DBMS Manual

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LAB MANUAL
Objectives:
The major objective of this lab is to provide a strong formal foundation in database concepts,
technology and practice to the participants to groom them into well-informed database
application developers.
The sub-objectives are:
 to give a good formal foundation on the relational model of data
 to present SQL and procedural interfaces to SQL comprehensively
 to give an introduction to systematic database design approaches covering
conceptual design, logical design and an overview of physical design
 to present the concepts and techniques relating to query processing by SQL engines
 to introduce the concepts of transactions and transaction processing
Learning Outcomes:
After this lab, the student should be able to:
 Understand, appreciate and effectively explain the underlying concepts of database
technologies
 Design and implement a database schema for a given problem-domain
 Create small scale database
 Populate and query a database using SQL DML/DDL commands.
 Declare and enforce integrity constraints on a database using a state-of-the-art RDBMS
 Programming PL/SQL including stored procedures, stored functions, cursors, packages.
 Create triggers
Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (As per syllabus)
S. No. Name of the Experiment
Overview of DDL, DML and DCL,TCL Commands
1 Creation, altering and droping of tables and inserting rows into a table (use
constraints while creating tables) examples using SELECT command.
2 Queries (along with sub Queries) using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS,
NOTEXISTS, UNION,
INTERSET, Constraints
3 Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and MIN),
GROUP BY, HAVING
and Creation and dropping of Views.
4 Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date), string

functions
(Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr and
instr), date
functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day, months_between, least,

greatest, trunc,
round, to_char, to_date)
5 i)Creation of simple PL/SQL program which includes declaration section,

executable section and
exception –Handling section (Ex. Student no can be selected from the table and
printed and an exception can be raised if no records were found)

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ii)Insert data into student table and use COMMIT, ROLLBACK and
SAVEPOINT in PL/SQL
block.
6 1)PL/SQL program to find biggest of 3 numbers
2)PL/SQL program to find area of circle.
7 Program development using WHILE LOOPS, numeric FOR LOOPS, nested

loops (to check whether the number is prime or not)
8 Programs using SAVEPOINT,ROLLBACK and COMMIT
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Program using declaration, execution, exceptions. (when no_data_found)
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Program using FUNCTIONS to check sid values of sailors and to find factorial
value.
11 Develop programs using features parameters in a CURSOR, FOR UPDATE

CURSOR, WHERE
CURRENT of clause and CURSOR variables.
Develop Programs using BEFORE and AFTER Triggers, Row and Statement
Triggers and
INSTEAD OF Triggers
12 Develop programs using REPORTS to display the sailor id, name, rating and
boat color, name in sailor and boat tables

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Programs using PACKAGES to execute both function and procedure
INTRODUCTION
DATA:
Collection of facts or raw material is known as Data
DATABASE:

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Collection of data that describes activities of one or more related organization from the
data is called ‘DATABASE’.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DBMS):
Collection of data and set of programs which are used to access the data in an efficient
manner is known as ‘DBMS’.
INTRODUCTION TO SQL:
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and is commonly pronounced as ‘SEQUEL’. It is
the interface between user and the oracle database. The American National Standard Institute has
accepted SQL as the standard access language for relational database management system and
all of ORACLE access tools are based on this standard.
SQL is the set of statements with which all the programs and users access data in an oracle
database. The purpose of SQL is to provide an interface to a relational database such as oracle
and all SQL statements. It has been a common language for communication with oracle server
from any tool or application.
SQL has 9 commands which are common to all RDBMS

* CREATE, DROP, ALTER for Tables
* INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE for Records
* GRANT, REVOKE for Permission
* SELECT for Query
COMPONENTS OF SQL
1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: These commands are used to define the database
structure or schema
 Create: It is used to create oracle database objects.

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Syntax: create table <table name>(<col name> <datatype> <size>,…………);

 Alter: It is used to modify the columns in the table.
Syntax: alter table <table name>keywords(<col name> <datatype> <size>);
Keywords: 1. add: To add new column to table.
2.drop: To delete column from table.
3.modify: To enhance a width of a column
 Drop: It is used to drop the table.
Syntax: drop table <table name>
2. DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: These commands are used for managing data
within schema
objects.
 Insert: It is used to insert new data into the existing table.
Syntax: insert into <table name> values(<exp1>,<exp2>,----------------<expn>);
 Delete: It is used to delete records from the table.
Syntax: delete from <table name> [where <condition>];
 Update: It is used to modify values in the table.
Syntax: update <table name> set <col name> =<exp> where <condition>;
 Select: It is used to access records from the database.
Syntax: Select <selection list> from <table name> where <condition>;
3. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE : DCL commands are used to configure and control
database objects.
 GRANT : SQL GRANT is a command used to provide access or privileges on
the database objects to the users.
Syntax : GRANT privilege_name
ON object_name
TO {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}
[WITH GRANT OPTION];
 REVOKE : The REVOKE command removes user access rights or privileges to
the database objects.

