei
therwhen:

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsoccurwi
thi
nthesamel
i
ne;

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsappeari
nthemi
ddl
eoft
wosepar
atel
i
nes,
orsomet
imes
more;

 Awor
datt
heendofal
i
ner
hymeswi
thoneormor
eint
hemi
ddl
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
ne.

 Readt
hepoem bel
owandt
hent
ryt
oident
if
ythei
nst
ancesofr
hymei
nit
.

My
sti
cTr
avel

My
sti
ctr
avel
time

Tooendl
essi
slandsi
nyourmi
nd

Ti
nyl
i
ght
smaj
est
icandf
ree

Opent
heski
essoarme

Tr
avel
yourmi
ndsunseenr
oad

Tomy
ster
iousl
andssecr
etsunt
old

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Themount
ainsv
all
eyl
ayqui
et

Asashowercar
ri
esaway

Thewar
mthofanev
eni
ngbr
eeze

Bui
l
tfr
om wi
thi
naday

Heatdancesshadowsont
hel
akesf
ier
ybay

Const
ruct
ingt
empl
eswher
egodscoul
dpl
ay

Todayi
sthef
inestpi
ece

Fort
ranqui
lempt
iness

Suggest
ionsoff
luentsensat
ions

Congr
egat
edi
l
lusi
onsofmast
urbat
ions

Sy
mpat
hiz
ether
ichnessoft
het
rut
h

Ener
gizet
heexpect
edt
hought
sofy
out
h

Readi
ngt
hepoem al
oud,
wecanpoi
ntoutsev
eral
rhy
mingcoupl
ets.Theyi
ncl
udeamongot
her
s:

 Fr
eeandme

 Awayandday

 Sensat
ionsandmast
urbat
ions

 Tr
uthandy
out
h

I
nter
nal
Rhy
mei
nSepar
ateLi
nes

Her
eisar
etwoexampl
esofpai
rsofl
i
neswi
thmi
ddl
erhy
mesi
nsepar
atel
i
nes.

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Iseearedboatt
hathasaredfl
ag
Justl
i
kemyr edcoatandmyli
tt
ler
edpai
l

Thewor
ds‘
boat
’and‘
coat
’rhy
me.

I
’dli
ketojumpi
ntot
heocean
Butdon’
tdumpmeinst
ead.

Ther
hymi
ngwor
dsar
e‘j
ump’
and‘
dump’
.

Nowreadt
hest
anzabel
owf
rom t
hepoem ‘
TheRav
en’
andi
dent
if
yal
lthepai
rsofr
hymi
ng
wor
ds.

Onceuponami dni
ghtdr eary,whilei
Pondered,weakandwear y
Overmanyaquai ntandcur i
ousv olumeof
Forgott
enlore.
WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenly
Therecameat apping
Asifsomeonegent l
yrapping,rappingat
Mychamberdoor
’
’Ti
ssomev i
sit
or,
’’Imuttered,’
’tappingat
Mychamberdoor ;
Onlythi
s,andnothingmor e.’
’
RhymeScheme

 Thi
sisawayofdescr
ibi
ngt
hepat
ter
noft
heendr
hymesi
napoem.

 Thepoi
ntsbel
owwi
l
lhel
pyoui
nreadi
ngandnot
ati
ngt
her
hymescheme.

 Eachnewsoundatt
heendofal
i
nei
sgi
venal
ett
er.

 Thel
ett
ersst
artwi
th‘
a’,
then‘
b’
,andsoon.

 Ifanendsoundr
epeat
stheendsoundofanear
li
erl
i
ne,
itget
sthesamel
ett
erast
hat
earl
ierl
i
ne.

 Herearefourdi
ff
erentst
anzas,
eachwi
thadi
ff
erentr
hymescheme,
thatcanhel
pyou
under
standrhymescheme.

1.Fr
om Voi
cesi
nMyHead,
byI
vorDav
ies

Suddenl
yav
oiceappear
s

Iheari
tinmymi
nd

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Wi
thi
nmyheadnoti
nmyear
s

Notoft
henor
mal
kind

Ther
hymeschemei
s:abab

I
tisr
egul
arr
hymeschemeasi
tiseasyt
opr
edi
ctwhent
hesoundwi
l
lnextappear
.

2.Fr
om Fal
l
ingRai
ndr
ops’
Pray
erf
ort
heBr
oken.

Ipr
ayf
ort
hecr
ying

Fort
hehur
tandt
hedy
ing

Fort
hosebur
nedandscr
eami
ng

Foreachhel
percr
ying

Ther
hymeschemei
saaaaa

Thi
stooi
sregul
ar.

3.Fr
om t
hepoem byRober
tBr
oadbent
.

Ear
lyorl
ate,

Pat
ient…can’
twai
t

Lostory
ourf
ound

Thewor
ldgoesar
ound

Ther
hymeschemeher
eisaabb.Thi
sisaRegul
arscheme

4.Fr
om HappyHol
i
day
sbyJohnLumber
.

Chr
ist
masEv
e

Ohhowsupr
eme!

WhenSant
acomes

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Ev
eryni
ght
!

Then,
nextday
,

Ij
ustcan’
twai
t,

Whent
het
reei
sal
lal
i
ght
.

Ther
hymeschemei
sabcdedd.Thi
sisi
rr
egul
ar.

Theirr
egul
arr
hymeschemeoccur
swheny
oucan’
tpr
edi
ctwhent
heendsoundwi
l
lbe
repeat
ed.

WhyRhy
me?

(
a)Rhy
mecr
eat
esr
hyt
hm i
nthepoem.

(
b)I
tal
somakesr
eadi
ngorr
eci
ti
ngt
hepoem i
nter
est
ing.

(
c)Thepoem i
sal
somadeeasyt
omemor
ize.

Exer
cise1

Descr
ibet
her
hymeschemeoft
hepoem bel
owbyRober
tBr
oadbent
.

OneDayataTi
me

Happyorsad
Gooddaysorbad
Cher
ryordown
Theworl
dgoesaround

Giv
euport r
y
Outgoingorshy
Asmileorafrown,
Thewor l
dgoesaround

Earl
yorlat
e,
Pati
ent…can’
twait,
Lostoryourf
ound,
Theworldgoesaround

Angr
y,ser
ene

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Outspoken,unsent
Tenseorunwound,
Theworldgoesar ound

Al
l f
uturedays,
Arehiddeninhaze,
Don’tworry
,justl
earn,
Toletthewor l
dtur
n.

Exer
cise2

Theincomplet
epoem bel
owhast
her
hy aabccbddebf
mescheme: e.Compl
etei
twi
th
appr
opriat
ewor ds.

Deathdidnott akePari
ssil
ently
Rumbl edthegravescreaming______
_____
______
____
__
Nochi l
dslepteasythat_____
_____
_____
______
__
Twent yminutesofterr
orwaking
Weeonesf r
om sleepincoldsweats______
______
____
___
___
___
_
Steal
ingtheirpeaceful
bir
thri
ght.

I
ndeli
bleimprintsof_ _
__________
_ _
______
__
I
ngrai
nediny oungpsy chesf orever;
Posttr
aumaticst r
esssy ndrome.
Theymayage, buttheywillnot_______
_____
___
___
__
Thebloodydeat hthatevil
beget s
Shadowslurkindr eaming’sgloam.
(ByCati
eLindsey )

RHYTHM I
NPOETRY

SECTI
ON4:
MASTERYOFCONTENT

DEBATE
 Af
ormal
cont
estofar
gument
ati
onbet
weent
wosi
desi
swhatdebat
eis.

 Debat
eembodi
est
hei
deal
sofr
easonedar
gument
,andt
oler
ancef
ordi
ver
gentpoi
ntsof
vi
ew.

 Ther
ear
etwosi
desi
nthedebat
e:t
hepr
oposi
ti
onandt
heopposi
ti
on.

 Theset
wot
eamsar
epr
esent
edwi
thar
esol
uti
on,
suchas,
‘Gi
rl
sandBoy
sShoul
dpl
ayi
na

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mi
xedf
oot
bal
lteam.
’

 Thet
eamsar
egi
venenoughpr
epar
ati
ont
ime.

 Thet
eam af
fi
rmi
ngt
her
esol
uti
onspeaksf
ir
st.

 Theopposingteam t
henmustref
utet
hear
gument
sof
fer
edbyt
heaf
fi
rmi
ngt
eam andof
fer
argument
sr ej
ecti
ngther
esol
uti
on.

 Bot
hsidesar
egi
vent
heoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
esentt
hei
rposi
ti
onsandt
odi
rect
lyquest
iont
he
ot
hert
eam.

 Neut
ralj
udge(
s)t
henev
aluat
etheper
suasi
venessoft
hear
gument
sandof
ferconst
ruct
ive
f
eedback.

Pr
epar
ati
onTi
me

Thi
sist
heti
mey ouhav
efr
om whent
hemot
ioni
sannouncedt
othebegi
nni
ngoft
hedebat
e.
Dur
ingt
hist
ime:

1.Resear
chont
hemot
iont
ogetf
act
s.Thef
act
scanbegotf
rom t
het
eacher
s,ot
herst
udent
s,
et
c.

2.Wr
it
enot
esont
hef
act
s.Youcanoncei
nawhi
l
elookatt
hem dur
ingy
ourpr
esent
ati
on.

3.Pr
act
icehowt
ospeak.Doi
tinf
rontoff
ri
endsandr
elat
ives,
aswel
lasi
nfr
ontofami
rr
or.

4.I
fanxi
ous,dosomephy
sical
exer
cise.Youcanal
sot
akeadeepbr
eat
hjustbef
orey
our
pr
esent
ati
on.

5.Dr
essdecent
ly.

Poi
ntsDel
i
ver
y

Her
ear
ethepoi
ntst
hatwi
l
lhel
pyoubesuccessf
uldur
ingy
ourpoi
ntsdel
i
ver
y:

1.Del
i
very
ourpoi
ntsi
naconf
identandper
suasi
veway
.

2.Var
yyourt
onet
omakey
ousoundi
nter
est
ing.Li
steni
ngt
oonet
onei
sbor
ing.

3.Speakqui
tel
oudl
ytobecomf
ort
abl
yhear
dbyev
ery
onei
nther
oom.Shout
ingdoesnotwi
n
debat
es.

4.Makeey
econt
actwi
thy
ouraudi
ence,
butkeepshi
ft
ingy
ourgaze.Don’
tst
areatoneper
son.

5.Conci
sel
yandcl
ear
lyexpr
essy
ourpoi
ntst
obeunder
stoodbyy
ouraudi
encemember
s.

6.Pr
ovi
deapr
ooff
oreachpoi
nty
ouputacr
oss.I
fyoudon’
tyouwi
l
lnotear
napoi
nt.

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7.Speaksl
owlyandenunci
ateyourwor
ds.Whenyousl
owdowny ourspeech,
yougi
vey
our
audi
enceandthej
udgemor eti
metoprocessy
ourst
rongpoi
nts.

8.Usegest
urest
oel
abor
ateony
ourpoi
nts.

9.Pauset
odi
vi
dey
ourmaj
orpoi
nts.

Heckl
i
ng

 Onl
ysuppor
ti
veandar
gument
ati
veheckl
i
ngi
sper
mit
ted.

 Heckl
ingi
sabri
efphr
ase(
aboutt
wowor
ds)orot
hernon-v
erbal
act
ionst
hatar
edi
rect
edt
o
t
hejudgeoft
hedebat
e.

 Theyarer
emindertothej
udget
opaycl
oseat
tent
iont
othemessagei
mmedi
atel
y
expr
essedbythespeaker
.

 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofheckl
es:

 Thoset
hatar
enon-
ver
bal
,suchas,

(
a)Rappi
ngt
heknuckl
esont
hedeskt
op.

(
b)Rappi
ngt
hepal
m ont
hedesk.

(
c)St
ampi
ngt
hef
eet

Theyaremeanttoencour
aget
hej
udget
oheedapar
ti
cul
arl
yst
rongpoi
ntbei
ngmade
bythespeaker
.

 Thoset
hatar
ever
bal
,suchas,

(
a)Obj
ect
ive

(
b)Ev
idence

(
c)Poi
ntofi
nfor
mat
ion

Theyar
esaidaf
terst
andingupbyonememberoftheopposi
ngsi
de.Thesear
emeantt
oal
ert
thej
udget
oaproblem i
nt heopposi
ngsi
de’
sar
gument.

Exer
cise

Aft
eryoudeli
very
ourpoi
ntsduri
ngthedebate,
ever
yonecl
apsf
ory
ou.Howcoul
dyouhav
e
del
iver
edyourpoi
ntst
oearnthei
rheckl
ing?

I
NTERVI
EWS
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Haveyoueveratt
endedtheformalmeeti
ngswhereyouareaskedquesti
onsandareexpected
tor
espondtothem?Mor ethanonceyouwil
lbeinvi
tedt
oat t
endint
ervi
ews.Youcanalsoinvi
te
someonetoint
ervi
ew.Forthi
sreason,y
oushoul
dsomei nter
viewti
ps.

Thetwoparti
cipant
sinani
nter
viewar
ethei
nter
viewer(
att
imesapanel
ofi
nter
viewer
s),
and
thei
nter
viewee.

Ti
psf
ort
heI
nter
viewees

JobI
nter
viewPr
epar
ati
ons

Ifyoureal
lywanttobeconsideredforapar
ti
cul
arj
obfoll
owi
nganint
ervi
ew,youhav
eto
adequatelypr
eparetosucceed.Thefol
lowi
ngaret
heprepar
ati
onst
heint
erv
ieweewoul
dputi
n
placebeforet
heinter
view:

(
a)Contacty
ourref
ereest
oal
ertt
hem t
haty
ouwi
l
lbei
nter
viewedandt
heyar
eli
kel
yto
recei
veacal
l.

