Introduction to

Earthquake Resistant
Structure

By
Dr. Shrikant M. Harle
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Civil Engg,
PRMCEAM, Badnera
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Important point
➢ Interior of Earth
➢ Engineering geology of Earthquake
➢ Plate Tectonics
➢ Tectonics features of India
➢ Types of faults
➢ Propagation of earthquake waves
➢ Seismicity of the world

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 INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

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 PLATE TECTONICS

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Convection currents develop in the viscous mantle, because of
prevailing high temperature and pressure gradients between
the Crust and the Core, like the convective flow of water when
heated in a beaker
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PLATE BOUNDRIES

➢ Divergent plate boundary

➢ Transform plate boundary
➢ Convergent plate boundary

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 Divergent plate boundary

 convergent plate boundary

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FAULTS

➢ Dip-slip faults
➢ Strike slip faults

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 Movement on the Edgecumbe Fault during the 1987
Bay of Plenty, NZ earthquake offset this section
of McCracken Road in Edgecumbe by almost 3
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 The view is looking north along
railroad tracks that were twisted
and offset 1.07 m by the Motagua
fault, which is perpendicular to the
tracks.

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Seismicity of the Earth

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Ring of fire

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Alpide Belt

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BASIC GEOGRAPHY AND TECTONIC FEATURES OF
INDIA

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PROMINENT PAST EARTHQUAKE IN INDIA

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 PAST MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA

EVENT LOCATION DATE MAGNITUDE DEAD

BHUJ GUJRAT 26/1/2001 7.7 20,000

INDIA SRI LANKA

SUMATRA 26-DEC-04 9.1 2,83,106
MALDIVES

KASHMIR KASHMIR 08-OCT-05 7.6 130,000,

NEPAL, NORTH-
EASTERN INDIA
NEPAL 25-APR-15 7.8 10,000
AND PARTS OF
GUJARAT

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 Definition

 Earthquake is a sudden and temporary vibration set up on the earth

surface due to sudden release of energy stored in the rock .

 The energy released is transmitted in the form of waves called seismic

waves.

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Earthquake waves

 The energy released in an earthquake is transmitted in the form of

seismic waves .
 There are three types of seismic waves :-
 Primary waves or P waves :-
These are longitudinal waves similar to sound waves .
The particle vibrate in the direction of prorogation resulting in
compression and rarefaction. They are fastest and travel through solids
and liquids .
The velocity depends on density and compressibility of the medium .

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Body Waves: P and S waves
 Body waves
 P or primary waves
 fastest waves
 travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
 compressional wave,
material movement is
in the same direction
as wave movement
 S or secondary waves
 slower than P waves
 travel through solids
only
 shear waves - move
material perpendicular
to wave movement
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 Surface Waves: R and L waves

 Surface Waves
 Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
 Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
 Especially damaging to buildings
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 Seismic Waves
There are two types of Body Waves:
1. Primary Wave (P wave): Compressional wave
(travels in the same direction the waves move).
Example: A slinky.
* Very fast (4-7 km/second)
* Can pass through a fluid (gas or liquid)
* Arrives at recording station first

2. Secondary Wave (S wave): Transverse wave (travels

perpendicular to the wave movement). Example:
Shaking a rope.
• Slower moving (2-5 km/second)
• Caused by a shearing motion
• Cannot pass through a fluid (gas or liquid)
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Table of Contents
 Primary waves
 P Waves (compression wave)
 The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. This is
the fastest kind of seismic wave. The P wave can move through
solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It
pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves
push and pull the air.

 Vp = √(λ+2µ) / ρ
 Where λ and µ are elastic constant related to the
rigidity of medium .
 ρ– density of the medium .

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 Secondary waves

 Secondary waves /s waves :-

 These are transverse waves similar to light waves . Here the particle
vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave.
 There velocity is less than p waves . S waves can not travel through
liquid .
 P and S waves together are called body waves because they travel in
all direction from the focus .
 The velocity given by the equation :-
 Vs = √(µ/ ρ )
 Where µ are elastic constant related to the rigidity of medium .
 ρ– density of the medium .
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Secondary waves

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Surface waves/love wave

 These are confined to outer crust . They have helical path and have
large amplitude .
 There speed is less ,but they produce greatest damages .

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY

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➢ Quantification of Earthquake
▪ Magnitude
▪ Energy
▪ Intensity
➢ Measurement of Earthquake
▪ Accelerographs
▪ Accelerograms
➢ Determination of magnitude, epicenter distance, ground motion and
characteristics of earthquake.
➢ Factor affecting ground motion.

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Magnitude and it’s types

 Local magnitude OR Richter Magnitude (ML)

 Body wave magnitude (Mb)

 Surface wave magnitude (Ms)

 Seismic moment magnitude (Mw)

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Difference between Magnitude and Intensity

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INTENSITY and it’s SCALES
➢ Gastaldi scale (1564)

➢ Pignafaro scale (1783)

➢ Rossi-Forel (1883)

➢ Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale(1902)

➢ Modified Mercalli Intensity scale(1931) (Widely used in most part of world)

➢ Medved-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK) scale (1964)

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 Modified Mercalli intensity scale

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Measurement of Earthquake
Measuring Instruments
➢ Seismographs

 It is used to measure relatively weak ground motion.

 The records they produced are called seismograms.

➢ Accelerographs

 It is used to measure strong ground motion.

 The records they produced are called accelerograms.

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Seismographs record
earthquake events

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 Seismographs

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Accelerogram

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Earthquake Zone in India

 The Geological Survey of India (G. S. I.)

 Color coded in different shades

 Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.

 Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
 Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
 Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.

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 Importance of India's Seismic Zoning Map
 Department of Disaster Management
 helps them in planning for a natural disaster.
 in identifying the lowest, moderate as well as highest hazardous or
earthquake prone areas in India.

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