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334349734-Geh-6676b-2 (PSS) PDF
334349734-Geh-6676b-2 (PSS) PDF
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GEH-6676B Contents 1
Notes
2 Contents Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Chapter 1 Overview
This document includes information on power system stability fundamentals, EX2100 and
EX2100e Power System Stabilizer (PSS) theory, and site-commissioning.
Note This document covers both the EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Controls.
References to the exciter are applicable equally to either the EX2100 or EX2100e
exciter.
Acronyms/Abbreviations
ACLx Application Command Layer (for EX2100 systems, can be either an ACLA or an ACLE)
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
DSA Digital Signal Analyzer
EMF Electromotive Force or Field Voltage
IEEE® Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
MMF Magnetomotive Force
PSEC Power Systems Energy Consultants
PSS Power System Stabilizer
VAR Volt-Ampere Reactive
1-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Chapter 2 Power System
Dynamic stability, also known as steady-state stability, allows a system to correct for
small changes.
This document requires a basic Transient stability allows a system to recover from large changes, such as electrical
understanding of synchronous faults cleared by operation of an instantaneous load rejection due to the operation of a
machines and electric power power circuit breaker. If there is enough synchronizing torque, the unit remains stable.
flow. Modern generating units equipped with high-gain voltage regulators enhance transient
stability but tend to detract from dynamic stability. The PSS improves small signal
(steady-state) stability by damping power system modes of oscillation through generator
excitation modulation.
Local mode generally involves one or more synchronous machines at a power station
swinging together against a comparatively large power system or load center. Frequencies
are usually in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 Hz. Some low inertia turbine generators can have
local node frequencies up to 4.0 Hz.
The PSS provides the control While change of rotor angle in a single machine is a concern, a more important concern is
action that allows the power the behavior of all the machines closely connected to a system. During a system transient,
system to maintain stability. all rotor angles should move in the same relative direction over time. The focus is on the
difference in rotor angle between machines.
System Modeling
Static excitation systems with high-gain and fast-response times greatly aid transient
stability (synchronizing torque), but at the same time tend to reduce small signal stability
(damping torque). The objective of the PSS control is to provide a positive contribution to
the damping of the generator rotor angle swings, which are in a broad range of frequencies
in the power system.
The following figure illustrates the effect of excitation systems on the damping of local
mode oscillations. The figure is a simplified, linearized block representation for a
single-generating unit connected radially to an infinite bus. The generator is also equipped
with an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
2-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Linearized Block Diagram of a Single Machine to Infinite Bus Power System
Except for K3, coefficients K1 through K6 are all affected by the operating point of the
machine. All the coefficients are normally positive, resulting in a stable system. However,
K5 can be negative under conditions of heavy load, which can create an unstable condition.
The previous figure shows the addition of a PSS to the control. The PSS is used to
supply a component of positive damping torque to offset the negative contribution of the
AVR, resulting in a compensated system that adds damping and enhances small signal
(steady-state) stability. This is accomplished by creating a signal in phase with rotor
speed, and summing the result with the AVR reference. Also, since the generator field
circuit and AVR function has an inherent phase lag, a corresponding phase lead is required
to compensate for this effect.
PSS Implementation
Since the primary function of the PSS is to add damping to the power oscillations,
basic control theory would indicate that any signal in which the power oscillations are
observable would make a good candidate as an input signal. Some readily available
signals are direct rotor-speed measurement, bus frequency, and electrical power. From
a system design point of view, there are a number of considerations when selecting the
appropriate input signal. For instance, direct speed measurement may be susceptible to
turbine-generator torsional interactions.
Since the early development of the PSS, the GE design and application has been
extensively based on either speed or frequency input signal. The first applications were
speed-based, and the frequency signal was later used for two reasons, one being the more
practical means of obtaining the rotor velocity for hydro-turbines without shaft speed
measurements, and the lower torsional signal content for four-pole (nuclear steam) turbine
generators. The signals for either speed or frequency are similar in many respects, but the
lower torsional content of the frequency signals makes it better in many cases.