(
b)Pr
epar
eyourdocument
s.Makesur
etheyar
eneatandwel
lar
ranged.

(
c)Knowt helocati
onwhereyouar
ehav
ingt
hei
nter
view.I
twi
l
lhel
pyouknowhowl
ongi
t
wil
ltakeyout oreacht
her
e.

(
d)Dosomer
esear
chaboutt
heor
gani
zat
ion.

(
e)Pr
epar
ewhatt
owearandhowt
ogr
oom.

(
f)Ant
ici
pat
epot
ent
ial
quest
ionsandpr
epar
eanswer
scor
rect
ly.

(
g)Ar
ri
veear
lyenoughf
ort
hei
nter
view.

(
h)Pr
eparequest
ionstoaskthei
nter
vieweratt
heend.I
twi
l
lshowhowmuchy
ouar
e
i
nter
estedi
nwor ki
ngther
e.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view;

(
a)Gr
eett
hei
nter
viewer
.

(
b)Knockont
hedoorandwai
tforr
esponsebef
orey
ouent
er.Shutt
hedoorbehi
ndy
ou
qui
etl
y.

(
c)Wai
tunt
ily
ouar
eof
fer
edt
heseatbef
oresi
tt
ing.

(
d)Si
torst
andupr
ightandl
ookal
ertt
hroughout
.

(
e)Makegoodey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
viewert
oshowy
ouar
ehonest
.

(
f)Expl
ainy
ouranswer
swhenev
erpossi
bleandav
oidanswer
ingquest
ionswi
thy
es/
noas

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answer
s.

(
g)Answerquest
ionshonest
ly.Don’
tev
erl
i
e!

CommonBl
under
syouMUSTAv
oid

Av
oidf
all
i
ngf
oul
oft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Tur
ningupl
atef
ort
hei
nter
view.

2.Dr
essi
ngandgr
oomi
ngi
nappr
opr
iat
ely
.

3.Gi
vi
ngsi
mpl
eyes/
noasanswer
s.

4.Speaki
ngnegat
ivel
yabouty
ourpr
evi
ousempl
oyer
.

5.Si
tt
ingbef
orei
nvi
ted.

6.Di
scussi
ngt
ime-
offormoney
.

AsanI
nter
viewer

Bef
oret
heI
nter
view:

1.Wr
it
edownquest
ionst
oask.

2.Cal
lthepr
ospect
iveempl
oyee’
sref
erees.

3.Pr
epar
ethepl
acef
ort
hei
nter
view.

4.Al
ertt
hei
nter
vieweeaboutt
hei
nter
view.Ment
iont
het
imeandpl
ace.

5.Ar
ri
veear
lyf
ort
hei
nter
view.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view:

1.Al
l
owt
hem enought
imet
orespondt
oquest
ions.

2.Encouraget
hem t
ospeakby
,forexampl
e,noddi
ngy
ourheadwhent
heyanswer
questi
ons.

3.Speakandaskquest
ionspol
i
tel
y.Bef
ri
endl
ybutf
ormal
asmuchasy
oucan.

4.Makeey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
vieweet
oshowy
ouar
eli
steni
ngt
othem.

Exer
cise1

y
ouar
ethesecr
etar
yofj
our
nal
i
sm Cl
ubatMaembeDodoMi
xedSchool
.OnFr
idayy
ouwoul
d

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l
i
ket
oint
erv
iewy
ourschool
Deput
yPr
inci
pal
ont
hei
ssueofSt
udent
s’Di
sci
pli
ne.

(
a)Wr
it
edownanyt
hreequest
ionsy
ouwoul
daskhi
m/her
.

(
b)Ot
hert
hanwr
it
ingdownquest
ionst
oask,
howel
sewoul
dyoupr
epar
epr
epar
efort
hisday
?

(
c)St
atef
ourt
hingsy
ouwoul
ddoasy
oui
nter
viewhi
m.

Exer
cise2

Readt
heconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t.

MsNaomi :Wel comet oourDoct or’

sof f
ice.
Mr.Josh:Ni cet obeher e.
MsNaomi :Iseef rom y ourresumet hatyouar eacar diologistwith10yearsofpractice.
Mr.Josh:That ’sright .
MsNaomi :Thisi nterv i
ewi sjusttogett oknowy oual itt
leandt hentherearefol
lowup
i
nter
views.Sowhatdoy oudoi ny ourfreetime?
Mr.Josh:Ilikegol f i
ngandswi mmi ng.Ialsoliketoreadnewspaper s.
MsNaomi :
Whydi dy ouwantt obeadoct or
?
Mr.Josh:Act uall
yIl ov ehelpingpeopl egetwel l
.Ithi
nkcar diologyhasmadegr eatstrides
r
ecentlyandIwoul dliket oshar emyf indingswi thothers.
MsNaomi :
Hav ey ouwr i
tteninanysci entifi
cjournalssof ar?
Mr.Josh:Noty et
.Buthopef ull
ysoon.
MsNaomi :
OK, we’dl iketolearnmor eabouty ou.Let ’
sgof orlunchwwithourcolleagues,if
t
hat’
sOK.
Mr.Josh:That ’
sf i
ne, Iam f ree.

(
a)Whatt
wothi
ngsquali
fyMsNaomi asagoodi
nter
viewer?
(
b)I
dent
if
ytwoevi
dencesofi
nter
viewti
psdi
spl
ayedbyMr .Josh.
SPEECHES
Hav
eyoueverst
oodinf
rontofabiggr
oupofpeopl
etopresenty
ourt
alk?Wel
lher
eweshal
l
l
ear
nhowtoprepar
eyourspeechanddel
i
veri
teff
ecti
vel
y.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orSpeechDel
i
ver
y

Therear
est
epsanyspeakershoul
dfol
l
owi
npr
epar
ati
onf
orpr
esent
ati
onofspeech.They
i
nclude:

1.Doingsomer esearchont
hetopict
opresent.Gett
hef act
saboutt
het
opi
c.I
fyoudo
enoughresearch,y
ourconf
idencel
evel
willbeboosted.

2.Pr
acti
ceinf
rontofagr
oupoffr
iendsorrel
ati
ves.Thi
scanal
sobedoneinfrontofa
mi
rror
,orvi
deot
apingy
ourr
ehearsal
s.Youwillbeabl
etocor
recty
ourgest
ures,post
ures

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et
c.

3.Wri
tedownthepoi
ntsaboutt
het
opi
conanot
epad.Youcanr
efert
othem whengi
vi
ng
t
hespeech.

4.Planonhowt
ogr
oom anddr
essdecent
ly.Youshoul
dappearpr
esent
abl
etof
eel
confi
dent
.

Gr
abbi
ngandKeepi
ngAudi
enceAt
tent
ion

Youropeni
ngdetermineshowlongyouraudiencewi
lll
ist
entoyourpresent
ation.Oftheyar
e
boredfr
om thebegi
nning;t
hechancethatyourmessagewil
lef
fecti
velygetacrossisveryl
i
ttl
e.

Themostcommonl
yusedmet
hodsar
e:

1.Aski
ngaquest
ion.Thequest
ionshoul
dmaket hem t
hinkaboutt
het
opi
c.Forexampl
e,
Howmanyofy
‘ ouwouldli
ketobemi l
l
ionai
res?
’

2.St
ati
nganimpressi
vefactconnectedtothet
opi
cofy
ourpr
esent
ati
on.Forexampl
e:
About30%ofKeny
‘ ansaremi l
l
ionair
es.’

3.Tell
i
ngast or
yclosel
yconnectedtothetopic.I
tshoul
dneit
herbetoolongnorint
ended
totr
yt oglori
fyt
hespeaker.Forexample:“Dearaudi
ence,
befor
eIbeginIwouldli
keto
tel
lyouashor tstor
yaboutMai naWaKamaubecameami ll
i
onai
re.Don’twor
ry,i
t’
snot
toolong.…..”

Ot
hermet
hodsofbegi
nni
ngaspeechar
e:

 Usi
nghumour

 St
art
ingwi
thaquot
ethatt
ieswi
thy
ourt
opi
c.

 Usi
ngsoundef
fect
.

Pr
esent
ati
onofSpeech

Therear
ev ar
ioust
echni
quesofdel
iv
eri
ngspeech.Theyar
ewhatwi
l
lensur
eunder
standi
ngof
yourmessage.Someoftheset
echni
quesi
nclude:

1.Usegestureseffecti
velyt
oreinf
orcet
hewordsandideasyouaretr
yingtocommunicate
toyouraudience.Forexample,whental
ki
ngaboutl
ove,youcanusey ourhandst
oform
acupshapet oindicatehowtinysomethi
ngi
s.

2.Makeeyecont
actwit
hy ouraudi
encememberstostudyt
heirr
eact
ionst
oy ou.I
fyou
sensebor
edom,youneedtoimproveandi
fyousenseenthusi
asm,i
twil
lhelppumpyou
up.

3.Usemov
ement
stoest
abl
i
shcont
actwi
thy
ouraudi
ence.Get
ti
ngcl
osert
othem

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physi
cal
lyi
ncreasest
hei
rat
tent
ionandi
nter
est
,aswel
lasencour
agi
ngr
esponsei
fyou
areaski
ngquesti
ons.

4.Yourpost
ureshoul
dbeupri
ght.Thewayyouconducty
oursel
font
hepl
atf
orm wi
l
l
i
ndicat
eyouarerel
axedandi
ncontrol
.Donotl
eanorslouch.

5.Wearappropri
atef
aci
alexpr
essi
onst
oshowf
eel
i
ngsandemot
ions.Smi
l
etoshow
happi
ness,f
orexampl
e.

6.Speakl
oudenought
obehear
dbyal
lyouraudi
encemember
s.

7.Pr
onouncet
hewor
dscor
rect
lyandspeakcl
ear
lyf
ory
ourmessaget
obeunder
stood.

8.Pauseatkeypoi
ntst
olett
hemessagesi
nk.

St
ageFr
ight

Almostallspeaker
sar
enervous.Eventhemostexperi
enceddo.Fearofaddr
essi
ngagroupi
s
notwrong,buthowwedeal wi
thitiswhati
spossibl
ynotgoodenough.Thosespeaker
swho
seem r
elaxedandconfi
denthavelear
nthowtohandleanxiet
y.

Sy
mpt
omsofNer
vousSpeaker
s

Ananxi
ousspeakercanbei
dent
if
iedi
ncaseof
:

 Shaki
nghands  Knocki
ngknees

 Sweat
ingpal
ms  Faci
alf
lushes

 Dr
ymout
h  Wat
eryey
es

 Rapi
dhear
tbeat  Ment
alconf
usi
ons

 Squeakyv
oice  j
i
tter
s

CausesofFear

1.Pastf
ail
uresdur
ingpr
esent
ati
on.Pl
ant
osucceedi
nst
ead.

2.Poorori
nsuf
fi
cientpr
epar
ati
on.Not
hinggi
vesy
oumor
econf
idencet
hanbei
ngr
eady
.

3.Di
scomf
ortwi
thy
ourownbodyandmov
ement
.

Deal
i
ngwi
thAnxi
ety

Aspeakercant
ryt
hesuggest
ionsbel
owt
odeal
wit
hanxi
etybef
oreandont
hedayofspeech.

Bef
oret
heday
;

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1.Knowyourtopi
cbydoingadequat
eandthoroughr
esearch.Youwi
llbesur
eof
pr
esent
ingaccurat
einf
ormati
onandbeabletoanswerquesti
onsaskedbyaudi
ence
members.

2.Pr
acti
cedel
iv
eri
ngy
ourspeechsev
eral
times.Thi
shel
psy
oubesur
eofy
our
or
gani
zat
ionoft
hemai
npoints.

Ont
hatday
;

1.Dosomephy
sical
exer
cisesl
i
kepr
essups,
pushwal
l
s,et
c.t
oreduceanxi
ety
.

2.Usesi
mplerel
axat
iont
echni
quesl
i
ket
aki
ngdeepbr
eat
h,t
ight
eni
ngandr
elaxi
ngy
our
muscl
es,
etc.

3.Wearclothest
hatyouf
eelconfi
denti
n.whenyoufeel
goodaboutofy oufeel
,your
confi
dencelev
eli
sboosted.Youdon’
tneedt
oadjustyourcl
othesorhai
rduri
ngy our
speech.

4.Spotf
ri
endlyfacesinthecrowd.Thesear
epeopl
ewhogiveyouposi
ti
vef
eedback(
e.g.
noddi
ng,smil
i
ng) .Suchfacesgi
veyouencour
agementt
ospeak.

5.Comeupwi
thway
stohi
dey
ouranxi
ety
.Forexampl
e,

 Whenmout
hgoesdr
y,dr
inksomewat
er

 I
ncaseofexcessi
vesweat
ing,
wearcl
othest
hatwi
l
lnotal
l
owy
ouraudi
ence
det
ect

 I
fyourhandsshake,
usegest
urest
omaskt
heshaki
ng.

Exer
cise1

I
nthenextt
hreeday
s,y
ouar
epr
esent
ingaspeechont
het
opi
c:Ef
fect
sofHI
V/AI
DS.

(
a)Wr
it
edownanyt
hreeway
syouwoul
dpr
epar
efort
hespeechdel
i
ver
y.

(
b)Statethetechni
quesyouwouldemploytoensur
eyouraudiencel
ist
enst oyou
throughoutandthatt
heyunder
standthemessagedur
ingthepresentat
ion.

Exer
cise2

Makuf
uli
ispr
esent
inghi
sspeech.Yourf
ri
end,
Makwer
ecl
aimst
hatMakuf
uli
isnotconf
ident
.

(
a)Whatcoul
dhav
ewar
rant
edt
hiscl
aim?

(
b)St
atef
ourr
easonst
hatcoul
dbebehi
ndMakuf
uli
’
sst
ate?

