7 R. K. MALIK'S riitramanovs,neoica son, non eax NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net SURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XII TARGET CBSE 1. Treaccumulaton of molecular species atthe surface rather than in the bulk ofa solid or liquid is called (a) The molecular species or substance, which concentrates or accumulates atthe surface, istered as adsorbate and the mate rial on the surface of which the adsorption takes pace is called adsorbent. (b) The process of removing an adsorbed substance from the surface on which Its adsorbed Is called desorption, Inadsorption the substance s concentrated at the surface ofthe adsorbent whereas in absorption it gets uniformly dstbuted Inthe adsorbent. {a} Theextent of adsorption increases with the increase of surface aea per unit mass of the adsorbent at a given temperature and pressure, (0), Adsorption isa rapi, exothermic process and s aways accompanied by 3 decrease in entropy. {@) If accumulation of gas onthe surface ofa sold occurs on account of weak van der Waals forces, the adsorption is termed as physical adsorption or physisorption. (d)_ When the gas molecules or atoms are held tothe solid surface by chemical bonds, the adsorption i termed as chemical adsorption or chemisorption {e}, Adsorption isotherm determines the variation in the amount of gas adsorbed by the adsorbent ata particular temperature by varying the pressure, (| Theapplications of adsorption aren adsorption chromatography, production of high vacuum gas masks, control of humid iy, removal of coloring matter from solutions, heterogeneous catalysis, separation of inert gases, curing diseases, froth floatation process, adsorption indicators and chromatographic analysis. ‘Catalysts ae substances, which alte the rate of a chemical reaction but remain chemically and quantitatively unchanged after the action. The phenomenon is known as catalysts. (a) When the reactants and catalyst are in the same phase, the proces is called homogeneous catalysis (b) When they arein different phases, the reaction i called heterogeneous catalysis. (@) According tothe moder adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis; + The reactants diffuse and get adsorbed to the surface ofthe catalyst. «The chemical reaction occurs on the surface of the catalyst by formation of intermediates. «The reaction products get desorbed from the surface and diffuse away (4) The catalytic reaction that depends on the pore structure ofthe catalyst and the size ofthe reactant and product molecules Iscalled shape-selecive catalysis. [Enzymes are complex nitrogenous organic compounds that function as biocatalysts. (a) These are very efficient, highly specific and active under optimum temperature and pH. Their activity increases in the pres- lence of activators and coenzymes. (b) These are also poisoned by inhibitors and poisons. ‘Acolloid isa heterogeneous system in which one substances dispersed (dispersed phase) as very fine particles in another sub- stance alld the dispersion medium. {a Colloids can be classified onthe basis ofthe physical state and nature of interaction lyophilic and lyophobie) of dispersed ‘phase and dispersion medium and types of particles (multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids or micelles) ofthe dispersed phase (b)The colloids are prepared by chemical reactions, electrical dsintegration or Bredig’s arc method and peptization (conversion ‘of precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking It with dspersion medium inthe presence ofa small amount of electrolyte) ()_ The colloidal solution can be punted by dialyss, electrodialysis and ultrafitration Office.; 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Ph.; 0661-2662523, 9635508812, 7546645949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES [@)_ The properties characteristic of colloidal solutions are: «They have coligative properties. {They show Tyndall eect (colloidal solutions placed in dark when viewed inthe direction of ight appear reasonably clear or translucent; but when observed from a direction at right angles tothe beam, they show opalescence. «+ Theircoloris determined by the wavelength of ght scattered bythe dispersed particles. {They show Brownian movement (show continuous 7ig-2ag mation) {They always carry charge which can be confirmed by electrophoresis and tend to coagulate or precipitate once the charge s removed, ‘The process of changing the colloidal particles in sol nto the insoluble precipitate by addition of some suitable electrolytes known as coagulation. The minimum amount ofan electrolyte requed to cause precipitation of one iter of colloidal slution |scalled coagulation value or flocculation value. {f)Theblue color ofthe shy, fog, mist ran, food, blood and delta formation are some common examples of colloids {g)_ The industrial applications of colloids ae in electrical smoke precipitation, tanning, water purification, medicines, cleansing action of soaps and detergents, photographic plates and fms, rubber industry, paint, inks, cement, te 66. Emulsions areliqui-iguid systems, manly ol dispersed in water (o/s, ¢, milk vanishing cream) or water dispersed in oliw/o,e9, butter, cream) types. {a} The emulsifying agents stablize the emulsion by forming an interfacial flm between suspended particles and medium. {b) Some examples for o/w are proteins, gums, synthetic soaps, etc; and for w/o the examples are heavy meta salts of fatty acids long chain alcohols, etc CT 5.1 ADSORPTION Conceptual Questions 4, Out of CO and NH, whichis adsorbed on activated charcoal to larger extent and why? Solution ‘Ammonia (NH) fs adsorbed on activated charcoal toa larger extent because more easly iquefable gas undergoes adsorption toa ‘greater extent Also ammonia has a higher ertcal temperature than CO and a stronger intermolecular force of atracion 2, What names generally en toa phenomenon when absorption also occurs along with adsoration? Solution The process in which both adsorption and absorption takes place simultaneously is called sorption, 3, Whats meant by chemical adsorption? Solution ‘Adsorgtion which result from chemical bond formation strong interaction) between the adsorbent and the adsorbate in a mono: layer on the surface s called chemical adsorption. As theres izect chemical bonding between adsorbent and adsorbate, only single layer adsoeption is possible. The heat of adsorption is generally high due to strong chemical bond formed between the adsorbent and adsorbate. How can the constants kand n ofthe Freundlich adsorption equation be calculated? Solution Freunalch adsorption isotherm or Freundlich adsorption equation is given by: Where xs the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m ofthe adsorbent at pressure p, kand n are constants whose values depend on adsorbent and gas at particular temperature. Now, taking log on both sides of equation, we get too =iogts Hosp ‘Te above equation can be compared with equation ofa straight lin, y=mx-+c where m represents slope of the fine and ¢ repre sents intercept on y axis. Ploting a graph between logix/m) and log p gives a straight ine with value of slope equal to in and log k asintercept ony axis. Thus, measuring the slope and the intercept, Kand n can be calculated Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 5. How do size of particles of adsorbent, pressure of gas and prevalling temperature influence the extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid? Solution Adsorption ofa gas ona slid depends on (a) Size of particles of adsorbent: Smaller the size of the collold particle, larger isthe surface area and thus greater Is the adsorption. (h)_ Pressure of gas: At constant temperature, adsorption reaches equilibrium at higher pressures, that fat high pressure, adsorp tion is independent of pressure. However, increases with increase in pressure before attaining equi. (¢) Temperature: In physical adsorption, it decreases with increase in temperature, However ln chemisorptions it increases intially and then decreases. When 50 mi of 1 M oxalic acid (molecular mass = 126 g mol) is shaken with 0.59 of wood charcoal, the final concentration ofthe solution after adsorption i 05 M. Calculate the amount ofthe oxalic acid adsorbed per gram of charcoal. Solution ‘Molecular mass of oxalic acid = 126 g mot” ‘The nial amount of oxalic acid 126 S0mL of 1 Msoluion willcontain = 125 »50=639 Amount of oxalic acid after adsorption: SomL of 05M solution will contain = §2. x50=3.159 1006 ‘Amount of oxalic acid adsorbed by 0 9 of charcoal=630-3.15=3.15 9 Therefore, the amount of oxalic acid adsorbed per gram of charcoal =5 309 7. Whatisthe state of aH and AS when bromine gas gets adsorbed on charcoal? Solution ‘When bromine gas gets adsorbed on charcoal then heats liberated Therefore the enthalpy changes negative Thus,AH1- negative and entropy change aS = negative 8. Draw a plot of variation in quantity of gas adsorbed (x/m) withthe pressure of the gas, Also plot the graph between log (a/m) vs logp at constant temperature, What is slope ofthis ine? Solution Freundlich adsorption isotherm: Inthe process of adsooption, adsorbate gets adsorbed on the adsorbent. & plat of variation in {quantity of gas adsorbed (x/m) with the pressure ofthe gas is shown in Fig 51 [As per Freundlich adsorption equation: po Taking gon both side of equation we get log =logk + Hosp The above equation canbe compared wth equation ostraigh tne y= mx -< where represents slope ofthe ine and crpresnts Intercept on y axis. Potting a graph between log(x/m) and log p, we geta straight ine with value of slope equal to /n anc log kas Intercept on axis (Fig 5.2) [Adsorption therm Saturation pressure tent of asertion fm) Pressure (@)—> Figure 5.1 3 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 19, ite any two characteristics of chemisorption. Solution The two characteristics of chemisorption are 0} Chemisorption i highly specific in nature. It occurs only if there is posibiliy of chemical bonding between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. lb)_Asin physisorption, chemisorption also increases with an increase inthe surface area ofthe adsorbent. 10 Why does physisorption decrease with increase in temperature? Solution Physisorption is exothermic in nature Solid + Gas = Gas/solid + Heat ‘Therefore in accordance with Le Chatelier’ principle, increas In temperature wll push the equilibrium backwards, that gas will be released from the surface. Thus, phyisorntion decreases with an Increase in temperature. This means that phiysisorption occurs ‘more really a lower temperature Wi are poudered substances more effective adsorbents than thelr crystaline forms? ineert Solution When a substances powdered, ts surface area increases Physisorption i iteety proportional tthe surface area of the adsorbent. Hence, greater the surface area, eaters the adsorption therefore, powdered substances are more effective adsorbents ‘Why is essential to wash the precipitate with water before estimating it quantitatively? (NceRT Solution ‘When a substance gets precipitated, some ions from the electrolyte that combine to form the precipitate get adsorbed on the sur- face of the precipitate. Therefor, becomes important to wash the precipitate before estimating Itquanttatvey inorder toremove these adsorbed ions or other such impurities 113, What is the diffrence between physisrption and chemisorption? (wert) Solution Physinorption Chemiserption The adtorbate e attached to the surface of the adsorbent with Strong chemical bonds are formed between the adsorbate weak van der Waals forces of attraction. and the surface ofthe adsorbent. ‘No new compound formed. New compounds are formed at the surface of the adsor bent. Ikis generally found tobe reversible in nature eis usually reversible n nature. Enthalpy otadsorption islowas weakvan derWaalsforces of atrac-Enthalpy ofadsorptionishighas chemicalbonds are formed. ‘on are involved. The vals lien the range of 20~40kJmol"'. The alueslein the range of 40-400 kimot Iti favored by ow temperature conditions tis favored by high temperature conditions. Itisan example of multilayer adsorption. Itis an example of monolayer adsorption 14, Give reasons why finely divided substance is more effective as an adsorbent. (NCERT) Solution [Adsorption isa surface phenomenon. Therefore, adsorption is directly proportional to the surface area. A finely divided substance has large suface aea, Soth physisortion and chemisorption increase with an increase in the surface area. Hence, a finely divided substance behaves asa good adsorbent. 15. What do you understand by activation ofan adsorbent? How sit achieved? (ncert) Solution By activating an adsorbent, we increase the adsorbing power ofthe adsorbent. Some ofthe ways to activate an adsorbent are a) Byincreasing the surfce area ofthe adsorbent. This ean be done by breaking it into smaller pieces or powdering It {b) Some specie treatments can also lead to the activation ofthe adsornent. For example, charcoals activated by heating it between 650 K and 1330 Kin superheated steam or in vacuum. expels all the gases already absorbed or adsorbed and thus, ‘creates a space for adsorption of gases. 16, Why is adsorption always exothermic? (weerr 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Solution During adsorption there is a decrease in residual forces ofthe surface, that is the surface energy decreases and appears as heat Therefore Ais generally negative fr adsorption. On adsorption ona surface the freedom of movement of gas molecules becomes restricted and this esuits ina decrease inthe entropy. Thus. AS ofthe gas after adsorption is negative For aprocessto be spontancous at constant temperature and pressure, AG must be negative thats, Gibbs energy should decrease. nthe relation AG = A ~T AS, for ‘AG to be negative, AH should have sufficiently high negative valu, that is adsorption process should be exothermic Textbook Exercises +, How does adsorption differ from absorption? Solution ‘Absorption refers to when atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase — gas liquid or solid material, For instance, a sponge absorbs water when itis dry. ‘Adsorption Isa process that occurs when a ga or iquid solute accumulates onthe surface of a sold or, mare rarely, quid (adsor ben forming molecular or atomic lm (the adsorbate). tis diferent from absorption. in which a substance ciffusesintoa liquid or solid to form a solution. . How does the extent of adsorption depend on the temperature and pressure?” Solution (a) Effect of pressure on the adsorbate gas: Ui) An Increase in the pressure ofthe adsorbate gas increases the extent of adsorption. (i) Atlow temperature the extent of adsorption Increases rapidly with pressure Fg. 53). ‘Adsorption tends to reading value Pressure(o) Figure 53 li) Atlove range of pressure the extent of adsorption s found tobe directly proportional to the pressure. liv). Athigh pressure (closer to the saturation vapor pressure ofthe ga] the adsorption tends 1 achieve alimiting value. () Effect of eemperature Wl) Asadsorption Is accompanied by evolution of heat, so according tothe Le Chatelier’s principle the magnitude of adsorp ‘lon should decrease with rise in temperature ‘etm Extent of adsorption Temperature 7) Temperate 7) (0) Pry adsorotion () Chemical adsorption Figure 5.4 (i) The elationship between the extent of adsorption and temperature at any constant pressure called adsorption isobar. (ii). Aphysieal adsorption isobar shows a decrease in xm where m i the mass ofthe adsorbent and xis the mass ofthe adsor bate) asthe temperature rises (Fg 54a (iv) The isobar of chemisorption shows an increase in the beginning and then decrease asthe temperature ries (Fig. 5 4b). {3 Deduce the expression for Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Solution ‘The plot between the extent of adsorption (dm) against the pressure of gas (a at constant temperature (7) i called the adoration Isotherm (Fig-55) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Eh constant Extent of adsorption Pemew P Figures.s From the plot gven above itis lear that at pressure p x/m) reaches the maximum value.pis called the saturation pressure. Three cases aise from the raph: Case = At low pressure: The plot i nearly straight and sloping, indicating thatthe pressure Is directly proportional to x), that ls imep kp where isa constant. case it~ Athigh pressure: Wren pressure exceeds the saturated pressure, (um) becomes independent ofp values. Lape ‘Case li Atintermediate pressure: In ths case, k/m) depends on p raised to the powers between 1 and 0, thats, fractions. This relationship is known asthe Freundlich adsorption isotherm, Now taking log on both sides, we get log*. On plotting the graph between lg (xm) and log pa straight