ASSIGNMENT

MAY 2018 SEMESTER

COURSE CODE ECE133

COURSE TITLE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN

PROGRAMME Graduate Diploma

STUDENT’S NAME Hemavathy Arumugam

MATRIC NO. E30309170103

ACADEMIC FACILITATOR YONG LEE CHOO

H/P 0126527359

LEARNING CENTRE SHINGO KLANG

 PART A
Balance and Motor Skills a mong Preschool children aged 3 to 4 years old

By
Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, Nor Najwatul Akmal,Akmal Ab Rahman, Roslee Rajikan
Asfarina Zainudin ,Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin,Zainura Abdul Karim and Yeap Hui Yee.

This study aimed to measure anthropometrics, postural balance and motor skills; and examine

their correlation among healthy preschool children. Forty nine healthy preschool children aged

between 3 to 4 years old participated from PERMATA preschool organization. Pediatric Balance

Scale and Peabody Development Motor Scale-2nd Edition were administered to measure balance

skills for both fine and gross motor skills respectively,test demonstrated that there was no

significant difference in balance and motor skill between boys and girls, there was significant

correlation between balance skills with height and body mass index. No significant correlation

was found between balance skills and motor skills they suggests that balance skills in healthy

preschool children aged 3-4 years old are correlated with their physical growth such as height

and weight but not motor skills.

INTRODUCTION Motor and balance skills are part of the prerequisites for physical function

and sports performance. These skills are further polished for more complicated movements such

as running, hopping and sports activities.“Motor” is defined as motion or relating to the

movements of muscle. Motor skills can be categories into two major groups which are gross

motor skills and fine motor skills. “Gross motor skills” refers to large physical movements of the

whole body. “Fine motor skills” means smaller movements, mainly movements in hands and
fingers. Fine motor movements are more challenging for the preschool children compared to

gross motor movements.Balance of an individual is gained when the centre of mass is kept

within base of support. to maintain their body in postural balance in order to prevent from

falling. Specifically, balance is divided into static balance and dynamic balance. Static balance is

gained when static posture is kept while restingthedynamic balance is obtained when stability of

the body is maintained during movement performance and both motor and balance competency

in children is dependent on multiple factors. For example motor ability has been demonstrated to

be higher in children who were more physically active, had smaller body mass index and were

less sedentary.

The children were excluded if they were younger than 3 years old and older than 4 years old,

unable to follow commands in Bahasa Malaysia, English or Mandarin, and diagnosed with any

disability or illness by a pediatrician. Demographic data of the children and parents were taken

and recorded. Gross and fine motor skills were assessed using 7 tests from Peabody

Developmental Motor Scale 2nd edition (PDMS-2),16 that included standing on tip toes,

speed and agility, buttoning, unbuttoning, touching fingers, building tower and stringing beads.

The PDMS-2 tests were performed once based on its purchased protocol. These tests are suitable

to determine motor skills level of children from 0-83 months and are reported to help in detecting

small changes in their motor development. 17 PDMS-2 is reported to have excellent test–retest

inter-rater, and intrarater reliability and during the test, the children were requested to perform

certain movements or tasks with the same trained final year physiotherapy undergraduates rating

the same tasks according to the score criteria for all children. Children who were able to
complete the motor tasks were given a score of 2, a score of 1 if they partially completed the

tasks and a score of 0 if they were unable to perform the tasks.

To date, there is no information on the balance and motor skills among healthy preschool

children in Malaysia. Motor development varies among children from different regions.15 There

are also limited facts regarding the relationship between anthropometric data, balance skills and

motor skills status among healthy preschool children. Hence, the main aims of this study was to

measure anthropometric measures, static and dynamic postural balance, gross and fine motor

skills and examine their correlation among healthy preschool children aged 3 to 4 years old.

In conclusion, this study suggests that balance skills in healthy preschool children aged 3-4 years

old are correlated with their physical growth such as height and weight. However, no significant

correlation was demonstrated between balance and motor skills in these children. The data of this

study may be beneficial as reference for health care professionals in Malaysia when assessing

the Malaysian children for developmental delay. Clinically, similar balance training can be

utilized in children aged 3-4 without considering gender differences.

 PART B
What is self –esteem among children is start with your self that’s mean memupuk keyakinan diri

dan harga diri pada diri sendiri pengalaman semasa kecil memainkan peranan yang sangat

penting dalam membentuk self –esteem( harga diri), pengalaman masa kecil saperti apabila

kita didengari maksudnya apa yang kita cakap dipercayai dan dihargai,mendapat perhatian dan

kasihsayang bila prestassi dan kesalahan atau kegagalan diakui dan diterima

Pengalaman masa kecil yang dapat menyebabkan rendah diri ialah selalu dikeritik dengan

kasar, apabila kita diperlecehkan secara emosional ,fisik dan seksual juga diabaikan diejek dan

mahu sentiasa sempurna stiap waktu atau setiap apa yang dibuat.