DI
SCUSSI
ON

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 Di
scussi
oni
sapr
ocesswher
eexchangeofi
deasandopi
nionsar
edebat
eduponi
na
gr
oup.

 Agr
oupwhi
chcompr
isesasmal
lnumberofpeopl
eisgi
venat
opi
ctodi
scuss.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orGr
oupDi
scussi
on

Dot
hef
oll
owi
ngbef
orey
oust
artt
hedi
scussi
on:

1.Select
/choosegr
oupleader
s.Chooset
hesecr
etar
ytowr
it
ethepoi
ntsdownandt
he
chairt
oleadthedi
scussi
ons.

2.Researchroundthetopi
ctomakesur
eyouhav
ethepoi
nts.Youcangett
hepoi
ntsf
rom
thesourcesincl
udi
ng:

 Newspaper
sandmagazi
nes

 Fr
iends,
rel
ati
vesandt
eacher
s

 Textbooks

 I
nter
net

 Tel
evi
sion

3.Arr
iveear
lyf
ordi
scussi
ons.I
tisadv
isabl
eyoudososot
haty
oust
artear
lyandf
ini
sh
ear
ly.

4.Gat
herwr
it
ingmat
eri
als–penandnot
ebook.

5.Pr
epar
ewi
thquest
ionst
oask.

Par
ti
cipat
ingi
naGr
oupDi
scussi
on

Remembert
het
ipsbel
owf
orsuccessdur
ingt
hedi
scussi
on:

1.Lear
ntol
i
stent
oeachot
herandr
espondt
owhatot
herpeopl
ehav
etosay
.

2.Speakwit
hmoderati
on.Whatyousayi
susual
l
ymor
eimpor
tantt
hanhowmuchy
ousay
.
Quali
tyi
sneededr
athert
hanthequant
it
y.

3.Backupeachpoi
nty
ouputacr
oss.Youcanexpl
ainy
ourpoi
ntsi
nanumberofway
s
i
ncludi
ng:

 Pr
ovi
dingf
act
sorst
ati
sti
cst
osuppor
tit
;

 Quot
ingexper
topi
nion;

 Expl
ainwhysai
dwhaty
ousai
d;and

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 Ref
err
ingt
oyourownexper
ience.

4.St
aycal
m andpol
i
te.Usepol
i
tewor
dsl
i
ke‘
MayI….
?,pl
ease…,
etc.
’

5.Takenot
esofi
mpor
tantwor
dsandi
deas.

6.Speakcl
ear
ly.

7.Speakl
oudenought
obehear
dbyal
lthegr
oupmember
s.

TheCommonDi
scussi
onMi
stakes

Havingl
earntwhatyoushoul
ddoduringt
hedi
scussi
on,
letusnowl
ear
nwhatunderno
ci
rcumstancesydo.Youshouldnev
er:

 Domi
nat
ethedi
scussi
on;

 I
nter
ruptabr
upt
ly;

 Bei
naudi
ble;

 Car
ryoutmi
ni-
meet
ings;
or

 Tal
kov
ereachot
her
.

Exer
cise

Youandyourgroupmembershav
ebeenassignedthet
opic:‘
Responsibi
l
iti
esofaGoodCit
izen’
byyourt
eacherofHi
stor
yandGover
nment.Youaresupposedtodiscussthi
sbefor
eyougive
thepr
esent
ati
onintwodays.

(
a)St
atet
hreeway
sinwhi
chy
ouwoul
dpr
epar
ebef
orey
oust
artdi
scussi
ngt
het
opi
c.

(
b)Howwoul
dyouensur
eyourgr
oupmember
sandy
our
sel
fbenef
itf
rom t
hisdi
scussi
on?

ORALREPORTS
 Fr
om t
heheadi
ng,
anor
alr
epor
tisspoken,
notwr
it
ten.

 Bei
ngoral
,i
tdoesn’
tmeanwri
ti
ngisnoti
nvol
ved.Aspartofpr
epar
ati
on,
youhav
eto
wri
tenot
esonthetopi
coratl
eastanout
li
neofpoint
s.

 Whenaskedt
opr
esentanor
alr
epor
tyougett
heoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
act
icey
ourspeaki
ng
ski
l
ls.

 Aspokenr
epor
thasv
ari
ousel
ement
sincl
udi
ngani
ntr
oduct
ion,
bodyandconcl
usi
on.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orOr
alRepor
ts

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Youcanpr
epar
eby
:

1.Resear
chi
ngont
het
opi
c.Getal
lthef
act
saboutwhati
sknownandunknownbyy
our
audi
ence.

2.Takenot
esont
hef
act
saboutt
het
opi
c.Choosey
ourwor
dsappr
opr
iat
elyi
nthepr
ocess.

3.Pr
act
icet
her
epor
tbef
orepr
esent
ingi
t.Youmay

 Pr
act
icei
nfr
ontofami
rr
or.

 Pr
act
icei
nfr
ontoff
ri
endsorr
elat
ives.

 Vi
deot
apey
ourr
ehear
sal
s.

Mor
epr
act
icei
srequi
redi
fithast
obememor
ized.

4.Pl
anonhowt
odr
essandgr
oom.

5.Pr
eparet
hevisual
aidsi
fyoupl
antousethethem.Sel
ectt
heappr
opr
iat
echar
t,pi
ctur
e,
et
c.t
hatwil
lmakeabstr
acti
deasconcr
ete.

Repor
ti
ng

1.St
andupst
rai
ght
.Yourupperbodyshoul
dbehel
dst
rai
ght
,butnotst
if
f.Donotf
idget
.

2.Makeeyecont
acti
nor
dert
olooksur
erofy
our
sel
fandt
oensur
eyouraudi
encel
i
stens
bet
ter
.

3.Var
yyourt
oneappr
opr
iat
elyandspeakcl
ear
ly.

4.Usegest
urest
omakey
ourpoi
ntswel
lunder
stoodandt
okeept
heaudi
encei
nter
est
ed.

5.Pauseatkeypoi
ntst
olett
hepoi
ntsi
ck.

6.Speakl
oudenoughf
orev
ery
onet
oheary
ou.

7.I
fyouhav
evi
sual
aidsuset
hem appr
opr
iat
ely
.

Exer
cise

Youhaveseenthi
evesr
obbi
ngyournei
ghbor’
shouse.Duringthi
sti
mey ouhaveyourphonet
hat
youhaveusedt
ocaptur
eoneofthetworobbers.Thenextdayyouarecal
ledatt
hepolice
stat
iont
orepor
tonwhatoccur
red.

(
a)St
ateanyt
hreeway
syouwoul
dpr
epar
etodel
i
vert
hisor
alr
epor
t.

(
b)Whatt
hreedet
ail
swoul
dyoui
ncl
udei
nyourr
epor
t?

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(
c)Howwoul
dyoudel
i
vert
her
epor
ttoensur
ethei
nfor
mat
ioni
sunder
stood?

SECTI
ON5:
ETI
QUETTE
Et
iquet
tei
sther
ulest
hati
ndi
cat
ethepr
operandpol
i
temannert
obehav
e.

USEOFCOURTEOUSLANGUAGE
 Whenoneusescourt
eouslanguage,
he/
sheusesal
anguaget
hati
sver
ypol
i
teand
pol
i
shedtoshowrespect
.

 Atnoti
meshouldyoual
l
owy
our
sel
fber
ude,
il
l-
manner
ed,
impol
i
te,
inconsi
der
ate,
or
event
hought
less.

 Bei
ngandr
emai
ningpol
i
tewi
l
lgoal
ongwayi
nbui
l
dingr
elat
ionshi
ps.

 Toshowpol
i
tenessandr
espect
:

 Uset
hewor
dpl
easei
nrequest
;

 Sayt
hanky
out
othosewhohel
porcompl
i
menty
ou.

 St
artyourr
equest
sori
nter
rogat
ivesbegi
nni
ngwi
thwor
dssuchascan,
coul
d,may
,
wi
ll
,orwould.

 Sayexcusemewheny
oui
nter
ruptot
herpeopl
eori
ntr
udei
ntot
hei
rti
meorpr
ivacy
.

 Usequest
iont
ags.

 I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
ll
ear
nthewor
dsandphr
asest
hatshowr
espect
.

(
a)Pl
ease

 Weuseitwhenyouwantsomeonet
odosomet
hingf
ory
ou.Forexampl
e:Cany
ou
passt
hatcup,
please?

 al
sousedwheny ouwantsomet
hingf
rom someone.Forexampl
e:Lendmet
en
shi
ll
i
ngs,
please.

(
b)Thanky
ou

 Usei
twhenev
ersomeonedoessomet
hingf
ory
ou.

 Usei
twhensomeonecommendsy
ou.

(
c)Sor
ry

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 Sayi
tanyt
imey
oui
nconv
eni
encesomeone.

 Sayi
twhenst
eponsomeone’
stoes,
etc.

 Al
sowhensomeoneasksy
ousomet
hingy
oucannotdo.

(
d)Excuseme

Toi
ntr
oducear
equestt
osomeone,
ort
ogetpastsomeone,
uset
hisphr
ase.Forexampl
e

Excuseme,
cany
oushowmewher
eAmi
nal
i
ves?

(
e)Par
donme

Al
mostas‘
excuseme’

Exer
cise1

Jennif
erhasgonet
otheshoptobuyabarofsoap.Theshopkeepert
ell
shertobepoli
tethe
nextti
meshecomestobuyfrom hi
m.Showi
ngwher e,
whichpoli
tephrasescoul
dJenni
ferhav
e
fai
ledtouse?

Exer
cise2

Readt
hedi
aloguebel
owandt
henexpl
ainhowJaci
ntaexpr
essespol
i
teness.

John:Iwoul dli
ket osendt hi
slettert
ojapanbyairmail,howmuchisthecharge?
Jacinta:It
’sonepound, doy ouneedext r
astamps?
John: Ido,Ihavebeenal soexpect i
ngapackagef r
om New- Yor
k.Her
eismyi dent
it
ycar
dand
receipt.
Jacinta:Woul dyoumi ndsigni
ngt hisf
orm?Her eisthepackage.
John: Fi
nall
y,Iwouldli
ket osendt hisr
egist
eredlet
tertoLondon.
Jacinta:Pl
easefill
inthecompl eteaddressincapit
allet
ters.

TELEPHONEETI
QUETTE
Tel
ephoneeti
quet
tear
ether
ulest
hatdemonst
rat
ethepr
operandpol
i
tewayt
ousey
our
phone/
tel
ephone.

I
tst
art
sfr
om howy
oupr
epar
eforphonecal
l
stowheny
ouendt
hecal
l
.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orPhoneCal
l

Thef
oll
owi
ngshoul
dbedonebef
orepl
aci
ngacal
l
:

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 Ensureyouhav
eenoughtime.I
twi
l
lnotaugerwel
ltosuddenl
yendt
heconv
ersat
ion
becauseofi
nsuff
ici
entai
rt
ime.

 Got
oapl
acewher
ether
eissi
l
ence.Toomuchnoi
sewi
l
ldi
str
acty
ourat
tent
ion.

 Thi
nkthr
oughexact
lywhatyouwanttosay
.Wr i
teitdowni
fpossibl
esoyoudon’
tfor
get
whatt
osayoraskandlookasthoughyoudidn’
thaveanyt
hingt
osay .

Ti
pst
oDi
spl
ayWhenMaki
ngaCal
l

Whetheratwor
k,athome,
orony
ourmobi
l
ephone,
remembert
odi
spl
ayt
het
ipsbel
owatal
l
t
imes:

1.I
dent
if
yyour
sel
fatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hecal
l
.

2.Speakcl
ear
lyandsl
owl
yespeci
all
ywhenl
eav
ingt
hemessage.

3.Speakwi
thal
owt
oneofv
oice.Besur
etoknowhowl
oudy
oumaybe.

4.Al
way
sendwi
thapl
easant
ry,
forexampl
e,
’Hav
eani
ceday
.’

5.Lett
hecal
l
erhangupf
ir
st.

6.Stayawayfrom ot
her
swhi
l
etal
ki
ngont
hephone.Theydon’
tneedt
oheary
ourpr
ivat
e
conver
sati
on.

Whatt
oAv
oid

1.Avoidbei
ngdi
str
act
edbyot
heract
ivi
ti
eswhi
l
espeaki
ng.Someoft
heseact
ivi
ti
es
i
nclude:

 Rust
li
ngpaper
s

 Chewi
ng

 Dr
ivi
ng

 Speaki
ngwi
thsomeone

 Shoppi
ng

 Wor
kingont
hecomput
er

2.Av
oidal
l
owi
ngi
nter
rupt
ionst
ooccurdur
ingt
heconv
ersat
ion.

3.Donotengagei
nanar
gumentwi
tht
hecal
l
er.

4.Tal
ki
ngt
ool
oudl
y.

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Notatt
hesePl
aces

Thefol
lowi
ngareplacesy
oushoul
dnotmakeacal
l
.Youshoul
dev
enhav
eyourcel
lphonei
na
si
lentmodeorswi
tchitof
fal
toget
her
.

 Bat
hrooms

 Hospi
tal
s

 Wai
ti
ngr
ooms

 Meet
ings

 Museums

 Pl
acesofwor
shi
p

 Lect
ures

 Li
veper
for
mances

 Funer
als

 Weddi
ngs

Tel
ephoneConv
ersat
ions

Hereweshal
lfocusonmaj
orl
ybusinesst
elephoneconversat
ions.I
tshoul
dbenotedthatther
e
ar
epatt
ernst
hatarefol
l
owed;butnotal
lwil
lfol
lowthi
srigidpatt
ern.Thesi
xpat
ternsi
nclude:

1.Thephonei
sanswer
edbysomeonewhoasksi
fhe/
shecanhel
p.