Another choice is electrical power, which has been extensively applied in some markets.
There have also been many applications where multiple input signals have been studied
and applied. In principle, many different signals can be used. The PSS can be approached
as a problem to be solved using multi-variable control design programs. The control
design program decides the type of control gains and phase compensation to be applied
to each input.
2-4 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS
Refer to Chapter 3 Integral of The latest-generation PSS is based on the principle of accelerating power. Measurement
Accelerating Power for specific of accelerating power requires a mechanical power signal. In a practical sense, the
design of this system. mechanical power cannot be measured, so it becomes necessary to develop this signal
from speed and electrical power. The integral of accelerating power is a signal that
provides machine speed relative to a constant frequency reference.
The PSS control can provide significant improvements in inter-area mode damping,
with application of stabilizers to most units that participate in these power-swing
modes. Improved damping can result in eliminating operating restrictions during system
contingencies, and increase power transfer limits. The classic example of inter-area mode
oscillation is the 0.3 Hz mode in Western US (WSCC), between the Southern California
region and the Pacific Northwest region.
The PSS performance is often evaluated from the damping of the local mode, the generator
swinging against the rest of the power system. This mode is usually at frequencies
between 0.7 and 2 Hz. Stronger system ties and lighter loading tend to give higher
local-mode frequencies. Conversely, weaker ties and heavier loading tend to give lower
local-mode frequencies. The PSS control must be properly tuned to provide acceptable
performance over a wide range of system conditions resulting from different operating
circumstances (such as out-of-service lines or varying load levels).
Very elaborate mathematical models (instead of the simplified model shown in the
previous figure) are used to predict the performance of the PSS under steady-state and
transient conditions.
2-6 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power
The integral of accelerating power principal is based on generator electro-mechanical
equations. The dynamic equation for rotor speed, as a function of torque, is
where:
ω = rotor speed
This is called the synchronous machine swing equation. In a per-unit (pu) system, torque
and power are equivalent in value. Replacing torque (T) with power (P), and rearranging
the equation above to solve for mechanical power gives the following:
where the derivative operator has been replaced by the equivalent Laplace operator s.
P'm represents the mechanical power signal, with the prime superscript indicating that this
is a synthesized signal. The next step develops the accelerating power signal that is P'acc
= P'm - Pe. The accelerating power is labeled as a synthesized or derived signal at this
point, since it is made up from synthesized mechanical power.
where TW is the washout time constant, normally set in the range of 2 to 10 seconds. This
gives a break frequency of 1/TW rad/sec.
As a final step, both inputs are divided by the factor 2H and integrated (equivalent to
dividing by s in Laplace terminology). The block diagram for developing the integral of
accelerating power is as follows:
The equation 1/(2H) times the integral of accelerating power is speed. If mechanical
power could be derived exactly, there would be this equivalence. Because of the nature
of the method used to derive the mechanical power signal, the resulting input has the
characteristics of speed at lower frequencies and electric power at higher frequencies.
Also, the derived signal has a relatively low component of the torsional mode components
in the measurements. This very important factor could potentially impact PSS
performance, since the application limits any potential situation where the stabilizer might
interact with the turbine-generator torsional response. Because the integrator essentially
cancels the washout in the electric power signal path, a double washout is used in both the
speed and power paths.
3-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
EXDSPEED
The integral of accelerating power signal is called EXDSPEED and is found using the
following relationship:
For a signal proportional to rotor speed, generator current is multiplied by the d-axis
transient reactance, X'd, and vectorially added to terminal voltage to yield an internal
machine voltage Eq'. The change or deviation in phase of Eq' is proportional to deviation
in rotor speed from synchronous speed.
An electrical power signal is calculated in the EX2100 from generator voltage and current.
Both the rotor speed signal and power signal are processed by two washout stages to
remove low-frequency effects.