Orang yang harga diri yang rendah self-esteem sering sering di beri pesanan dari teman sebaya,

orang tua ,guru bahawa mendapat niali yang buruk , wajah self esteem ialah sbenarnya

Pura2 bahagia dan sukses tapi sabenarnya takut akan kegagalan ,mereka bertopingkan hanya

diri positif sebaliknya dalam ketakutan , pemberontakan ialah bertindak kebaiakan orang lain.

Couses of low self-esteem in unhappy childhood where parents were extremely critical parent or

carer being in an abusive relation ship.

Parent can do to enhance the self esteem of their children to help build your child’s positive self

image as he grows considers these dos and don’ts give children choices don’t do everything for

her do let him know no one is perfect don’t draw comprisons between your children don’t gush

ofter ingnore praise and do assign age appropriate household chores make them feel empowered

something like learning to make a simple choices help prepare your child for the more difficult
choice he’ll face as he grows don’t do everything for her and don’t call their names or use

sarcasm to make a point take a short break if you get angry with this children because you will

say the words that you’ll regret ,parents should spend one on one time with your child ,parents

should consult a doctor with any question or concerns you might have regarding your or your

children condition.

Self-esteem ini adalah satu perasaan yang dapat dirasai oleh anak2 tentang dirinya sendiri atau

apa kah konsep diri kanak2 itu yang kanak2 itu rasai dan fahami

Self –esteem in juga bole membantu kanak2 bagaimana mereka hendak menerangkan keadaan

dan emosi nya sendiri.

Contoh nya ialah ini adalah contoh yang paling mudah yaitu apabila kita menerangkan tentang

diri masing2 kepercayaan kita tentang diri kita.

Dan yang paling penting untuk membangkitkan motivasi dan semangat berjuang ,dan satu lagi

contoh ialah sesaorang itu akan jatuh semangatnya apabila kanak2 itu tiada harga diri.

Dear parents why do children have low self esteem ? From babies come to toddlers and young

children they able to do some things all by themselves,and feel good about themselves and can

use their new skills,children self-esteem grows when parents pay attention,let child try to do ,to

smile because they can show their proud.As child grow ,self-esteem can grow to.

Dear parents low self-esteem can create anxienty,stress,loneliness and increased likelihood of

depression.Causes problems with friendship and romantic relation ship.

 PART C

Assessments of preoperational and a concerete operational Thinker.

Task 2

Conservation of liquid ;

Do they have the same amount of colouring water or a different amount.

Teacher: Now watch what I do pouring contents of one glass.

Teacher : now do they have same amount or different amount?

Student 12 years old : the colouring water after put inside the taller glass it still same amount

now different amount because teacher did not add water .

Teacher: Now watch what I do pouring contents of one glass.

Teacher: now do they have same amount or different amount?

Student 4 years old : colouring water different amount because after we change into the taller

glass its show a lot of water.

Teacher: Concluctions : The 12 years old student and the 4 years old student they

they have a different answer.

Task 3

Conservation of solid.

Get a piece of clay or plasticine and break it into two equal piece.

Teacher: Ask a children if the two pieces clay or plasticine are the same size

or same amount of plasticine.

Teacher: Do they have same amount of plasticine or a different amount?

Now watch I do stretching one pieces plasticine.

Student 12 years old : Event the plasticine teacher change the shape but it still got a same

amount.

Teacher: Ask a children if the two pieces plasticine are the same

size or same amount of plasticine,

Teacher: Do they have same amount of plasticine or a different amount?

Now watch I do sterctching one pieces plasticine.

Student 4 years: After teacher change the shape with do a stretching , the plasticine look

one big and one small. The shape different shape and different amount.
Teacher: Concluaction the student 4 years old still cannot understand how to

Answer and how to see the different amount between the two plasticine.

but this children can understand the first plasticine is same amount.
 Task 3

TEACHER HEMA

03/09/2018

PEKARA : MEMINTA IZIN DARI IBU BAPA UNTUK MEMBUAT UJI KAJI

KEHADAPAN IBU BAPA YG DIHORMATI SAYA SELAKU CIKGU KEPADA ANAK TUAN PUAN INGIN
MEMOHON KEIZINAN TUAN PUAN UNTUK MEMBUAT SATU UJI KAJI DI SEKOLAH SAYA .

DIHARAP DAPAT BEKERJASAMA DARI PIHAK TUAN PUAN .

SEKIAN TERIMAKASIH,

YANG BENAR,

TEACHER HEMA

SAYA SELAKU IBU BAPA KEPADA MURID INI BERSETUJU .

SEKIAN TERIMAKASIH,

YANG BENAR,

PUAN DEVI