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Syntax: REVOKE privilege_name

ON object_name
FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |role_name}
4. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE: statements used to manage the changes made
by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
 COMMIT - save work done
 SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which we can later roll back
 ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
 SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what
rollback segment to use
DOMAIN TYPES IN SQL :
 char(n) (or character(n)): fixed-length character string, with user-specified
length.
 varchar(n) (or character varying): variable-length character string, with user-
specified maximum length.
 int or integer: an integer (length is machine-dependent).
 smallint: a small integer (length is machine-dependent).
 decimal(p, d): a fixed-point number with user-specified precision, consists of p
digits (plus a sign) and d of p digits are to the right of the decimal point.
 real or double precision: floating-point or double-precision floating-point
numbers, with machine-dependent precision.
 float(n): floating-point, with user-specified precision of at least n digits.
 date: a calendar date, containing four digit year, month, and day of the month.
 time: the time of the day in hours, minutes, and seconds.
E-R MODEL
E-R model is known as Entity-Relationship model

Entity-relationship model(E-R model) is used to describe the structure of the data base.
To describe the data base structure this model uses following notations.
 ENTITY is a real world thing i.e student, person ,item. ...etc. and it is represented by

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 ATTRIBUTES is the properties of entity i.e sno, sname. .etc. and it is represented by
 RELATIONSHIP is the association among different entities. It is represented by
Consider the following example:
In the above E-R diagram
 Student is an entity with the attributes sid, name, age, branch

 Course is another entity with the attributes c_name, faculty,c_id
 Completed is the relation among the entities student and course

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EXERCISE-1
Creation, altering and dropping of tables and inserting rows into a table (use constraints
while creating tables) examples using SELECT command.
Key constraints in SQL
NOT NULL: this is to restrict null values in specified column. Null is not a zero or a space.

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UNIQUE:restricts the duplicate values (rows)in the coplumn and allows the blanks in the
column.
PRIMARY KEY: It uniquely identifies each row in the coloumn but it does not allows the
blanks in the column.it is the combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
FOREIGN KEY:It links the two tables
CHECK: It specifies the specified range to the columns.
CREATION: create command is used to create any oracle database objects like
tables,views,users etc.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE TABLENAME(COLUMNNAME1 <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>)(KEY

CONSTRAINTS),
COLUMNNAME2 <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>)(KEY CONSTRAINTS),…..);
Creation of client_master table
create table client_master
clientno varchar2(25) primary key,
name varchar(20) unique,
city char(15),
pincode number(6),
state char(15),
bal_due number(5));
Table created

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DESC:It is used to descibe the table
desc <tablename>
desc client_master;
Data Lengt Precisio Primary Nullabl Defaul Comme

Table Column Type h n Scale Key e t nt
CLIENT_M CLIENT
Varchar2 25 - - 1 - - -
ASTER NO
NAME Varchar2 20 - - - - -
CITY Char 15 - - - - -
PINCOD
Number - 6 0 - - -
E
STATE Char 15 - - - - -
BAL_Du Number - 5 0 - - -
Insert:It is used to insert new data into the table.
insert into client_master values('c00001','IvanBayross','Bombay',400054,'Maharashtra',15000);
1 row inserted
SELECT: This is used to retrieve the data from database tables.
select * from client_master;
CLIENTNO NAME CITY PINCODE STATE BAL_DUE

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c00001 Ivan Bayross Bombay 400054 Maharashtra 15000
c00002 Vandana Saitwal Madras 780001 Tamilnadu 0
c00003 Pramada Jauste Bombay 400057 Maharastra 5000
c00004 Basu Navidgi Bombay 400056 Maharastra 0
c00005 Ravi Sreedaran Delhi 100001 Delhi 2000
Distinct:It is used to select unique rows in the table.
Select distinct * from client_master;
SID NAME BRANCH
c00001 gana Cse
c00002 suresh Cse
c00003 kumar It
c00004 mahesh It
Altering of tables
ALTER: It is used to modify the the table structure.
1)add:to add a new column to a table
Syntax:
alter table table name
add(newcolumn datatype(size));
2)drop:to delete a column from the table

