SECTION 11 -LIST

INTRODUCTION
So far stability has only been considered for a ship that is upright, whereby G is on the centre line
and the ship floats upright in still water. It is necessary to consider the position of G in the
transverse sense as well as the vertical.

There is a distinction to be made between the terms list and heel, this often being overlooked or
ignored completely.

List is the term used to describe a ship that is inclined due to the distribution of weights within it.

Heel is the term used to describe a ship that has been forcibly inclined by external forces (wind,
waves etc.).

Learning Objectives
On completion of this section, the learner will achieve the following:
1. Calculate the list caused by a transverse shift of a single weight using the basic 'list triangle'
for a ship that is initially upright.2.
Calculate the list caused by a transverse and vertical shift of a single weight for a ship that
is initially upright.
3. Calculate the list caused by a single weight being loaded or discharged.4.
Calculate the weight to shift to bring a listed ship upright.
5. Calculate the final list when loading and/or discharging multiple weights for a ship that is
initially upright.
6. Calculate the final list when loading and/or discharging multiple weights for a ship that is
initially listed.
7. Calculate the weights to load each side of the centre line to ensure that the ship completes
upright.8.
Understands the effect of free surface on list.

ri

r-,

L--J

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List 89

 11.1 CALCULATING LIST CAUSED BY A TRANSVERSE SHIFT OF WEIGHT (THE LIST
TRIANGLE)

Consider a ship floating upright, G and B on the centre line

with a weight 'w' on one side. 481
w[i1,
The weight Ow'is shifted transversely across the deck.

Remember the rule:

If a weight already on board is shifted. G will move parallel

to and in the same direction as the shift of the centre of
gravity of the weight.
'I
tWf
Fig. 11.1
G moves off the centre line to ~ and the ship lists over,
coming to rest with the centre of buoyancy, ~, vertically
below the centre of gravity, now GHo ~~
The distance that G moves off the centre line, GGH. is
calculated using the formula:

where: 'w' is the weight shifted;

'd' is the distance through which the weight is
shifted, and;
'w' is the displacement of the ship (which includes
Fig. 11.2
the weight).

The angle at the metacentre in the right-angled triangle GGH M is the list (termed 9).
Tan 9UST= QP.E = Q§H
ADJ GM

Therefore:

i
.'..
For the above formula to be valid the list must be restricted to a small angle, i.e. the
G,;::Z,
I ~""'
initial transverse metacentre is assumed to be in a fixed position within small 'f
angles of inclination only.

Fig. 11.3
Example 1
A ship initially upright displaces 12000 t and has KG 6.7 m and KM 7.3 m. A weight of 60 t already
on board is shifted 14 m horizontally across the deck. Calculate the resulting angle of list.

Solution
KM 7.3 m G G H = Y!-:!:..sJ. GGH= 60 x 14 = O.OlOm
KG 6.7 m w 12000
GM 0.6 m

Tan 9UST= §..§..H= QQlQ = 0.11667 List = 6.70

GM 0.600

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List 90

'1
~
...
 11.2 CALCULATING LIST CAUSED BY A TRANSVERSE AND VERTICAL SHIFT OF
WEIGHT -SHIP INITIALLY UPRIGHT

If a weight is shifted both

vertically and horizontally (Figure
11.4) then the movement of G to

/ :...:
G1 is considered to have two
components:
U"fJ GHtfa" \
Gt
GGv; a vertical component; G,
,:
""~OH(G1 )
GGH," a horizontal component.
; :.
i
I
~

Fig. 11.4
The procedure for calculating the resultant list is as follows:

1. Calculate GGv using: GGv = ~

W
'd' being the vertical distance through which the weight is shifted.

2. Apply GG.t to the ship's initial KG to find the final KG.

3.4. Calculate the final GM using: GM = KM -KG
Calculate GGH using: GGH = ~
W
'd' being the horizontal distance through which the weight is shifted.
5. Using the formula: Tan eUST= .G§.H calculate the list.
Grv\;INAL

Follow Example 2. It may help your understanding of the working if you do a sketch.

Exam/Jle 2
A ship, initially upright, has a displacement of 12200 t, KG 6.36 m and KM 7.62 m. A weight of 40 t
is in the lower hold in a position Kg 2.20 m, 4.00 m to port of the centre line.
Calculate the tinallist if the weight is shifted to a new position on deck, Kg 11.4 m, 2.6 m to
starboard of the centre line.

