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Alkalmazottáramlástan Week5 Eng PDF
Alkalmazottáramlástan Week5 Eng PDF
Alkalmazottáramlástan Week5 Eng PDF
Examples: [n24]
ODE:
PDE:
Examples: [n25]
1
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
The same differential equation can be expressed both in conservative and non-
conservative form.
Conservative form:
- coefficients of the derivatives are either constant, or they are variable,
their derivatives do not appear in the equation.
Non-conservative form:
- the derivative of the coefficient of other derivatives appear in the equation.
Conservative form:
(coefficients are constant)
Non-conservative form:
( appears both as coefficient
as well as derivative)
2
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
- elliptic
- parabolic
- hyperbolic
There are various methods available for determining the nature of PDE’s. Two of
them will be reviewed here:
1) Cramer’s rule:
[n28]
[n29]
[n30]
3
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
- and the value of the discriminant (D = b2 – 4ac) will determine the nature
of the PDE:
: ELLIPTIC
[n31] : PARABOLIC
: HYPERBOLIC
2) Eigenvalue method:
[n32]
[n33]
[n34]
: ELLIPTIC
[n35] : PARABOLIC
: HYPERBOLIC
Note: for some equations the eigenvalues can become mixed complex and real
(which is actually the case for the Navier-Stokes equations), in which case the
PDE’s exhibit mixed hyperbolic-elliptic nature.
4
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
[n36]
In a moving fluid: it could be all the same as above, moving relative to the fluid,
or just simply a solid body immersed in a moving mass of fluid, i.e. (an aircraft
moving in airstream, or a building or a wind turbine exposed to wind etc.). In a
“clean” flow, i.e. in which no solid body is immersed, there is no pressure
disturbance, i.e. the pressure distribution is homogeneous. Immersing a body
into this “clean” flow will generate pressure disturbances originating from the
surface of the solid body as the fluid particles impact on the body.
[n37]
5
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
[n38]
[n39]
The N-S equations can be reduced to various simpler forms for specific cases. It
is important to recognize the mathematical behaviour of these equations so that
appropriate numerical algorithms can be chosen for solving them in CFD.
6
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
Note that for flows involving both subsonic and supersonic flow regions – which
is typical of compressible high-speed flows – there is need to deal with both
elliptic and hyperbolic behaviour at the same time.
However, an elliptic solution algorithm cannot deal with the supersonic flow
region, while a steady hyperbolic solution algorithm is unsuitable for the
subsonic one.
The solution to this problem was found in 1966 by Morretti & Abbett, by using a
time-marching solver for generating steady-state solutions, which can deal with
both flow regions at the same time (since according to the above table, both
unsteady low-speed and high-speed inviscid flows are hyperbolic).
Note: Morretti and Abbott’s solution was motivated by the need to solve the
supersonic blunt body problem – a hot topic of the 1960’s: required to predict the
aerodynamic heating of spacecraft during launch and atmospheric re-entry.
7
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering
[n40]
Initial condition means defining the time dependent variables at some initial
state (t=0).
In general, boundary conditions for any PDE can be classified into 4 major
categories:
8
NGM_JF006_1: Computational Fluid Dynamics Széchenyi University
Instructor: D. Feszty, T. Jakubík Audi Department of Vehicle Engineering