line is obtained withthe slope equal to I/n andthe intercept equal to log (Fa. 56) Toop Figure 5.6 “4. Whats the relationship between the adsorption of solutes from solution and the cancentation ofthe solution? Solution ‘Some solid are capable of adsorbing certain solutes from the solution Freundlich adsorption Isotherm is also applicable to solutions by replacing the pressure term by the concentration (C of adsorbate in solutions. The relationship s modified as follows xtm=Kc"m ‘Taking logarithm, it becomes log x/m=log k Vinlog ¢ ‘A graph between log i/m) and log Cs straight ine for smal ranges of concentrations 5, Explain the term heat of adsorption. Why sit negative? Solution Heat of adsorption i the latent heat given off by a material as itis adsorbed onto another. One example would be the release of sig- rifleant heat by water vapor when itis adsorbing on dry silica ge Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS ~ XI Adsorption involves attracting molecules of adsorbate on surface ofthe adsorbent. Due to this energy is released and thus heat of adsorption is negative, that i adsorption i always exothermic, Further physical adsorption involves weak forces of attraction, heat evolved is less whereas chemical adsorption involves strong forces of attraction, and heat evolved Is much higher. 6. Adsorption is accompanied by a decrease in entropy, yet It isa spontaneous process. Explain. Solution [Adsorption fs always exothermic and takes place with a decrease in both Gibbs eneray (AG <0) and entropy (AS <0). Fora reaction for process to be spontaneous, there must be decrease In Gbbs energy ofthe system that i, AG ofthe system must have negative value, Also we know that AG= AH ~ TAS, During this process of adsorption, randomness of the molecule decreases, that i AS is ‘negative, Therefore for @ reaction to be spontaneous AW has tobe negative and |aM|> TAS) 7. What are two types of adsorption? Enumerate thelr distinguishing features, Solution ‘On the basis of type of forces of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent, adsorption can be classified into two types: {a} Physical adsorption or physisorption: When the forces of attraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are weak van der Waals forces, the proces is called physical adsorption or physisorption, Physical adsorption takes pace with the formation of| ‘ultlayer of adsorbate on adsorbent. thas low enthalpy of adsorption, thats, A seron™ 20-40 kl mo Ittakes place alow ‘temperature below boiling pont of adsorbate. As the temperature increases, process of physisorption decreases (Fg 57) Entnt of acrortin x) Extent of aorption im) Temperature Temperature?) x= Amount ofabeorbate x= Amountofabiorbate m= Amount of absorbent ‘m= Amountof absorbent Figure s.7 Figure s.8 ‘Chemical adsorption or chemisorption: When the force of atraction existing between adsorbate and adsorbent are chemical forces of attraction ora chemical bond the process is called chemical adsorption or chemisorption It takes place with formation ‘of unilayer of adsorbate on adsorbent. Ithas high enthalpy of adsorption, thats, ydarseon = 200400 kImet" and can take place at all temperatures With the increase in temperature, chemisorption frst increates and then decreases (Fig. 58) 1. Why sa catalyst in the finely divided form preferred? Solution ‘The more finely divided the catalysts faster isthe reaction. A powdered catalyst will normally produce a faster reaction than f the same mass s present as 2 single lump. The powdered solid has a greater surface area than the single lump. Since increase in the surface area increases adsorption a catalyst inthe finely divided form is preferred. For example, in laboratory, powdered calcium carbonate reacts much faster with dilute hydrochloric acid than Ifthe same mass was present as lamps. CaCO4(s) + 2HClag) > CaCl fag) + H,00) + COx() '. What are the factors that influence the adsorption of gases ona solid surface? Solution Factors affecting adsorption of gases ona sold surface: (a) Nature of adsorbate: Physical adsorption fsnon-specificin nature and, therefore every gas gels adsorbed onthe surface of any solid toa lesser or greater extent. However, easly lquefiable gases such as NH, HCl CO,, etc, are adsorbed to greater extent whereas H,,O;, Np etc are adsorbed to lesser extent (b) Nature of adsorbent: Activated carbon, metal oxides lke aluminium oxide slica gel and cay are commonly used adsorbents ‘They have thelr specific adsorption properties depending upon pores. (c)_ Surface area of the adsorbent: The greater the surface area, more willbe the extent of adsorption. Thats why porous or finely divided forms of adsorbents adsorb larger quantities of adsorbate, Pressure ofthe gas: Physical adsorption increases with increase in pressure. The extent of adsorption is expressed asxlm wheres amount of adsorbate, m is mass of adsorbent when dynamic equlllxium is established between fee gas andthe adsorbed gas Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET8 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 10, Discuss the oof adsorption na) chromatographic separation and () catalysts Solution (a), The analytical separation ofa chemical mixture (gas o qui) by passing over an adsorbent bed that adsorbs diferent com pounds at ferent ate scaled adsorption chromatography. Separation is based mainly on difleences between the aGsorp- ‘on frites ofthe sample components forthe surface ofan active solid {b),ecordngt adsorption theory the gaseous reactants are adsorbed onthe surface ofthe sll catalyst As rest the concen ‘eatin ofthe reactants increases onthe surface and hence the rate of reaction increases 11, Discuss the mechanism of adsorption as explained by adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis Solution ‘cataltic process in which he catalyst and the eactants re presentin diferent phasesis known aa heterogeneous catalysis This heterogeneous catalytic action canbe explained in terms ofthe adsorption theory The mechanism of catalysis involves the follow ing steps (a), Adsorption ofreactant molecules onthe catalyst surface {b) Occurence of chemical eaction through the formation ofan intermediate (c) Desorption of products rom the catalyst surface (@) Dison of preuts away fom the catalyst surface Inthis process the reactant ae usually present inthe gaseous state, and the catalysts presentin the solid state. Gaseous molecules are then adsorbed on the surface ofthe catalyst. ASthe concentration of reactants on the surface ofthe catalyst increases, the rate (of reaction also increases. In such reactions, the products have very les affinity forthe catalyst and are quickly desorbed, thereby ‘making the surface free for other reactants, 5.2 CATALYSIS Conceptual Questions 1, What ate catalysts? How ae they classified? Solution Catalyst Isa substance which can increase the rate of @ reaction without being consumed. Catalysts can be described a5 being hhomogencous or heterogeneous. (a), Homogeneous catalyst: I the catalysts present inthe same phase asthe reactants tis called a homogenous catalyst.-The reaction takes place within a single phase for example, decomposition of hydrogen perexidein the presence of iodide on as catalyst 2140, 9 244,040, (o) Heterogeneous catalyst: the catalyst is present ina phase diferent rom that of the reactants itis called a heterogeneous tala For example, manufacture of ammenia from N; and H,by Haber process using on as catalyst. ,(9)+3H,f@) = 2NHC@) 2. Taking two examples of heterogeneously cata action, explain how aheterogeneous catalyst hepsin the reaction. Solution The two examples ofheterogeneously catalytic reactions ate as follows (0) Consider he reaction: 2N,0 4s 2Ny +0, Here gold acts asa catalyst. NO s chemically adsorbed on the metal surface. A bond is formed between the O ofthe NO and an Au atom. This weakens the bond oining Oto N, thus making It easier forthe molecule to break apart. (} Reaction between ethene and hydrogen inthe presence ofa nickel catalyst. CH, =CHy +p HCH Ethene molecules are adsorbed onthe surface of the nickel The double bond between the carbon atoms breaks and the elec tronsare used to bond t tothe nickel surface. 