Solution
1. GG v = If:L:::-Q = 40 x (11.4 -2.2) = 0.030 m
w 12200

Initial KG 6.360 m
GGv (up) 0.030 m
Final KG 6.390 m

3. KM 7.620 m
Final KG 6.390 m
Final GM 1.230 m

GGH=~ = 40 x (4.0 + 2.6) = 0.022 m

W 12200

Tan 9UST= §.§..H ~ = 0.01789

GMFINAL 1.230
List = 1.00 Stbd

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

91
4.
5.
2.
 11.3 CALCULATING THE LIST DUE TO A SINGLE WEIGHT BEING LOADED OR
DISCHARGED

If a weight is loaded or discharged

+
then both the vertical and horizontal
components of the shift of G must be
considered and the final GM must be
used to calculate the final list.
: "

Remember the rules:

If a weight is loaded G wi/1 move ~GH
:
GJt'
directly towards the centre of gravity GMMGv
i

of the loaded weight.

If a weight is discharged G will move
directly away from the centre of
Fig. 11.5
gravity of the discharged weight.

The procedure for single weight load/discharge problems is as follows:

Calculate GGv using: GGv = ~

W::!:w
'd' being the vertical distance between G of the ship and g of the loaded/discharged weight.

Apply GGv to the ship's initial KG to find the final KG.

Calculate the final GM using: GM = KM -KG

Calculate GGH using: GGH = ~

W:tw
'd' being the horizontal distance between G of the ship and g of the loaded/dischargedweight.

Using the formula: Tan 9UST= .G.QH calculate the list.

GM

Follow Examples 3 and 4, one for a weight being loaded, the other for a weight being discharged. It
may help your understanding of the working if you do a sketch for each case.

Exam/Jle 3
A ship initially upright displaces 6400 t and has KG 4.6 m and KM 6.5 m. A weight ot 80 t is loaded
on deck at Kg 10.2 m, 6.2 m off the centre line to starboard. Calculate the tinallist. Assume KM
remains constant.

Solution
G G v = Yt-l!:-s1 GGv = 80 x (10.2 -4.6) = 0.069 m
W+w 6400 + 80

Initial KG 4.600 m KM 6.500 m

GGv (u/J) 0.069 m Final KG 4.669 m
FinalKG 4.669 m Final GM 1.831 m

GGH= ~ GGH = 80 x 6.2 = 0.077 m

W+W 6400 + 80

Tan 9UST
=~ = -MIl = 0.04205 List = 2.40 Stbd.
GMFINAL 1.831

.
5.
4.
2.
3.
CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List 92
Example 4
A ship initially upright displaces 14480 t and has a KG 8.82 m and KM 10.96 m. A weight at 240 t is
discharged tram a position in the lower hold Kg 3.6 m, 2.8 m off the centre line to port. Calculate
the tinallist. Assume KM remains constant.

Solution
GGv = wxg GGv = 240 x (8.82 -3.6) = 0.088 m
-
W-w 14480 -240

Initial KG 8.820 m
GGv (u/J) 0.088 m
Final KG 8.908 m

GGH = W x d GGH = 240 x 2.8 = 0.047 m

W-w 14480-240

TaneUST= ~ = QQ1:l
- = 0.02290 List = 1.30 Stbd.
GMFINAL 2.052

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List 93

11.4 SHIFTING A WEIGHT ALREADY ON BOARD TO BRING A LISTED SHIP UPRIGHT

For a ship to be upright: PORT MOMENTS = STARBOARD MOMENTS where G must be on the
centre line.
A ship that is listed will have G off the centre line by a distance GGH as
shown.

Consider the formula for a shift of weight: GGH=~

W

Rearranging this gives: GGHxW=wxd

t
f (GGH X W) represents the listing moments that the ship initially has.
G~
,, '"
(w x d) represents the moments required to equal (GGH x W) if the ship is to

,
t
complete upright.

Consider the following example

Fig.11.6

Example 5
A ship has a displacement of 12000 t and is initially listed 20 to starboard. If the KG of the ship is
11.60 m and the KM is 12.00 m, how much ballast water must be transferred from a starboard side
ballast tank to a port side ballast tank through a distance of 16.00 m?

Solution
To complete upright: Port Moments = Starboard moments

Ship is initially listed to starboard.

KM 12.00m
KG 11.60 m
GM 0.40 m

Tan 9UST =..G.§H Tan 20 = §.§.H

GM 0.40
GGH = Tan 2°x 0.40 = 0.014 m

Gis off the centre line to starboard by 0.014 m.

Required port moments to counteract list (w x d) must equal initial starboard listing moments (GGH
x W).

GGH X W = w x d
0.014 x 12000 = w x 16.00
168 = 16w
w = 10.5 tonnes to transfer

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

94
 11.5 MULTIPLE WEIGHT PROBLEMS -SHIP INITIALLY UPRIGHT

In practice list problems are solved by taking moments about the keel to determine final KG and
then final GM; and then taking moments about the centre line to determine GGH.