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Syntax
drop(column name);
3)modify:to modify the column
Syntax
modify(columnname datatype(size));
DROP: to delete a table
Syntax : drop table <tablename>
drop table emp;
Table dropped
UPDATE: It is used to modify the data(values) in the table
Update <tablename> set ‘<expression>’ where ‘<expression>’;
update student set branch='csit' where sid='c00003'
1 row updated
update student set branch='csit' where sid='c00004'
1 row updated
Queries over the client_master table
1)Retrieve the list of names and cities of all clients.
select name,city from client_master;

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NAME CITY
ivan bombay
vandana Tamilnadu
basu hyderabad
pramada bombay
ravi Delhi
rukhmini bombay
2)List all the clients who are located in Bombay.
select name from client_master where city=’bombay’;
NAME
ivan
pramada
rukhmini
3)Change the city of client number c00005 to Bombay
update client_master
set city=’bombay’ where number=’c00005’;

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NUMBER NAME CITY PIN STATE BAL
c00001 ivan bombay 400054 maharashtra 15000
C00002 Vandana Madras 700001 Tamilnadu 0
c00003 pramada 15ombay 400057 maharashtra 5000
c00004 basu 15ombay15ad 500001 andhrapradesh 0
c00005 ravi bombay 100001 - 2000
c00006 rukhmini 15ombay 400050 maharashtra 0
4)Change the balance due of client number c00001 to Rs1000/-
update client_master
set balance=1000 where clientno=’c00001’;
C00002 Vandana madras 700001 Tamilnadu 0
c00003 pramada bombay 400057 maharashtra 5000
c00004 basu hyderabad 500001 andhrapradesh 0
c00005 ravi bombay 100001 - 2000
c00006 rukhmini 15ombay 400050 maharashtra 0

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5)Delete from client master where the column name state holds the value tamilnadu
delete from client_master where state=’tamilnadu’;
c00005 ravi bombay 100001 - 2000
c00006 rukhmini bombay 400050 maharashtra 0
6)Add a column called telephone of data type number and size=10 to the client master table
alter table client_master
add(phno number(10));
Select * from client_master;
NUMBE
R NAME CITY PIN STATE BAL phno

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c00005 ravi bombay 100001 - 2000
c00006 rukhmini bombay 400050 maharashtra 0
EXERCISE-2
Queries (along with sub Queries) using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS,NOT EXISTS,
UNION,INTERSECT keywords,constrints.
Example queries on sailors, boats and reserves tables.

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Creation of sailors
create table sailors
sid number(10) primary key,
name varchar(10),
rating number(10),
age number(6,3));
table created
insert into sailors(sid,name,raing,age)values(22,'dustin',7,45.0);
select * from sailors;
SID SNAME RATING AGE
22 Dustin 7 45
29 Brutus 1 33
31 Lubber 8 55.5
32 Andy 8 25.5
58 Rusty 10 35
64 Horatio 7 35
95 Bob 3 63.5
85 Art 3 25.5
71 Zorba 10 16
74 Horatio 9 35

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Creation of boats table
create table boats
bid number(10) primary key,
bname varchar(10),
color varchar(10));
table created
insert ino boats(bid,bname,color)values(101,'interlake,'blue');
select * from boats;
BID BNAME COLOR
104 Marine Red
103 Clipper Green
102 Interlake Red
101 Interlake Blue
Creation of reserves table
Foreign key is used to relate the two or more than two tables.
create table reserves

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sid number(10),
bid number(10),
day date,
foreign key(sid) references sailors(sid),
foreign key(bid) references boats(bid));
insert into reserves(sid,bid,day)values(22,101,'10/oct/98');
select * from reserves;
SID BID DAY
22 101 10/10/98
74 103 9/8/98
64 102 9/8/98
64 101 9/5/98
31 104 11/12/98
31 103 11/6/98
31 102 11/10/98
22 104 10/7/98
22 103 10/8/98
22 102 10/10/98
Queries
1)Find the names of sailors who have reserved the boat number 103