The equivalent speed signal (EXDSPEED), found by integrating (Pm-Pe) and dividing
by 2H, is responsive to rotor speed without excessive phase lead at low frequencies
(which has detrimental effect on synchronizing torque) and less susceptible to generator
terminal voltage offsets caused by rapid mechanical power changes inherent in electrical
power input PSSs.
The following figure shows that the EXDSPEED signal is processed by two lead/lag
stages, an adjustable gain stage, and an output limiter stage to tailor the PSS for the
specific application.
Some units (primarily 4-pole nuclear units) require band reject filters to reduce the
response to torsional oscillations. The third lead/lag stage in this figure is used to represent
the low frequency equivalent of a two-stage torsional filter.
3-4 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
A specialized version with Biquad™ filters is shown in the following figure:
3-6 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning
Initial operational testing and settings verification of the PSS is highly recommended. The
PSS should not be placed into service until qualified test personnel complete a thorough
check of the PSS settings and performance. This should include, as a minimum
Optional tests and studies recommended for assurance of proper PSS operation but not
required for placing the PSS into service include
These optional tests are The minimum PSS setup and operational checks are discussed in this document, as
recommended to assure proper well as basic instructions for some of the optional testing. For more information about
PSS operation but are not the additional tools, testing, and studies available, contact the Controls COE Post Sales
required for placing the PSS Service group in Salem, VA.
into service.
The PSS must be enabled through the turbine control operator interface screen, which
sends a command through an EGD connection to the exciter controller, or through the
operator interface (keypad or touchscreen). This is accomplished through the command
PSS Enable.
The PSS can be enabled or disabled at any time, and at any load point.
Once enabled, the PSS is not active (available to supply compensation to the AVR input
summing junction) unless the following three conditions are met:
If any of these three conditions are not met, the PSS becomes inactive, but still remains
enabled.
4-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
The PSS can be disabled through the turbine control or exciter operator interface (enabled
is also known as "armed" in software, as seen in figure below where PSSARMD=FALSE
equates to PSS disabled) at any time and at any load. If load is reduced below the
parameter value <PSS Lo Watts Disable>, the PSS becomes inactive. Changing the
regulator to Manual or opening the 52G breaker also causes the PSS to become inactive.
A list of PSS parameters can be found through the CSS toolbox or ToolboxST application.
In the CSS toolbox application open the applicable exciter file and from the Outline View,
select Power System Stabilizer.
4-4 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
In the ToolboxST application open the applicable exciter file and from the Component
Editor Settings tab, expand Power System Stabilizer and select Parameters.
A list of the PSS with Biquad parameters can be found in the CSS toolbox application
by opening the applicable exciter file and from the Outline View, select Power System
Stabilizer with Biquad and expand Parameters.
In the ToolboxST application open the applicable exciter file and from the Component
Editor Settings tab, expand Power System Stabilizer with Biquad and select Parameters.
4-6 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
PSS Inertia
To obtain proper scaling for the synthesized mechanical power signal, the generator inertia
constant M is used in the washed out integral of Watts path of the PSS. The generator
manufacturer should supply this value.
PSS Gain
Select the PSS gain to provide stable operation at all load points. Typically set to an initial
value of 15, this parameter is adjusted during PSS commissioning. It should be verified by
testing that the gain is less than a value of 1/3 of the gain setting that would just cause the
PSS loop to be unstable.
PSS Washout
Large enough washout time constants are selected to pass low frequencies of interest with
little attenuation or excessive phase lead. In most cases, this implies that the washout time
constants can be set between 2 to 10 seconds.
PSS Biquad
It is an enhanced PSS that provides for up to three stages of biquadratic filtering to
eliminate torsional interaction, three stages of lead/lag filtering with gain and output
limit, and switchable washout to provide attenuation of voltage changes during large
signal events.
Note If you need to download software to the ACLA, DO NOT create or download a
compressed controller file.
4-8 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Initial Conditions
Attention
• Ensure PSS is disabled and Gain=0 prior to unit going online to ensure no inadvertent
activation of PSS prior to testing.