2.Thecal
l
ermakesar
equestei
thert
obeconnect
edt
osomeoneorf
ori
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Thecal
l
erisconnect
ed,
giv
eni
nfor
mat
ionort
oldt
hatt
hatper
soni
snotpr
esentatt
he
moment.

4.Thecal
l
eri
saskedt
oleav
eamessagei
ftheper
sonwhoi
srequest
edf
ori
snoti
n.

5.Thecal
l
erl
eav
esamessageorasksot
herquest
ions.

6.Thephonecal
lfi
nishes.

Exer
cise1

Readt
het
elephoneconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Paul
i
ne:
(af
ormt
wost
udent
,Waj
anj
aSchool
)ri
ngr
ing…r
ingr
ing…

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Secr
etar
y:Hel
l
o,Waj
anj
aSchool
,thi
sisMsEst
herspeaki
ng.HowmayIbeofhel
ptoy
ou?

Paul
ine:
Yes,
thi
sisPaul
i
neKar
anj
aaf
ormt
wost
udentcal
l
ing.MayIspeakt
othepr
inci
pal
,
pl
ease?

Secr
etar
y:Iam af
rai
dMsKal
umai
snoti
ntheof
fi
ceatt
hemoment
.Woul
dyoul
i
ket
oleav
ea
message?

Pauli
ne:Iwouldreal
lywant
,thanks.Whenshecomesback, tel
lherIwantedtoaskforoneday
permissi
on.Mybr ot
heri
ssickandIwouldli
ketorequestherthatIrepor
tonedayafterthe
openi
ngday .I
tisIwhowill
bel ef
twithmysibl
i
ngsast hebrothergoestothehospi
tal.Thati
s
al
l.

Secr
etar
y:Sor
ryf
ort
hat
,Iwi
shhi
m qui
ckr
ecov
ery
.Iwoul
dgi
vehert
hemessageassoon.

Paul
i
ne:
Iwoul
dbegr
atef
ulmadam.Thanksagai
n.

Paul
i
ne:
Wel
comePaul
i
ne.Justensur
eyour
epor
tasst
atedher
e.

Secr
etar
y:Okhav
eani
cedaymadam.

Paul
i
ne:
Yout
oohav
eaper
fectday
.Goodby
e

(
a)Wi
thexampl
es,
out
li
net
hepat
ter
nsoft
elephoneconv
ersat
ioni
nabov
e.

(
b)Ident
if
yev
idencesoft
elephoneet
iquet
tet
ipsdi
spl
ayedbyPaul
i
nei
ntheconv
ersat
ion
above.

Exer
cise2

Yoursi
bli
ngi
sverysick.Youar
epl
anni
ngt
omakeadoct
oraphonecal
ltocomet
oyourhome
toprov
idemedi
cati
on.

(
a)St
ateanyt
hreepr
epar
ati
onsy
ouwoul
dputi
npl
acebef
oremaki
ngt
hisi
mpor
tantcal
l
.

(
b)Gi
vef
ourbadhabi
tsy
ouwoul
dav
oidwhenmaki
ngt
hiscal
l
.

Exer
cise3

Joanhasjustcall
edtheparenttoaskt
hem t
opaytheschoolf
ee.Unfor
tunat
ely
,thepar
enti
s
nothappywiththewayshehasmadet hecal
l.I
dent
if
yanyfourtel
ephoneeti
quett
eti
ps
shecoul
dhavefailedt
odisplay.

APPROPRI
ATECHOI
CEOFREGI
STER
 Regi
sterdenot
est
hechoi
ceofl
anguage,
whet
hert
hatbef
ormal
ori
nfor
mal
.

 I
tist
hechoosi
ngofappr
opr
iat
elanguagef
ort
hecont
ext
.

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 Ther
ear
efact
orst
hatdet
ermi
net
hel
anguageweuse.

 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
osel
ectt
her
ightl
anguagef
ort
her
ightsi
tuat
ion.

 Thechoi
ceofr
egi
steri
saf
fect
edby
:

(
a)Theset
ti
ngoft
hespeech;

(
b)Thet
opi
coft
hespeech;

(
c)Ther
elat
ionshi
pthatexi
stsbet
weent
hespeaker
s;and

(
d)Theage.

TheSet
ti
ng

Therearewor dsweusedependi ngont hefi

eld.Ther
earethoseweusei nthefi
eldofmedici
ne,
i
nthef i
eldoflawetc.theyarealsothosethatweuseathomewhent alki
ngtofamilymembers.
Achemi st,
forexample,wil
laskf or‘
sodium chl
ori
de’whil
eatthel
aborator
y,whil
eathomeshe
wil
lrequestfor‘
sal
t’
.Atwor kplace,peopletendtouseformall
anguagewhilei
nformall
anguage
athome.

Topi
c

 I
f,f
orexampl
e,y
ouwanttoaskf orsomet
hingv
aluabl
efr
om abrothery
ouwouldsay:I
‘
waswonderi
ngi
fyoucoul
dl endme….’
.Thi
sisaformall
anguageeventhoughi
tisy
our
f
amilymemberyouar
etal
kingto.

 Whenoffer
ingyourbosst
eaorcof
fee,y
ouwil
lst
il
lusef
ormall
anguageforexampl
e:
Woul
‘ dyoumi ndbei
ngservedt
eaorcoff
ee?’
andtoafr
iendy
ouwi l
lsay
:‘Teaor
cof
fee?
’

Rel
ati
onshi
p

Therear
ewordsyouusewhenspeaki
ngtodif
ferentpeopl
eindiff
erentsit
uat
ions.Moreoft
en
thannot
,ani
nti
matecouplewi
ll
usewordsli
ke‘darl
ing’
,‘
honey’
,etc.Thesewordscannotbe
usedtoaddr
essyourcol
l
eagueatwor
kplace;orevenyourpast
or.

Age

Ther
eareway
stospeakt
oachil
dandthoseofspeaki
ngt
oadul
ts.Toababy
,weusewor
dsl
i
ke
‘
popopoo’
whi
let
oanadult‘
l
ongcal
l
’,et
c.

TheWor
dsusedi
nDi
ff
erentFi
elds

Fi
eldofMedi
cine

Somewor
dsusedi
nthehospi
tal
s,cl
i
nicsandot
herheal
thst
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:
X-r
ay,
syr
inge,

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par
acet
amol
,doct
or,
nur
se,
mor
tuar
y,pat
ient
,et
c.

Pol
i
ceSt
ati
on

Lockup,
cel
l
,bond,
etc.

Ai
rpor
t

Ai
rcr
aft
,fl
i
ght
,ai
rhost
ess,
etc.

I
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogy

Comput
er,
lapt
op,
CPU,
Moni
tor
,sof
twar
e,har
dcopy
,har
ddi
sk,
etc.

School

Thewordsusedbytheteachers,st
udent
sandothersatschool
are:
chal
k,r
uler
,bl
ackboar
d,
seni
ort
eacher,
deputypri
ncipal
,deanofstudi
es,
etc.

Law

Techni
calt
ermsusedbyl awyersandinthecour t
sofl awincl
ude:adultprobat
ion,aff
idavi
t,
al
imony,AmicusCuriaebri
ef,
annulment,appeal,appell
ant
,appel
l
ee, arr
est,pl
aint
iff
,defendant
,
di
smissal
,oath,
revocati
onheari
ng,lear
nedf r
iend,etc.

Exer
cise

Readt
heconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
iont
hatf
oll
ow.

Call
er:
Isthist
heCr edex?
Receptioni
st:
Yes,howmayIbeofhelptoyou?
Call
er:
It’
sDorothycalli
ng.
Receptioni
st:
Oh,Dorothy!Howi
sthegoi
ng?
Call
er:Lunchtoday?
Receptioni
st:
Ofcour se.
.
Call
er:whatti
met hen?
Receptioni
st:
AfterIhaveseent
hedeput
yprinci
pal
.Ther
ear
epacket
sofchal
kIam supposed
todeli
ver.

(
a)Givi
ngthereasons,whereistheCredex?
(
b)Whatistherelat
ionshipbetweenthecal
lerandtherecept
ioni
st?
(
c)Explai
ntheformali
tyofthelanguagetherecept
ioni
standthecall
eruse.
(
d)Giveil
l
ustr
ationsfor(c)above.
TURN-
TAKI
NG
Bei
ngacy
cli
cal
process,
tur
ntaki
ngst
art
swi
thoneper
sonspeaki
ng,
andcont
inuesast
he

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speakergi
vescontr
olt
ot henexti
ndiv
idual
.Thisist
henof
fer
edtoanot
herper
sonandt
hen
backtotheori
ginal
speaker.Or
derl
yconversat
ionhast
otakepl
ace.

Aturni
sacruci
alel
ementwi
thi
ntur
ntaki
ng.Eachper
sont
akest
urnwi
thi
ntheconv
ersat
ion–
ei
theri
nper
sonoronphone.

Achi
evi
ngSmoot
hTur
nTaki
ng

I
tisachi
evedwi
th:

1.Usi
ngspeci
fi
cpol
i
tephr
ases,
forexampl
e,t
hosef
or,

 I
nter
rupt
ing

 Accept
ingt
het
urnwhenof
fer
edi
t

 Keepi
ngy
ourt
urn

 Get
ti
ngot
herpeopl
espeaki
ng,
etc.

2.Usi
nggestur
estoindi
cat
ey ouhavecompl
etedwhatyouaresay
ingort
hatyouwantt
o
saysomethi
ng.Youdr
opy ourar
m whenyouhavecomplet
edandrai
seitwhenyouwant
tosaysomethi
ng.

3.Var
yingt
hei
ntonat
iont
oshowy
ouhav
eorhav
enotf
ini
shedspeaki
ng.

4.Usenoi
sesl
i
ke‘
umi
ng’
and‘
ahi
ng’
whi
l
ethi
nki
ngsoasnott
olosey
ourt
urn.

Tur
nTaki
ngCues

Therear
evar
iousway
sofsi
gnal
i
ngaf
ini
shedt
urn.Theymi
ghtbei
ndi
cat
edwhent
hecur
rent
speaker
:

1.Asksaquest
ion,
forexampl
e,Di
‘ dy
ouwantt
oaddany
thi
ng?
’

2.Tr
ail
sof
f(hi
s/herv
oicebecomesweakert
otheext
enty
oumaynothearhi
swor
ds)

3.I
ndicat
estheyaredonespeakingwi
thacl
osi
ngstat
ement
,forexampl
e,That
‘ ’sal
lI
wantedtosay.
’
or’It
hinkIhavemademypoint
.’

4.Usesmarkerwor
ds(
thoset
hatal
l
owt
heot
herachancet
ospeak)
,forexampl
e,‘
wel
l
…’
or‘
so…’

5.Dropst
hepitchorvol
umeoft
hei
rvoi
ceatt
heendoft
hei
rut
ter
ance.Thi
sist
heuseof
fal
li
ngi
ntonati
on.

6.Usesgest
urest
osi
gnal
thatanot
hercancont
ri
but
e.

Vi
olat
ionsi
nTur
n-Taki
ng

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Ther
ear efi
v ewell
knownturn-
taki
ngviol
ati
onsinaconversat
ion.Theyar
e:i
nterrupt
ions,
over
laps,grabbi
ngthefl
oor,
hoggingthefl
oor,andsi
l
ence.Doy ouknowwhatt heyreal
lyare?I
f
youdon’t
,readtheexpl
anati
onsforthevi
olat
ionsint
hatorder
.

1.I
nhi
bit
ingt
hespeakerf
rom f
ini
shi
ngt
hei
rsent
encesdur
ingt
hei
rtur
n.

2.Talki
ngatthesamet
imeasthecur
rentspeaker
.Thi
sisinterrupti
veover
lap.Howev
er,
cooperat
iveov
erl
api
sencour
agedasitshowsyouareinterestedint
hemessage.

3.I
nter
rupt
ingandt
hent
aki
ngov
ert
het
urnbef
orebei
ngof
fer
edi
t.

4.Taki
ngov
ert
hef
loorandi
gnor
ingot
herpeopl
e’
sat
temptt
otaket
hef
loor
.

5.Remai
ningwi
thoutsay
ingany
thi
ngf
orqui
tesomet
ime.

TheLi
stofTur
n-Taki
ngPhr
ase

Toi
nter
rupt
;

 Bef
oreIf
orget
,…

 Idon’
tli
ket
oint
err
upt
,but….

 Iwoul
dn’
tusual
l
yint
err
upt
,but…

 I
’
m af
rai
dIhav
etost
opy
out
her
e.

 Iwi
l
llety
ouf
ini
shi
nami
nut
e/second/
moment….

 MayIi
nter
rupt
?

Toacceptt
het
urnwhenof
fer
edi
t;

 Thanks.Iwon’
ttakel
ong.

 WhatIwant
edt
osaywas…

Tost
opot
herpeopl
efr
om i
nter
rupt
ingy
oudur
ingy
ourt
urnuse;

 Ihav
ejustonemor
epoi
ntt
omake

 Ihav
enear
lyf
ini
shed

 Bef
orey
ouhav
eyoursay…

 Ihav
en’
tqui
tef
ini
shedmypoi
nty
et

 Iknowy
ou’
redy
ingt
ojumpi
n,but
….

Toof
fert
het
urnt
oanot
heruse;

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 ….
,ri
ght
?

 Butt
hat
’senoughf
rom me.

 Cany
ougi
vemey
ourt
hought
son…?

 Doesany
onewantt
osayany
thi
ngbef
oreImov
eon?

 Howabouty
ou?

Tot
aket
het
urnbackaf
terbei
ngi
nter
rupt
ed;

 AsIwassay
ing(
bef
oreIwasi
nter
rupt
ed)

 Togetbackont
opi
c…

 Car
ryi
ngonf
rom wher
ewel
efton…

Not
e:Thel
i
sti
sendl
ess,
andy
oucancomeupwi
thot
herappr
opr
iat
ephr
ases.