The procedure is as follows:

Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG:

Final KG = Sum of moments about keel (t-m)
Final Displacement (t)

Calculate the final GM: GM=KM-KG

3. Take moments about the centre line to calculate the final distance that G is off the centre
line, GGH: GGH = Sum of moments about centre line (t-m)
Final Displacement (t)

Calculate the list: Tan 9UST= §§H

Grv\;INAL
Follow the working in the next example.

Example 6
A ship displaces 8000 tonnes, KG 7.60 m and is initially upright.

The following cargo is worked:

Load: 300 t at Kg 0.60 m, 6.1 m to port of CL;

250 t at Kg 6.10 m, 7.6 m to stbd of CL;
Disch: 50 tfrom Kg 1.20m, 4.6mtoportofCL;
500 t from Kg 12.60 m, 4.6 m to stbd of Ct.

Calculate the final angle of list on completion of cargo if the KM for the final displacement is 9. 36m.

Solution
Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG and GM.
7.60
Gm --~:~~
MOMENTS tom
60800.00
180.00
1525.00

2.60
c
7.018
-6300.00
56145.00
~==R~
I~~ L~~~~..I
Take moments about the centre line to determine GGH

GGH =Net listinG moments=gQQQ =0.250m

Final displacement 8000

:::::E::~
~ Calculate the tinallist.

=::~::~
~ Tan (JUST= §§.H
GMFINAL
= Q,.?QQ = 0.10675
2.342
Final list = 6.10 Port

~
;i;j
4.
2.
CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List
95
 11.6 MULTIPLE WEIGHT PROBLEMS -SHIP INITIALLY LISTED

If a ship is initially listed G must be off the centre line as shown:

Since: Tan ellST = QQH

GM

then: GGH = Tan 9USTx GM

,
,. where GGH is the initial listing lever to be incorporated into the moments table for
the ship. Consider the following example.
GJ~
, -'"

Fig. 11.7

ExamIJle 7
A ship has a displacement of 15000 t, KG 8.6 m, KM 9.4 and is listed 60 to starboard.
Cargo is worked as follows:

Load 150 t at Kg 7.6 m, 5.0 m to port of CL;

Load 305 t at Kg 8.0 m, on the CL;
Load 95 t at Kg 8.0 m, 4.2 m to starboard of CL.

Calculate the final angle of list.

(Assume KM remains constant)

Solution
Calculate initial GM.

KM 9.400 m Calculate GGH using: GGH = Tan 9UST x GM

Initial KG 8.600 m GGH = Tan 60 x 0.800 = 0.084 m.
Initial GM 0.800 m

Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG and GM.

Take moments about the centre line to calculate final GGH.

Dist off Port Stbd GGH = Net listinq moments = ~ = 0.058m
Wei ht CL moments (t-m) moments (t-m)
Final displacement 15550
15000 ~:~~~
_1.084
I 750.0 I 12.60.=.
1260.0
150 5.000 750.0
Calculate the final list.
305 I 0.0 I 0.0
95 399.0
Tan eUST= §.Q;; =~ = 0.07030
16590
", c

750.0 GMFINAL 0.825

Final list = 4.00 Stud.

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

96

~..Q
-~~~~~
 LOADING WEIGHTS ABOUT THE CENTRE LINE TO COMPLETE UPRIGHT

A common question arises where the ship is near completion of loading and the remaining cargo
has to be distributed between two compartments that are either side of the centre line in such a
way that the ship completes upright.

To complete upright: Port moments must equal starboard moments!

There are two methods of approach to this type of problem as shown in the next example.

Example 8 (Method 1)
From the following details calculate the final GM and the amount of cargo to load in each space so
that the ship will complete loading upright:

Initial displacement 18000 t, KG 8.80 m, KM 9.40 m and listed 30 to starboard.

400 tonnes of cargo remains to be loaded where space is available in a tween deck Kg 10.5 m, 7.0
m to port of CL and 10.0 m to starboard of CL.
(Assume KM remains constant).

Solution
Calculate initial GM.

KM!nitial 9.400~
KG
Initial GM 0.600

Calculate GGH using: GGH = Tan eLiST x GM

= Tan 30 x 0.600 = 0.031 m.

Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG and GM (note that all 400 t of cargo is
loaded at Kg 10.5 m so treat as a single weight!).

Taking moments about the centre line load all 400 t in the port side.

Dist off Port Stbd

~eight CL moments (t-m) moments (t-m)
5580 .
1~~~O I ~:~~~I
558.0
9~e.O

If all 400 t were loaded into the port side space the ship would complete with an excess of 2242 t-
m moments to port. Therefore some of this 400 t must now be shifted to the space on the
starboard side (a distance of 17.0 my.

2242 = w xd
2242 = w x (7.0 + 10.0)
2242 = 17w
w = ll.1.f = 131.9 t to shift from port to starboard
17
L-' CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List
97

I
 To complete upright:

Load 400.0-
illfl
268.1 t port Load 131.9 t Starboard

Solution (Method 2)
Calculate initial GM.