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select s.name from sailors s,reserves r where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=103;
NAME
Dustin
Lubber
2).Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat
select s.name from sailors s,reserves r,boatss b where s.sid=r.sid AND r.bid=b.bid AND
b.color='red';
NAME
Dustin
Lubber
Horatio
3)Find the colours of boats reserved by lubber
select b.color from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where s.sid=r.sid AND r.bid=B.bid AND
s.name='lubber';
COLOR
Green
Red
Red

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4)find the names of sailors with age over 20 .
select s.sname from sailors s where s.age>20;
SID SNAME RATING AGE
22 Dustin 7 45
USING IN,NOT IN,EXISTS,ANY
29 Brutus 1 33
5) Find the names of sailors who have
31 Lubber 8 55.5
reserved boat number 103 using IN operator.
32 Andy 8 25.5
select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid
in(select r.sid from 58 Rusty 10 35 reserves r where
r.bid=103); 64 Horatio 7 35
95 Bob 3 63.5
85 Art 3
SNAME 25.5
Dustin
74 Horatio Lubber
9 35
Horatio
6) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat number 103 using EXISTS operator.

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select s.sname from sailors s where exists(select * from reserves r where r.bid=103 and
s.sid=r.sid);
SNAME
Dustin
Lubber
Horatio
7) Find the names of sailors who have not reserved boat number 103 using NOT
EXISTSoperator.
select s.name from sailors s where not exists(select * from reserves r where r.bid=103 AND s.sid=r.sid);
NAME
Zorba
Art
Horatio
Rusty
Andy
Horatio
Brutes
Bob
8)Find the names of sailors who have not reserved a red boat using NOT IN operator

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select s.name from sailors s where s.sid NOT IN(select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid
IN(select b.bid from boatss b where b.color='red'));
NAME
Rusty
Brutes
Andy
Zorba
Horatio
Art
Bob
9)Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or green boat.
select s.name from sailors s,reserves r,boatss b where s.sid=r.sid AND r.bid=b.bid
AND(b.color='red' OR b.color='green');
NAME
Dustin
Lubber
Horatio

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10)Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or a green boat using union operator.
b.color='red'
UNION
select s1.name from sailors s1,reserves r1,boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid AND r1.bid=b1.bid AND
b1.color='green';
NAME
Dustin
Lubber
Horatio
11)Find the sailors whose rating is better than some sailor called horatio using ANY operator.
select s.sid from sailors s where rating>any(select s.rating from sailors s where
s.name='horatio');
SID
58
71
74
31

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32
12)Find the sailors with the highest rating using all operator.
select s.sid from sailors s where rating>=all(select s.rating from sailors s);
SID
58
71
13)Find the names of sailors who have reserved a both red and green boat using intersect
operator.
b.color='red'
intersect
select s1.name from sailors s1,reserves r1,boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid AND r1.bid=b1.bid AND
b1.color='green';
SNAME
Lubber
Lubber
Dustin
Dustin

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EXERCISE-3
Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and MIN), GROUP BY,
HAVING
Creation of Views and Updating and Destroying of views.
USING AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
1)find the average age of sailors
select avg(age) from sailors;
AVG(AGE)
36.9
2)find the sum of ages of sailors whose rating is 10.
select sum(age) from sailors s where rating=10;
SUM(AGE)
51
3)Find the age of oldest sailor.

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select max(age) from sailor;
MAX(AGE)
63.5
4)Find the age of youngest sailor
select min(age) from sailors;
MIN(AGE)
16
5)count the no of different sailors names.
select count(distinct s.sname) from sailors s;
COUNT(DISTINCTS.SNAME)
6)count the no of sailors.
Select count(*) from sailors;
COUNT(DISTINCTS.SNAME)
10
7)find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level.

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select s.rating,min(s.age) from sailors s group by s.rating;
RATING MIN(S.AGE)
1 33
8 25.5
7 35
3 25.5
10 16
9 35
8) find the age of youngest sailor who is eligible to vote(18 years age)for each rating level with
atleast 2 sailors.
select s.rating,min(s.age) from sailors s group by s.rating having s.age>18;
RATING MIN(S.AGE)
3 25.5
7 35
8 25.5
CREATION , UPDATION AND DESTROYING OF VIEWS
View is a virtual table which is created from a base table. They allows user to see only the part of
data but not all data. These are dynamic in nature. They donot accupy any memoryAny
changes/modifications made to the views are reflected back to the original table and vice versa.