• Prior to testing the PSS, other offline and online testing documented in GEH-6631,
EX2100 Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup Guide,
GEH-6674, EX2100 Regulator Control Installation and Startup Guide, or GEH-6694,
EX2100 Thyristor Control 100 mm Installation and Startup Guide should be
completed.
• Any deficiencies in PT or CT feedback circuits including Watts or Var calculations
should be corrected.
• The unit must be capable of full-load operation. For gas turbine units bring load
slightly below full load to get turbine control into speed/droop rather than exhaust
temperature control. If full load is not possible, it is generally acceptable to perform
tests at greater than 80% of full load. If required by site conditions, consult with
Energy Consulting or the tuning study provider to determine if less load is acceptable.
• It is strongly recommended to perform all testing with unit at near unity power factor
(0MVars). Perform all testing at as close to same load and VARS as possible.
• Any other outer loop regulator functions in EX, turbine, or plant controls, such as
Var/PF and auto MW load changing, should be turned off or disabled.
• Use the tuning study provided by GE Energy Consulting to review PSS parameters
in the exciter configuration file for accuracy and completeness. If settings are not
provided by Energy Consulting, consult with GE Salem COE before using customer
or default settings. Incorrect and/or default settings may result in unstable unit
operation or inadequate PSS operation.
4-10 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
3. Configure the Trender to monitor the following variables in real time.
Note Ensure that within the trend the Trend Recorder Configuration sample interval is
set to 32 ms. It is also recommended to set the Trender Time Axis to 300 seconds so the
entire trend can be viewed throughout the test.
Signal Range
GN_VMAG Average ± 0.01 pu
GN_VFLD for Bus-Fed systems, or Average ± 50 V
REGEXCURR for Brushless systems
AFFL < 10A Average ± 2 A
AFFL 10-20A Average ± 4 A
AFFL > 20A Average ± 6 A
WATTS Average ± 0.02 pu
VARS Average ± 0.05 pu
AVR\PSS_OUT ± 0.01 pu
PSSGN 0 - 4 x nominal PSS gain + 10
4. Start recording the above variables for 30 seconds, then increase the PSS gain
from 0 pu to normal gain setting, and observe any of these variables for signs of
instability. Instability would be recognized as sinusoidal swings in power, VARs or
voltage. These swings usually start small and increase in amplitude over time. It
is also possible that the power swings could occur suddenly at a fixed-amplitude
of oscillation. If either phenomenon is observed (refer to the figure Unstable Gain
Margin Example), then select PSS disable from the keypad, COI, or turbine control.
(Best practice is to have someone standing by to do this if necessary).
5. Hold at nominal gain for 60 seconds then continue to increase the PSS gain to twice,
three times, and four times nominal gain. Hold at each point for 60 seconds. The
oscillations in the MW trend begin to grow and have longer settling times. Look for
any signs of instability (refer to the following three figures for examples of unstable
and appropriate gain margin tests) and select PSS disable if it occurs. Once four
time nominal gain is complete reduce gain back to zero, continue recording for 30
seconds and then stop the Trender.
6. After test completion, again review trend for signs of instability using gain margin
test examples (following three figures). If instability is or has been observed contact
tuning study provider for changes and leave PSS disabled with PSS Gain = 0 until
corrected. Repeat testing as necessary.
7. If no instability is found, the nominal gain setting can be used for the remainder of the
test. Select PSS disabled and reset PSS gain = 0 before continuing.
Experience with the integral of accelerating power PSS indicates that gain optimization
is not required to obtain acceptable performance. Most applications provide adequate
damping to local mode operations with a PSS gain of 15 or less.
4-12 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Bus Fed, Noisy but no Instability and Good Gain Margin Example
4-14 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Online AVR Step With PSS Disabled
This test provides a baseline To demonstrate PSS effectiveness step the AVR with PSS disabled.
of AVR operation with the PSS
disabled for comparison to
AVR operation with the PSS Before stepping the AUTO regulator, verify the AVR step is
enabled. configured for no more than a 2% step. If requested by the
tuning study provider, a higher value such as 3% is acceptable.
