CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CALCULATIONS LECTURE 3
Engr. Rainier Gomez
Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
• The units ppm and ppb are used to express concentrations of trace species
in mixtures of gases or liquids. The definitions may refer to mass ratios
(usual for liquids) or mole ratios (usual for gases).

𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 𝑥 106
𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 𝑥109

Where 𝑦𝑖 is the fraction of component i.

Practice: Calculate the mole fraction of liquid thanol (𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻) in liquid
water if its concentration is 400 ppm.
Fluid Pressure and Hydrostatic Head
• Pressure is the ratio of a force to the area on which the force acts.

𝑁
• The SI pressure unit, 2 , is called pascal (Pa).
𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

• The pressure P of the fluid at the base of the

column is called the hydrostatic pressure of the
fluid.
Atmospheric, Absolute and Gauge Pressure
• The fluid pressures referred to so far are all absolute pressures, in
that a pressure of zero corresponds to a perfect vacuum.

• Many pressure-measuring devices give the gauge pressure of a fluid,

or the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐

Manometers
• Calculate the pressure drop between the two points in a process line
containing water.
Temperature
• The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of its molecules.

• Four common scales:

• Celsius
• Fahrenheit
• Kelvin
• Rankine
Temperatures
• 𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 𝑜𝐶 + 273.15

• 𝑇 𝑜𝑅 = 𝑇 𝑜𝐹 + 459.67

• 𝑇 𝑜𝑅 = 1.8 ∗ 𝑇(𝐾)

• 𝑇 𝑜𝐹 = 1.8 ∗ 𝑇 𝑜𝐶 + 32
• The 𝑐𝑝 of 𝑁𝐻3 is given by the following equation:

𝐽
• 𝑐𝑝 𝑔−𝑜𝐶 = 2.06 + 1.72 𝑥 10−3 𝑇 𝑜𝐶

• If the temperature is to be given in degrees Fahrenheit and the unit of

𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑐𝑃 is to be in 𝑙𝑏 −𝑜𝐹 .
𝑚