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CREATION
Syntax
create view <viewname>(column1,column2…)as select (column1,column2..) from

<basetablename>
ex:
let us create a view from clent_master table
CLIENTNO NAME CITY PINCODE STATE BAL_DUE
c00001 Ivan Bayross Bombay 400054 Maharashtra 15000
c00002 Vandana Saitwal Madras 780001 Tamilnadu 0
c00003 Pramada Jauste Bombay 400057 Maharastra 5000
c00004 Basu Navidgi Bombay 400056 Maharastra 0
c00005 Ravi Sreedaran Delhi 100001 Delhi 2000
Create view viewclient(name,city,pincode)as select name,city,pincode from client_master;
View created
Select * from viewclient
NAME CITY PINCODE

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Ivan Bayross Bombay 400054
Vandana Saitwal Madras 780001
Pramada Jauste Bombay 400057
Basu Navidgi Bombay 400056
Ravi Sreedaran Delhi 100001
update viewclient set city='Hyderabad' where pincode='100001';
view updated
select * from viewclient
NAME CITY PINCODE
Ivan Bayross Bombay 400054
Vandana Saitwal Madras 780001
Pramada Jauste Bombay 400057
Basu Navidgi Bombay 400056
Ravi Sreedaran Hyderabad 100001
Destroying of view:
syntax
drop view <viewname>
drop view viewclient

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View dropped.
Select * from viewclient
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
EXERCISE- 4
Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date)

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String functions(Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length,
substr and instr) Date functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months,last_day,
months_between , to_char, to_date)
These are performed from a table called Dual easily. Because dual is a dummy table. We cannot
create it separately. We can also perform these functions from any user created table.
select 2*2 from dual;
DUMMY
Date functions:
Sysdate: to show the present date(system date)
select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
07-MAR-10
Add_months: it returns date after adding a specified date with specified number of months
Syntax: add_months(d,n).
D=date and n= no of months
select add_months(sysdate,3) from dual;
ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,3)

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07-JUN-10
Last_day: it returns the date corresponding to last day of the month.
select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
31-MAR-10
Months_between: used to find no of months between two dates
Syntax: months_between(d1,d2)
D1=date1,d2=date2
select months_between('01-apr-10','01-jan-10') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-APR-10','01-JAN-10')
Next_day: used to find the immediate next day of the specified date
Syntax: next_day(d,day)
Where d=date,day=any weekday
select next_day(sysdate,'sunday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'SUNDAY')
14-MAR-10

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String Functions
Concat: adding of only two strings
select concat('cse','it') from dual;
CONCAT('CSE','IT')
cseit
Lower : converts a string from uppercase to lowercase
select lower('CSE') from dual;
LOWER('CSE')
Cse
Upper:converts a string from lowercase to uppercase
select upper('cse') from dual;
UPPER('CSE')
CSE
Ltrim: it removes the string on leftside
Syntax: ltrim(‘string’,’substring’)
select ltrim('abcdefg','abc') from dual;
LTRIM('ABCDEFG','ABC')
Defg

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Rtrim: it removes the string on rightside
Syntax: rtrim(‘string’,’substring’)
select rtrim('abcdefg','efg') from dual;
RTRIM('ABCDEFG','EFG')
Abcd
Translate: translates a character with another character
Syntax: translate(char,from,to)
select translate('siva','s','v') from dual;
TRANSLATE('MANA','M','G')
Viva
Substr: to derive substring from main string
Syntax: substr(string,startingvalue,length)
select substr('gana','1','4') from dual;
SUBSTR('GANAS','1','4')
Gana
Numeric Functions:
they accept numeric input and return numeric values as the output.

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Abs(n):
select abs(-17) from dual;
ABS(-17)
17
Ceil(n):
select ceil(44.78) from dual;
CEIL(44.78)
45
Exp(n):
select exp(0) from dual;
EXP(0)
Power(m,n):
select power(2,0) from dual;
POWER(2,0)
Mod(m,n):

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select mod(10,2) from dual;
MOD(10,2)
Sqrt(n):
select sqrt(4) from dual;
SQRT(4)
Round(m,n):
select round(99.99,1) from dual;
ROUND(99.99,1)
100
Trunc(m,n):
select trunc(99.99,1) from dual;
TRUNC(99.99,1)
99.9
Conversion Functions:
To_char( ): used to convert data to a value of varchar from specified format
Syntax: to_char(d,[fmt]) where d=date and fmt=format mode of date
select to_char(sysdate,'ddth "of" month yyyy') from dual;

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TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDTH"OF"MONTHYYYY')
08th of march 2010
To_date( ): used to convert char datatype to value of date datatype
Syntax: to_date(char,[fmt])
select to_date('01-january-2010','dd-mon-yy') from dual
TO_DATE('01-JANUARY-2010','DD-MON-YY')
01-JAN-10
What is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language extension of SQL.

PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming languages.
It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90’s to enhance the capabilities of SQL.
A Simple PL/SQL Block:
A PL/SQL Block consists of three sections:
 The Declaration section .

 The Execution section (mandatory).
 The Exception (or Error) Handling section (optional).
DECLARE
Variable declaration
BEGIN
Program Execution
EXCEPTION
Exception handling
END;
Advantages of PL/SQL.

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 Block Structures: PL SQL consists of blocks of code, which can be nested within each
other. Each block forms a unit of a task or a logical module. PL/SQL Blocks can be
stored in the database and reused.
 Procedural Language Capability: PL SQL consists of procedural language constructs
such as conditional statements (if else statements) and loops like (FOR loops).
 Better Performance: PL SQL engine processes multiple SQL statements simultaneously

as a single block, thereby reducing network traffic.
 Error Handling: PL/SQL handles errors or exceptions effectively during the execution
of a PL/SQL program.
EXERCISE-5
First we have to create employee table(emp)
EMPNO ENAME SALARY
1 Raju 2500
2 John 3200
3 Raghu 2500
4 Ganesh 4500
5 Siva 2500
a)program which includes declaration, execution and exception section (Ex:select salaery
from emp where name is raju and excepton can be raised if no_data_found)
set serveroutput on;

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declare
newsal number(10);
begin
select salary into newsal from emp where ename='raju';
dbms_output.put_line('salary' || newsal);
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('Record is not found');
end
b)update data in emp table and use ROLLBACK, SAVE POINT, COMMIT in pl/sql block
declare
total_sal number(10);
begin
savepoint emp_sal;
update emp set salary=salary+7000 where ename='john';
update emp set salary=salary+5000 where ename='raju';
select sum(salary) into total_sal from emp;
if(total_sal>90000) then
rollback to savepoint emp_sal;
end if;
commit;

1
end;
before this program create a table called emp with columns empno, ename and salary
EMPNO ENAME SALARY
1 Raju 2500
2 John 3200
3 Raghu 2500
4 Ganesh 4500
5 siva 2500
Then output table can be seen after executing the above code
select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME SALARY
1 Raju 7500
2 John 10200
3 Raghu 2500
4 Ganesh 4500
5 Gana 2500

1
EXERCISE-6
a)Write a program to find Bigest of 3 numbers
declare
a number(3):=&a;
b number(3):=&b;
c number(3):=&c;
begin
if (a>b and a>c)then
dbms_output.put_line('A is Big'||a);
elsif (b>c)then
dbms_output.put_line('B is Big'||b);
else
dbms_output.put_line('C is Big'||c);
end if;
end;
out put
-------
old 2: a number(3):=&a;
new 2: a number(3):=3;
old 3: b number(3):=&b;
new 3: b number(3):=4;
old 4: c number(3):=&c;

1
new 4: c number(3):=5;
C is Big5
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
b)PL/SQL Block for calculating area of the Circle for given radius
declare
pi constant number(5,2):=3.14;
r number(5):=&r;
a number(7,2);
begin
a:=pi*r*r;
dbms_output.put_line('Area of Circle is'||a);
end;
old 3: r number(5):=&r;
new 3: r number(5):=4;
Area of Circle is50.24

1
EXERCISE-7
a)PL/SQL Program to check whether a given number is prime or not.

declare
i number(3);
a number(3):=&a;
flag number(3):=0;
begin
for i in 2..a-1
loop
if(mod(a,i)=0)then
flag:=1;
end if;
end loop;
if(flag=0)then
dbms_output.put_line('given number is prime');
else
dbms_output.put_line('given number is not prime');
end if;
end;
Output
------