Warning
This testing changes the output of the generator and can rarely
cause local instability on some power systems.
Caution
Ø To step the AVR
1. Ensure PSS Test Capture block is set correctly for the type of unit (Bus-fed [Static]
or Brushless, as seen in the following two figures). If change is required, minor
differences will show up. Perform Validate/Build/Download using "initialize all
constants" in accordance with the appropriate installation and startup guide (such as
GEH-6631, EX2100 Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup
Guide).
4-16 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
3. If redundant controls, perform teach of new settings to other controllers in accordance
with the appropriate installation and startup guide (such as GEH-6631, EX2100
Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup Guide).
4. Click the Start / Stop Analysis button to initiate the AVR step test.
4-18 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
AVR Step Test with PSS Enabled
1. Set PSS Gain to nominal and select PSS enable.
2. Once again step AVR, this time with PSS active.
3. Upload the PSS Test Capture Buffer to the Trender. There should be a marked
difference (decrease) in the number and amplitude of oscillations in the power (MW)
variable on the Trender. This demonstrates the effectiveness of PSS.
1. With PSS still enabled and gain at nominal, set Bode diagram as shown in the
following figure. After the settings are complete, perform teach of parameters if
EX2100 has redundant controls.
• Set ACL Bode Level = 0.05 (5%), can use up to 0.08 (8%) if requested by tuning
study provider (such as Energy Consulting)
• (CRITICAL) Set Step Time = 0.1
• Set the rest in accordance with standard step test setup.
4-20 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Impulse Test without PSS
4-22 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
AVR Closed Loop Frequency Response
Ø To perform the AVR Closed Loop Frequency Response
Note For help, right-click anywhere in the diagram white space and select Item Help.
During the frequency response tests, AVR setpoint will randomly change. Terminal
voltage may move as much as ±1% causing VAR swings. Monitor MW for any large
sustained oscillations and terminate the test if required. Inform operations of this before
doing the test, but only terminate if they indicate major system not unit issues.
Note In the step testing procedure, this was set to Step Source so that the step test
would be input, not the PRBS data.
4. To get the AVR frequency response, select from the right side of the diagram, as
follows.
4-24 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
5. Click the Start / Stop Analysis button as shown in the following figure. The At
NowPass box displays the current pass.
When the test is finished, the Bode averaging done coil becomes true (black square).
6. Select the DSPX Capture Buffer from the Block Collected menu. Perform an upload
and select Change without Save.
A sample of the AVR trend file, as follows, shows the input signal (AVR Setpoint) and
output (AVR Feedback), which is terminal voltage. It is not apparent how this relates to
the frequency response, without processing it to calculate the transfer function.
The following information should be verified by the field engineer when the data is
collected:
4-26 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
PSS Open Loop Frequency Response
Ø To perform the PSS Open Loop Frequency Response
1. Repeat the AVR closed loop frequency response test except for the following:
2. After the file has been uploaded to the Trender (refer to the sample of a PSS trend
in the following figure) and saved, the frequency response test data collection is
complete.
We compute two transfer functions; one for the AVR Closed Loop transfer function, one
for the PSS Open Loop transfer function.
The program that performs the transfer function calculations can be found in the CSS
toolbox application using the following path:
The link takes you to a batch file called FreqAnaz.bat that runs a MATLAB executable
code to do the transfer function calculations and plot the results, as noted in the following
sections, AVR Closed Loop Transfer Function and PSS Open Loop Transfer Function.
4-28 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
4. Select AVR Analysis.
5. Select the previously saved *.csv file. The program performs the AVR Closed Loop
transfer function and generates three graphics windows.
6. Maximize the middle window and print (or screen capture) it for sharing with the
customer.