I
NTERRUPTI
NGANDDI
SAGREEI
NGPOLI
TELY
 Engl
i
shi sapol
i
tel
anguage.Fort
hisr
eason,
iti
sadv
isabl
etoi
ndi
rect
lycont
radi
ctaper
son.
I
tisrudetodoi
tdi
rect
ly.

 Al
thoughconver
sat
ioni
satwowaystreet,
int
errupt
ingaspeakerisusual
l
yregar
dedasr
ude.
However,
atti
mesyouneedtoi
nter
rupt.Whenthencanoneinterr
upt?

 Youcanonl
yint
err
uptt
o:

(
a)Askaquest
ion;

(
b)Makeacor
rect
ion;

(
c)Of
feranopi
nion;
and

(
d)Askf
orcl
ari
fi
cat
ion.

I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
ll
ear
nhowt
oint
err
uptanddi
sagr
eepol
i
tel
y.

St
epst
oInt
err
upt
ing

Iti
simpor
tantt
otakenot
eofthefol
l
owi
ngst
epswheni
nter
rupt
ingaspeakerdur
inga
conver
sat
ionordur
ingadi
scussi
on:

1.Si
gnaltot
hespeakert
haty
ouhav
esomet
hingt
ocont
ri
but
ebyi
mpl
ement
ingt
hebody
l
anguagesuchas:

(
a)Maki
ngey
econt
act
;

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(
b)Sl
i
ght
lyr
aisi
ngy
ourhand;

(
c)Si
tt
ingf
orwar
dony
ourseat
;

(
d)Qui
etl
ycl
ear
ingy
ourt
hroat
;or

(
e)Coughi
ngqui
etl
y.

2.Wai
tpat
ient
lyunt
ilt
hespeakerpausesori
ncaseofal
ull
int
heconv
ersat
ion.

3.Speakcl
ear
lyusi
ngpol
i
tephr
ases.Thesephr
aseswi
l
lbel
ear
ntl
ater
.

4.Wai
tfort
hespeakert
oacknowl
edgey
ourr
equestt
ospeakbef
orey
oudoso.

5.Af
tery
ouhav
espoken,
thankt
hespeakerandal
l
owt
hem cont
inue.

6.Takeadeepbr
eat
handcal
myour
sel
fbef
orei
nter
rupt
ingwheny
ouf
eel
angr
yor
annoy
ed.

7.Takecar
etousel
owt
oneofv
oice.

Av
oid:

1.Unnecessar
yint
err
upt
ions.

2.Fi
nishi
ngspeaker
’ssent
ences.

3.I
nter
rupt
ingt
ocor
rectt
hespeakerunnecessar
il
y.

4.Speaki
nghar
shl
yorusi
ngdi
spar
agi
ngcomment
s.

Phr
asesusedi
nInt
err
upt
ion

Bel
owi
sthel
i
stofphr
aseswhi
chy
oucanuset
opol
i
tel
yint
err
uptsomeone:

 MayIsaysomet
hingher
e?

 Iam sor
ryt
oint
err
upt
,but…

 Excuseme,
mayIaddt
othat
…?

 Doy
oumi
ndi
fIj
umpi
nher
e?

 Bef
orewemov
eont
othenex
tpoi
nt,
mayIadd…?

 Sor
ry,
Idi
dn’
tcat
cht
hat
,isi
tpossi
blet
orepeatt
hel
astpoi
nt?

 Idon’
tmeant
oint
rude….

 Sor
ryt
obut
tin,
but…

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 Woul
dthi
sbeagoodt
imet
o….
?

 Excuset
hei
nter
rupt
ion,
but…

 Ihat
etoi
nter
rupt
,but…

 Iknowi
tisr
udet
oint
err
upt
,but…

Howt
oDi
sagr
eePol
i
tel
y

Theti
psthatf
oll
owwi l
lhel
pyouhandl
edi
sagr
eement
swi
thoutannoy
ingt
heot
herper
soni
na
di
scussi
onordiscussi
on:

1.Acti
velyli
stent
otheotherperson’spoi
ntofview.Thi
shel
psi
nshowi
ngr
espectand
understandi
ngoftheotherperson’
sperspect
ive.

2.St
aycal
m ev
eni
fyouf
eel
angr
y.

3.Acknowl
edget
heot
herper
son’
spoi
ntofv
iewbef
oret
hebut
s.

4.Di
sagr
eeonl
ywi
tht
heper
son’
sideabutnotheper
son.

5.Usepol
i
tephr
asest
orespect
ful
l
ydi
sagr
ee.

6.Speaki
nal
owt
one.

7.Givesomecr
edencetotheot
herperson’
spointofv
iewbef
orechal
lengingi
t.For
example,
say
:It
’spar
tl
ytruet
hatIboughtthi
sphoneatacheappri
ce,but…

Di
sagr
eei
ngPol
i
tel
yExpr
essi
ons

 Iagr
eeupt
oapoi
nt,
but…

 Iseey
ourpoi
nt,
but…

 That
’spar
tl
ytr
ue,
but…

 I
’
m notsosur
eaboutt
hat
.

 That
’snotent
ir
elyt
rue

 Iam sor
ryt
odi
sagr
eewi
thy
ou,
but…

 I
’
m af
rai
dIhav
etodi
sagr
ee

 Imustt
akei
ssuewi
thy
ouont
hat

 I
t’
sunj
ust
if
iabl
etosayt
hat
..

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NEGOTI
ATI
ONSKI
LLS
 Thi
sisthepr
ocessofdi
scussi
onbet
weent
owoormor
edi
sput
ant
s,ai
medatf
indi
ngt
he
sol
uti
ontoacommonpr obl
em.

 I
tisamet
hodbywhi
chpeopl
eset
tl
ethei
rdi
ff
erences.

 Iti
salsot
hepr
ocessbywhi
chacompr
omi
seoragr
eementi
sreachedwhi
l
eav
oidi
ng
argui
ment.

 Ther
ecouldbeadi f
fer
encebetweenpeoplewit
hdif
fer
entai
msorint
ent
ions,
especi
all
yin
busi
nessorpol
i
tics.Whenthi
shappens,theyhavet
oreachanagr
eement.

 Negot
iat
ionski
l
lswi
l
lbehel
pful
when:

 Haggl
i
ngov
ert
hepr
iceofsomet
hing;

 Negot
iat
ingwi
thy
ourempl
oyere.
g.f
orhi
ghersal
ary
;

 Negot
iat
ingf
orpeace/sol
vi
ngconf
li
ct;

 Negot
iat
ingf
orbet
terser
vices;
etc.

St
agesOfNegot
iat
ion

1.Prepar
ationcomesf i
rst
.Duri
ngthi
sti
me, ensur
eallt
heper
tinentf
actsoft
hesi
tuat
ioni
s
knowninor dertocl
ari
fyyourownposi
ti
on.Itwil
lhel
pinav
oidingwasti
ngti
me
unnecessari
ly.

2.Discussionthenfol
l
ows.Thisi
sthet
imetoaskquest
ions,
li
stenandmakethingseasi
ert
o
understand.Atti
mes,i
tishel
pful
tot
akenotest
orecordal
lpoint
sputf
orward.

3.Negot
iat
etowar
dsawi
n-wi
nout
come.Eachpar
tyhast
obesat
isf
iedatt
heendoft
he
pr
ocess.

4.Agr
eementcomesaf
terunder
standi
ngbot
hsi
des’
viewpoi
ntsandconsi
der
ingt
hem.

5.I
mpl
ementt
hecour
seofact
ion.I
fforexampl
e,pay
ingt
heamount
,ithast
obepai
d.

Poi
ntsEv
eryNegot
iat
orShoul
dConsi
der

1.Askquest
ions,
conf
ir
m andsummarise.Theset
hreeact
ivi
ti
esensur
ethatt
her
eisno
conf
usi
ononwhateachpartywant
s.

2.Acknowl
edgeeachot her
’spoi
ntofvi
ew.Showthaty
ouhavel
ist
enedtoandunder
stood
thei
rper
spect
ive.Showappreci
ati
onoftheot
herper
son’
spoi
ntofvi
ew.

3.Li
stenat
tent
ivel
ytot
heot
herper
son.

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4.Respondt
onegat
ivecomment
sandcompl
aint
s.Av
oidconf
ront
ati
onal
language.

5.Behav
einaconf
identway
,butdon’
tber
ude.Makepol
i
tebutf
ir
mrequest
s.

6.Gi
veopti
ons/
alt
ernat
ives.Youcanbot
hwi
nify
our
ecogni
set
haty
oushar
eacommon
gr
ound.

Exer
cise

Youar
epl
anni
ngt
obuyanewmodel
car
.

(
a)Wr
it
edownt
hreer
elev
antf
act
syouwoul
dwantt
oknowbef
oregoi
ngt
obuyt
hecar
.

(
b)Stateanythr
eehi
ntsf
ort
henegot
iat
orsy
ouwoul
dconsi
derwhenhaggl
i
ngov
ert
hepr
iceof
thatcar.

PAYI
NGATTENTI
ON(
LISTENI
NG)
Listeni
ngisdi
ff
erentf
rom hear
ing.Wheny
oul
i
sten,
youunder
standbot
hthev
erbal
andnon
verbali
nformat
ion.

Whyshoul
dyoul
i
sten?Youl
i
sten:

 Toobt
aini
nfor
mat
ion

 Tounder
standt
hemessage

 Forenj
oyment

 Tol
ear
n

I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
ll
ear
nthet
echni
quesofact
ivel
i
steni
ng.

Techni
quesofPay
ingAt
tent
ion

I
nor
dert
obenef
itf
rom at
alkast
hel
i
stener
,youshoul
dtakenot
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngkeyt
ips:

1.keepanopenmi nd.Li
stenwit
houtj
udgi
ngt
hespeakerorment
all
ycri
ti
cizi
ngthei
r
messagetheypass.Youjusthav
etohol
dyourcr
it
ici
sm andwi
thhol
djudgment.

2.Famil
i
ari
zeyoursel
fwit
hthetopi
cunderdiscussion.Audi
encet
endtoli
stenmoreift
hey
havei
deaofthetopi
cbeingdi
scussed.Howt hencanonef ami
l
iar
izehi
mself
/hersel
f
wit
hthesubj
ect?Theycandothi
sby :

(
a)Readi
ngf
rom t
hebooks.

(
b)Readi
ngf
rom t
hei
nter
net
.

(
c)Aski
ngf
ori
deasf
rom t
hosewhoknow.

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3.Uset hespeakerresponsestoencour
agethespeakertoconti
nuespeaking.Youwi
l
lal
so
gettheinfor
mat i
ony ouneedifyoudoso.Someoft hespeakerr
esponsesweuse
i
nclude:

(
a)Sl
i
ght
lynoddi
ngt
hehead,
butoccasi
onal
l
y.

(
b)Smi
l
eoccasi
onal
l
y.

(
c)Usi
ngsmal
lver
bal
comment
sli
key
es,
uhhuh,
mmmh,
Isee,
etc.

(
d)Ref
lect
ingbacke.
g.y
ousai
d…

4.Takenotesont
hei
mport
antpoi
nts.Thi
scaninit
sel
fbeadi
str
act
or.Youshoul
d
ther
efor
eknowwhent
oandwhennott otakenot
es.

5.Li
stenf
orthemai
nideas.Thesearet
hemosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntst
hespeakerwant
stoget
acr
ossandarer
epeat
edsev er
alti
mes.

6.Wai
tfort
hespeakert
opausebef
oreaski
ngacl
ari
fyi
ngquest
ion.Justhol
dback.

7.Avoi
ddistr
acti
ons.Don’
tlety
ourmindwanderorbedi
str
act
edbyotherpeople’
s
act
ivi
ti
es.I
ftheroom i
stoocoldort
oohotgetthesol
uti
ont
othatsi
tuat
ionifpossi
ble.

8.Si
tpr
oper
ly.Si
tupr
ight

9.Makeeyecont
actwiththespeaker
.wheny
oudot
hisy
ouwi
l
lbeabl
etounder
standt
he
nonver
balmessagestoo.

Si
gnsofI
nact
iveAudi
ence

Youcaneasi
lytel
lwhetheryouraudi
encel
i
stensornot
.Thei
nat
tent
ivel
i
stener
stendt
o
possest
hefoll
owingcharact
eri
sti
cs:

(
a)Fi
dget
ing

(
b)Doodl
i
ng

(
c)Pl
ayi
ngwi
tht
hei
rhai
r

(
d)Looki
ngatacl
ockorwat
ch

(
e)Pi
cki
ngt
hei
rfi
nger
nai
l
s

(
f)Passi
ngsmal
lpi
ecesofpapert
ooneanot
her

(
g)Shi
ft
ingf
rom seatt
oseat

(
h)Yawni
ng

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Bar
ri
erst
oEf
fect
iveLi
steni
ng

Ther
earemanyt
hingst
hatgeti
nthewayoflist
eni
ngandyoushouldavoi
dt hesebadhabi
tsso
astobecomeamoreef
fect
ivel
i
stener
.Thesefact
orst
hati
nhi
bitacti
veli
steni
ngincl
ude;

1.Lackofi
nter
esti
nthet
opi
cbei
ngdi
scussed.

2.Unf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
tht
het
opi
cunderdi
scussi
on.

3.Fear.Onemi
ghtf
earbei
ngaskedaquest
ionandi
nthepr
ocessf
ail
tol
ookatt
he
speaker.

4.Noi
se.I
ncaseofnoi
set
hel
i
stener
smi
ghtnotgetwhatt
hespeakeri
ssay
ing.

Exer
cise1

Mwangi
Mwani
ki
,theauthorofoneoft
hesett
exty
oust
udy
,iscomi
ngt
oyourschool
togi
vea
t
alkont
het
hemesinhisnovel.

(
a)Howwoul
dyoupr
epar
efort
hisbi
gday
?