1
old 3: a number(3):=&a;
new 3: a number(3):=7;
given number is prime
/*PL/SQL Block to interpret Pre-defined Exception*/

declare
num number(5);
e_name varchar2(20);
e_sal number(7);
begin
select empno,ename,salary into num,e_name,e_sal from emp where empno=&no;
dbms_output.put_line('Record Customer Details');
dbms_output.put_line('empnum'||'----'||'emp Name'||'----'||'empsal ');
dbms_output.put_line(num||'---------------------'||e_name||'-------------------'||e_sal);
exception
when No_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('Record is Not found');
end;
output:
-------
old 6: select accno,cname,balance into num,c_name,c_bal from banks where accno=&no;
new 6: select accno,cname,balance into num,c_name,c_bal from banks where accno=501;
Record Customer Details
Customer No----Customer Name----Customer Balance

501--------------raju-------------------1000

1
output:
-------
old 6: select accno,cname,balance into num,c_name,c_bal from banks where accno=&no;
new 6: select accno,cname,balance into num,c_name,c_bal from banks where accno=444;
Record is Not found

1
EXERCISE-8
A procedure is a module performing one or more actions. It does not need to return any values.
Parameters in Procedure:
In PL/SQL, we can pass parameters to procedures and functions in three ways.
1) IN type parameter: These types of parameters are used to send values to stored
procedures.
2) OUT type parameter: These types of parameters are used to get values from stored
procedures. This is similar to a return type in functions.
3) IN OUT parameter: These types of parameters are used to send values and get values
from stored procedures.
a)program for calculating increment and decrement values using procedures.
create or replace procedure incr_dec(i in out number,j in out number)is
begin
i:=i+1;
j:=j-1;
end;
calling program
declare
a number:=&a;

1
b number:=&b;
begin
incr_dec(a,b);
dbms_output.put_line('Increment Value'||a||'Decrement Value'||b);
end;
b)Write PL/SQL Block using procedures to display the bonus given to employee based on
designation and salary
create or replace procedure bonus(id number) as

bons number(7);
des varchar2(10);
sal number(6);
begin
select salary,edesg into sal,des from emp2 where empno=id;
if(sal>15000 and des='manager') then
bons:=4000;
update emp2 set salary=salary+bons where empno=id;
elsif(sal>10000 or des='asst_manager') then
bons:=2000;
else
bons:=1000;
end if;
dbms_output.put_line('Employee Bonus:'||bons);
end;

1
calling program.
declare
id number(10);
begin
id:=&id;
bonus(id);
end;
output:
------
old 4: id:=&id;
new 4: id:=105;
Employee Bonus:2000

1
EXERCISE-9
FUNCTIONS
Functions are another type of stored code and are very similar to procedures. The
Significant difference between is that function is a pl/sql block which returns a single
Value. Functions accept one, many, or no parameters. But a function must have a return clause in
the executable section of the function.
a)Program to implement factorial of a given number using funcions
create or replace function factorial(a number) return number is
f number:=1;
i number:=1;
begin
while(i<=a)
loop
f:=f*i;
i:=i+1;
end loop;
return f;
end;

1
OUTPUT:
Function created
select factorial (4)”FACTORIAL” from dual;
FACTORIAL
24

1
b)Program that implements a function by checking sid values of sailors table
create or replace function sailors_check(id number) return string is
x varchar2(10);
begin
select sname into x from sailors where sid=id;
return 'EXIST’;
exception
when no_data_found then
return 'NOTEXISTS';
end;
OUTPUT:
Function created.
select sailors_check(73)”STATUS” from sailors;
STATUS
-------------
EXIST
select sailor_check(122)”STATUS” from sailors;
STATUS

1
-------------
NOTEXISTS
EXERCISE-10
Package
Package contains both procedures and functions
Write a PL/SQL Block using packages to execute both function and procedure*
create or replace package pack as
function mul(a number,b number) return number ;
procedure incr_dec(i in out number,j in out number);
end pack;
create or replace package body pack as

function mul(a number,b number)return number as
c number;
begin
c:=a*b;
return c;
end mul;
procedure incr_dec(i in out number,j in out number)is
begin
i:=i+1;
j:=j-1;
end incr_dec;
end pack;
calling program
declare

1
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number;
begin
c:=pack.mul(a,b);
dbms_output.put_line('Value after Multiplication'||c);
pack.incr_dec(a,b);
dbms_output.put_line('Increment Value'||a||'Decrement Value'||b);
end;
output:
Value after Multiplication72
Increment Value10Decrement Value7