4-30 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
PSS Open Loop Transfer Function
The PSS open loop transfer function plot allows calculation of the actual instability gain
point. The loop crossover point in the phase plot on the following page (lower blue curve)
has zero phase at 6.5 Hz, at which point the gain in the upper curve reads approximately
0.005 pu. The instability gain is the inverse of the measured gain at crossover, so it
is calculated that the PSS loop will reach instability at a PSS gain of 200 pu with an
oscillation frequency of 6.5 Hz. With this instability gain of 200 pu, and assuming a
recommended PSS gain setting of 10 pu, a gain margin of 26 dB (20:1) is calculated.
4. Enter the as-left (tuned) PSS lead and lag settings in the appropriate locations as
shown in Figure 5 (for example, PSSTld1). Retain the defaults for the UEL and
FCR constants.
5. Select PSS Analysis.
6. Select the previously saved *.csv file. The program performs the PSS Open Loop
transfer function and generates three graphics windows.
4-32 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
PSS Disable and Enable Testing (Optional)
Test the <Low Watts Disable> and <Hi Watts Enable> settings.
Ø To test the <Low Watts Disable> and <Hi Watts Enable> settings
1. With the PSS enabled, decrease unit load until the PSS becomes inactive. This should
be at the corresponding value of <Low Watts Disable> parameter.
2. From the operator control interface, disable PSS and raise unit load above the <Hi
Watts Enable> parameter. The PSS should remain disabled and inactive.
3. Reduce load below the <Low Watts Disable> setting and select PSS enable. Again
raise load above the <Hi Watts Enable> parameter and the PSS should become active
when the <Hi Watts Enable> value is reached.
It is preferred that the same testing noted the previous sections be repeated on each unit.
However, with tuning study provider approval, certain tests can be skipped. At a minimum
the gain margin and step test should be done on every unit.
It is best to have the PSS active on the first unit while testing the second unit. Further, the
third unit would be tested with the PSS active on the first and second units and so on.
Note The site referred to in this section assumed the units are being brought online and
having PSS tested/approved sequentially. If the site has units already in operation (such
as a PSS retrofit) that have not had PSS testing completed/approved the aforementioned
first unit refers to first unit with PSS tested/approved. In other words, be sure not to
enable PSS for other units, even at the same site, that have not been tested/approved.)
Finally, as noted in PSS Testing Complete section, send data for each unit to the tuning
study provider for approval and leave PSS disabled until approved.
4-34 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Glossary of Terms
automatic voltage regulator (AVR) AVR is controller software that maintains
the generator terminal voltage.
block Instruction blocks contain basic control functions, which are connected together
during configuration to form the required machine or process control. Blocks can perform
math computations, sequencing, or regulator (continuous) control.
bus Upper bar for power transfer, also an electrical path for transmitting and receiving
data.
configure To select specific options, either by setting the location of hardware jumpers
or loading software parameters into memory.
CSS toolbox or ToolboxST A Windows-based software package used to configure
the EX2100, EX2100e, and other GE Energy controller products.
dynamic stability Steady-state stability; allows a system to correct from small
changes.
EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control GE static exciter; regulates the
generator field current to control the generator output voltage.
EXDSPEED EXDSPEED is the integral of accelerating power signal.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A United States-based society
that develops standards.
power system stabilizer (PSS) PSS software produces a damping torque on the
generator to reduce generator oscillations.
signal The basic unit for variable information in the controller.
simulation Running the control system using a software model of the generator and
exciter.
torque The mechanical-to-electrical energy link.
transient stability Allows a system to recover from large changes.
G-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
Index
A
Automatic Voltage Regulator 1-1, 2-2
E
EXDSPEED 3-3
G
Gain Margin Test 4-10
I
Inertia 4-7
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS 2-5
L
Lead/Lag 1 4-7
Lead/Lag 2 4-7
P
Power System Stabilizer 2-1
R
Ramp Tracking Filter 4-7
S
System Modeling 2-2
T
toolbox 4-4
Trender 4-11, 4-17
I-2 Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control
GE Energy
1501 Roanoke Blvd.
Salem, VA 24153–6492 USA