Prestressed and Precast Concrete

Spring 2020 – Eng. Amthal Hakim

Chapter 3: Basic Concept of Prestressed Concrete

1
Outlines
3.1. Overview
3.2. Method of calculation
3.3. Concentric Prestressing
3.4. Eccentric Prestressing
3.5. Stresses Equations
Application 1
Application 2

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3.1. Basic Concept
• Prestressing transforms concrete to elastic material
• Concrete being weak in tension is transformed to an elastic material by precompressing
• This will eliminate tension stresses and reduce cracks thus concrete is no more brittle material.

Systems of acting forces on concrete:

• Internal prestress.
• External load.

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3.2. Methods of calculation
If the initial prestressing force 𝑷𝒊 is applied then 𝑷 should be replaced by 𝑷𝒊 , however if
the effective prestressing is reached, then 𝑷 should be replaced by 𝑷𝒆
• 𝑃𝑖 is the initial prestressing before losses
• 𝑃𝑒 is the effective prestressing after the losses have taken place.
Noting that there are three methods for getting the top and bottom fiber stresses:
• Basic concept method
• C-line method
• Load balancing method

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3.3. Concentric Prestressing
Consider simple rectangular beam with concentric prestressing of cross section A = bd.
𝑃
• Stress due to pre-stress P: 𝑓𝑃 = −
𝐴
𝑀.𝑐
• Stress due to external load at any point: 𝑓𝑤 = −
𝐼

Where:
𝑤 𝑙2
• 𝑀=
8
𝑏 𝑑3
• 𝐼=
12

• y is the distance from the center of gravity to stress point y=c at extreme fibers.
𝑷 𝑴.𝒄
Stresses due to all forces is: 𝒇 = − ±
𝑨 𝑰

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3.3. Concentric Prestressing
Concrete fiber Stress Distribution in a rectangular beam with straight tendon

a) Concentric Tendon, Presetress only

b)Concentric Tendon, self-weight added

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3.4. Eccentric Prestressing
Consider simple rectangular beam with eccentric prestressing due to eccentric force P of
cross section A = bd.

• Moment will be produced due to eccentricity, 𝑀 = P.e

𝑃.𝑒.𝑐
• Its corresponding stress f = ±
𝐼
𝑃 𝑃.𝑒.𝑐 𝑀.𝑐
• Net stress due to all forces is: 𝑓 = − ± ±
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼

• f depends on the magnitude and position of P and the section.

• f is independent of the tendon profile.

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3.4. Eccentric Prestressing
Concrete fiber Stress Distribution in a rectangular beam with straight tendon

c) Eccentric Tendon, Presetress only

d) Eccentric Tendon, self-weight added

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3.5. Stresses Equations
In case of concentric prestressing force, as sketched in Figures (a) and (b), the top and
bottom fiber stresses (extreme stresses) located at midspan will be as follows:

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 =− − (1.1a)
𝐴 𝐼𝑔

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 =− + (1.1b)
𝐴 𝐼𝑔
In case of eccentric prestressing force, as sketched in Figures (c) and (d), the top and
bottom fiber stresses (extreme stresses) located at midspan will be as follows:

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − + − (1.2a)
𝐴 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔

𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 =− − + (1.2b)
𝐴 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔
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3.5. Stresses Equations
• Concrete fiber stresses are directly computed from the external forces applied to the concrete by
longitudinal prestressing and the external transverse load.
• Previous equations can be modified and simplified for use in calculating stresses at the initial
prestressing stage and at service load levels where:
1. Pi is the initial prestressing force before stress losses
2. Pe is the effective prestressing force after losses
Pe
3. γ is the residual prestress factor , γ = Pi
Ig
4. = r 2 where r is the radius of gyration of the gross section (1.3)
Ac

5. ct and cb are the distances from the center of gravity of the section (the cgc line) to the extreme top and
bottom fibers
6. St and Sb are the moduli of the sections for the top and bottom fibers, respectively.
7. MT = MD + MSDL + MLL, MD moment due to self-weight, MSDL = moment due to superimposed dead load, such
as flooring, ML = moment due to live load, including impact and seismic loads if any

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3.5. Stresses Equations
Expressions for stress can be rewritten as follows:
(a) Prestressing Force Only

(b) Prestressing Plus Self-weight

If the beam self-weight causes a moment MD at the section under consideration, Equations 1.4a and b, respectively, become
3.5. Stresses Equations
• Subsequent to erection and installation of the floor or deck, live loads act on the structure.
• The full intensity of such loads normally occurs after the building is completed and some time-
dependent losses in prestress have already taken place.
• Hence, the prestressing force used in the stress equations would have to be the effective prestressing
force Pe. If the total moment due to gravity loads is MT, then:

(1.6a)

(1.6b)
Application 1
Consider a simple rectangular beam of length L = 7,3 m and subjected to uniform total
service load, including self-weight, w = 43,8 kN/m and to a prestress force P = 1601 kN.
Calculate the top and bottom stresses on the beam.

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Application 2
A pretensioned simply supported 10LDT24 double T-beam without topping has a span of64 ft
(19.51 m) and the geometry shown in next figure.
It is subjected to a uniform super imposed gravity dead load intensity and liveload intensity
summing to (6.13 kN/m). The initial prestress before losses is fpi≈0.70 fpu =189,000 psi (1,303
MPa), and the effective prestress after losses is fpe = 150,000 psi (1,034 MPa).

Compute the extreme fiber stresses at the midspan due to:

(a) the initial full prestress and no external gravity load

(b) the final service load conditions when prestress losses have taken place.

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Application 2
Allowable stress data are as follows:
• f ‘c = 6,000 psi, lightweight (41.4 MPa)
• fpu = 270,000 psi, stress relieved (1.862 MPa) = specified tensile strength of the tendons
• fpy = 220,000 psi (1.517 MPa) = specified yield strength of the tendons
• fpe = 150,000 psi (1,034 MPa)

• ft = 12 𝑓′𝑐 = 930 psi (6.4 MPa) = maximum allowable tensile stress in concrete
• f ‘ci = 4,800 psi (33.1 MPa) = concrete compressive strength at time of initial prestress
• f ci = 0.6 f ‘ci = 2,880 psi (19.9 MPa) =maximum allowable stress in concrete at initial prestress
• f c = 0.45 f ‘c = maximum allowable compressive stress in concrete at service
𝟏
Assume that ten 𝟏𝟎 “ dia. Seven-wire-strand (ten 12.7-mm-dia strand) tendons with a 108-D1
𝟐
strand pattern are used to prestress the beam.

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Application 2
Beam Properties:

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Application 2 - SOLUTION
9.87 cm2

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Application 2 - SOLUTION

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Application 2 - SOLUTION

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