1
EXERCISE-11
CURSORS
A cursor is a temporary work area created in the system memory when a SQL statement is
executed. A cursor contains information on a select statement and the rows of data accessed by
it. This temporary work area is used to store the data retrieved from the database, and manipulate
this data. A cursor can hold more than one row, The set of rows the cursor holds is called the
active set.
Write a PL/SQL Block using Cursor to display the Employee Names and Employee
Salaries from Employee table

declare
cursor c is select ename,salary from emp;
a emp.ename%type;
b emp.salary%type;
num number;
begin
num:=0;
open c;
loop
fetch c into a,b;
exit when c%notfound;
num:=num+1;
dbms_output.put_line('Employee Name:'||a);
dbms_output.put_line('Employee Salary:'||b);
end loop;

1
end;
output:
Employee Name:raju
Employee Salary:24000
Employee Name:john
Employee Name:kumar
Employee Name:krishna
Employee Name:joe

1
EXERCISE-12
TRIGGERS
A Trigger is a procedure that is automatically invoked by the DBMS in response to
Specified changes to the database, and is typically specified by the DBA. A Trigger
Description contains three parts:
 Event: A change to the database that activates the trigger

 Condition: A Query or test that is run when the trigger is activated.
 Action: A procedure that is executed when the trigger is activated and its
Condition is true
Deleting a trigger: DROP TRIGGER <triggername>;
a)PL/SQL block trigger for before insertion
create or replace trigger incr_count before insert on emp

declare
num number(3);
begin
select count(*) into num from emp where empno>=501;
dbms_output.put_line('Number of employees for before insertion is:'||num);
end;
OUTPUT:
Trigger created

1
Insert into emp values(6,’ram’,24000);
b)PL/SQL block trigger for after insertion
create or replace trigger incr_count after insert on emp

declare
num number(3);
begin
select count(*) into num from emp where empno>=501;
dbms_output.put_line('Number of employees for after insertion is:'||num);
end;
OUTPUT:
Trigger created
Insert into emp values(6,’ram’,24000);

1

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LAB MANUAL

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (As per syllabus)

S. No. Name of the Experiment

Overview of DDL, DML and DCL,TCL Commands

and Creation and dropping of Views.

4 Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date), string

functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day, months_between, least,

round, to_char, to_date)

5 i)Creation of simple PL/SQL program which includes declaration section,

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

6 1)PL/SQL program to find biggest of 3 numbers

2)PL/SQL program to find area of circle.

7 Program development using WHILE LOOPS, numeric FOR LOOPS, nested

8 Programs using SAVEPOINT,ROLLBACK and COMMIT

11 Develop programs using features parameters in a CURSOR, FOR UPDATE

CURRENT of clause and CURSOR variables.

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

Programs using PACKAGES to execute both function and procedure

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

SQL has 9 commands which are common to all RDBMS

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

Syntax: create table <table name>(<col name> <datatype> <size>,…………);

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

Syntax: REVOKE privilege_name

E-R model is known as Entity-Relationship model

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

 RELATIONSHIP is the association among different entities. It is represented by

Consider the following example:

In the above E-R diagram

 Student is an entity with the attributes sid, name, age, branch

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

Key constraints in SQL

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

FOREIGN KEY:It links the two tables

CHECK: It specifies the specified range to the columns.

CREATE TABLE TABLENAME(COLUMNNAME1 <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>)(KEY

COLUMNNAME2 <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>)(KEY CONSTRAINTS),…..);

Creation of client_master table

create table client_master

clientno varchar2(25) primary key,

name varchar(20) unique,

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

DESC:It is used to descibe the table

Data Lengt Precisio Primary Nullabl Defaul Comme

Insert:It is used to insert new data into the table.

insert into client_master values('c00001','IvanBayross','Bombay',400054,'Maharashtra',15000);

SELECT: This is used to retrieve the data from database tables.

select * from client_master;

CLIENTNO NAME CITY PINCODE STATE BAL_DUE

Prepared by T Siva Rama Krishna, T S R Lakshmi, CH Rama Satya

c00001 Ivan Bayross Bombay 400054 Maharashtra 15000

c00002 Vandana Saitwal Madras 780001 Tamilnadu 0

c00003 Pramada Jauste Bombay 400057 Maharastra 5000

c00004 Basu Navidgi Bombay 400056 Maharastra 0

c00005 Ravi Sreedaran Delhi 100001 Delhi 2000

Distinct:It is used to select unique rows in the table.

Select distinct * from client_master;

SID NAME BRANCH

c00001 gana Cse

c00002 suresh Cse

ALTER: It is used to modify the the table structure.