13, Give some examples of homogeneous catalysis Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Solution Some well-known examples of homogenous catalysis areas follows: (2), Oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in presence of ite oxide as catalyst 2504(g) +031g)"2-42505l6) {b}_ Decomposition of ozone in presence of NO or Cl atoms as catalyst 0,+0-4320, “4. Name two physical quantities that remain unaffected when a reversible reaction i cared outin the presence ofa catalyst. Solution ‘A catalyst has effect neither on the relative energies ofthe reactants and products, nr on the equllibrlum constant, Ka. It merely speeds up the reaction, thus allowing it to reach equilibrium more quickly. Thus, the two physical quantities that remain unaffected when a reversible reaction scarred out in the presence of a catalyst are enthalpy change and equilibrium constant, 5. What types of building blocks are present inthe structure of zeolites? What this structure called? Solution Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicates of genera formula Myy[(AIO;),SIO;),}mH;0 where n is the charge on the metal Cation Mand m is the number of water molecules of hydration which is highly variable. Zeolites may be considered as open structures of silica in which some silicon atoms are replaced by aluminium atoms giving Al-O-Si framework. The structure of zeolites consists of truncated octahedra as the building block. This structure is called B-cage or the sodalite cage. Every vertex ofthe truncated octahedron represents aSi (or Al) atom. Every line ofthe cage represents an ~~ linkage (Fig 59) Figure 5.9 6. Somezeolites ae used to separate long straight chain hydrocarbons from branched chain hydrocarbons ina petrochemical industry Explain how this separation s possible. Solution Zeolites are usually microporous. The pore size varies between 260 pm and 749 pr. Thus. only the molecules that are very small in size can be adsorbed by them. The larger molecules are not able to enter the pores. Thus, zeoltes act as selective adsorbents or as ‘molecular sieves Its for this reason that sodium aluminium silicate can adsorb straight cain hydrocarbons and not eranched chain ‘or aromatic ones, Hence, zeolites are used to separate long straight chaln hydrocarbons from branched chain hydrocarbons ina pet rachemical industry 1. Briefly mention some of the important industrial catalytic processes. Solution Some ofthe important industial catalytic processes are (a) Habers process for the manufacture of ammonia, Catalyst used inthis process i finely divided iron. Molybdenum is used as promoter () Ostwald process for the manufacture of nitric acl. Catalyst used inthis process is platinized asbestos. (Contact process fr the manufacture sulphuric aid. Catalyst used inthis proces is patinized asbestos or vanadium pentoxide (305. (4) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Catalyst used inthis process finely divided nickel. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET10 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 8. Why is tnecessaryto remove CO when ammonia is obtained by Haber’ process? (NCERT) Solution tis important to remove CO in the synthesis of ammonia as CO adversely affects the ativty ofthe ron catalyst, used in Haber's process ‘9. Why isthe ester hydrolysis thats slow In the beginning and become faster after sometime? INCERT) Solution Ester hydrolysis can be represented as: Ester+ Water = Acid + Alcohol ‘The aeid produced inthe reaction acts sa catalyst and makes the reaction faster Substances that act as catalysts inthe same reac tion in which they are obtained as products are known as autocatalysts 10, Whats the role of desorption in te process of catalysis? (wert) Solution ‘The role of desorption in the process of catalysis isto make the surface ofthe soll catalyst re fr the fresh adsorption of the reac- tants onthe surface. 11. Give four examples ofheterogeneous catalysis (cer Solution (a) Oxidation of sulphur dixie to form sulphur trowde. In this reaction, Pactsasa cata. 250,(9)+0, 42500) Formation of ammonia by the combination of dinitrogen and dihydrogen nthe presence offnely divided rn, N(9)+ 3Hy(o) 4 2NH (0) ‘This process is known as Haber’ process COtwalasproces involves the oxidation of ammonia to nit oid nthe presence of platinum. 4NH4(g)+503fg) 2s 4NO(9)+ 64010) Hydrogenation of vegetable ls inthe presence of NL Vegetable oid +Hy(o)— Vegetable ghee) 12, What do you mean by actity and selectivity of catalysts? (wcenry Solution The ability to increase the rat ofa particular reaction is called the activity ofthe catalyst. Chemsorption isthe main factor in decid Ing the activity ofa catalyst. The adsorption of reactants on the catalyst surface should be neither too strong nor too weak. It should Just be strong enough to make the catalyst active. ‘Te ablity ofthe catalyst ro direct a reactor to yield a particular products refered 10 asthe selectivity ofthe catalyst. For example, by using ctfrent catalysts, we can get ifferent products forthe reaction between Hand CO. €O(g)+3H(9) cH (6)+ 00) 01g) + 24(q "2 cH, 0H(9) CO(g)+Hy(g)—9HCHO a) 15, Describe some features ofthe catalysisby zeolites. Solution Zeolites are aluminosilicate that are microporous n nature. Zelites have a honeycomb lke structure, which makes them shape selective catalysts They have an extended 30 network of silicates in which some silcon atoms ae replaced by aluminium atoms Giving them an Al-O-Si framework. The reactions taking place in zeolites are very sensitive to the pores and cavity sizeof the 220 lites. The zeolites are commonly used in the petrochemical industy, 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Textbook Exercises 1 Discuss the mechanism of enzyme catalysis with an appropriate diagram. Solution ‘Mechanism of enzyme catalysis involves the following two steps Step 1: Binding of enzyme to substrate to form an activated complex E+5 + 5 Step 2: Decomposition ofthe activated complex to form products ES E+ P Figure 5.10 represents the mechanism of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, a — ——s ee : I E-9 3 2 oe € Se Engyme Substae——Enymesubstate —Eryme Products (eats) Geactans omplee step step Figure 5.10 “The active site takes upa relatively smal part ofthe total volume ofan enzyme. ttsa tee dimensional enty formes by groups thet come from diferent parts ofthe linear aminoacid sequence. eyes bind the substrate by multiple weak nteactione There weak interactions ar electostaticbonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and hyérophobic interactions. van der Weaefores become sigifcantin binding only when many substote specs come simultaneously close to many enzymes species Hence. the enzymeand substrate should have complementary shapes. The directional nature of hydrogen bonds between substrate and enzyme bring? aboutahigh degree of spect. Active sits ae ets ane crevices, Substrate molecules bin tothe ces or crevices, The sey of bincing ofa subsvate depends onthe defined arrangement of atomsin the active ste Toft into the active site the substrate must havea matching shape, just ke how a ey Ms into aoc ‘Once he proper eiertaton hasbeen achieved substrate molecules react to fem the product Since the potict molecules do not have _anyafinty forte enzyme surface, they eae the enzyme surface, making oom othe sh substrate molciles 0 bind tothe atv ste 2. Whatis meant by enzymes catalysis Give examples and describe the characteristic features of enzyme catalyst Solution ‘Complex nitrogenous compounds which are produced by living plants and animals are known as enzymes They catalyze numerous teactons in the bodies of animal and plants to maintain the lie processes. For example, inversion of eane sugar into glucose and fructose by enzyme invertase and conversion of glucose into ethyl alchel by enzyme 2ymase. Enzymes show high species towards thelr physiological substrates: compounds that der only slightly rom the natural substrate ae cen net acted upon ‘Activity of many enzymes canbe finely tuned, allowing the metabolim to proceed at an optimal ate forthe well-being ofthe organ ism. Many enzymes increase the rate of reaction manifold. For example, the enzyme rate constant ky for decarbonyiation ofthe amino acid arginine is 710 times larger than the rat constant forthe spontaneous carbonation of aminoacids. The charac- teristic Features of enzyme catalysts are as fellows (a) They are highly efficent. (b) They are highly speifiin nature. (c) They ae highly active under optimum temperature. (a)_They ae highly active under optimum pt (e}Thereisinceas in their activin the presence of activators and coenaymes. (f) They areinfivenced by inhibitors and poisons 2 Whatare shape selective catalysts? Discus the oe of zeolites a5 cata, Solution Shape-selctve catalysts are those catalysts whose reactions depend on the poe structure ofthe catalyst and the sae ofthe reactant and product molecules. n such reactions, zeolites are used as catalysts. Zeoltes ae microporous aluminosieats ofthe general or ‘mula MyAl03}(S10,),1mH,0 where n the charge ofthe metal cation, M”. Mis usualy Na" "or Ca and m ie the number at moles of water af hydration, whichis highly variable The characteristic of zeolites isthe openness fhe (A }0;k,ramework. inthis framewot, some of the sion atoms are replaced by aluminium atoms. Zeolites ae found in nature snd they ae ao synthesized for catalytic select. ‘The elites act s molecular sieves forthe reactants To achieve ths, eos are heated in vacuum s0 thatthe wate of hydration Jost. Once the water removed the zeolite structure becomes porous The poe size in zeolites is general inthe range 260-740 pm. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES The sie ofthe porous cavities influences the catalytic activity of the catalyst Only those molecules can be adsorbed in the pores whose sizes are small enough. Ths facilitates the molecules to enter the caities and leave easly Hence, zeolites act as selective adsorbents. Zeolites as lon-exchange materials have been replaced by synthetic cationic and anionic exchange resins, but thelr use a selective adsorbents for gases or liquids i stil extensive Previous Years’ CBSE Questions 1. Describe the fllowing: a) Tyndal eect and (b)shape-selectve catalysis, (CBSE 2010) Solution () Tyndall eect: When a strong beam of lights passed through a true solution placed ina beaker ina dak room, the path ofthe light does not become visible; but ifthe light is passed through a sol placed in the same room, the path of the light becomes. visible when viewed from a direction at right angle to that ofthe incident beam. This effect i called as Tyndall effect. The cause ‘of Tyndall effect isthe scattering of ight by the colloidal particle, that is, the particles fist absorb the incident ight and then a partof it gets scattered, Thus, colloidal solutions show Tyndall effect, true solutions do not show any Tyndall effect. ‘Shape-selective catalysis: The catalytic reaction which depends on she pore structures ofthe catalyst and the size ofthe reac- tant and produet molecules is called shape-selectve catalysis. Zeolites ate good shape selective catalysts because of thei hon- eycomb-lke structures. These are microporous aluminoslicates and have an enormous surface area which i largely on the: inside of the sold The selectivity ofthe catalyst depends on the structure ofthe pores. 5.3 COLLOIDS and 5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS Conceptual Questions 1. How does the addition of lum purty water? Solution ‘Alums widely used inthe purification of drinking water in industries. Ina tank, a small amount of alum is added! tothe water so that the negatively charged light colloidal parts stick together and become heavy thats, flocculate when alum neutralizes the colloidal particles by loading its aluminium ions with the colloidal parts, When the colloidal parts become heavy, they can be easly separated from the tank and chirination of water can be carted out fr further purification, 2. Why sa colloidal sol stable? Solution Lyophobic sols ae stabilized by the presence of like charges on colloidal particles. Due to the presence of like charges, colloidal par ‘cles repel each other and move away from each other and thus do not coalesce to form bigger agaregates. However, the coagula: ton begins immediately on the removal of the charge. Stability of yophilc colloids is fortwo reasons. Their particles possess acharge, and in addition, they are heavily solvated and the solvent layer surrounding them prevents them from coming into intimate Contac with each other. Hence their coagulation is prevented, For example, when sodium chloride is added to a gold so, it gets precipitated. However, when sadium chloride is added to a colloidal :oltion of gelatin, is parieles are not precipitated. This because the wate layer around gelatin particles does not allow Na" ions to penetrate and destroy the charge on gelatin particles, 3. What type of solution Is formed by NaCI In benzene? Solution Solution of sodium chloride in benzene isa suspension. What happens when a colloidal ol of Fe(OH); ismixed with that ofAs:53? Solution When Fe(OH), and As,S, are mixed in proper proportions, these get precipitated, Tis is because Fe(OH) is positively charged, whereas As,5; Isa negatively charged so 5. What happens when persistent dialysis ofa colloidal solution is cartied out? Solution The stability of colloidal sols due tothe presence ofa small amount of electrolyte. I the electrolyte is completely removed by per- sistent dialysis the particles left will get coagulated. 66 Frequently, preparation ofa collold such a a protein can be made more table if the colloid is dialyzed. Whys this so? Solution ‘This is because dialysis helps in removing undesirable lons from a colloidal preparation, which tend to destabilize the colloid, Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 17. Which one of the following electrolytes is mos effective forthe coagulation of Fe(OH}, sol and why: NaCl, Na,S0,,N3,PO,? Solution To coagulate a postive sol such as Fe(OH the coagulating power of lifferent anions has been found to decrease inthe order: 0} > S02 > Cr Tiss because the coagulating power ofan electrolyte is directly proportional to the valence ofthe active tons ‘ions causing coagulation) 1. State Hardy-Schulze rule, Give reasons for development of charge on colloidal particles. Solution ‘According to Hardy Schulze rule, greaterthe valence ofthe active on or flocculatng lon, greater wil be ts coagulating power. Thus Hardy-Schulze lw stats: “The ons carrying the charge opposite to that of sol particles are effective in causing coagulation of the so. ()Coagulating power ofan electrolytes directly proportional tothe valence o the active ions ions causing coagulation). ‘Origin of charge on colloidal particles: There are several views regarding the origin of charge on colloidal particles. According to these views, colloidal particles acquire charge due to the following reasons. (a) Due to dissociation ofthe adsorbed molecular electrolytes: Colloidal particles havea strong tendency to adsorb reactant ‘or product molecules, The molecules thus adsorbed on the surface of colloidal particles may undergo dlssoclation/lonization ‘and may impart charge to them. For example, during the preparation of sulphide sos (2, Asa; Sol, HaS molecules get ‘adsorbed on colloidal particles. H,S molecules thus adsorbed undergo lonization and release HJons into the medium, Consequently, colloidal panicles are left with negative charge ‘Due to the dissociation of molecules forming colloidal aggregates: The molecules responsible forthe formation of aggre- {gates of colloidal dimensions may themselves undergo dissoclatiorvionzation resulting in the development of charge onthe Colloidal particles formed by their aggregation. For example, the soap molecules (COON) dissociate to glve RCOO™ and Na fons. COO” ions aggregate together to form micelles which carry negative charge as explained earlier ‘Due to preferential adsorption of ions from solutions: The colloidal particles have a tendency to preferentially adsorb a particular type of ons from the solution. A colloidal particle usualy adsorbs those lons which aren excess and are common to Its own lattice. This preferential adsorption of a particular type oflons imparts a particular charge to colloidal particles. For ‘example, when a ferric hydroxide sols prepared by the hydrolysis offerte chloride in warm water, the colloidal particles of Fe(OH); formed have a tendency to adsor® preferentially the Fe?” lons present Inthe solution. This is because Fe" ions are ‘common tothe lattice of Fe(OH), particles. The Fe ions thus adsorbed, impart positive charge to the colloidal particles pres fentin the so ‘8. What modification can you suggest inthe Hardy-Schulze law? (weer) Solution Hardy-Schulze law takes into consideration only the charge carried by an fon, not its size. The smaller the size of an fon, the more vill be