(
b)St
atewhaty
ouwoul
ddot
oensur
eyoubenef
itf
rom t
het
alkdur
ingt
hepr
esent
ati
on.

SECTI
ON6:
ORALNARRATI
VES

FEATURESOFORALNARRATI
VES
Or
alnar
rat
iveshav
emanyf
eat
ures.Themai
nonesi
ncl
ude:

 Useofopeni
ngf or
mul
a.Thi
sisusedtoindicatethebegi
nni
ngofastory
.Ital
soremovethe
audi
encefr
om thewor
ldofreal
i
tyandtaket hem tot
heworl
doffant
asy.Awor l
doffant
asy
i
swherebonesspeak,
akingisthel
ion,et
c.somecommonl yusedopeningfor
mulaphrases
are‘
alongtimeago…’
,‘
onceuponat i
me’,‘
thereoncewas….’,
and‘l
ong,l
ongago…’

 UseofClosi
ngformul
a.I
tmakest heendofast
ory
.Ital
soremovest
heaudi
encefr
om t
he
worl
doffantasyandt
akethem backtot
heworl
dofreal
it
y.Her
eareexampl
esofcl
osi
ng
for
mulae:

 Andt
hati
swhy…

 Andt
her
eendsmyst
ory
.

 Fr
om t
henonwar
ds…

 Tocomet
otheendofmyst
ory…

 Useofi
diophones.Therei
stheuseofwor
dst
hati
mit
atet
hemov
ementorsoundsmadeby
char
act
ersinthestory
.Forexampl
e,

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 Thebeesf
lewbuzzbuzz
buzz.

 Thewomanl
aughedhahahahaha.

 Thebr
anchwascutkacha.

 Repeti
ti
on.Aword,
phr
ase,asong,
orevenasent
encecanoccurmor
ethanoncei
nast
ory
.
Therepeti
ti
oni
smeanttobri
ngoutthemeani
ng.

 Useofsongs.Manynar
rat
iveshav
esongs.Thesongsper
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ions:

(
a)Br
ingsoutt
hechar
act
ert
rai
ts.

(
b)Br
ingsoutt
het
heme.

(
c)Toent
ert
ain.

 Fant
asy
.

 Useofsuspense.Her
etheaudi
encei
slef
twonder
ingwhatwi
l
lhappennext
.

 Ther
eisalsotheuseofdi
alogue.Acharact
erspeaksdi
rect
lytot
heother.Di
aloguei
sused
tobr
ingoutthetheme,
charactert
rai
tsaswellastodev
elopthepl
otofthestory.

TECHNI
QUESOFSTORYTELLI
NG
 Therearesev
eral
stor
ytel
l
ingdev
icesanar
rat
orcandeci
det
ousewhendel
i
ver
inganor
al
narr
ati
ve.

 Thet
echni
quesanar
rat
orcanusei
ncl
ude:

 Useofgestures.Gest
uresaremeantt
orei
nforcet
heidea.Forexampl
ewhent
alki
ng
aboutacharactergoi
ng,youcanst
ret
chyourarmtoshowt hat
.

 Alt
eri
ngyourf
aci
alexpr
essi
onsaccor
dingt
otheemot
ionandf
eel
i
ngsi
nthest
ory
.Do
notfr
ownwhentheemotionhappy
.

 Varyi
ngthetoneofy
ourv
oicedependi
ngonwhatyouar
esayingandwhoi
ssayi
ngit
.
Thetoneshouldbel
owwhenforexampleasmal
lani
maltal
ks,andhi
ghwhenabi
gone
speaks.

 Changi
ngt
hepaceofnar
rat
ion.Ther
ear
ethoseuni
mpor
tantdet
ail
sthatcanbesai
d
fast
er.

 I
nvol
vi
ngt
heaudi
encei
nthenar
rat
ion.Aski
ngt
hem t
ojoi
nyouwhensi
ngi
ngwi
l
lbeokay
.

 Useofmi
micr
y.Her
eanar
rat
ori
mit
atest
hewal
ki
ngst
yleofachar
act
er,
etc.

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SECTI
ON7:
NONVERBALSKI
LLSI
NLI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NG

I
MPORTANCEOFRESPECTI
NGPERSONALSPACE
Apersonal
spacei
sanimaginaryar
eabetweenaper
sonandthei
rsurroundi
ngar
ea.Thi
sspace
makestheper
sonfeel
comfortabl
eandshouldt
her
efor
enotbeencroached.

Thedi
stancecanexi
statwor
k,athomeandi
noursoci
alci
rcl
es.

Theper
sonal
spacev
ari
esdependi
ngonf
act
orssuchas:

(
a)Gender

(
b)Tr
ust

(
c)Rel
ati
onshi
p

(
d)Fami
l
iar
it
ywi
tht
heper
son.

WhyRespectPeopl
e’
sper
sonal
Space?

1.Tomaket
hem f
eel
comf
ort
abl
e.

2.Tomai
ntai
ngoodr
elat
ionshi
ps.

3.Toenhancel
i
steni
ng.Especi
all
ydur
ingat
alk.

Gener
alPer
sonal
SpaceRul
es

Theper
sonal
spacegui
del
i
nesbel
owwi
l
lhel
penhancel
i
steni
ngandspeaki
ng:

1.Respect
ful
lykeepy
ourdi
stancei
fyouwal
kint
oar
oom andseet
wopeopl
einpr
ivat
e
conver
sati
on.

2.Payatt
ent
iont
oyourvol
umewheny ouspeak,whet
heront
hephoneori
nper
son,
to
ensur
eyoudon’
tdi
str
actat
tent
ionofot
hers.

3.Mai
ntai
nphysi
calspaceatt
ableandchai
rrowssot
hepeopl
ear
oundy
ouhav
eenough
r
oom towr
it
e,rai
sethei
rhands,et
c.

4.Bemindfulofamountofper
fumeorcol
ogney
ouwearasi
fiti
sinexcessi
tmi
ght
di
str
actothers.

5.Nev
erl
eanont
heot
herper
son’
sshoul
derunl
essi
nvi
tedt
o.

6.Don’
teav
esdroponanot
herperson’
sphoneconv
ersat
ion.I
ncasey
ouov
erheardet
ail
s
oft
heconver
sati
on,
keepitconfi
dent
ial
.

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Deal
i
ngwi
thSpaceI
ntr
usi
on

Dependi
ngonthenat
ureoft
heintr
usi
on,
youwoul
ddealwithspaceencroachmenti
ndi
ff
erent
ways.Her
earethest
epsofdeal
ingwi
thaper
sonwholeansony ourshoul
der:

1.Leanawayort
akeast
epbackawayf
rom t
heper
sonhopi
ngt
heywoul
dtakeahi
nt.

2.Comer
ightoutandsayy
ouf
eel
discomf
ortbei
ngt
oocl
ose.

3.Expl
ainwhyy
ouneedmor
espace.Youcanf
orexampl
etel
lthem y
ouneedmor
espace
towri
te.

Exer
cise

Youhaveattendedaonedayseminar.Theper
sonsi
tt
ingnextt
oy ouissai
dtobeint
rudi
ngy
our
per
sonalspace.Whatfourper
sonalspacegui
del
i
nescoul
dthispersonhavef
ail
edtofol
l
ow?

FACI
ALEXPRESSI
ONS
 Thef
acey
ouweari
sagr
eatcomponentofemot
ionandf
eel
i
ng.

 Thevar
iousf
acial
expressi
onsr
epr
esentv
ari
ousf
eel
i
ngs.Asmi
l
eforexampl
e,r
epr
esent
s
j
oy,whi
leascowl,anger
.

 Whenspeaki
ngorli
steni
ng,
flexyourfaci
almusclesasappropr
iat
e.Youcan’
tsmi
l
ewhen
t
hespeakeri
stal
ki
ngaboutincidenceoftr
agedy.Dolef
ulf
acewi l
ldo.

 Rememberyourf
acei
sli
keaswi
tchandwi
l
lkeepchangi
ngdependi
ngont
hef
eel
i
ngsand
emoti
ons.

Somewor
dsf
orDescr
ibi
ngFaci
alExpr
essi
ons

Emot
ion/Feel
i
ng Faci
alExpr
essi
on

Appr
oval
/agr
eement Appeal
i
ng

Happyandpeacef
ul Beat
if
ic

Angr
yorunhappy Bl
ack,
grav
e

Wor
ri
ed Bug-
eyed

Sad Dol
eful

Conf
used Qui
zzi
cal

Sur
pri
sed Wi
de-
eyed,
qui
zzi
cal

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Ext
remel
yhappy Radi
ant

Embar
rassed Wi
ther
ing

GESTURES
 Aspeakerwi
l
lal
way
smov
epar
toft
hei
rbodyespeci
all
yahand,
arm ort
heheadwhen
speaki
ng.

 Thi
sisdonet
oexpr
esst
hei
deaormeani
ng.

 Asaspeakeryoucanusei
l
lustr
ator
sofwhatyouaresay
ingusi
ngy
ourhands.Theywi
l
l
addmentali
magetowhatisbei
ngconvey
ed.Forexampl
e,

 Headshaket
omean‘
no’
.

 Usehandst
ofor
mtheshapeofhear
ttoexpr
essl
ove.

 Uset
hehandst
ofor
mthebowshapet
oshowt
hebi
gbel
l
y.Et
c.

EYECONTACT
 Didyouknowy oucanuseyoureyest
oli
sten?Weuset
heey
est
oli
stent
oanot
herper
son’
s
bodylanguage–gestur
eincl
uded.

 Aney
eisapower
ful
tool
ofef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion.

 Letusl
ear
nsomesi
tuat
ionst
hatdemanddi
ff
erentusesoft
heey
es.Forexampl
e:

(
a)Whenar
gui
ng,
hol
dyourgaze.

(
b)Whendef
err
ing,
lowery
ourey
es.

(
c)Whenl
ovi
ngsomeone,
star
eint
hepool
oft
hei
rey
es.

 Maki
ngey econt
actisveryvi
talasyoucangetthefeedbackfrom y
ourl
ist
eners,
ony our
message.Whenyounoticetheyareboredyouknowy ouhavet omakeadj
ustmentsand
whentheyshowenthusiasm t
henthiswil
lhel
pinpumpingy ouup.

 Toomuchey
econtactbythel
i
steneri
ndi
cat
etheyhav
eint
eresti
nei
thery
ouort
he
i
nfor
mati
onyouar
eputti
ngacross.

 Speaker
stendt
olookup:

(
a)Att
heendoft
hei
rut
ter
ances.

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(
b)Toi
ndi
cat
etot
heot
her
stohav
ethei
rtur
n.

 Speaker
stendt
olookawaywhen:

(
a)Tal
ki
ngnon-
fl
uent
ly.

(
b)Thi
nki
ng

(
c)Notsur
eoft
het
opi
c.

BOWI
NG/
CURTSYI
NG

 Acur
tsyi
sapol
i
tegest
ureofr
espectorr
ever
encemadechi
efl
ybywomenandgi
rl
s.

I
tist
hef
emal
eequi
val
entofmal
es’
bowi
ng.

Whent
oBoworMakeCur
tsy

 Toendaper
for
mance.

 Toshowr
espect
.

Howt
oCur
tsy

 Lowery
ourhead.

 Hol
dyourski
rtatt
heedgeswi
thbot
hhands.

 Pl
acey
ourr
ightf
ootbehi
ndt
hel
eft
.

 Bendy
ourkneesout
war
d

APPERANCEANDGROOMI
NG
Howyoulookwhenspeakingi
nfrontofanaudi
enceorwhengoi
ngf
orani
nter
viewi
sver
y
cr
uci
al.I
tbot
hboost
sy ourconf
idencelev
elandbui
ldr
espect
.

Yourappear
ancei
nvol
vest
hecl
othesy
ouwearaswel
lashowy
ougr
oom.

Gr
oomingonthehandinvol
veswhatyoudotoyourbodyotherthant
hecl
othi
ng.Yourper
sonal
hy
gienei
sthesi
mplestter
mt hatcanr
epl
acetheter
m grooming.

Cl
othi
ng

Theki
ndofcl
othey
ouwearwi
l
ldependonsuchf
act
orsas:

(
a)Youroccupat
ion;

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(
b)Weat
her
;

(
c)Locat
ion;
and

(
d)Yourpr
efer
ence.

Gui
del
i
nesf
orCl
othi
ng

1.Yourcl
othshoul
dfi
tcomf
ort
abl
y.

2.Thecl
othshoul
dal
sobeneatandcl
ean.

3.Weart
her
ightcl
othf
orappr
opr
iat
eoccasi
on.

Gr
oomi
ng

Readt
hegr
oomi
ngcheckl
i
stbel
ow.

1.Yourhai
rshoul
dbel
ean,
tri
mmedandneat
lyar
ranged.

2.I
fyouar
eaman,
ensur
eyourf
aci
alhai
risf
reshl
yshav
ed.

3.Fi
nger
nai
l
sshoul
dbeneat
,cl
eanandt
ri
mmed.

4.Teet
hshoul
dbr
ushedandwi
thf
reshbr
eat
h.

5.Bodyshoul
dbef
reshl
yshower
ed.

6.I
fawoman,
usemakeupspar
ingl
yandbenat
ural
looki
ng.

7.Useper
fumes/
aft
ershav
e/col
ognesspar
ingl
yorev
enusenonatal
l
.

Exer
cise

Ayubhasbeeni
nvi
tedt
oani
nter
view.St
atef
ourgr
oomi
ngmi
stakesheshoul
dbecar
eful
to
av
oid.

SECTI
ON8:
INSTRUCTI
ONSTOFRI
ENDSANDRELATI
VES

GI
VINGANDRECEI
VINGI
NSTRUCTI
ONS
Giv
ingcleari
nst
ruct
ionsi
soneoft
hoset
hingst
hatseemseasyt
odobutact
ual
l
yar
emor
e
complex.

