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3 - 2003 - 02 - Feb - Seismic Design of Joints NS and PrakashRao PDF
3 - 2003 - 02 - Feb - Seismic Design of Joints NS and PrakashRao PDF
structures A review
The failure of reinforced concrete structures in recent Indian codes of practice (IS 456: 2000 and IS 13920: 1993).
earthquakes in several countries has caused concern about the While considerable attention is devoted to the design of
performance of beam-column joints. IS codes do not include individual elements (slabs, beams and columns), no conscious
efforts are made to design joints in the absence of suitable
recommendations on beam-column joints explicitly. The
guidelines. It appears that the integrity and strength of such
reversal of forces in beam-column joints during earthquakes joints are assumed to be satisfied by lapping the reinforcement.
may cause distress and often failure, when not designed and The design and detailing of joints play a crucial role in
detailed properly. The fifth revision of IS 1893 has brought providing ductility and strength required to sustain large
more than 50 percent of the country under moderate and severe deformations and reversed stresses during earthquakes.
seismic zones. Under these circumstances, the detailing of One of the basic assumptions of the frame analysis is that
joints assumes more importance. The behaviour and design of the joints are strong enough to sustain the forces (moments,
two-, three- and four-member beam — column joints in framed axial and shear forces) generated by the loading, and to
structures are discussed; obtuse and acute angle joints are transfer the forces from one structural member to another
included. Detailing of the joints based on experimental (beams to columns, in most of the cases). It is also assumed
investigations is also explained. The specifications of that all the joints are rigid, and the members meeting at a
American, New Zealand and Indian codes of practice are joint deform (rotate) by the same angle. Hence, it is clear
appraised. An equation for calculating the area of joint that unless the joints are designed to sustain these forces and
transverse reinforcement has been proposed for the Indian deformations, the performance of structures will not be
satisfactory under all the loading conditions, especially under
code, based on recent research. seismic conditions. Post-earthquake analyses of structures,
accidental loading or laboratory tests show that the distress
The performance of framed structures depends not only in the joint region is the most frequent cause of failure, rather
upon the individual structural elements but also upon the than the failure of the connected elements".
integrity of the joints. In most of the cases, joints of framed
structures are subjected to the most critical loading under Considerable research and test results are reported on
seismic conditions. The failure of several reinforced concrete the strength and behaviour of beam-column joints'"".
(RC) structures during the recent earthquakes in India as Recommendations on the desip and detailing are also
well as other countries causes concern about the performance available, based on these results -2C . The behaviour of the
of the beam-column joints 1, 2 .
beam-column joints normally encountered in residential and
However, despite the significance of the joints in commercial multistorey buildings is discussed in this paper.
sustaining large deformations and forces during Acute and obtuse angled joints are also included. The design
earthquakes, specific guidelines are not explicitly included in and detailing procedures are summarised to provide
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Fig 1 Typical beam-column joint with Fig 3 Poor quality concrete at the Fig 4 Poor awareness about joint
ample length of anchorage for beam critical region of the joint, obviously detailing; main reinforcement in the
reinforcement in the column but with due to poor quality formwork column is bent to allow for change in
incorrect placement coupled with inadequate compaction the cross section
B i Stirrups
M
(a) Plan (b) Elevation (a) Opening corner (b) Closing corner
Fig 8 Undesirable detail at beam-column joint Fig 9 Forces in a two member connection I-joints 8
Fig 13 Six types of L-joints considered in Reference 24 Fig 14 Typical calculations for A si 24
qa = 11.1: ff .1.11
Ld U - type bars
Em. - V'
where
(a) (b)
f, = tensile strength of concrete, =NNE
f = compressive stress in the column. a) Detail with L -bars (b) Detail with U-bars
addition IS 1392U
Not less than
stipulates that the
h,/2 or 10d Mechanical beam reinforce-
anchorage
ment in an external
joint should be
well anchored
(with an anchor-
Bar anchorage
age length, be-
measured from yond the inner face Secondary bars
this line
of the column,
(a) (b) equal to the devel-
opment length in
Fig 17 Anchorage of beam bars at an external joint" tension plus 10 Fig 18 Reinforcement detail at an
times the bar di- external joint with stub beam"
Christchurch, New Zealand 174 . However, architects may ameter minus the
object to this solution on aesthetic grounds. allowance for 90° bend(s)). In an internal joint both face bars
of the beam should be taken continuously though the col-
Indian code provisons umn.
The Indian code on plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456:2000,
SP 34 recommends that if the area of reinforcement
does not contain explicitly any provision for the design of exceeds 1.0 percent, diagonal stirrups as shown in Fig 12 (a)
beam-column joints . However, the Indian Code for ductile as well as splay steel as shown in Fig 12 (b) should be provided
detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to along with a corner haunch 23 . These recommendations are in
seismic forces suggests that the transverse reinforcement as conformity with international practices.
required at the end of column shall be provided throughout
the connection 22 . The area of reinforcement at the end of Bearing stresses inside bends
rectangular column is given by 22 . IS 456: 2000 recommends that the high bearing stresses
f A, induced in the concrete on the inside of bends can be estimated
=0.18sh —d-(-= —1) (15) as
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Especially, opening of joints has to be considered properly 18. Concrete structures standard, Part 1 and 2, Code and commentary on the
since it will result in diagonal cracking of the joint. Such design of concrete structures, NZS 3101- New Zealand Standard, 1995, New
Zealand, 1995.