its polarizing power. Thus, Hardy-Schulze law can be modifedin terms of the polaiing power of the flocculatng lon. Thus, the modified Hardy-Schulze law can be stated as"the greater the polarizing power ofthe flocculating ion added, the greater sits ‘power to cause precipitation Explain whats observed (a) when a beam of light s passed through a colloidal sol (b) anelectroiyte, NaClis added to hydrated ferric onde so, (2) electric currents passed through a colloidal sof? (weer) Solution (2) When a beam of lights passed through a colloidal solution, then scattering of ight is observed. This is known asthe Tyndall effect. This catering of ligt iluminates the path of the beam in the colloidal solution. (b) When NaCl is added toferic oxide sol, it dissociates to glve Na and CI ions Particles of eric oxide sol are postvely charged. Thus, they get coagulated in the presence of negatively charged CI” ions. {€) The colloidal particies ae charged and carry elthera postive or negative charge. The dispersion medium carries an equal ‘and opposite charge. This makes the whole system neutral. Under the influence ofan electric curent, the colloidal particles ‘move towards the oppositely charged electrode. When they come in contact with the electrode, they lose ther charge and coagulate. 111. Comment on the statement that ‘colloid isnot a substance but a state of substance’ (ncerT) Solution Te same substance may exet as colloid under certain condition and as crystallolds under certain other conditions. When the sie ofthe solute particle ies between 1 nm and 1000 nm, it behaves asa colloid. Hence, we can say that colloid snot a substance but a state ofthe substance which s dependent onthe size ofthe particle. A coloidal states intermediate between a tue slution and ‘suspension. For example, sulphur isa substance, but colloidal sulphur s sulphur dispersed in water, in which sulphur atoms com bine to form multimolecules. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET4 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 12. Inwhat way isa sol different from a gel? Solution Solis solid elspersed in quid. Gel is liquid dispersed in sli 13, State one difference between an emulsion and aso. Solution ‘Acolloidal cispesion of liquid in aliquid is known as an emulsion, while a slid dispersed ina solids called a solid so. 14. Why are hydrophobic sos easly coagulated? (ncerr Solution The stabiliy of hydrophilic sols depends on two things —the presence of a charge and the solvation of colloidal particles. On the ‘other hand: the stability of hydrophobic sls i only because ofthe presence ofa charge. Therefore, the latter are much less stable than the former. the charge of hydrophobic sols is removed (oy addition of electrolytes) then te particles present in them come coer and fom aggregates, leading to precipitation, 115. What isthe difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colle? Give one example ofeach. How are associated col loids citferent from these two types of colloids? (NCERT) Solution Inmultimolecula colloids, the colloidal particles are an aggregate of atoms orsmall molecules witha diameter ofless than 1 nm. The ‘molecules inthe aggregate are held together by van der Waals forces of attraction. Examples of such colloids include god sol and Silphur ol, In macromolecular colloids the colloidal partcies are large molecules having colloidal dimensions. These particles have {high molecular mass. When these particles ae dissolved in liquid, sols obtained. For example, starch, nylon cellulose ec. Certain substances tend to behave like normal electrolytes at lower concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, these suD- stances behave as colloidal soltions due tothe formation of aggregated particles Such colloids are calle associated colloids 16. What are micelles? Gve an example of a micelle system. (ncerT) Solution Micelle formation is done by substances such as soaps and detergents when dissolved in water.The molecules of such substances contain a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part. When present in water, these substances arange themselves in spherical structures Insuch a manner that thei hydrophobic parts ae present towards the center, while the hydrophii parts are polnting towards the ‘outside (as shown inthe Fig, 5.11). This known as micelle formation. Hydric end. Hydrophobic end Water molecule Figures.11 17. Beplin the terms with suitable examples: (a) Alcosol,(b) aerosol and (c)hydosol (wcERT) Solution {0} colloidal solution having slcohol asthe dispersion medium anda solid substances the dispersed phase is called analcoso. For example colloidal sol of cellulose nitrate in ethyl alcohol isan alcoso. ‘colloidal solution having a gas asthe dispersion medium and.asoldas the dispersed phases called an aerosol For example, fg. {)_ Acalloidal solution having waters the dispersion medium and a solid as the dispersed phases called = hydrosol.For example, starch sol or gold sol. Textbook Exercises 1, Define a colloidal dispersion and discuss its constituents Solution ‘When some solids dispersed into # medium in which the sli substance is otherwise insoluble such that after dispersion, the size ofthe colloidal particles lies inthe colloidal range the systems called a colloidal dispersion. amples ofcaloidal dispersion are gold Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XII 15 Sol, colloidal dispersion of AS; in water, etc It sa heterogeneous system whichis made up of dispersed phase and dispersion ‘medium. n colloidal dispersion, one substance i dispersed as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. In ‘ase of dust, sold particles are dispersed in ara dispersion medium. - Haw ae colloids classified based on the: (2 Physical state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium. 2A Type of particles in the dispersed phase. Solution VF Classification based on the state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium: The following table lias various types of cal loids with various examples. ‘Dispersed Phase Type of Liquid ‘Aerosol Fog, mist, Solid ‘Aerosol Smoke Liquid Gas Foam Whipped cream guid guid Emulsion ‘Mayonnaise hal eream gui Solid Sol Paints, coll fds Soli Gas Foam Pumice, plastic foams Solid Liquid cel Jelly, cheese Solid Solid Solid Sol Ruby lass lass with dlspersed meta) (Classification based on type of particles in the dispersed phase: (i), Multimolecular colloids: In this typeof colloids, the colloidal particles are aggregates of atoms or small molecules with ‘molecular size essthan one nanometer (I nm). For example, gold sol consists of particles of various izes which are clusters of several gold atoms. Similar sulphur sol consist of colloidal particles which are aggregates of 5, molecules. The mole cules in the aggregates ae held together by van der Waals forces. Macromolecular colloids: Macromolecular colloidal particles ae formed when on dissolution ina suitable solvent, the ‘macromolecules have sizes which ae in the colloidal range. Naturally occuring macromolecules ae starch, proteins and cellulose, Manmade macromolecules are polymers such as polyethylene, nylon and polystyrene. These colllds are quite stable and resemble true solutions in many respects ‘Associated colloids: Certain substances behave as strong electrolytes at low concentration but at higher concentrations these substances exhibit colloidal characteristics due tothe formation of aggregated particles. These aggregated particles are called micelles, which are also known as associated colloids. The formation of micelles takes place only above a particu lar temperature called Kraft temperature (j) and above particular concentration Mg > Na", Siilaly, to coagulate a positive sol such as Fe(OH), tv coagulating power of diffrent anions has been found to decrease inthe order [Fe(CN)l*" > POS” > SO, > cr ‘The number of milimoles ofan electrolyte requied to bring about the coagulation of one liter ofa colloidal solution is calle its flocculation value. Coagulation value or locculating value ~ 1/Coagulating power Explain the principle and process of coagulation of lyophilic sols. Solution “There are two factors which are responsible for the stability of lyopilc sols, These factors are the charge and solvation of the cl loidal particles. When these two factors are removed, a yophilic sol can be coagulated. This is done by adding an electrolyte or by adding a suitable solvent. When solvent such as alcohol and acetone are added to hydrophilic sols the dehydration of dispersed ‘Bhase occurs. Under this condition, small quantity of electrolyte can bring about coagulation oflyophii sol. 10. How s Tyndall effect used to dlstingush between colloids and true solutions? Solution When a trong beam of lights passed through a colloidal solution, the path of light becomes visible when viewed from a direction at right angles to that of the incident light. This occurs because the colloidal particles absorb light energy and then scatter tinal ‘directions. The phenomenon of sattering of ight by sol particles to form illuminated beam or cones called Tyndall effect. Tyndall effec snot shown by true solutions because the ions or solute molecules ae of such minute sizes that they cannot reflect light. This effect can therefore be used to distinguish between a tre solution and a colloidal solution. 