Thet
ipst
hatf
oll
owwi
l
lhel
pyoui
ngi
vi
ngcl
eari
nst
ruct
ions:

1.Gett
heat
tent
ionoft
heot
herper
son.Besur
eyouhav
etheat
tent
ionoft
heper
son,
orpeopl
e,

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youaregiv
inginst
ruct
ion.Thisi
sonewayinwhi
chyouwil
ltel
lwhet
hert
heyar
eli
steni
ng.Do
youknowway stogettheattent
ionofachi
l
dorevenagr
oupofpeoplei
nsomenoisypl
ace?
Herearesomesuggest i
ons;

 Ri
ngt
hebel
l

 Bangt
het
abl
e/door

 Swi
tchof
fthel
i
ght
s

 Cl
eary
ourt
hroat

 Bl
owt
hewhi
stl
e,andmanyot
her
s.

2.Usesi
mpl
elanguaget
hatcanbeunder
stood.Av
oidusi
ngt
oomuchv
ocabul
ary
.

3.Br
eakinst
ruct
ionsdownanddel
i
vert
hem i
nst
eps.Gi
veonei
nst
ruct
ionatanygi
vent
imet
o
av
oidanyconfusi
on.

4.Repeati
nst
ruct
ionst
othem.

5.Bel
oudenough.

6.Givei
nst
ruct
ionbegi
nni
ngwi
thav
erbi
.e.uset
hei
mper
ati
vef
orms.Forexampl
e:Taket
hree
cups…

7.Askt
hem r
epeati
nst
ruct
ionst
oyoui
nthei
rownwor
ds.

8.Makeey
econt
act
.

Exer
cise

Youar eamother.Onacer
tai
nday,v
eryear
lyinthemorni
ng,youwanttogotopayyourf
ri
enda
vi
sit.Bef
oreyouleav
e,y
ouhavedeci
dedtoleaveyour6-
yearol
dsoninstr
uct
ionsonhowto
preparehi
slunch.

(
a)Makeal
i
stofmet
hodsy
ouwoul
duset
ogethi
sat
tent
ionbef
oregi
vi
ngi
nst
ruct
ions.

(
b)Otherthangetti
nghisat
tenti
on,
howel
sewoul
dyouensur
eyoul
eav
ehi
m cl
earand
understandabl
einst
ruct
ions?

GI
VINGDI
RECTI
ONS
Onceinawhilepeoplewil
lasky
out oleadthem t
ot hei
rdest
inati
on.I
fiti
snotpossi
blet
odo
t
histhenthebestt
hingtodowil
l betogivethem di
rect
ionst
ot hosepl
aces.Themost
i
mpor t
antthi
ngtodoi st
obebriefandclear.

Letusl
ear
nthest
epst
ogi
vi
ngt
hecl
eardi
rect
ions.

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St
epst
oGi
vi
ngCl
earDi
rect
ions

1.Giv
ethedir
ect
ionwit
hf ewtur
ns.Remembershor
tcut
smaybef
ast
er,
butatt
imesar
e
compl
icat
edespeci
all
yinthecaseofmanytur
ns.

2.Indi
cat
ethetur
ns—whetherl
eftorr
ight.Tel
lthem t
oturnalef
torar
ight
.Fort
hosewho
knowcardi
nalpoi
nts,
youcanusenor t
h,south,west
,oreast
.

3.Mentiont
helandmarks,
forexampl
e,al
argecl
ock,
aschool
,ar
iver
,e.
t.
c.Tel
lthem:
`you
wi
llseeabluechur
ch…

4.Speci
fydist
ance.Of
fertheBall
par
kFi
gur
es(roughesti
mat
esoft
het
imeandl
engt
hof
tr
avel
).Thethr
eeway sofspeci
fyi
ngt
hedist
anceare:

(
a)Tel
l
ingt
hem howmanyst
reet
sorbui
l
dingst
opass;

(
b)Gi
vi
ngt
hem di
stancei
nki
l
omet
res,
met
res,
ormi
l
es;
and

(
c)Tell
i
ngthem howmucht
imei
nmi
nut
esorhour
sitwi
l
ltaket
hem t
oreacht
hei
r
desti
nat
ion.

5.Warnthem aboutanyconfusi
ngpar
tsofther
out
e.Forexampl
e,l
ett
hem knowofa
nar
rowroadthatpeoplenormall
ymiss.

6.Saywhichsideoft
hestr
eetorr
oadt hei
rdesti
nat
ioni
son.Ther
ecouldbetwohouses
thatl
ookal
ikeoneit
hersi
desofroad.Tel
lthem:Myhouseisonther
ight
.

7.Repeatdi
rect
ionst
othem andal
l
owt
hem r
epeatbackdi
rect
ionst
oyou.

8.Dr
awasi
mpl
i
fiedmapi
fpaperandpenci
lorpenar
eav
ail
abl
e.

9.Giv
ethem adrop-
deadpoi
nt.Thi
sist
heplacewheni
fyoureachyouknowyouarel
ost
andhavetomakeaU-tur
n.Forexampl
e,t
ellt
hem:i
fyouseeabigblackbi
l
lboar
dyou
havegonetoofar
.

Exer
cise

Yourchurchisinthesameest
atey
ouli
ve.Yourmot
hergoestoadiff
erentchur
ch.Onthis
part
icul
arSundayshehasdeci
dedtoj
oinyoulat
eri
nyourchur
ch.Forthatr
eason,sheasksy
ou
togiveherthedir
ecti
ontot
hechur
ch.

(
a)Ment
iont
hreeway
syouwoul
dspeci
fyhert
hedi
stancef
rom y
ourhomet
othechur
ch.

(
b)Apar
tfr
om speci
fyi
ngthedi
stance,
howel
sewoul
dyouensur
esher
eachest
hechur
ch
whengi
vinghert
hedir
ecti
on?

ANSWERS

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PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFVOWELSOUNDS

/
ᶦ/

 Hi
l
l

 Si
t

 St
il
l

 Bl
i
p

 Fi
l
l

 Bl
i
nk

 Thr
il
l

/
i:
/

 Jeep

 Cr
eek

 Gr
eased

 Teal

 cheat

/
e/

 j
et

 bed

 wet

PRONUNCI
ATI
ONOFCONSONANTSOUNDS

Exer
cise1

Sound/
s/:
sev
en,
student
s,f
ir
st,
test
,li
cences

Sound/
z/:
dri
ver
’s,
li
cences,
Thur
sday

Exer
cise2

(
a)Gar
age (
b)Gi
ft (
c)Go

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(
d)Di
git (
e)Ent
angl
e (
f)Gecko

Exer
cise3

Sound/
ᶴ/:
ti
ssue,
passi
on,
ocean,
caut
ious,
sol
uti
on,
pressur
e,Per
sian,
chef
,sur
e,pr
eci
ous

Sound/ᶾ/:
Caucasi
an,
div
isi
on,
lei
sur
e,v
isi
on,
casual
,concl
usi
on,
tel
evi
sion,
deci
sion,
col
l
isi
on,
exposur
e

Exer
cise4

Sound/
f/:
for
giv
e,f
or,
for
get
ti
ng,
lef
tov
er,
food

Sound/
v/:
for
giv
e,l
eft
over

DI
PHTHONGS

(
a)Gat
e (
e)Pane (
i)Vane/
vei
n (
m)Sow

(
b)Made (
f)Pl
ane (
j)Wast
e (
n)Know

(
c)Mal
e (
g)Sai
l (
k)Wei
ght (
o)Tow

(
d)Pai
l (
h)Tai
l (
l)At
e (
p)Gr
oan

MI
NIMALPAI
RS

Exer
cise1

(
a)Heat (
d)Pi
tch (
g)Keep (
j)Peel

(
b)Shi
t (
e)Leap (
h)I
ll (
k)Ski
d

(
c)Teen (
f)Kni
t (
i)Gr
id (
l)Scheme

Exer
cise2

(
a)Hi
d (
c)Hem (
e)Fi
n (
g)Di
n

(
b)Mess (
d)Led (
f)Led (
h)Pi
g

Exer
cise3

(
a)Fai
l (
d)Sai
l
/sal
e (
g)Read/
red (
j)St
ead

(
b)Pen (
e)Whal
e (
h)Debt

(
c)Hel
l (
f)Met (
i)Mai
n

Exer
cise4
(
a)Bat (b)Much (c)Mud (d)Flash
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(
e)Come (
g)Sung (
i)Cr
ush (
k)Damp

(
f)Dam (
h)Ankl
e (
j)Suck (
l)Tag

Exer
cise5

(
a)Mer
ry (
c)Ket
tl
e (
e)Sex (
g)Tr
ead

(
b)Bl
and (
d)Vet (
f)Tr
ack (
h)Mat

Exer
cise6

(
a)Fi
r/
fur (
c)Pur
se (
e)Shi
rk

(
b)Har
d (
d)Fi
rm (
f)Car
t

Exer
cise7

(
a)Ban (
c)Best (
e)Bent (
g)Lobes

(
b)Vot
e (
d)Bowel
s (
f)Ver
y (
h)Ver
b

Exer
cise8

(
a)Ver
y (
d)Vi
ne (
g)Fai
l (
j)Vaul
t

(
b)Leav
e (
e)Hal
ve (
h)Gr
iev
e (
k)Fi
l
e

(
c)Fast (
f)Pr
ove (
i)Car
ve (
l)St
ri
fe

Exer
cise9

(
a)Bad (
f)Bet (
k)Hi
d (
p)Not

(
b)Got (
g)Bought (
l)Hear
d (
q)Sai
d

(
c)Ri
de (
h)Ai
d (
m)Mad (
r)Pl
ate

(
d)Ant (
i)Bed (
n)Meant (
s)Sad

(
e)add (
j)f
eed (
o)need (
t)Debt

Exer
cise10

(
a)Tag (
d)Come (
g)Gav
e (
j)Gr
ab

(
b)Fl
ock (
e)Cash (
h)Sack (
k)Gl
ass

(
c)Tuck (
f)Jag (
i)League (
l)Coul
d

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(
m)Coat (
o)Gi
l
l (
q)Cut (
s)Rag

(
n)Bl
ock (
p)Duck (
r)Lock (
t)got

HOMOPHONES

(
a)bee,
be (
c)ay
e,ey
e (
e)t
ea,
tee

(
b)see,
sea (
d)pee,
pea (
f)ewe,
you

SI
LENTLETTERS

i
. b v
ii
. s xi
i
i. t xi
x. t x
xv. z

i
i
. s v
ii
i. h xi
v. h xx. e x
xvi
. ue

i
i
i. c i
x. d xv
. t xxi
. p xx
vii
. e

i
v. t x. d xv
i. t x
xii
. x xx
vii
i
. t
h

v
. c xi
. n xv
ii
. t x
xii
i
. m xxi
x. t
h

v
i. b xi
i
. t x
vii
i
. b x
xiv
. b x
xx. s

STRESS

Exer
cise1

1.

(
a)Bambur
icementwasusedt
ocementt
hebr
idge.

(
b)Af
terl
eav
ingushi
saddr
ess,
hewi
l
laddr
esst
hosest
udent
sov
ert
her
e.

(
c)Hehadt
oper
mitust
odobusi
nesssi
ncewehadabusi
nessper
mit
.

(
d)Thecont
entoft
hel
ett
erwi
l
lcont
entt
heman.

2.

(
a)Ser
t,de (
c)r
e,sume (
e)v
ict
,con

(
b)es,
cor
t (
d)t
est
,con

Exer
cise2

(
a)

 I–nooneel
sel
ovesy
oursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing.

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 Lov
e–Idon’
that
eyoursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing

 Your–Notanyot
herper
son’
ssi
ster

 Si
ster
’s–noty
ourbr
other
’sory
ouruncl
e’
s

 Handwr
it
ing–I
tIonl
yyoursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ingIl
ove,
notherwal
ki
ngst
yleorhercooki
ng.

(
b)

 You–al
ltheot
her
scameear
ly

 Came–y
oudi
dnotl
eav
elat
e

 Lat
e–Notear
ly

 Yest
erday–t
her
estoft
heday
syoucameear
ly

I
NTONATI
ON

(
a)Fal
l
ing (
e)Ri
sing (
i)Fal
l
ing (
m) Ri
sin (
p)Fal
l
ing
g
(
b)Fal
l
ing (
f)Ri
sing (
j)Ri
sing (
q)Fal
l
ing
(
n)Fal
l
ing
(
c)Fal
l
ing (
g)Ri
sing (
k)Fal
l
ing (
r)Fal
l
ing
(
o)Ri
sing
(
d)Fal
l
ing (
h)Fal
l
ing (
l)Fal
l
ing

PUNS

(
a)Int
eresthasmul
ti
plemeanings.I
nter
esti
sthest
ateofwanti
ngtodosomet
hing.I
tisal
so
amountpaidatapart
icul
arrat
eformoneyborr
owedfrom t
hebank.

(
b)Ther
eisat
wistont
hewor
d‘t
ir
ed’
whi
chi
sor
igi
nal
l
ysupposedt
obespel
t‘t
yred.
’

(
c)Uptosomethi
ngmeansdoi
ngsomet
hingwr
ong.I
tal
someanst
hest
air
scoul
dbel
eadi
ng
hi
mt oanot
herfl
oor
.

(
d)Thewor
d‘Sant
a’s’
hasbeent
wist
ed.I
tissupposedt
obespel
t‘sent
ence’
.

(
e)Char
gedmeanspassi
ngel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
.Ital
someansbei
ngf
ormal
l
yaccusedi
nthecour
t.