KM 9.400
Initial KG 8.800
Initial GM 0.600

Calculate GGH using: GGH = Tan eUST x GM

GGH = Tan 30 x 0.600 = 0.031 m.

Take moments about the keel to determine the final KG and GM (note that all 400 t of cargo is
loaded at Kg 10.5 m so treat as a single weight!).

Taking moments about the centre line: Let x = cargo to load to port; (400 -x) = cargo to load to
starboard.

To complete upright:

Port moments must equal starboard moments.

Therefore: 7x = 558 + (4000 -10x)

7x = 558 + 4000 -10x
7x + 10x = 558 + 4000
17x = 4558

17
x = 268.1 t to port

400 -268.1 = 131.9 t to starboard

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

98

x=~
 LIST AND FREE SURFACE EFFECT

Consider figure 11.8.

The basic list triangle is GGHM. GM is the solid metacentricheight,

the GM that would exist if the ship had no slack tanks.

GGH is the distance that G is off the centre line.

GGv is the virtual rise of G due to tank free surfaces. Since GM is

reduced to G;M (the Fluid GM) it can be seen that the angle of
list has increased for the same distance that G is off the centre
line (GGH).

H
The greater the free surface moments/free surface effect; the
greater will be the list for the same listing moments.
';
..., ..
Exam.ole 9 G "~
A ship displaces 13200 t, KG 10.2 m and is initially upright.: c
Ballast water RD 1.025 is run into a rectangular DB tank length CL
24 m, breadth 10 m to a sounding of 4.00 m. If the Kg of the
Fig. 11.8
ballast water is 2.00 m and it's transverse centre of gravity (TCG)
is 5.00 m to starboard of the centre line calculate the final angle of list:
(a) assuming no free surface moments;
(b) accounting for free surface moments.
Assume KM for the final displacement is 11.64 m.

Solution
mass of ballast water loaded = 24 x 10 x 4 x 1.025 = 984 t
(a) (assuming no FSM's)

Initial disol I
200 19680 ~ :~~~i
KG 9.631

FINAL 14184 9.631 136608.0 ~GM 2.0091

Taking moments about the keel to determine final KG and GM.

Taking moments about the centre line calculate GGH.

DiS~~ff I* Port
moments (t-m)
001
Stbd
moments (t-m)
00

= Net listinq moments = ~ = 0.347 m

Final displacement 14184

Calculate the tinallist.

Tan 8UST= ~H = Q1.:1:l = 0.17272
GMFINAL 2.009
Final list = 9.80 Stbd.

(b) (including FSM's)

FSM's = !Q3 X dt = 24 x 1d x 1.025 = 2050 t-m
12 12

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

99

:=~~:::J
==~:~~~
~
 Taking moments about the keel to determine final KG and GM.
MOMENTS (tom) I
Initial displ. I 134640.0
~ad J 1968.0 i KM 11.640
I~ -2050.0 I KG 9 776
I FINAL I 14184 I 9.776 138658.0 I GM 1.864

The value of GGH is not affected by free surface moments.

Calculate t he tinallist.
Tan9uST =
~ = Qd.1l =0.18616 List = 10.50stbd.
GMFINAL 1.864

When calculating list free surface effects should always be accounted for, as they will always
cause an increase in the list of the ship!

Example 10
A ship displacing 7790 t, KG 7.57 m, KM 8.12 m is floating upright. A double bottom tank of rectangular
cross section is divided into two equal parts, each 16 m long, 6.9 m wide and 1.6 m deep.
In the upright condition the port side is full of diesel oil (RD 0.88) and the starboard side is empty.
Calculate the resulting angle of list when half of this oil is transferred to the starboard side of the tank.

Solution
Assume that the bottom of the double
f~~~~ $,9111",.".~~~~..j
bottom tank is at the keel. Jem
,#
Mass of oil transferred =
16 x 6.9 x 0.8 x 0.88 = 77.7 tonnes "f--- t
12m 1.6m
Oil is moved down from Kg 1.2m to Kg
O.4m.
044 C""~"-" i
-$..9m .." $.9m .
FSM's = !Q3 X dt x 2 tanks Fig. 11.9
12

FSM's = 16 x 6.g3 x 0.88 = 770.9 t-m

Taking moments about the keel calculate the final KG and hence final GM.

MOMENTS tom)
Initial dis I. 58970.30
Disch. -93.24
Load 3108 KM 8.120
FSM's 770.90 KG 7.661
FINAL 7790.0 .
766t 59679.04 GM 0.459

Oil is transferred to starboard through a distance of 6.9 m.

GGH=~ = 77.7x6.9 =0.069m

W 7790

Calculate the tinallist.

=~ ~ =0.15033 List = 8.50 stbd.

GMFINAL 0.459

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 11 List

100

12
Tan9uST