opening of joints occurs in multi-storeyed structures due to
lateral loads. The discussions presented pertain to seismic 19. SAArcioca.u, M., and RAZVI, S. R., Displacement based design of reinforced
forces, but are of general nature and can be applied to concrete columns for confinement, ACI Structural Journal, January-February
2002, V. 99, No.1, pp. 3 -11.
structures subjected to lateral forces. The behaviour of various
types of joints is discussed in this paper, along with design 20. ALAMEDDINE, F., and Et 'SAKI, M., R. High strength RC connection subjected to
inelastic cyclic loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, March 1991,
and detailing aspects. An equation for calculating the area of
Vol. 117, No.3, pp. 829-850.
transverse reinforcement in the joint has been proposed based
on recent research. This equation is applicable to both normal 21. Indian Standard code of practice for earthquake resistant design and
construction of buildings, IS : 4326-1993, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
strength and high strength concretes. A comparison of the Delhi, 1993.
codal equations show that the values determined by Indian
22. _Indian Standard code of practice for ductile detailing of concrete structures
codes are unsafe and there is an urgent need to modify the subjected to seismic forces, IS : 13920 -1993, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Indian code provisions. Delhi, 1993.
References 23. Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing, SP: 34 (S&T) -
1. SAA It.R.X;LU, M., et al, 1999 Turkey Earthquake: Performance of RC Structures, 1987, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
Concrete International, March, 2001, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 47 - 56.
24. DESAYI, P. and KUMAR, A. Detailing of opening L joints in RC frames, Proceedings
2. RAI,D. C. and SETH, A. E-conference on Indian seismic codes, The Indian of the National Seminar on Detailing of RC and Steel Structures, Association of
Concrete Journal, June 2002, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp 376-378. Consulting Civil Engineers, Madras, 22-23, December 1989.
3. MARTIN, 1. Full scale load test of a prestressed folded plate unit, Journal of the 25. TAYLOR, H.P.J., and CI ARKE, J.L., Some detailing problems in concrete framed
American Concrete Institute, December 1971, Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 937-944; structures, The Structural Engineer, Jan. 76, Vol. 54, No.1, pp. 19-32.
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Discussions, Vol. 69, No. 6, June 1972, pp. 349-356.
26. Indian Standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Part
4. SOMERVII LE, G.and TAYI OR, H.P.J. The influence of reinforcement detailing on 1 General provisions and buildings, IS 1893 : 2002, Fifth revision, Bureau of
the strength of concrete structures, The Structural Engineer, January 1972, Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2002.
Vol.50, No.1, pp. 7-19; Discussions, Vol. 50, No. 8, Aug. 1972, pp. 309-321.
27. Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 456
5. BENNET, E.F.P. and TRENRERTH, R.J. Column load influence on reinforced concrete : 2000, Fourth Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000.
beam -column connections, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol.
69, No. 2, February 1974, pp. 101 - 1(19.
6. PARKR., and PAULAY, T. Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley Sr Sons, Dr N Subramanian is the chief executive of
New York, 1975. Computer Design Consultants, Chennai. The
highlights of his professional career of 20 years include
7. PRAKASII RAO, U.S., Detailing of reinforcement in concrete structures, The designing multi-storey concrete buildings, steel
Indian Concrete Journal. December1984, Vol.58, No.12, pp 348-353, January towers, industrial buildings and space frames. He
1985, Vol.59, No.1, pp 22-25. has published more than 150 technical papers in
8. HoLmEs, M. and MARTIN, L.H. Analysis and Design of Structural Connections: seminars and journals, and published 17 wide selling
Reinforced Concrete and Steel, Ellis Horwood Ltd., and John Wiley Sr Sons, books. He is a life fellow of several professional
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Chichester, 1983. bodies, including the American Society of Civil Engineers. He is
the former vice-president of the Indian Concrete Institute and the
9. BHATIACHARYA, S. and SENGUYIA, B. A study on core concrete within the beam-
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India). He is the
column junction, The Indian Concrete Journal, August 1990, Vol.64, No.8, pp.
recipient of the ACCE-Nagadi Award (for his book on space
380-384
structures) and Tamil Nadu Scientist Award.
10. MAYFIELD, B., KONG, K.F. and BENNISON, A. Corner joint details in structural
Prof D.S. Prakash Rao
is presently working in the
light weight concrete, Journal of the American Concrete Institute. May 1971,
Vol. 65, No.5, pp. 366-372
University College. of Engineering (Autonomous),
Osmania University, Hyderabad. He has over 30
11. NassoN, I.H.E., and LOSIIERG, R. Reinforced concrete comers and joints subjected years experience in research, design and teaching,
to bending moment, Journal of Structural Division, American Society of Civil and worked earlier with the Structural Engineering
Engineering, June 1976, Vol. 102, No.ST6, pp.1229-1253 Research Centre, India, and a few educational
12. Atiout,-WAI mu, H.M.S., and AI.I, W.M. Strength and behaviour of reinforced
institutions in India and overseas. He also worked
concrete obtuse corners under opening bending moments, ACI Structural
with the Institut fuer Massivbau, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Journal, November - December 1989, Vol. 86, No.6, pp. 679-685. as a DAAD fellow. He has published over 150 research papers
and a few books. His current research areas include seismic
13. Skerrace, E., Srtosso, J. ANDERSEN, N.1-1., and NIELSEN, T.B. Concrete frame analysis, expert systems and theory of reliability.
corners, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, November - December 1984,
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