TONGUETWI
STERS

Exer
cise1

(
a)

 Al
l
iter
ati
on:
cough,
car
ri
es,
cof
fi
n,car
ry

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 Consonance:
cough,
off
,cof
fi
n,of
f

 Repet
it
ion:
off

(
b)

 Al
li
ter
ati
on:
wit
ches,
wer
e,wat
chi
ng,
wat
ches,
whi
ch,
wit
ch,
woul
d,wat
ch,
whi
ch,
wat
ch

 Consonance:
wit
ches,
wat
chi
ng,
wat
ches,
whi
ch,
wit
ch,
wat
ch,
whi
ch,
wat
ch

 Repet
it
ion:
wat
ch,
whi
ch,
two

(
c)

 Al
l
iter
ati
on:
black,
bug,
bleeds,
black,
blood,
blue,
bug,
bleed

 Consonance:
bleeds,
blood,
bleed

 Repet
it
ion:
black,
blood,bugr
epeat
ed

(
d)

 Si
bil
ance:
wish,
wash,
Iri
sh….Orconsonance

 Al
l
iter
ati
on:
wish,
wash,
wat
ch

Exer
cise2

(
a)I
tisat
onguet
wist
er.

(
b)Thesound/
s/and/
ᶴ/

RI
DDLES

 Chal
l
enge–Ihav
ear
iddl
e!

 Accept
ance–Thr
owi
t.

 Pose/Ri
ddl
e–Whatcomesdownbutnev
ergoesup?

 Guesses–wi
nd,
bir
d

 Pr
ize–Fi
re

 Sol
uti
on–r
ain

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RHYME

Exer
cise1

(
a)Vi
olent
ly (
b)Day (
c)shaki
ng (
d)t
err
or (
e)For
get

Exer
cise2

aabcddbceeccf
fccgghh

ALLI
TERATI
ONANDASSONANCEI
NPOEMS

Al
l
iter
ati
on

 Bl
ackBr
ewer
iesbr
aveness/
b/

 Tr
acer
sti
cki
ngTi
me/
t/

 Bl
ackbr
avenessbasel
essl
y/b/

 Mi
rr
or,
myemot
ionmov
esmoment
ari
l
y/m/

 Andot
her
s

Assonance

 I
ninki
ncor
por
ati
vei
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm

 Di
rect
eddi
agonal

 Et
c.

Consonance

 Li
tt
le,
black,
basel
essl
y/l
/

 Bl
ackbel
i
eves/
l/

 Det
ermi
ned,
dest
ini
es/
t/

DEBATE

Icoul
dhav
e:

 Spokenconf
ident
ly

 Var
iedmyt
oneappr
opr
iat
ely

 Spokenl
oudenought
obehear
dbyev
ery
one

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 Mademycont
actwi
thmyaudi
ence

 Pr
ovi
dedpr
oof
sformypoi
ntsi
nper
suasi
veway
.

 Spokensl
owl
yandenunci
atedwor
dscor
rect
ly

 Usedgest
urest
hatr
einf
orcedmyi
deas

 Pausedatkeypoi
nts

I
NTERVI
EWS

Exer
cise1

(
a)Quest
ions

 Howwoul
dyouhandl
ecasesofi
ndi
sci
pli
neamongt
hest
udent
s?

 Wi
l
lyouappoi
ntpr
efect
sinchar
geofdi
sci
pli
ne?

 Whatpuni
shmentwi
l
lyoumet
eoutont
hosewhoar
eindi
sci
pli
ne?Et
c.

(
b)Iwoul
d;

 I
nfor
m hi
m aboutt
hei
nter
view.

 Ar
ri
veear
lyf
ort
hei
nter
view.

 Pr
epar
ethepl
acet
oint
erv
iewhi
m..

(
c)Iwoul
d;

 Al
l
owhi
m enought
imet
orespondt
othequest
ions.

 encour
agehi
mtospeakbysl
i
ght
lynoddi
ngmyhead.

 Makeey
econt
actwi
thhi
m.

Exer
cise2

(
a)MsNaomi
isagoodi
nter
viewerbecause;

 Shewar
mlywel
comesMr
.Josh,
hencemaki
nghi
mfeel
freet
ospeak.

 Sheal
soof
fer
stot
akeMr
.Joshal
ongwi
thherf
orl
unch.

(
b)Mr
.Josh:

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 Ex
plai
nsheranswer
swel
l
.

 I
shonest
.Whenaskedwhet
herhehaswr
it
teni
nanysci
ent
if
icj
our
nal
hesay
snot
y
et.

SPEECHES

Exer
cise1

(
a)Iwoul
d;

 Dosomer
esear
chont
het
opi
c.

 Pr
act
iceadequat
ely
.

 Wr
it
edownmypoi
nts.

 Dr
essandgr
oom wel
l
.

(
b)Iwoul
d;

 Ef
fect
ivel
yusegest
urest
orei
nfor
cemyi
deas.

 Makeey
econt
actwi
thmyaudi
ence.

 Wearappr
opr
iat
efaci
alexpr
essi
ons.

 Speakl
oudenought
obehear
dbyal
l
.

 Pr
onouncemywor
dscor
rect
ly.

 Pauseatkeypoi
ntst
olett
hei
nfor
mat
ionsi
nk.

 Speaksl
owl
ytoal
l
owmypoi
ntsbepr
ocessed.

Exer
cise2

(
a)Makuf
uli
coul
dhav
e:

 Hadshaki
nghands  Rapi
dhear
tbeat

 Sweat
ingpal
ms  Squeakyv
oice

 Dr
ymout
h  Knocki
ngknees,
etc

(
b)Makuf
uli
probabl
y:

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 Coul
dhav
edr
esseduncomf
ort
abl
y.

 Coul
dhav
efai
l
edt
oresear
chont
het
opi
c.

 Coul
dhav
efai
l
edt
hef
ir
stt
imeandcoul
dhav
efear
edt
ofai
lagai
n.

 Coul
dnothav
erehear
sedhi
sspeech.

DI
SCUSSI
ON

(
a)

 Choosegr
oupl
eader
s.

 Dor
esear
chont
het
opi
ctogetf
act
s.

 Wr
it
ethepoi
nts.

 Ar
ri
veear
lyf
ort
hedi
scussi
on.

 Gat
herwr
it
ingmat
eri
alst
ouse.

(
b)

 Ensur
eeachpoi
ntgi
veni
sbackedup.

 Ensur
emember
sspeakwi
thmoder
ati
on.

 Speakcl
ear
ly.

 Takenot
esonwhati
sdi
scussed.

 Ensur
emember
sli
stent
oeachot
her
.

ORALREPORTS

(
a)

 Pr
epar
ethephot
otoshowt
hepol
i
ce.

 Askt
henei
ghbour
squest
ionst
ogetmor
efact
s.

 Pr
act
icehowt
orepor
t.

(
b)Iwoul
d:

 Var
ymyt
oneappr
opr
iat
ely
.

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 Makeey
econt
actwi
tht
heof
fi
cer
.

 Usegest
uresef
fect
ivel
y.

 Pauseatkeypoi
nts.

 Speakl
oudenoughenough.

 Speaksl
owl
y.

USEOFCOURTEOUSLANGUAGE

Exer
cise1

 Fai
l
edt
ouse‘
thanky
ou’
aft
erbei
nggi
vent
hebarofsoap.

 Fai
l
edt
ouse‘
please’
whenaski
ngt
obegi
vent
hebarofsoap.

 Fai
l
edt
ouse‘
excuseme’
togett
heshopkeeper
’sat
tent
ion.

Exer
cise2

 Shehasused‘
please’
whenaski
ngJohnt
ofi
l
ltheaddr
ess.

 Shehasused‘
woul
d’i
naski
ngquest
ions.

TELEPHONEETI
QUETTE

Exer
cise1

(
a)Thepat
ter
nsi
ncl
ude;

 Answer
ingoft
hephone–Hel
l
o,…

 Request-
-MayIspeakt
othepr
inci
pal
,pl
ease?

 Thecal
l
eri
stol
dthepr
inci
pal
isnoti
ntheof
fi
ceatt
hemoment
.

 Paul
i
nei
saskedt
oleav
eamessage.

 Paul
i
nel
eav
est
hemessagef
ort
hepr
inci
pal
.

 Thecal
lfi
nisheswi
thpl
easant
ry–hav
eani
ceday
.

(
b)Ev
idences:

 Shei
ntr
oducesher
sel
ftot
hesecr
etar
y.

 Sheendst
hecal
lwi
thpl
easant
ry.

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 Shespeakspol
i
tel
ytot
hesecr
etar
y.

Exer
cise2

(
a)Iwoul
d:

 Ensur
eIhav
eadequat
eai
rt
ime.

 Got
oaqui
etpl
ace.

 Jotdownwhatt
otel
lthedoct
or.

 Ensur
ethepl
acet
omaket
hecal
lhasnet
wor
k.

(
b)Iwoul
dav
oid:

 Tal
ki
ngt
ool
oudl
y

 Engagi
ngi
nanar
gumentwi
tht
hedoct
or.

 I
nter
rupt
ingt
hedoct
or.

 Bei
ngdi
str
act
edbyot
heract
ivi
ti
es.

Exer
cise3

Joancoul
dhav
efai
l
edt
o:

 I
dent
if
yher
sel
fatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hecal
l
.

 Speakcl
ear
lyandsl
owl
y.

 Speakwi
thal
owt
oneofv
oice.

 Endt
hecal
lwi
thapl
easant
ry.

APPROPRI
ATECHOI
CEOFREGI
STER

(
a)Cr
edexisaschool
.Ther
eist
heuseofwor
dssuchas‘
piecesofchal
k’
,andt
he‘
deput
y
pr
inci
pal
’.

(
b)Thet
woar
efr
iends.

(
c)Atfi
rsti
tisf
ormal
.Butwhent
her
ecept
ioni
str
eal
i
zesi
tisDor
othycal
l
ingi
tbecomes
i
nfor
mal.

(
d)

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For
mal

I
sthi
sthecr
edex?

I
nfor
mal

Howi
sthegoi
ng?

Luncht
oday
?

NEGOTI
ATI
ONSKI
LLS

(
a)

 Knowt
hepr
icesel
sewher
e

 Whet
herIcangetdi
scount

 Whet
hert
hepur
chaseoft
hecarcomeswi
thanyof
fer

 Whet
hert
hecari
sinhi
ghdemand

 Whet
hert
hecari
sreadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e.Et
c.

(
b)Iwoul
d:

 Makepol
i
tebutf
ir
mrequest
s.

 Askquest
ionsandsummar
iset
oav
oidconf
usi
ons.

 Respondt
onegat
ivecomment
sfr
om t
hesel
l
er.

 Gi
veal
ter
nat
ives.

 Showappr
eci
ati
onoft
hesel
l
er’
svi
ewpoi
nt.

 Li
stenat
tent
ivel
ytot
hesel
l
er.

 Ensur
ewear
ri
veatacl
earagr
eementaccept
abl
etobot
hofus.

PAYI
NGATTENTI
ON

(
a)Iwoul
d:

 Readt
hesetbookt
oremi
ndmy
sel
foft
het
hemes.

 Ensur
eIsi
twher
eIwoul
dbecomf
ort
abl
e.

 Pr
epar
equest
ionst
oaskhi
m.

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(
b)Iwoul
d:

 Takedownt
hemai
npoi
nts.

 Makeey
econt
actwi
tht
heaut
hor
.

 Hol
dbackunt
ilt
hespeakerpausesbef
oreIi
nter
rupt
.

 Encour
aget
hespeakert
ocont
inuespeaki
ngbyusi
ngsomer
esponses.

 Av
oidi
nter
rupt
ions.

I
MPORTANCEOFRESPECTI
NGPERSONALSPACE

Hecoul
dhav
efai
l
edt
o:

 Speaki
nal
owv
oicedur
ingt
het
alk.

 Mai
ntai
nthephy
sical
dist
ancebet
weent
het
woofusatt
het
abl
e.

 Resi
stl
eani
ngonmyshoul
derorchest
.

 Resi
steav
esdr
oppi
ngonmyphoneconv
ersat
ion.

APPEARANCEANDGROOMI
NG

Iwoul
dav
oid:

 Di
rt
yunar
rangedhai
r

 Di
rt
yfi
nger
nai
l
s

 Foul
breat
hteet
h

 Unbat
hedbody

 Excessmakeup

 Excessper
fumesorcol
ognes

GI
VINGANDRECEI
VINGI
NSTRUCTI
ONS

(
a)

 Swi
tchof
fthel
i
ght
sinhi
sroom

Nov
els,
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l.
com

 Cal
lhi
sname

 Bangt
het
abl
ebesi
dehi
m

 Cl
apmyhands

(
b)

 Usesi
mpl
elanguage

 Gi
veonei
nst
ruct
ionatat
ime

 Bel
oudenough

 Repeatt
hei
nst
ruct
ion.

 Askhi
mifhehasanyquest
ion

 Askhi
mrepeati
nst
ruct
ionsbackt
ome.

 Makeey
econt
act
.

GI
VINGDI
RECTI
ONS

(
a)

 Gi
vi
ngt
hedi
stancei
nmet
res.

 Tel
l
inghert
imei
nmi
nut
es.

 Tel
l
inghert
henumberofst
reet
stopass.

(
b)

 Iwoul
dgi
vehert
her
out
ewi
thmi
nimal
tur
ns.

 Iwoul
dindi
cat
ethet
urns.

 Ment
iont
hel
andmar
ks.

 War
nheraboutanyconf
usi
ngpar
toft
her
out
e.

 Hav
eherr
epeatdi
rect
ionsbackt
ome.

 Dr
awasi
mpl
i
fiedmap.

Nov
els,
Updat
edI
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imar
ynot
es0705525657 109
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cah@gmai
l.
com

FORMORESI
MILARRESOURCES

CONTACTMRI
SABOKE

0705525657

Nov
els,
Updat
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CT,
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ATD,
CICT,
CS,
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imar
ynot
es0705525657 110