111. How can ophobic sols be protected by the addition of lyophilic sols? Solution ‘visknown that yophobic sols are unstable. lyophobic sol may be protected by theadaition ofa yophilic sol. Ithas been observed ‘that lyophilic sols protect a lyophobic sol by preventing i from coagulating in the presence of an electolyte. A possible reason ‘might be that the lyophilccollodal particles form a protective layer around the lyophoble particles. 112, Define the terms: (a) Electrophoresis (b) dialysis (@) mutual coagulation and (a) electo-osmoss. Solution (a) The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of electric fel is called electrophoresis. When an elect fila Is applied across the colloidal solution, the colloidal particles migrate to oppositely charged electrode where they get neti ined, Thi phenomenon is known as electrophoresis. (0) We know that colloidal particles cannot be passed through parchment paper. This property Is used in dialysis. The colloidal solution kept in the parchment bag is dipped in beaker containing water, so that impurities may pass into aqueous medium leaving the colloidal particles inside the bag. The aqueous solution fsrenewed on timely basis to avoid reciffusion of impurities ‘back into the parchment bag. Pure colloidal solution left inside the parchment bag, To make tis process faster, process of Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘lectoysisin which two electrodes ae dipped inthe solvent and electric fed is applied. The entire process called electrod- alysis The same process i used for purification of blood in case o kidney fallsre. ‘When wo colloidal sols of opposite charges are mixed, the charge of one is neutralized by the charge ofthe other and aggrege- tion ofthe partcies and precipitation of colloids takes place. The process called mutual coagulation In order to bring about ‘mutual coagulation, the two colloids must be mixed in proper proportions. For example when Fe(OH) and ASS are mixed in ‘proper proportion, these get precipitated. Colloidal particles cary ether positive or negative charge andthe sl asa whole electrically neutral, Therefore, the dispersion ‘medium carries an equal but opposite charge to that of the colloidal particles. Thus, the dispersion medium will move oppo site direction to the dispersed phase under the influence of an electric ile. When the dispersed phase is kept stationary, the “spersion medium is actually found to move towards one or the other electrodes. The movement ofthe dispersion medium Lnder the influence of an electric fields called electro-osmosis 113 Give reasons forthe allowing: (a) Ordinary fiter paper cannot be used for purification of colloids. {b) Bleeding froma fresh cut canbe stopped by applying alum. (0) Cottrells smoke precpitatoris used a the mouth of chimneys in factories |) Physical adsorption is multilayered, whereas chemisorption is unilayered. Solution (a) Ordinary iter paper cannot be used to filter out colloidal particles as pore size of iter paper are almost equal to the sae of colloidal particles {(b) Blood consists of haemoglobin particles which are negatively charged colloidal particles. On applying alum, these particles take up positively charged ions (cations), get neutralized and precipitated (or coagulated). Asa result, the bleeding stops because blood becomes very thick. (0) The smoke coming out from chimneys contains lot of unburnt carbon and dust. These particles cary some charge on them, hich is neutralize by bringing ther in contact with oppositely charged metal plate. Thus, they get preciptated and thus, the smoke coming out of chimneys free from dust. Ths arrangement s called as Cttelfs smoke prcipltator. {€)_ in physical adsorption, layers ofthe gas can be adsorbed one ove the other by van der Waals forces forming mukimolecular layers under high pressure In chemical adsorption, chemical bond can be formed only wth the layer of molecules coming in ‘direct contact with the surface ofthe adsorbent, hence it's unimolecular, {V4 Explain the cleansing action of soap by formation of micelles, Solution ‘A soap molecules a sodium or potassium salt of long-chain carboxylic acid It consists oftwo parts thats, along hydrocarbon tal and a negatively charged head. The hydrocarbon talls hydrophobic, thats insoluble in water and repeled by water while the polar ted is soluble in water and hydrophilic in nature. When soap is applied on a wet dity surface, the polar end of the soap molecule dlsolvesin water, while the non-polar tal attaches itself to dit molecule, ast is non polar nature (Fig. 5.12). Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET.SURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 19 ‘This result into the formation of spherical clusters called micelle. n the micelle, the hydrophobic tals are Inthe interior ofthe clus- ter whereas the ionic ends are on the surface of cluster. Due tofon-ion repulsion, the micelles stayin the solution a a colloid and. do not come together to precipitate. Thus an emulsions formed which helps to dissolve drt n water andi finally washed with ruining water Previous Years’ CBSE Questions 1, Whatis meant by the coagulation of colloidal solution? Name any methad by which coagulation of yophobic sos can be caried out (cBSE 2010) Solution Inthe presence ofa small amount ofan electrolyte, the charged colloidal particles repel one another and ar prevented from coming close together to unit into bigger particles, However, in the presence of large excess of electrolyte, te charge on the particles of the dispersed phase is neutralized and asa result, they come closer, grow in size and ultimately form precipitates. Therefore the phe- nomenon of precipitation ofa colloidal solution by the addition of excess of an electrolyte is called coagulation of colloidal solution ‘The coagulation of yophobic sols canbe cari out by electrophoresis: Define the term Tyndall eect (cBse 2009) Solution ‘Scattering of ight by particles of colloidal and suspension solutions in ll crections of space is called the Tyndall effect. 3. What causes Brownian movement ina colloidal solution? (cBse 2008) Solution Brownian movement 2ig-2ag motion) Is due tothe unbalanced bombardment ofthe particles by the molecules of the dispersion medium, Whatis the diffrence between muitimolecular and macromolecular calloids? Give one exemple ofeach. How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids? (CBSE 2009), Solution "Muitimolecular colloids are formed by the aggregation of large numberof atoms or molecules which have diameter less than 1 nm. “Their molecular masses are not very high. For example, sols of gol, sulphur. Macromolecular molecules are lage in size. They have high molecular masses. For example, polymers such 35 rubber, nylon, etc. Associated colloids ae formed by aggregation of large ‘numberof ons in concentrated solution. Their molecular masses are generally high. For example, soap solution. What are lyopilic and lyophobic sols? Give one example ofeach type. Which one ofthese two types of sols is easly coagulated and why? (CBSE 2008) Solution Colloid in which the particles ofthe dspersed phase have strong affinity forthe clspersion medium are called Iyopilic colloid. For ‘example, lue, sarc, rubber et. Colloids in which particles of dispersed phase have no or litle affinity forthe dispersion medium are called Iyophobic colloids. For example, metals sulphides (A553). ‘yophobic colloids can be easly