SEGMENTS OF A DAILY LESSON PLAN

Demographic data: this includes the details of the lesson such as school, academic
year, classes, week, date, time of lesson, duration of lesson, number of students,
average age of the learners, sex, subject and topic.

Instructional Materials: This are the teaching aids, material or media the teacher
employs in the course teaching. The instructional materials are essential as part of the
lesson.

References: This refers to the source of materials, reading texts or textbooks which
the teacher use in preparing the content of the lesson

Behavioral Objectives: This refers to the intended outcome of the lesson based on
the topic of instruction. It is usually stated using action verbs like define, explain,
draw, etc.

Previous Knowledge: This is the knowledge or idea that the students have before the
current lesson that will aid the learning of the new topic or content.

Introduction: This is the point at which the teacher explains or describes how
he/she intends to introduce the lesson to the students.

Presentation: The segments explains the steps or procedure used by a teacher in

presenting the lesson to the students.

Evaluation: This is the method applied by the teacher to assess the students’
knowledge. It could be in form of oral questions and answer, class work and home
works.

1
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

1. Have a clear objective: Objectives are clearly stated intention of what the
teacher wants to achieve by the end of the instructional process. An objective
does not describe what the instructor will be doing, but instead the skills,
knowledge, and attitudes that the instructor will be attempting to produce in
learners (Purdue University). Purdue University further stated that the
following should be followed in writing clear objectives
 Begin each behavioral objective with a verb. The critical aspect of any
behavioral objective is the verb selected to indicate expected behavior
from learning activities.
 State each objective in terms of learner performance. A behavioral
objective is one that is considered to be observable and measurable.
Behavior is generally construed to be an action of an individual that can
be seen, felt, or heard by another person.
 State each objective so that it includes only one general learning
outcome.

2. Adopting student centered approach: The student centered approach is that in

which the students take command of their own learning. Teachers are there to
provide support and facilitate the students’ learning while the students on their
own determine the direction of their own learning following their natural
curiosities, interests and passions. The characteristics of the student centred
curriculum as outlined by Dushi (2019) are

 It is organized around the child, his personal needs and interests which
are socially derived.

 Child’s own interests facilitate learning. Curriculum aims at progressive

promotion of knowledge.

 Subject matter is selected and organized according to teaching-learning

situation. This helps in the growth of life- related skills.
2
  There is no too much of structuring of courses. There is participatory
organization of content, the parents and learners being equal
participants.

 The emphasis in curriculum framing is on matters which are useful for

the present as well as future also.

3. Evaluation: Evaluation is the collection of, analysis and interpretation of

information about any aspect of a programme of education or training as part of
a recognized process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency and any other
outcomes it may have

The following principles as identified by Thakur (2019) will help to make the
evaluation process an effective one:

 It must be clearly stated what is to be evaluated

 A variety of evaluation techniques should be used for a comprehensive
evaluation
 An evaluator should know the limitations of different evaluation techniques
 The technique of evaluation must be appropriate for the characteristics or
performance to be measured
 Evaluation is a means to an end but not an end in itself

4. Usage of Variety of methods: Variety they say is the spice of life, the use of
variety of methods will aid stimulation and retention of students’ interest in the
lesson. It also aids the students interest in the teacher as the students will
always look forward to the next class.

5. Usage of a well prepared lesson plan: Lesson plan is a systematic plan for a
unit of instruction. The use of a lesson plan will guide the teacher’s activities in
the classroom and also help in evaluation of the teaching process at the end to
know whether the objectives stated at the beginning were achieved or not.
3
6. Motivation: This is an important principle of teaching required by both the
students and their teachers. Motivation is the use of action, words and gestures
to arouse an individual towards an action. In the teaching learning process, it is
used to simulate and sustain students interest in the lesson.
7. Opportunities for Active learning: Active learning is that which involves the
active participation of the students in the learning process. For teaching to be
effective, there must be provision for active learning in the classroom.
8. Simple to complex: This principle is based on the assertion that the teacher
begins the teaching process by introducing simple concepts before moving to
the complex concepts. This is to aid positive transfer of learning and further
deepen the understanding of the learners.
9. Individual differences: Individual differences stand for the variation or
deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or number of
characteristics. It is stand for those differences which in their totality
distinguish one individual from another. An understanding of this will help the
teacher in applying various methods and approach to meet the individual needs
of different students in his classroom.
10. Learners readiness: Learners readiness is an important principle of effective
teaching; it describes the mental state of the learners in preparation for the
lesson. This can be done by the teacher through the use of appropriate skill
such as set induction and stimulus variation.
11. Previous Experience: This refers to that which the learners have experienced or
learned prior to the class that could be relevant to the topic of instruction. It is
important for the teacher to give consideration to the previous instruction in
planning the lesson to aid positive transfer of learning.
12. Confirm your teaching in stages: This is similar to evaluation as the teacher
confirms the extent to which learning has been formed at intervals instead of
doing it at the end of the instruction. This helps the teacher to ascertain what
has been learnt before progressing to the next instructional stage.

4
13. Teacher should be systematic: This refers to the ability of the teacher to present
instructional content in a logical and systematic way sing appropriate teaching
methods and strategies.
14. Reinforcement: This is the use of signs, words and actions to increase or
reduce the occurrence of a behavior exhibited by the students. Reinforcement
could be positive or negative depending on the action and response.