precipitated (r coagulate) n addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking Hence, they are not stable. On the other hand, jyophiic colloids ate not easly coagulated, Ths is because the dispersed phase in 2 'yophilic colloid adsorbs the solvent ands dstributed evenly in the medium. Thus, yophili colloids are more stable than Iyophobic colloids. ‘Additional Questions 1. Whats the coagulating power of an electrolyte? What isthe cause of coagulation? Solution Coagulatng power ofan electrolytes directly proportional tthe valence ofthe active ins ons causing coagulation) For example, to coagulate negative sol of ASS the coagulation power of diferent cations has been found to decrease Inthe order as AP” > Mig > Na. Similarly, to coagulate a positive sl suchas Fe(OH, the coagulating power of diferent anions as been found to decrease in the order [Fe(CN),J" > POI-> S03" cr. Coagulation is a process which involves coming together of colloidal particle 5023 to change int large-sized particles which ut imately settle asa precipitate or oat on the surface. Coagulation i generally ought about by the addition of electrolytes When an electrolyte is added toa colloidal solution, the particles ofthe so take up the ons which are oppositely charged and thus get nevtal- ized. The neutral particles then tat accumulating o form particles ofa larger size which settle down, Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET20 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 2, Enumerate the characteristic and distinguishing features ofa colloidal solution and 2 true solution, Solution The following table summarizes the major properties and points of distinction between each type of solution with respect to difer- ent properties Property True Solution ‘Colloidal Solutions Size of the particles ow emation / \ Few drops iter separates ofemulton ———_guraslayer —» wo emulsion Figure 5.15 {(b)_ Conductivity test: Woteris3 good conductor of electricity, whereas ol snon-conductor Therefore, continuous phase of water uns electricity more than continuous phase of The bulb glows wth ofw emulsion, but doesnot glow with w/o emulsion (Fig. 5.16). Figure 5.16 (@)_ye-solubility test: Water soluble dye wil dissolve in the aqueous phase “4. Whatis demulsfiation? Name two demulsfies. (NCERT) Solution “The process of decomposition of an emulsion inte its constituent liquids called demulsicaton. Examples of demulifiers are sur factants ethylene oxide, ete 5. Give four uses of emulsions. (NcERT) Solution {8} Mikwhich has importance in our diet isan emulsion. () Disinfectants suchas dettol and lysol arealso emulsions [@) The ceaning action of soap for washing clothes is based upon the formation of otin-water emulsion. (a) The digestion of fats inthe intestine takes place bythe process of emulsification Textbook Exercises ‘What are emulsons? Discuss the two types of emulsions with examples. Solution ‘An emulsion is colloidal dispersion in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium ae liquids. ‘Types of emulsion: Depending upon the nature of dispersed phase, emulsions can be classified into following two types. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (9), Oilin-water(ofw) type emulsions: n oiLin-water emulsions, oll ats asthe dispersed phase while water act a the dispesion ‘medium. The most common example of olin-water type emulsions mik which consists of iquid fa globules dlsperse in water. (b), Water-in-ll (w/o) type emulsions: In water in-oll type emulsions water acts asthe dispersed phase, whereas oats the dis petsion medium. This type of emulsion iso referred tos ol emulsion Cod liver oil emulsion is typical example in which water Is dlspersed in cod liver al The two types of erusions ae dlagrammatially shown in Figs. 5.178 and b Olt ctoples (Dispersea phase) le (Dispersion medium) spersion medium) ‘Olin water stern @) o Figure 5.17 5.6 COLLOIDS AROUND US Conceptual Questions 1, Give some applications of colloids Solution Colloids play a very significant role in nature and in our dally fe, Some ofthe important application of colloids are discussed as follows: (a), Medicines: Medicines in colloidal form are easly adsorbed by the body tissues and hence ae more effective. (b)_ Sewage disposal: Colloidal particles of the dirt, mud, et. arr elecriccharge, hence when sewage water ispassed through the plates kept at a high potential the colloidal particles are coagulated due to electrophoresis and the suspended matter gets removed, (@) Purification of water: The precipitation of colloidal impurities present in water can be dane by adding certain electrohytes ke ‘alum. The negatively charged colloidal particles of impurities get neutralized by the Al tons and sete down, and the pure water can be decanted of ‘Cleansing action of soap: Soap solution i colloidal in nature. tremoves the drt particles either by adsorption or by emulsify ing the greasy matter sticking tothe cloth. ‘Smoke precipitation: Smoke particles are actualy electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon inthe ar. Precipitation of smoke partclesis carried out by Cottrell reciptatr which i based on the principle of electrophoresis. Smokeis allowedito pass ‘through a chamber having a number of meta plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high potential, Charged Particles of smoke get attracted by oppositely charge electrode, get precpltated afte losing their charge and the hot air passes ‘out trough the chimney. The dust particles are also removed inthis process. Thus, the nulsance of smoke in big industrial ees ‘an be avoided. Photography: colloidal solution of sver bromide in gelatin sapped on glass plates or celluloid films or paper to form sens tive plates in photography. [Artificial rain: Ths can be caused by spraying oppositely charged colloidal dust or sand particles aver a cloud. The colloidal ‘water particles present inthe cloud will be neutralized and coagulate to form bigger water drops causing artificial rain. (h)_ Rubber industry Latex sa colloidal solution of negatively charged rubber partcies. From latex, rubber an be obtained by coagulation, Rubber plated articles ae prepared by depositing negatively charged rubber particles over the atcieto be rubber plated by making that article an anode in a rubber plating bath (i) Smoke sereen: In warfare, smoke Screens are used which are nothing but colloidal dispersion of certain substances Inthe at Textbook Exercises 1. Discuss the role of colloids inthe following natural phenomena: (a) Orange-red color of sunset (b) formation of comet tai (formar tion of deta, Solution (a) The orange or red color of sunset results from dust and smoke blocking shorter wavelengths of light more than longer ones: Violet indigo, blue and green over yellow, orange and red. When the sun is higher, the light path through the atmosphere is ‘much shorter with fewer dust particles to scatter it, Sunrise is not usually as red as sunset, ecause larger particles entrained In hotter, daytime air curtents settle out in the calmer and cooler night atmosphere. {b) Tall ofcometsis seen as a Tyndall cone due tothe scattering of light bythe tiny slid particles let by the comet in its path 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836508812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETSURFACE CHEMISTRY [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI (c)_ River water contains charged colloidal particles of clay sand and many other materials. Sea water contains a variety of electro- Iytes dissolved int. The moment river water comes in contact with sea water, Na‘, Mg ions ofthe electrolytes, etc. coagulate the suspended colloidal particles which settle down at the mouth of the rive leading to rise ofthe level ofthe riverbed. Thus, the water takes afferent path and a delta is formed. 2. Why are medicines more elective when delivered as colloidal solutions? Solution Alarge number of medicines used arein the colloidal form because they are more effective when delivered a colloidal solution. The ‘medicines are better assmilatedin this form due to large surface area Halibut-iver ol cod-ver oll skin ointments, etc. are emulsions [Antibiotic suchas penicillin streptomycin, et. ae usually injected in the body inthe form of collold, Several metal sols such a aay sol sve sol) are also used as medicines Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET